Yuki Yamagata yuki.yamagata at riken.jp Elucidating the mechanism of toxicity is crucial in drug safety evaluations. TOXic Process Ontology (TXPO) systematizes a wide variety of terms involving toxicity courses and processes. The first version of TXPO focuses on liver toxicity. The TXPO contains an is-a hierarchy that is organized into three layers: the top layer contains general terms, mostly derived from the Basic Formal Ontology. The intermediate layer contains biomedical terms in OBO foundry from UBERON, Cell Ontology, NCBI Taxon, ChEBI, Gene Ontology, PATO, OGG, INOH, HINO, NCIT, DOID and Relational ontology (RO). The lower layer contains toxicological terms. In applied work, we have developed a prototype of TOXPILOT, a TOXic Process InterpretabLe knOwledge sysTem. TOXPILOT provides visualization maps of the toxic course, which facilitates capturing the comprehensive picture for understanding toxicity mechanisms. A prototype of TOXPILOT is available: https://toxpilot.nibiohn.go.jp http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ TOXic Process Ontology (TXPO) An extension version ontology, which focuses on the homeostasis imbalance process affected by drugs, viruses, and other factors, is available: Homeostasis imbalance process (HoIP) ontology https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/HOIP 2022/12/07 editor preferred term example of usage has curation status definition editor note term editor alternative term definition source curator note imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from elucidation has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) has axiom label the symbol assigned by the nomenclature authority symbol from nomenclature authority full name from nomenclature authority A GeneID in the NCBI Gene database NCBI GeneID the NCBI LocusTag name of a gene NCBI LocusTag gene map location The NCBITaxon ontology ID of an organism. organism NCBITaxon ID chromosome ID of gene nomenclature status has GO association has PubMed association X is the opposite of y if there exists some distance metric M, and there exists no z such as M(x,z) <= M(x,y) or M(y,z) <= M(y,x). is opposite_of external definition Notes on the homology status of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO homology notes Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species. taxon notes Notes on the evolved function of instances of this class. function_notes Notes on the structure, composition or histology of instances of this class. structure_notes Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class. development_notes fma_set_term formula smiles Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom. A language of the intellectual content of the resource. Language auto-generated-by date has_alternative_id database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_related_synonym is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of part_of part of my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has part occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t contains process a relation between a gene and the organism where this gene belongs to the organism in nature. It does not include a foreign gene that is transferred to an organism by a genetic engineering method. is gene of organism inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Example: Protein refolding process hasParticipant "GRP78/Bip" that has a chaperon role . http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme A relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence function_of is_function_of function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence hasQuality is a relation between an entity and the quality that it bears. has_quality has quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_role A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has role A part of relation that applies only between occurents. is occurent part of occurent part of relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood supplies W 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. has component process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. regulates Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. negatively regulates Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. positively regulates P has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the beginning of p. has input P has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p has output inverse of regulates: process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. regulated by inverse of negatively regulates: Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates: Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. positively regulated by This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination. has target start location RO:0002339 This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination. has target end location An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. has member 'input of' is a relation between a participant and a process, where the participant is present at the start of the process. is input of input of 'output of' is a relation between a participant and a process, where the participant is present at the end of the process. is output of output_of output of p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within: p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. causally downstream of or within x composed_primarily_of_y if:more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y composed_primarily_of p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/causal-relations causal relation between processes Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating a relation between a toxic course (the bearer) and a process. Core process is a crucial process to the manifestation of toxicity and depends on the bearer for its existence. has core process has core process 'Metafunctioning type of' is a relation between the type of metafunctioning and functioning process. Metafunctioning is a functional process to other process, for example, preventing, controlling and so on. is metafuntioning type of is_metafuntioning_type_of metafuntioning type of 'has molecular reaction' is a relation that holds between a whole occurrent (process) and its molecular process. has molecular reaction 'finding of' is a relation between a finding and an entity, where the finding is a representational artifact that a result of a laboratory test or an observation. is finding of finding of 'component of' is a relation between molecular components and a molecular complex. component of located_in inverse of 'has cause': p 'has cause' q if p exerts some causal influence on q directly, where p is a cause and q is its effect. results in has result p 'has cause' q if p exerts some causal influence on q directly, where p is a cause and q is its effect. has cause 'Relation between a role and a process' is a relationship that holds between a role of material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity plays a role and some influence over the process. relation between a role and a process 'manifested phenotype of' is a relation between a phenotype and an entity, where there is a bearer of the realizable entity that participates in the process, and the phenotype comes to be realized in the course of the process. manifested phenotype of This shattering realizes the fragility in the course of breaking the cup (process). 'mainfests phenotype' is a relation between an entity and quality, where there is a bearer of the realizable entity that participates in the process, and the phenotype comes to be realized in the course of the process. manifests phenotype Inherit means to receive a property (or an attribute and its value) from another entity (other than the ancestor) . inherit 'has family member' is a relation between (molecule ) family and a molecule. A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins. In many cases a protein family has a corresponding gene family. has family member A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins. In many cases a protein family has a corresponding gene family. Wikipedia:Protein family 'dysfunctioning of' is a relation between an impaired or abnormal functioning and a normal functioning process. is dysfuctioning of dysfunctioning of 'molecular reaction of' is a relation that holds between a molecular process and its whole process. is molecular reaction of molecular_reaction_of molecular reaction of 'relates assay' is a relation between an entity and the assay in which the entity was related (e.g., can be expressed, observed, and so on). relateds assay 'has context' is a relation between an entity and its context dependent on. Role is intrinsically context-dependent. has context 'has related human gene' is a relation between a molecule and the related gene. has related human gene The cross-sectional area of the coronary artery has attribute value 'small.' 'has attribute value' is a relation between an attribute and its value. has attribute value 'dysfunctioning of' is a relation between an increasing function process and a normal one. hyperfunction of 'malfunctioning of' is a relation between an abnormal functioning and a normal functioning process. malfunctioning of has related rat gene 'has state' is a relation between an entity and the state. has state 'has attribute' is a relation between an entity and its attribute, in which the attribute specifically depends on the bearer for its existence. has attribute 'has agent' is a relation between a participant and a process, in which the participant is active in the relevant process. Example: A protease is an agent in proteolysis process. has agent Metafunctioning type is a relation between functional process and the type of metafunction. Metafunctioning is a functional process to other process, for example, preventing, controlling and so on. metafunctioning type 'property of' is a relation between a property and the entity, , in which the property specifically depends on the bearer for its existence. http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_000224 is property of property of 'is attribute of' is a relation that associates an attribute with an entity. is attribute of is_attribute_of attribute of 'has finding' is a relation between an entity and its finding, where the finding is a representational artifact that a result of a laboratory test or an observation. has finding Proteolysis is a context of the protease role of the molecule. 'context of' is a relation between a context and an entity. Role is intrinsically context-dependent. context of 'related assay of' is a relationship between an assay and the entity, in which the entity can be related (e.g., can be expressed, observed, and so on) in the assay like in vivo, in vitro or clinical test. related assay of 'agent of' is a relation between a participant and a process, in which the participant is active in the relevant process. is agent of agent of 'famly of' is a relationship between a molecule and its family. A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins. In many cases a protein family has a corresponding gene family. family_of family of A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins. In many cases a protein family has a corresponding gene family. Wikipedia:Protein family "has ocurrent part" is a relation that holds between a whole occurrent (process) and its part. has occurrent part "has pathway" is a relation that holds between a whole occurrent (process) for signaling and its pathway. has pathway 'pathway of' is a relation that holds between a pathway and its whole (signaling) process. is pathway of is_pathway_of pathway_of pathway of 'Is substance in organism' is a relation between substance and organism where the substance is existed in. is entity in organism 'has dysfunctioning' is a relation between a normal functioning process and an impaired or abnormal functioning. has_dysfunctioning has dysfunctioning 'Attribute value of' is a relation between a value and its attribute is attribute value of attribute value of observed in A relation between a process/process sequence and a disease. realizes disease 'channel for' is a relation between a channel that is a passage and an entity such a solvent (e.g., ion) to pass. channel for Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional per discussion with Barry Smith A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] an infinitely thin plane in space. the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] two-dimensional spatial region A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis. the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself. Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] spatiotemporal region A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the life of an organism your process of aging. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) Superclass of unit process(primitive process) and senquence processes. It is dissective and has no unity, and hence it can change. It follows A-series of time. (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) Superclass of unit process(primitive process) and senquence processes. It is dissective and has no unity, and hence it can change. It follows A-series of time. YAMATO ontology (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] zero-dimensional spatial region A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] YAMATO:property quality a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29 the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body. the Western hemisphere of the Earth the division of the brain into regions the division of the planet into hemispheres the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body the upper and lower lobes of the left lung BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] fiat object part b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space. A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] one-dimensional spatial region A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] a cube-shaped region of space a sphere-shaped region of space, A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] three-dimensional spatial region A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life. p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] process boundary (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] one-dimensional temporal region A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions. BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29 Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] continuant fiat boundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity The Equator all geopolitical boundaries all lines of latitude and longitude the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin. the median sulcus of your tongue a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] relational quality b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] the geographic North Pole the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system. the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. requested by Melanie Courtot a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary right now the moment at which a child is born the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident the moment of death. temporal instant. A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] zero-dimensional temporal region A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. Beilstein:7694998 CAS:137234-62-9 DrugBank:DB00582 Drug_Central:2846 LINCS:LSM-5244 PMID:12940129 PMID:22718362 PMID:23392902 PMID:23527908 PMID:23766489 PMID:24102553 (2R,3S)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol voriconazole (R-(R*,S*))-alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol (alphaR,betaS)-alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol VCZ Vfend voriconazol voriconazole voriconazolum CHEBI:10023 voriconazole Beilstein:7694998 Beilstein CAS:137234-62-9 ChemIDplus CAS:137234-62-9 DrugBank Drug_Central:2846 DrugCentral PMID:12940129 Europe PMC PMID:22718362 Europe PMC PMID:23392902 Europe PMC PMID:23527908 Europe PMC PMID:23766489 Europe PMC PMID:24102553 Europe PMC A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. Beilstein:3568352 CAS:85721-33-1 DrugBank:DB00537 Drug_Central:659 LINCS:LSM-5226 PMID:10397494 PMID:10737746 Reaxys:3568352 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacin 1-CYCLOPROPYL-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-7-PIPERAZIN-1-YL-1,4-DIHYDROQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacine ciprofloxacino ciprofloxacinum CHEBI:100241 ciprofloxacin Beilstein:3568352 Beilstein CAS:85721-33-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:659 DrugCentral PMID:10397494 ChEMBL PMID:10737746 ChEMBL Reaxys:3568352 Reaxys Beilstein:3641829 CAS:107753-78-6 DrugBank:DB00549 Drug_Central:2855 LINCS:LSM-5792 PMID:11888331 PMID:19331987 PMID:22159431 PMID:22614107 PMID:24258705 PMID:25798389 PMID:25834030 Reaxys:3641829 cyclopentyl 3-[2-methoxy-4-(2-methylphenylsulfonylcarbamoyl)benzyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-5-ylcarbamate 4-(5-cyclopentyloxycarbonylamino-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-methoxy-N-o-tolylsulfonylbenzamide Accolate cyclopentyl 3-(2-methoxy-4-((o-tolylsulfonyl)carbamoyl)benzyl)-1-methylindole-5-carbamate zafirlukast CHEBI:10100 zafirlukast Beilstein:3641829 Beilstein CAS:107753-78-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2855 DrugCentral PMID:11888331 Europe PMC PMID:19331987 Europe PMC PMID:22159431 Europe PMC PMID:22614107 Europe PMC PMID:24258705 Europe PMC PMID:25798389 Europe PMC PMID:25834030 Europe PMC Reaxys:3641829 Reaxys A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. C10H13N5O4 Cc1cn([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](CO)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O Beilstein:763034 CAS:30516-87-1 DrugBank:DB00495 Drug_Central:2861 LINCS:LSM-5806 PMID:19112024 PMID:26859826 PMID:29438107 PMID:9203666 Wikipedia:Zidovudine 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine AZT AZT Azidothymidine Retrovir Zidovudin Zidovudinum zidovudine CHEBI:10110 zidovudine Beilstein:763034 Beilstein CAS:30516-87-1 ChemIDplus CAS:30516-87-1 DrugBank Drug_Central:2861 DrugCentral PMID:19112024 ChEMBL PMID:26859826 Europe PMC PMID:29438107 Europe PMC PMID:9203666 Europe PMC A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma. CAS:111406-87-2 DrugBank:DB00744 Drug_Central:2862 LINCS:LSM-5084 PMID:19309543 PMID:19645854 PMID:20204486 PMID:20436887 1-[1-(1-benzothien-2-yl)ethyl]-1-hydroxyurea Zileuton (+-)-1-(1-Benzo[b]thien-2-ylethyl)-1-hydroxyurea Leutrol N-(1-Benzo(b)thien-2-ylethyl)-N-hydroxyurea N-[1-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)ethyl]-N-hydroxyurea Zyflo zileuton zileutonum CHEBI:10112 zileuton CAS:111406-87-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2862 DrugCentral PMID:19309543 Europe PMC PMID:19645854 Europe PMC PMID:20204486 Europe PMC PMID:20436887 Europe PMC A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. Beilstein:3573079 CAS:42399-41-7 DrugBank:DB00343 Drug_Central:897 LINCS:LSM-2523 PMID:11937779 PMID:16651034 PMID:19167257 PMID:23687551 PMID:24261918 PMID:25122162 PMID:8369596 Reaxys:3573079 (2S,3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate (+)-cis-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one acetate ester (2S,3S)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate (2S-cis)-3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one Acetic acid (2S,3S)-5-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl ester D-cis-diltiazem d-cis-diltiazem diltiazem diltiazemum CHEBI:101278 diltiazem Beilstein:3573079 Beilstein CAS:42399-41-7 ChemIDplus CAS:42399-41-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:897 DrugCentral PMID:11937779 Europe PMC PMID:16651034 Europe PMC PMID:19167257 Europe PMC PMID:23687551 Europe PMC PMID:24261918 Europe PMC PMID:25122162 Europe PMC PMID:8369596 Europe PMC Reaxys:3573079 Reaxys A quinazoline compound having a (3-ethynylphenyl)amino group at the 4-position and two 2-methoxyethoxy groups at the 6- and 7-positions. CAS:183321-74-6 DrugBank:DB00530 Drug_Central:1045 LINCS:LSM-1097 PMID:12270171 PMID:14684309 PMID:15711537 PMID:16014882 PMID:16014883 PMID:16480284 PMID:17889528 PMID:17983745 PMID:29448920 PMID:29579331 PMID:29687154 PMID:30039303 PMID:30071517 PMID:30150014 PMID:30158288 Reaxys:8798958 N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)quinazolin-4-amine [6,7-bis(2-methoxy-ethoxy)quinazoline-4-yl]-(3-ethynylphenyl)amine [6,7-bis-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-quinazolin-4-yl]-(3-ethynyl-phenyl)-amine erlotinib erlotinibum CHEBI:114785 erlotinib CAS:183321-74-6 ChemIDplus CAS:183321-74-6 DrugBank Drug_Central:1045 DrugCentral PMID:12270171 ChEMBL PMID:14684309 ChEMBL PMID:15711537 ChEMBL PMID:16014882 Europe PMC PMID:16014883 Europe PMC PMID:16480284 ChEMBL PMID:17889528 ChEMBL PMID:17983745 ChEMBL PMID:29448920 Europe PMC PMID:29579331 Europe PMC PMID:29687154 Europe PMC PMID:30039303 Europe PMC PMID:30071517 Europe PMC PMID:30150014 Europe PMC PMID:30158288 Europe PMC Reaxys:8798958 Reaxys An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. Beilstein:484561 CAS:24526-64-5 DrugBank:DB04821 Drug_Central:1958 LINCS:LSM-4388 PMID:1502708 PMID:24766210 PMID:7189402 Reaxys:484561 2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-amine Nomifensine (+-)-Nomifensin (+-)-Nomifensine 2-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-8-ylamine 8-Amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline D,L-nomifensine Nomifenison Nomifensin Nomiphensine R/S-nomifensine nomifensina nomifensine nomifensinum CHEBI:116225 nomifensine Beilstein:484561 Beilstein CAS:24526-64-5 ChemIDplus CAS:24526-64-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1958 DrugCentral PMID:1502708 Europe PMC PMID:24766210 Europe PMC PMID:7189402 Europe PMC Reaxys:484561 Reaxys 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. Beilstein:7387333 CAS:154598-52-4 DrugBank:DB00625 Drug_Central:989 LINCS:LSM-5526 PMID:10576692 PMID:10673109 PMID:25017682 Reaxys:7387333 (4S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one Efavirenz (-)-6-CHLORO-4-CYCLOPROPYLETHYNYL-4-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-1,4-DIHYDRO-2H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-2-ONE (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one 6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropyl-1-ethynyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-(4S)-1,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one CHEBI:119486 efavirenz Beilstein:7387333 Beilstein CAS:154598-52-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:989 DrugCentral PMID:10576692 ChEMBL PMID:10673109 ChEMBL PMID:25017682 Europe PMC Reaxys:7387333 Reaxys A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. Beilstein:4318684 CAS:83015-26-3 DrugBank:DB00289 Drug_Central:256 LINCS:LSM-2452 PMID:15338851 PMID:23048018 Reaxys:4318684 (3R)-N-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine (-)-Tomoxetine Tomoxetina Tomoxetinum atomoxetine tomoxetine CHEBI:127342 atomoxetine Beilstein:4318684 Beilstein CAS:83015-26-3 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:256 DrugCentral PMID:15338851 Europe PMC PMID:23048018 Europe PMC Reaxys:4318684 Reaxys A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class. MeSH:C032881 PMID:20118541 Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that is known to exhibit chemotactic activity toward a variety of cancer cells. However, its effect on the immune system has not been studied extensively. Another lipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), has been shown to influence lymphocyte recirculation by regulating lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. In this study, we found that LPA inhibits spontaneous migration of mouse splenic lymphocytes through a chemorepulsive effect. We also demonstrated that LPA inhibits chemokine CCL21-induced lymphocyte migration. This inhibitory effect on CCL21-induced migration was observed for both T and B cells. The involvement of a receptor, LPA(1), LPA(2) or LPA(3), in the inhibition of the CCL21-induced migration was confirmed with a synthetic agonist, oleyl thiophosphate. Considering that the signaling by CCL21 through cognate receptor CCR7 contributes to lymphocyte homing and dendritic cell trafficking to lymph nodes, LPA may play a role as a key regulator of these processes. The inhibitory effect of LPA is in remarkable contrast to the effect of S1P receptor signaling, which is known to potentiate lymphocyte chemotaxis involving CCR7. PMID:7768880 Lysophosphatidic acid, a multifunctional phospholipid messenger. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1(1); 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate),is the simplest of all glycerophospholipids. While LPA has long been known as a precursor of phospholipid biosynthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, only recently has LPA emerged as an intercellular signaling molecule that is rapidly produced and released by activated cells, notably platelets, to influence target cells by acting on a specific cell-surface receptor. The list of biological responses to LPA is quite diverse, ranging from induction of cell proliferation to stimulation of neurite retraction. The mitogenic activities of LPA have been best studied in fibroblasts. As with peptide growth factors, induction of DNA synthesis by LPA requires its long term presence in the medium LPA, but not peptide growth factors, can mimic serum in inducing invasion of carcinoma and hepatoma cells into monolayers of mesothelial cells. The underlying mechanism is not clear but may well involve both increased cell adhesion and enhanced cell motility. Many mitogens activate the p85/p110 phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase in their target cells and so does LPA. LPA-induced PI 3-kinase activity has been found in 3T3 cells (Ref. 44; but see ref. 45 for conflicting data) and in megakaryoblastic cells. Whatever its precise link to the LPA receptor and physiological function, PI 3-kinase does not seem to be essential for mitogenic signaling, since microinjection of a neutralizing antibody does not affect LPA-induced DNA synthesis. LPA lysophosphatidic acid A class of lipoproteins with a density between that of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins. They are formed by the degradatiion of very-low-density lipoproteins. IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein An agonist that binds to and activates farnesoid X receptors Wikipedia:Farnesoid_X_receptor BAR agonist FXR agonist bile acid receptor agonist farnesoid X receptor agonist A drug that makes increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiation therapy. PMID:12520460 radiosensitiser radiosensitisers radiosensitising agent radiosensitising agents radiosensitizer radiosensitizers radiosensitizing agents CHEBI:132992 radiosensitizing agent PMID:12520460 Europe PMC A role played by the entity which inhibits the oxidation of any fatty acid. fatty acid oxidation inhibitor Abbreviation for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide when its oxidation state is unknown or unspecified. It is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Wikipedia:Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide NAD CAS:65-64-5 Drug_Central:4865 ICI-31397 actomol mebanazine hydrochloride mebanazine monohydrochloride mebanazine monooxalate mebanazine monosulfate mebanazine oxalate mebanazine sulfate CHEBI:134728 mebanazine CAS:65-64-5 DrugCentral Drug_Central:4865 DrugCentral CAS:4214-72-6 Drug_Central:1485 N-(Isopropylamino)-2-pyrimidine CHEBI:134762 isaxonine CAS:4214-72-6 DrugCentral Drug_Central:1485 DrugCentral CAS:547-44-4 Drug_Central:2496 sulfanilcarbamid sulfanilylurea sulfaurea sulphacarbamide sulphaurea urosulfan urosulfane CHEBI:134891 sulfacarbamide CAS:547-44-4 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2496 DrugCentral CAS:7175-09-9 Drug_Central:2662 5-Methyl-7-bromo-8-hydroxyquinoline CHEBI:134965 tilbroquinol CAS:7175-09-9 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2662 DrugCentral CAS:92623-85-3 Drug_Central:1808 (+/-)-Milnacipran midalcipran milnacipran HCl milnacipran hydrochloride CHEBI:135005 milnacipran CAS:92623-85-3 DrugCentral Drug_Central:1808 DrugCentral CAS:21721-92-6 Drug_Central:1946 altimol CHEBI:135009 nitrefazole CAS:21721-92-6 DrugCentral Drug_Central:1946 DrugCentral Pirprofen was a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was brought to market by Ciba-Geigy in 1982 as a treatment for arthritis and pain. (by Wikipedia) C13H14ClNO2 ClC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(C(O)=O)C)N2CC=CC2 CAS:31793-07-4 DrugBank:DB13722 Drug_Central:2213 Wikipedia:Pirprofen racemic pirprofen rengasil CHEBI:135028 pirprofen CAS:31793-07-4 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2213 DrugCentral CAS:5310-55-4 Drug_Central:3717 clomacran phosphate CHEBI:135273 clomacran CAS:5310-55-4 DrugCentral Drug_Central:3717 DrugCentral CAS:56775-88-3 Drug_Central:2863 cis-Zimelidine zimeldine hydrochloride hydrate zimelidine zimelidine HCl zimelidine dihydrochloride zimelidine dihydrochloride hydrate zimelidine dihydrochloride monohydrate zimelidine hydrochloride CHEBI:135357 zimeldine CAS:56775-88-3 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2863 DrugCentral CAS:125-13-3 Drug_Central:2038 oxyphenisatin phenolisatin veripaque CHEBI:135358 oxyphenisatine CAS:125-13-3 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2038 DrugCentral CAS:25803-14-9 Drug_Central:698 clometacine clometazin clomethacin duperan mindolic acid CHEBI:135512 clometacin CAS:25803-14-9 DrugCentral Drug_Central:698 DrugCentral CAS:84-04-8 Drug_Central:2180 mornidine nausidol nometine CHEBI:135641 pipamazine CAS:84-04-8 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2180 DrugCentral C21H23Cl2N3O C(C(N(CCC)CCC)=O)C1=C(N=C2N1C=C(C=C2)Cl)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl CAS:82626-01-5 Drug_Central:134 Wikipedia:Alpidem Alpidem (Ananxyl) is an anxiolytic drug from the imidazopyridine family, related to the more well known sleeping medication zolpidem. (by Wikipedia) Ananxyl ananxyl CHEBI:135649 alpidem CAS:82626-01-5 DrugCentral Drug_Central:134 DrugCentral CAS:145733-36-4 Drug_Central:3839 ANA-756 ANA756 verdia CHEBI:135666 tasosartan CAS:145733-36-4 DrugCentral Drug_Central:3839 DrugCentral CAS:84845-75-0 Drug_Central:4002 niperotidine HCl niperotidine hydrochloride perultid piperonyl ranitidine HCl piperonyl ranitidine hydrochloride CHEBI:135706 niperotidine CAS:84845-75-0 DrugCentral Drug_Central:4002 DrugCentral CAS:100981-43-9 Drug_Central:979 FI-3542 ebrodin ulsanic CHEBI:135774 ebrotidine CAS:100981-43-9 DrugCentral Drug_Central:979 DrugCentral CAS:68-90-6 Drug_Central:321 cardivix dilafurane CHEBI:135814 benziodarone CAS:68-90-6 DrugCentral Drug_Central:321 DrugCentral CAS:146961-76-4 Drug_Central:102 alatrofloxacin mesilate alatrofloxacin mesylate CHEBI:135829 alatrofloxacin CAS:146961-76-4 DrugCentral Drug_Central:102 DrugCentral sn-glycero-3-phosphonocholine glycerophosphonocholine Any psychotropic drug that induces anxiety or panic. Wikipedia:Anxiogenic panicogenic anxiogenic Any pathway inhibitor that inhibits the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Hedgehog pathway inhibitor Hedgehog pathway inhibitors Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors CHEBI:140921 Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines. C3H6Cl2 CC(CCl)Cl 1,2-dichloropropane A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. 4-hydroxynonenal Tetracycline in which the hydroxy group at position 5 and the methyl group at position 6 are replaced by hydrogen, and with a dimethylamino substituent and an (N-tert-butylglycyl)amino substituent at positions 7 and 9, respectively. A glycylcycline antibiotic, it has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including tetracycline-resistant organisms. It is used for the intravenous treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible organisms. CAS:220620-09-7 DrugBank:DB00560 Drug_Central:2661 PMID:17194827 PMID:17210772 PMID:17220399 PMID:17307973 PMID:17353238 PMID:17353249 Reaxys:8379453 (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-9-[(N-tert-butylglycyl)amino]-4,7-bis(dimethylamino)-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-9-(2-(tert-butylamino)acetamido)-4,7-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide CHEBI:149836 tigecycline CAS:220620-09-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2661 DrugCentral PMID:17194827 ChEMBL PMID:17210772 ChEMBL PMID:17220399 ChEMBL PMID:17307973 ChEMBL PMID:17353238 ChEMBL PMID:17353249 ChEMBL Reaxys:8379453 Reaxys The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke. Wikipedia:Acetaldehyde acetaldehyde An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. CAS:56-65-5 DrugBank:DB00171 adenosine 5'-triphosphate adenosine triphosphate ATP The oxidised form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide found in all living cells. In metabolism, NAD(+) is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. NAD(+) A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues. polynucleotide CAS:86-01-1 DrugBank:DB04137 guanosine 5'-triphosphate GTP A class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of ethanolamine. DrugBank:DB04327 PtdEtn phosphatidylethanolamine A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3β-hydroxy group. C27H46O C1[C@@]2([C@]3(CC[C@]4([C@]([C@@]3(CC=C2C[C@H](C1)O)[H])(CC[C@@]4([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[H])[H])C)[H])C Wikipedia:cholesterol cholesterol IMR:0001353 ISBN:0815340729 1-O-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bis(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate PtsIns(3,4)P2 PtsIns-3,4-P2 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate ISBN:0815340729 ISBN:0815340729 A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. C2H6O CCO ethanol A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides. C5H6O8PR3 phospholipid A monohydroxy-5β-cholanic acid with aα-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action. C24H40O3 [H][C@]12CC[C@]3([H])[C@]([H])(CC[C@]4(C)[C@]([H])(CC[C@@]34[H])[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@H](O)C2 lithocholic acid A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. DrugBank:DB00640 Adenine riboside Adenosine Ribofuranosyladenine adenosine A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. MeSH:D000241 A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids. phosphatidic acid A bile acid that is 5β-cholan-24-oic acid bearing threeα-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12. InChIKey:BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-OELDTZBJSA-N cholic acid A sphing-4-enine in which the double bond is trans. IMR:0100178 Sphingenine Sphingoid sphingosine Liposaccharide natural compounds consisting of a trisaccharide repeating unit (two heptose units and octulosonic acid) with oligosaccharide side chains and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid units (they are a major constituent of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria). LPS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a glycosylated lipid on the outer surface of Gram-negative bacteria acts as immunostimulants. liposaccharide Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a glycosylated lipid on the outer surface of Gram-negative bacteria acts as immunostimulants. ISBN:0815340729 The 17beta-isomer of estradiol. 17β-Estradiol NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. CHEBI:16474 Wikipedia:NADPH 2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate} InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1 NADP-reduced NADPH A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom. nitric oxide A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2. C2HCl3 ClC=C(Cl)Cl CAS:79-01-6 Wikipedia:Trichloroethylene 1,1,2-trichloroethene trichloroethylene IMR:0001352 1-O-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-tris(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate PIP3 PtsIns(3,4,5)P3 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohydrate A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a propylsulfanyl group at position 5. It is commonly used in the treatment of parasitic worm infestations. Beilstein:752696 CAS:54965-21-8 DrugBank:DB00518 Drug_Central:103 LINCS:LSM-3782 PMID:22152396 PMID:24403707 PMID:24411094 Pesticides:albendazole Reaxys:752696 Albendazole albendazole methyl [5-(propylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (5-(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamic acid methyl ester 5-(propylthio)-2-carbomethoxyaminobenzimidazole Albenza Eskazole O-methyl N-(5-(propylthio)-2-benzimidazolyl)carbamate Proftril Valbazen Zentel CHEBI:16664 albendazole Beilstein:752696 Beilstein CAS:54965-21-8 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:103 DrugCentral PMID:22152396 Europe PMC PMID:24403707 Europe PMC PMID:24411094 Europe PMC Pesticides:albendazole Alan Wood's Pesticides Reaxys:752696 Reaxys Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide A phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol moiety is the 1D-myo isomer and the phosphatidyl group is located at its position 1. C11H17O13P [C@@H]1([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)O)O)OP(OC[C@@H](COC(*)=O)OC(=O)*)(=O)O)O PMID:28600633 1-O-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. guanosine A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid that is (5β)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. InChIKey:RUDATBOHQWOJDD-BSWAIDMHSA-N Beilstein:3219887 CAS:474-25-9 DrugBank:DB06777 Drug_Central:4361 LINCS:LSM-5353 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST04010032 PMID:11530998 PMID:16037564 PMID:24448653 PMID:24464484 Reaxys:3219887 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid 3alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid 7alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid CDCA Chenix Chenodiol anthropodeoxycholic acid anthropodesoxycholic acid chenic acid gallodesoxycholic acid CHEBI:16755 chenodeoxycholic acid Beilstein:3219887 Beilstein CAS:474-25-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:4361 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST04010032 LIPID MAPS PMID:11530998 Europe PMC PMID:16037564 Europe PMC PMID:24448653 Europe PMC PMID:24464484 Europe PMC Reaxys:3219887 Reaxys A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase. A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase. CAS:20398-34-9 Adenosine 5'-monophosphate AMP A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine. C10H17N3O6S N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)C(=O)O DrugBank:DB00143 Wikipedia:Glutathione Glutathione 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine GSH Reduced glutathione L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine A coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5'-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide. DrugBank:DB00157 Wikipedia:Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide NADH A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. C7H6O3 OC(=O)c1ccccc1O CAS:69-72-7 DrugBank:DB00936 Wikipedia:Salicylic_acid 2-hydroxybenzoic acid salicylic acid Derivatives of phosphoglycerols which have only one of the alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone ester-linked with a fatty acid. lysophospholipids monoacylglycerol phosphates monoacylglycerophosphate monoacylglycerophosphates Lysophospholipid monoacylglycerol phosphate A member of the class of biladienes that is a linear tetrapyrrole with the dipyrrole units being of both exovinyl and endovinyl type. A product of heme degradation, it is produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the reduction of biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. C33H36N4O6 CC1=C(C=C)\C(NC1=O)=C\c1[nH]c(Cc2[nH]c(\C=C3NC(=O)C(C=C)=C/3C)c(C)c2CCC(O)=O)c(CCC(O)=O)c1C Wikipedia:Bilirubin bilirubin High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. glucose An estrogen that has formula C18H22O2. ATC:G03CA07 ATC:G03CC04 CASRN:53-16-7 DrugBank:DB00655 InChIKey:DNXHEGUUPJUMQT-CBZIJGRNSA-N estrone An inositol having myo- configuration. Wikipedia:Inositol myo-inositol An androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5.. Beilstein:1915399 Beilstein:3653705 CAS:58-22-0 DrugBank:DB00624 Drug_Central:2607 Gmelin:538843 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02020002 PMID:10438974 PMID:11786693 PMID:18900503 PMID:24498482 Reaxys:1915399 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one TESTOSTERONE Testosterone testosterone 17beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one 17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one 4-androsten-17beta-ol-3-one Androderm Testosteron testosterona testosterone testosteronum CHEBI:17347 testosterone Beilstein:1915399 Beilstein Beilstein:3653705 Beilstein CAS:58-22-0 ChemIDplus CAS:58-22-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2607 DrugCentral Gmelin:538843 Gmelin LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02020002 LIPID MAPS PMID:10438974 Europe PMC PMID:11786693 Europe PMC PMID:18900503 Europe PMC PMID:24498482 Europe PMC Reaxys:1915399 Reaxys The parent of the class of 2-acetamidofluorenes, being an ortho-fused polycyclic arene that consists of 9H-fluorene bearing an acetamido substituent at position 2. It is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene. C15H13NO C(=O)(NC=1C=C2C(C=3C(C2)=CC=CC3)=CC1)C CAS:53-96-3 Wikipedia:2-Acetylaminofluorene N-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)acetamide 2-AAF 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-acetamidofluorene A cytidine 5'-phosphate that has formula C9H14N3O8P. CMP A compound RC(2O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. aldehyde A glycerophosphoglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups has been replaced by a phosphatidyl group. phosphatidylglycerol A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. Beilstein:5382060 CAS:95058-81-4 DrugBank:DB00441 Drug_Central:1283 LINCS:LSM-5333 PMID:11034044 PMID:11061612 PMID:11088063 PMID:11122828 PMID:11132538 PMID:11142482 PMID:11221019 PMID:11356111 PMID:11374818 PMID:11489002 PMID:11504793 PMID:11510027 PMID:11585734 PMID:11595724 PMID:11807603 PMID:11859947 PMID:11901308 PMID:12057041 PMID:12057046 PMID:12057157 PMID:12115355 PMID:12142097 PMID:12520460 PMID:12571808 PMID:12722678 PMID:12722691 PMID:12743987 PMID:12761494 PMID:12798170 PMID:12917815 PMID:12954073 PMID:14606642 PMID:14653877 PMID:14720338 PMID:15131028 PMID:15160243 PMID:15221904 PMID:15282439 PMID:15297392 PMID:15542781 PMID:15637766 PMID:15744590 PMID:16001951 PMID:16041610 PMID:16080557 PMID:16143373 PMID:16149285 PMID:16317298 PMID:16500746 PMID:16555971 PMID:16584929 PMID:16807461 PMID:16807463 PMID:16894289 PMID:16905983 PMID:17101674 PMID:17296311 PMID:17296587 PMID:17347561 PMID:17429628 PMID:17460420 PMID:17602464 PMID:17639396 PMID:17887663 PMID:17939651 PMID:17941128 PMID:17987263 PMID:18035967 PMID:18050344 PMID:18086345 PMID:18166944 PMID:18186604 PMID:18257544 PMID:18348652 PMID:18773046 PMID:18789834 PMID:18819792 PMID:18981552 PMID:19034448 PMID:19177022 PMID:19399788 PMID:19839926 PMID:19879060 PMID:22763439 PMID:28594276 PMID:28608357 PMID:28912244 Reaxys:5382060 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine 2',2'-Difluorodeoxycytidine 2'-Deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine 4-amino-1-((2R,4R,5R)-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one gemcitabina gemcitabine gemcitabinum CHEBI:175901 gemcitabine Beilstein:5382060 Beilstein CAS:95058-81-4 ChemIDplus CAS:95058-81-4 DrugBank Drug_Central:1283 DrugCentral PMID:11034044 Europe PMC PMID:11061612 Europe PMC PMID:11088063 Europe PMC PMID:11122828 Europe PMC PMID:11132538 Europe PMC PMID:11142482 Europe PMC PMID:11221019 Europe PMC PMID:11356111 ChEMBL PMID:11374818 Europe PMC PMID:11489002 Europe PMC PMID:11504793 Europe PMC PMID:11510027 Europe PMC PMID:11585734 Europe PMC PMID:11595724 Europe PMC PMID:11807603 Europe PMC PMID:11859947 Europe PMC PMID:11901308 Europe PMC PMID:12057041 Europe PMC PMID:12057046 Europe PMC PMID:12057157 Europe PMC PMID:12115355 Europe PMC PMID:12142097 Europe PMC PMID:12520460 Europe PMC PMID:12571808 Europe PMC PMID:12722678 Europe PMC PMID:12722691 Europe PMC PMID:12743987 Europe PMC PMID:12761494 Europe PMC PMID:12798170 Europe PMC PMID:12917815 Europe PMC PMID:12954073 Europe PMC PMID:14606642 Europe PMC PMID:14653877 Europe PMC PMID:14720338 Europe PMC PMID:15131028 Europe PMC PMID:15160243 Europe PMC PMID:15221904 Europe PMC PMID:15282439 Europe PMC PMID:15297392 Europe PMC PMID:15542781 Europe PMC PMID:15637766 Europe PMC PMID:15744590 Europe PMC PMID:16001951 Europe PMC PMID:16041610 Europe PMC PMID:16080557 Europe PMC PMID:16143373 Europe PMC PMID:16149285 Europe PMC PMID:16317298 Europe PMC PMID:16500746 Europe PMC PMID:16555971 Europe PMC PMID:16584929 Europe PMC PMID:16807461 Europe PMC PMID:16807463 Europe PMC PMID:16894289 Europe PMC PMID:16905983 Europe PMC PMID:17101674 ChEMBL PMID:17296311 Europe PMC PMID:17296587 Europe PMC PMID:17347561 Europe PMC PMID:17429628 Europe PMC PMID:17460420 Europe PMC PMID:17602464 ChEMBL PMID:17639396 Europe PMC PMID:17887663 ChEMBL PMID:17939651 ChEMBL PMID:17941128 Europe PMC PMID:17987263 Europe PMC PMID:18035967 Europe PMC PMID:18050344 Europe PMC PMID:18086345 Europe PMC PMID:18166944 Europe PMC PMID:18186604 ChEMBL PMID:18257544 ChEMBL PMID:18348652 Europe PMC PMID:18773046 Europe PMC PMID:18789834 Europe PMC PMID:18819792 Europe PMC PMID:18981552 Europe PMC PMID:19034448 Europe PMC PMID:19177022 Europe PMC PMID:19399788 Europe PMC PMID:19839926 Europe PMC PMID:19879060 Europe PMC PMID:22763439 Europe PMC PMID:28594276 Europe PMC PMID:28608357 Europe PMC PMID:28912244 Europe PMC Reaxys:5382060 Reaxys cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) CTP cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) IUPAC A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. C24H38O4 CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)c1ccccc1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC CAS:117-81-7 DEHP Diethylhexylphthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H. IMR:0100177 Cer N-acylated sphingoid ceramide Gentamicin is a parenterally administered, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic typically used for moderate to severe gram negative infections. Despite its wide use, gentamicin has not been definitively linked to instances of clinically apparent liver injury. CAS:1403-66-3 DrugBank:DB00798 MeSH:D005839 Open TG-Gates compound_id=00147 https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov//Gentamicin.htm https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3467 gentamicin Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids. C6H5O6R3 [*]C(=O)OCC(COC([*])=O)OC([*])=O PMID:2474544 Triacylglycerol triglyceride C20H32N6O12S2 N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O CAS:27025-41-8 DrugBank:DB03310 GSSG Oxidized glutathione Oxiglutatione Glutathione disulfide An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group. C8H8O C1OC1c1ccccc1 CAS:96-09-3 Wikipedia:Styrene_oxide 2-phenyloxirane styrene-7,8-oxide styrene oxide C15H13NO2 CC(=O)N(O)c1ccc-2c(Cc3ccccc-23)c1 CAS:53-95-2 N-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-hydroxyacetamide N-OH-AAF N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene A thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid. C22H35N7O17P3SR CAS:9029-97-4 PMID:11264983 PMID:11524729 Acyl coenzyme A Acyl-CoA CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC([*])=O acyl-CoA 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. Organic molecule that is insoluble in water but tends to dissolve in nonpolar organic solvent. lipid Organic molecule that is insoluble in water but tends to dissolve in nonpolar organic solvent. ISBN:0815340729 A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Polysaccharide polysaccharides polysaccharide Any phosphatidylinositol that is phosphorylated at one or more of the hydroxy groups of inositol. phosphoinositide An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. Fe [Fe] CAS:7439-89-6 DrugBank:DB01592 iron iron atom A class of aminophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of serine. DrugBank:DB00144 Ptd-L-Ser phosphatidylserine phosphatidyl-L-serine The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. CAS:3483-12-3 DrugBank:DB04447 LINCS:LSM-36870 1,4-dithiothreitol IMR:0200477 IMR:0001350 PI(4,5)P2 PIP2 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PtsIns-4,5-P2 PI(4,5)P2 is cleaved by phospholipase C-beta or gamma to generate IP3 and diacylglycerol. 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate PI(4,5)P2 is cleaved by phospholipase C-beta or gamma to generate IP3 and diacylglycerol. ISBN:0815340729 O2 [O][O-] dioxidanidyl superoxide A mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor that interferes with the action of ATP synthase. ATP synthase inhibitor (mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor) Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis(dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins. aflatoxin alkali metal atom Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases. CHEBI:22333 alkylating agent A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. anion A role that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. antioxidants antioxydant antoxidant CHEBI:22586 antioxidant A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. anti-viral agent anti-viral agents antiviral antiviral agents antivirals CHEBI:22587 antiviral agent Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure. barbiturates A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base). base CAS:7440-70-2 DrugBank:DB01373 calcium Ca calcium atom An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Such compounds reduce the secretion of H(+) ions by the proximal kidney tubule. EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.1 inhibitor EC 4.2.1.1 inhibitors anhydrase inhibitor anhydrase inhibitors carbonate anhydrase inhibitor carbonate anhydrase inhibitors carbonate dehydratase inhibitor carbonate dehydratase inhibitors carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitor carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitors carbonate hydro-lyase inhibitor carbonate hydro-lyase inhibitors carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitor carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitors carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors carbonic anhydrase A inhibitor carbonic anhydrase A inhibitors carbonic anhydrase inhibitor carbonic anhydrase inhibitors carboxyanhydrase inhibitor carboxyanhydrase inhibitors CHEBI:23018 EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor A substance intended to sterilize any organism. chemosterilants CHEBI:23092 chemosterilant A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons. coenzyme An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group). Wikipedia:Cofactor_(biochemistry) cofactor Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity C12H11N3 C1=CC=C(C=C1)N=NC2=CC=C(C=C2)N CAS:60-09-3 Wikipedia:Aniline_Yellow 4-Aminoazobenzene 4-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]aniline 4-phenyldiazenylaniline AAB 4-(phenylazo)aniline A tetrasaccharide derivative consisting of a dideoxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl C7 cyclitol moiety [called valienol (or valienamine)] linked via nitrogen to isomaltotriose. CAS:56180-94-0 DrugBank:DB00284 Drug_Central:39 LINCS:LSM-4345 PMID:11937512 PMID:18248270 PMID:25044702 PMID:8893066 PMID:9805641 4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-glucopyranose Acarbose Glucobay Precose acarbosa acarbose acarbosum CHEBI:2376 acarbose CAS:56180-94-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:39 DrugCentral PMID:11937512 Europe PMC PMID:18248270 Europe PMC PMID:25044702 Europe PMC PMID:8893066 Europe PMC PMID:9805641 Europe PMC Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. drugs medicine CHEBI:23888 drug Any member of the group of signalling molecules arising from oxidation of the three C20 essential fatty acids (EFAs) icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). IMR:0001381 eicosanoid icosanoid A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitors inhibidor enzimatico inhibidores enzimaticos inhibiteur enzymatique inhibiteurs enzymatiques CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. InChIKey=VOXZDWNPVJITMN-WKUFJEKOSA-N Wikipedia:Estradiol estradiol A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups. C3H7N3O2 CCN(N=O)C(N)=O CAS:759-73-9 Wikipedia:ENU 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. Beilstein:8335547 CAS:91714-94-2 DrugBank:DB00963 Drug_Central:401 LINCS:LSM-5585 [2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetic acid 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)benzeneacetic acid [2-Amino-3-(4-bromo-benzoyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid bromfenac bromfenaco bromfenacum CHEBI:240107 bromfenac Beilstein:8335547 Beilstein CAS:91714-94-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:401 DrugCentral A substance used to destroy fungal pests. fungicides CHEBI:24127 fungicide gamma-GC gamma-glutamylcysteine glycerophosphoglycerols A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IMR_0000947 chemical compound chemical entity A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. biological function CHEBI:24432 biological role Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. GO:0005180 endocrine hormones CHEBI:24621 substance with hormone role: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T125 hormone Nuclear particle of charge number +1, spin 1/2 and rest mass of 1.007276470(12) u. proton Compounds having the structure RN=CR2 (R = H, hydrocarbyl). Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R'2C=NR (where R' is not H). Imines include azomethines and Schiff bases. Imine is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the C=NH group excluding the carbon atom. CHEBI:24783 http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200906016906308703 http://purl.jp/bio/4/id/200906016906308703 imine inositol Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects. insecticides CHEBI:24852 insecticide A molecular entity having a net electric charge. ion An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11. C17H12O6 [H][C@]12OC=C[C@@]1([H])c1c(O2)cc(OC)c2c3CCC(=O)c3c(=O)oc12 CAS:1162-65-8 (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene-1,11-dione aflatoxin B1 Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. metabolite metabolites primary metabolites secondary metabolites CHEBI:25212 metabolite A role played by the entity that inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory-chain. mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution. Wikipedia:Mutagen mutagene mutagenes mutagenic agent mutageno mutagenos mutagens CHEBI:25435 mutagen Poisonous substance produced by fungi. mycotoxin A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke. C20H16 Cc1c2ccccc2c(C)c2c1ccc1ccccc21 CAS:57-97-6 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene 7,12-dimethyltetraphene A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms). nematicides nematocide nematocides CHEBI:25491 nematicide An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell. IMR:0000967 (obsolete) neurotransmitter N nitrogen atom An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. organophosphorus compound Inchikey:QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen oxygen atom oxygen molecular entity HO2 [H]O[O] (HO2)(.) hydroperoxyl Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests. pesticide Pestizid Pestizide pesticides CHEBI:25944 pesticide CAS:7440-09-7 DrugBank:DB01345 potassium potassium atom The family of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin-like compounds. prostanoid A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron. free radical radical Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. Wikipedia:Reactive_oxygen_species reactive oxygen species Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. saturated fatty acid A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. C25H29I2NO3 CCCCc1oc2ccccc2c1C(=O)c1cc(I)c(OCCN(CC)CC)c(I)c1 Beilstein:1271711 CAS:1951-25-3 ChemicalBook:CB5310616 DrugBank:DB01118 Drug_Central:176 LINCS:LSM-2379 Open TG-Gates compound_id=00033 PMID:10188629 PMID:16479044 PMID:18368867 (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl){4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl}methanone Amiodarone 2-Butyl-3-(3,5-diiodo-4-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)benzoyl)benzofuran 2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl 4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone 2-n-Butyl-3',5'-diiodo-4'-N-diethylaminoethoxy-3-benzoylbenzofuran amiodarona amiodaronum CHEBI:2663 amiodarone Beilstein:1271711 Beilstein CAS:1951-25-3 ChemIDplus ChemicalBook:CB5310616 https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB5310616 Drug_Central:176 DrugCentral PMID:10188629 Europe PMC PMID:16479044 Europe PMC PMID:18368867 Europe PMC An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. C20H23N CN(C)CCC=C1c2ccccc2CCc2ccccc12 CAS:50-48-6 DrugBank:DB00321 LINCS:LSM-3190 MeSH:D000639 Patent:WO2011089289 Wikipedia:Amitriptyline 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine amitriptyline sodium atom Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone. sphingolipid CAS:7704-34-9 sulfur sulfur atom A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels. IMR:0100020 TX thromboxane Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant. Wikipedia:Toxin toxin A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. triol An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. uric acid A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. CCl4 ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CAS:56-23-5 LINCS:LSM-37019 Wikipedia:Carbon_Tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride tetrachloromethane CAS:7440-44-0 Inchikey:OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon atom Beilstein:212994 CAS:59-66-5 DrugBank:DB00819 Drug_Central:56 Gmelin:365421 LINCS:LSM-5543 Acetazolamide N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide 5-ACETAMIDO-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE-2-SULFONAMIDE 5-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide Defiltran Diacarb Diamox Diluran Glaupax N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,5-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide acetazolamida acetazolamide acetazolamidum CHEBI:27690 acetazolamide Beilstein:212994 Beilstein CAS:59-66-5 ChemIDplus CAS:59-66-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:56 DrugCentral Gmelin:365421 Gmelin An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. Beilstein:95226 CAS:126-07-8 DrugBank:DB00400 Drug_Central:1331 LINCS:LSM-5259 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK13060001 PMID:14407521 PMID:15078340 PMID:16922553 PMID:23111828 PMID:25476923 PMID:3277037 Reaxys:95226 (2S,6'R)-7-chloro-2',4,6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H,4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohex[2]ene]-3,4'-dione Griseofulvin (+)-griseofulvin Curling factor Fulcin Fulvicin Grifulvin Grisactin Grisovin Grysio Lamoryl Likuden Poncyl Spirofulvin Sporostatin amudane griseofulvin griseofulvina griseofulvine griseofulvinum CHEBI:27779 griseofulvin Beilstein:95226 Beilstein CAS:126-07-8 ChemIDplus CAS:126-07-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1331 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK13060001 LIPID MAPS PMID:14407521 Europe PMC PMID:15078340 Europe PMC PMID:16922553 Europe PMC PMID:23111828 Europe PMC PMID:25476923 Europe PMC PMID:3277037 Europe PMC Reaxys:95226 Reaxys A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups. C14H12O3 [H]C(=C([H])c1cc(O)cc(O)c1)c1ccc(O)cc1 CAS:501-36-0 DrugBank:DB02709 LINCS:LSM-2557 5-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol resveratrol A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. C22H24N2O8 [H][C@@]12C[C@@]3([H])C(C(=O)c4c(O)cccc4[C@@]3(C)O)=C(O)[C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@H]2N(C)C CAS:60-54-8 DrugBank:DB00759 Wikipedia:Tetracycline (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide tetracycline A member of the class of rifamycins that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei) CO[C@H]1\C=C\O[C@@]2(C)Oc3c(C)c(O)c4c(O)c(NC(=O)\C(C)=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H]1C)c(\C=N\N1CCN(C)CC1)c(O)c4c3C2=O CASRN:13292-46-1 DrugBank:DB01045 Wikipedia:Rifampicin rifampicin A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues. CAS:9005-79-2 glycogen A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. CAS:58-74-2 DrugBank:DB01113 Drug_Central:2056 LINCS:LSM-2338 PMID:11971205 PMID:24414229 Reaxys:312930 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline CHEBI:28241 papaverine CAS:58-74-2 ChemIDplus CAS:58-74-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2056 DrugCentral PMID:11971205 Europe PMC PMID:24414229 Europe PMC Reaxys:312930 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic. C17H11NO7 COc1cccc2c1cc([N+]([O-])=O)c1c(cc3OCOc3c21)C(O)=O CAS:313-67-7 8-methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxylic acid aristolochic acid A phosphatidylglycerol composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. Wikipedia:cardiolipin cardiolipin A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group. C2H3Cl ClC=C CAS:75-01-4 Wikipedia:Chloroethene Vinyl chloride クロロエチレン 塩化ビニル chloroethene A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. Used mainly in the treatment of leukaemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia, cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. Beilstein:89175 CAS:147-94-4 DrugBank:DB00987 Drug_Central:770 LINCS:LSM-5470 PMID:15492802 Reaxys:89175 4-amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one Cytarabine 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine 4-Amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone Arabinoside C Cytosine arabinoside Cytosine-1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside ara-C arabinocytosine citarabina cytarabine cytarabinum cytosine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside CHEBI:28680 cytarabine Beilstein:89175 Beilstein CAS:147-94-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:770 DrugCentral PMID:15492802 Europe PMC Reaxys:89175 Reaxys A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose. fructose Any member of the phosphoinositide family of compounds, of which seven occur naturally. phosphatidylinositol phosphate A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position. C=1C=CC=C2C1C=CC(=O)O2 DrugBank:DB04665 PMID:28166217 Wikipedia:Coumarin coumarin A bile acid that is 5β-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. InChIKey:KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol. IMR:0001651 PI phosphatidylinositol C14H8O3 Oc1cccc2C(=O)c3ccccc3C(=O)c12 CAS:129-43-1 1-hydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione 1-hydroxyanthraquinone A methanesulfonate ester that is butane-1,4-diol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups are replaced by methanesulfonyl groups. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (although it has been largely replaced by newer drugs). It is also used as an insect sterilant. Beilstein:1791786 CAS:55-98-1 DrugBank:DB01008 Drug_Central:438 LINCS:LSM-5388 PMID:10523796 PMID:19361744 PMID:19611402 Reaxys:1791786 Busulfan butane-1,4-diyl dimethanesulfonate 1,4-Bis(methanesulfonoxy)butane 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate 1,4-Dimesyloxybutane 1,4-Dimethanesulfonoxybutane Bisulfex Leucosulfan Mablin Mielucin Misulban Mitostan Myeloleukon Myleran Tetramethylene bis(methanesulfonate) busulfan busulfano busulfanum CHEBI:28901 busulfan Beilstein:1791786 Beilstein CAS:55-98-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:438 DrugCentral PMID:10523796 Europe PMC PMID:19361744 Europe PMC PMID:19611402 Europe PMC Reaxys:1791786 Reaxys A ketoimine that has formula C8H7NO2. CHEBI:29132 http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-76397 N-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)acetamide InChI=1S/C8H7NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5H,1H3 NAPQI N-acetyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine N-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)acetamide IUPAC NAME HO [O][H] hydroxyl A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. CAS:446-86-6 DrugBank:DB00993 Drug_Central:269 PMID:11064448 PMID:15199672 PMID:15476481 PMID:15628319 PMID:15973722 PMID:16344342 PMID:16397313 PMID:16764353 PMID:16954801 PMID:17381669 PMID:17970886 PMID:18008354 PMID:18336531 PMID:19243907 PMID:20080917 PMID:25248004 PMID:25314066 PMID:25440430 PMID:25443086 PMID:25581826 PMID:25641386 PMID:28166217 PMID:8738760 PMID:9273463 PMID:9345422 Reaxys:1225351 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purine 6-((1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1H-purine 6-(1'-Methyl-4'-nitro-5'-imidazolyl)-mercaptopurine Imuran (TN) CHEBI:2948 azathioprine CAS:446-86-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:269 DrugCentral PMID:11064448 Europe PMC PMID:15199672 Europe PMC PMID:15476481 Europe PMC PMID:15628319 Europe PMC PMID:15973722 Europe PMC PMID:16344342 Europe PMC PMID:16397313 Europe PMC PMID:16764353 Europe PMC PMID:16954801 Europe PMC PMID:17381669 Europe PMC PMID:17970886 Europe PMC PMID:18008354 Europe PMC PMID:18336531 Europe PMC PMID:19243907 Europe PMC PMID:20080917 Europe PMC PMID:25248004 Europe PMC PMID:25314066 Europe PMC PMID:25440430 Europe PMC PMID:25443086 Europe PMC PMID:25581826 Europe PMC PMID:25641386 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC PMID:8738760 Europe PMC PMID:9273463 Europe PMC PMID:9345422 Europe PMC Reaxys:1225351 Reaxys CAS:191114-48-4 Drug_Central:2581 TELITHROMYCIN Telithromycin (3aS,4R,7S,9R,10R,11R,13R,15R,15aR)-4-ethyl-11-methoxy-3a,7,9,11,13,15-hexamethyl-2,6,8,14-tetraoxo-1-[4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)butyl]tetradecahydro-2H-oxacyclotetradecino[4,3-d][1,3]oxazol-10-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside HMR 3647 HMR-3647 HMR3647 RU 66647 RU-66647 RU66647 CHEBI:29688 telithromycin Drug_Central:2581 DrugCentral A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine. The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety. CAS:11089-65-9 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00A02 Wikipedia:Tunicamycin tunicamycin 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. Beilstein:273668 CAS:3562-84-3 Drug_Central:318 LINCS:LSM-2239 PMID:18636784 PMID:26693855 PMID:26792818 PMID:27391386 PMID:28131653 PMID:28166217 PMID:28202260 PMID:7661033 (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)(2-ethyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)methanone Benzbromarone 2-ethyl-3-(3,5-dibrom-4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzofuran 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl ketone Uroleap (TN) CHEBI:3023 benzbromarone Beilstein:273668 Beilstein CAS:3562-84-3 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:318 DrugCentral PMID:18636784 Europe PMC PMID:26693855 Europe PMC PMID:26792818 Europe PMC PMID:27391386 Europe PMC PMID:28131653 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC PMID:28202260 Europe PMC PMID:7661033 Europe PMC C17H12O7 [H][C@@]12Oc3cc(OC)c4c5CCC(=O)c5c(=O)oc4c3[C@]1([H])[C@@]1([H])O[C@@]1([H])O2 CAS:42583-46-0 6aS,7aS,8aR,8bR)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,7a,8a,8b-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]oxireno[4',5']furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene-1,10-dione aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide CCl3 Cl[C](Cl)Cl trichloromethyl(.) A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. HOR O[*] alcohol A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. Beilstein:5364666 CAS:90357-06-5 DrugBank:DB01128 Drug_Central:367 LINCS:LSM-1437 PMID:11915584 PMID:12015321 PMID:12017896 PMID:12421104 PMID:12959312 PMID:15509184 PMID:17313204 PMID:18062751 PMID:19194583 PMID:23527766 PMID:30784326 PMID:31099426 Reaxys:5364666 rac-N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (+-)-bicalutamide (RS)-4'-cyano-alpha',alpha',alpha',-trifluoro-3-(4-fluorophenylsulphonyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiono-m-toluidide (RS)-bicalutamide Bicadex Bical Bicalox Bicamide Bicatlon Bicusan Binabic Bypro Calumid Calutide Calutol Casodex Cosudex ICI 176,334 ICI 176334 ICI-176334 Kalumid Ormandyl bicalutamida bicalutamide bicalutamidum racemic bicalutamide CHEBI:3090 bicalutamide Beilstein:5364666 Beilstein CAS:90357-06-5 ChemIDplus CAS:90357-06-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:367 DrugCentral PMID:11915584 Europe PMC PMID:12015321 Europe PMC PMID:12017896 Europe PMC PMID:12421104 Europe PMC PMID:12959312 Europe PMC PMID:15509184 Europe PMC PMID:17313204 Europe PMC PMID:18062751 Europe PMC PMID:19194583 Europe PMC PMID:23527766 Europe PMC PMID:30784326 Europe PMC PMID:31099426 Europe PMC Reaxys:5364666 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine. C2HCl3O2 OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl CAS:76-03-9 trichloroacetic acid An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash. CAS:22131-79-9 Drug_Central:107 PMID:18796 PMID:19205 PMID:21068 PMID:236805 PMID:237493 PMID:241593 PMID:241595 PMID:241596 PMID:241597 PMID:241598 PMID:241600 PMID:241601 PMID:241602 PMID:241603 PMID:24426 PMID:4279126 PMID:509935 PMID:6103793 PMID:6106453 PMID:6109575 PMID:6120697 PMID:6141199 PMID:7853459 PMID:7905004 Reaxys:2116510 [3-chloro-4-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)phenyl]acetic acid (4-Allyloxy-3-chlorphenyl)essigsaeure 3-Chloro-4-(2-propenyloxy)benzeneacetic acid [4-(allyloxy)-3-chlorophenyl]acetic acid alclofenac alclofenaco alclofenacum CHEBI:31183 alclofenac CAS:22131-79-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:107 DrugCentral PMID:18796 Europe PMC PMID:19205 Europe PMC PMID:21068 Europe PMC PMID:236805 Europe PMC PMID:237493 Europe PMC PMID:241593 Europe PMC PMID:241595 Europe PMC PMID:241596 Europe PMC PMID:241597 Europe PMC PMID:241598 Europe PMC PMID:241600 Europe PMC PMID:241601 Europe PMC PMID:241602 Europe PMC PMID:241603 Europe PMC PMID:24426 Europe PMC PMID:4279126 Europe PMC PMID:509935 Europe PMC PMID:6103793 Europe PMC PMID:6106453 Europe PMC PMID:6109575 Europe PMC PMID:6120697 Europe PMC PMID:6141199 Europe PMC PMID:7853459 Europe PMC PMID:7905004 Europe PMC Reaxys:2116510 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts. CAS:20187-55-7 Drug_Central:303 PMID:1809299 PMID:2190795 PMID:3176111 PMID:3508133 PMID:3817034 PMID:4099158 PMID:4389308 PMID:5746786 PMID:8483582 PMID:8736488 Reaxys:893958 [(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy]acetic acid BRN 0893958 EINECS 243-569-2 Iwazac UNII-G4AG71204O bendazac bendazaco bendazacum bendazolic acid CHEBI:31257 bendazac CAS:20187-55-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:303 DrugCentral PMID:1809299 Europe PMC PMID:2190795 Europe PMC PMID:3176111 Europe PMC PMID:3508133 Europe PMC PMID:3817034 Europe PMC PMID:4099158 Europe PMC PMID:4389308 Europe PMC PMID:5746786 Europe PMC PMID:8483582 Europe PMC PMID:8736488 Europe PMC Reaxys:893958 Reaxys CAS:2624-43-3 Drug_Central:753 Cyclofenil cyclofenyl cyclopenil cyclophenil cyclophenyl fertodur ondogyne CHEBI:31446 Cyclofenil Drug_Central:753 DrugCentral A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. CAS:144060-53-7 DrugBank:DB04854 Drug_Central:1137 LINCS:LSM-3064 PMID:25724536 PMID:30844048 PMID:30919894 PMID:31267805 PMID:31332638 PMID:31335677 PMID:31378626 PMID:31447893 PMID:31449565 PMID:31499267 PMID:31531831 PMID:31560952 2-[3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid Adenuric Donifoxate Febuday Feburic Goturic Goutex TEI 6720 TEI-6720 TMX 67 TMX-67 Uloric Zurig febuxostat febuxostatum CHEBI:31596 febuxostat CAS:144060-53-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1137 DrugCentral PMID:25724536 Europe PMC PMID:30844048 Europe PMC PMID:30919894 Europe PMC PMID:31267805 Europe PMC PMID:31332638 Europe PMC PMID:31335677 Europe PMC PMID:31378626 Europe PMC PMID:31447893 Europe PMC PMID:31449565 Europe PMC PMID:31499267 Europe PMC PMID:31531831 Europe PMC PMID:31560952 Europe PMC A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market. Beilstein:497124 CAS:3820-67-5 Drug_Central:1297 LINCS:LSM-4419 PMID:19567678 PMID:2210868 Reaxys:497124 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]benzoate 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl N-(7-chloro-4-quinolyl) anthranilate 4-((2-Carboxyphenyl)amino)-7-chloroquinoline alpha-monoglyceride 4-(2'-beta,gamma-Dihydroxypropoxycarbonylphenylamino)-7-chloroquinoline Glafenin Glaphenin Glaphenine Glicafan Glifan Glifanan Glycerylaminophenaquine glafenina glafenine glafeninum CHEBI:31653 glafenine Beilstein:497124 Beilstein CAS:3820-67-5 ChemIDplus CAS:3820-67-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1297 DrugCentral PMID:19567678 Europe PMC PMID:2210868 Europe PMC Reaxys:497124 Reaxys A dicarboxylic acid amide in which a parent structure of amphetamine is substituted on nitrogen by a (2,6-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl group and on the carbon alpha to nitrogen by a (1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-{[(2S)-3-methyl-2-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)butanoyl]amino}-4-phenylbutyl group. An antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class. It is used against HIV infections as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir. C37H48N4O5 CC(C)[C@H](N1CCCNC1=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C[C@H](O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)COc1c(C)cccc1C)Cc1ccccc1 CAS:192725-17-0 DrugBank:DB01601 LINCS:LSM-6027 MeSH:D061466 (2S)-N-[(2S,4S,5S)-5-{[(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl]amino}-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenylhexan-2-yl]-3-methyl-2-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)butanamide lopinavir The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis. C6H5Br Brc1ccccc1 CAS:108-86-1 MetaCyc:BROMOBENZENE PMID:10996478 PMID:24318069 Reaxys:1236661 Wikipedia:Bromobenzene bromobenzene A platinum coordination entity that is a commonly used chemothrepeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer. CAS:61825-94-3 CAS:63121-00-6 DrugBank:DB00526 Gmelin:1046012 Gmelin:28892 LINCS:LSM-6352 PMID:11300320 PMID:14755010 PMID:15477639 PMID:17347561 PMID:18440088 PMID:19138416 PMID:19735649 PMID:27756654 PMID:28186109 PMID:28398406 PMID:28415810 PMID:28499428 PMID:28505615 PMID:28624791 PMID:28642473 PMID:28654098 PMID:28695397 PMID:28762171 PMID:28777427 PMID:28800641 PMID:28811232 PMID:28812173 PMID:28837658 PMID:28876454 PMID:28881354 PMID:28881481 PMID:28884286 PMID:28894576 PMID:28924870 PMID:28938919 Reaxys:15700099 (SP-4-2)[(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-kappa(2)N,N'][ethanedioato(2-)-kappa(2)O(1),O(2)]platinum Oxaliplatin (SP-4-2-(1R-trans))-(1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N')(ethanedioato(2-)-O,O')platinum Eloxatin oxalato(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) oxaliplatin oxaliplatine oxaliplatino oxaliplatinum CHEBI:31941 oxaliplatin CAS:63121-00-6 ChemIDplus Gmelin:1046012 Gmelin Gmelin:28892 Gmelin PMID:11300320 Europe PMC PMID:14755010 Europe PMC PMID:15477639 Europe PMC PMID:17347561 Europe PMC PMID:18440088 Europe PMC PMID:19138416 Europe PMC PMID:19735649 Europe PMC PMID:27756654 Europe PMC PMID:28186109 Europe PMC PMID:28398406 Europe PMC PMID:28415810 Europe PMC PMID:28499428 Europe PMC PMID:28505615 Europe PMC PMID:28624791 Europe PMC PMID:28642473 Europe PMC PMID:28654098 Europe PMC PMID:28695397 Europe PMC PMID:28762171 Europe PMC PMID:28777427 Europe PMC PMID:28800641 Europe PMC PMID:28811232 Europe PMC PMID:28812173 Europe PMC PMID:28837658 Europe PMC PMID:28876454 Europe PMC PMID:28881354 Europe PMC PMID:28881481 Europe PMC PMID:28884286 Europe PMC PMID:28894576 Europe PMC PMID:28924870 Europe PMC PMID:28938919 Europe PMC Reaxys:15700099 Reaxys A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. C29H41NO4 [H][C@@]1(C[C@]23CC[C@]1(OC)[C@@H]1Oc4c(O)ccc5C[C@H]2N(CC[C@@]31c45)CC1CC1)[C@](C)(O)C(C)(C)C CAS:52485-79-7 DrugBank:DB00921 Wikipedia:Buprenorphine (5alpha,6beta,14beta,18R)-17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-18-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl]-6-methoxy-18,19-dihydro-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethenomorphinan-3-ol buprenorphine CAS:150683-30-0 Drug_Central:4110 Tolvaptan OPC 41061 OPC-41061 jinarc CHEBI:32246 Tolvaptan Drug_Central:4110 DrugCentral A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne. C22H27NO2 OC(=O)CCCCCCNC1c2ccccc2CCc2ccccc12 Beilstein:2170218 CAS:57574-09-1 DrugBank:DB04836 Drug_Central:161 PMID:2131927 PMID:2141246 PMID:2698268 PMID:7609861 PMID:9347390 Reaxys:2170218 Wikipedia:Amineptine 7-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylamino)heptanoic acid Amineptin Survector amineptine amineptino amineptinum CHEBI:32499 amineptine Beilstein:2170218 Beilstein CAS:57574-09-1 ChemIDplus CAS:57574-09-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:161 DrugCentral PMID:2131927 Europe PMC PMID:2141246 Europe PMC PMID:2698268 Europe PMC PMID:7609861 Europe PMC PMID:9347390 Europe PMC Reaxys:2170218 Reaxys C14H14ClN3O2S Cc1cccc(Nc2cc(Cl)nc(SCC(O)=O)n2)c1C Cc1cccc(Nc2cc(Cl)nc(SCC(O)=O)n2)c1C CAS:50892-23-4 LINCS:LSM-2015 PubChem:17396608 Wikipedia:Pirinixic_Acid ({4-chloro-6-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl}sulfanyl)acetic acid WY14643 pirinixic acid Any monoacylglycerol phosphate obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid or derivatives therein. lysophosphatidic acids A fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any long-chain (C13 to C22) fatty acid. C22H35N7O17P3SR CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC([*])=O PMID:10224157 PMID:14516204 PMID:16357361 PMID:17652214 LCFA-coenzyme A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. antitubercular antitubercular agents antitubercular drug antitubercular drugs tuberculostatic agent CHEBI:33231 antitubercular agent A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom chemical messenger CHEBI:33280 molecular messenger A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. PMID:12964249 PMID:22117953 PMID:22439833 PMID:22849268 PMID:22849276 PMID:22958833 Antibiotika Antibiotikum antibiotic antibiotics antibiotique antimicrobial antimicrobial agents antimicrobials microbicide microbicides CHEBI:33281 antimicrobial agent PMID:12964249 Europe PMC PMID:22117953 Europe PMC PMID:22439833 Europe PMC PMID:22849268 Europe PMC PMID:22849276 Europe PMC PMID:22958833 Europe PMC A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. antibacterial agents antibacterials bactericide bactericides CHEBI:33282 antibacterial agent Any material that can be ingested by an organism. food role metal atom A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biomacromolecule A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acid ribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. RNA ribonucleic acid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. amino acid Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. MeSH:D000596 An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents. nucleoside Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. C6HOR5 C1(=C(C(=C(C(=C1*)*)*)*)*)O Wikipedia:Phenols Aryl alcohol phenols A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. Beilstein:1246090 CAS:298-46-4 DrugBank:DB00564 Drug_Central:489 LINCS:LSM-3610 PMID:10411478 PMID:11071486 PMID:11129121 PMID:11240598 PMID:11475584 PMID:11595204 PMID:11888243 PMID:11891095 PMID:12073283 PMID:12228880 PMID:12475188 PMID:12749779 PMID:12799799 PMID:12957643 PMID:14160216 PMID:14572037 PMID:14581052 PMID:14713026 PMID:14723323 PMID:15165631 PMID:15557493 PMID:15665743 PMID:15683742 PMID:15739418 PMID:15820347 PMID:15850602 PMID:16033627 PMID:16150575 PMID:16245817 PMID:16380297 PMID:16394456 PMID:16437428 PMID:16538175 PMID:16562645 PMID:16616830 PMID:16990009 PMID:17027750 PMID:17028629 PMID:17207414 PMID:17582711 PMID:17873967 PMID:17949959 PMID:18163657 PMID:18415623 PMID:18637155 PMID:18652684 PMID:18656520 PMID:18969759 PMID:19135617 PMID:19473818 PMID:19741433 PMID:19921623 PMID:22322005 PMID:27967303 PMID:7602118 Reaxys:1246090 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine 5-Carbamoyl-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine 5-Carbamyl-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine 5-carbamoyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine 5H-Dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide Carbamazepen Carnexiv carbamazepina carbamazepine carbamazepinum CHEBI:3387 carbamazepine Beilstein:1246090 Beilstein CAS:298-46-4 ChemIDplus CAS:298-46-4 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:489 DrugCentral PMID:10411478 ChEMBL PMID:11071486 Europe PMC PMID:11129121 Europe PMC PMID:11240598 Europe PMC PMID:11475584 Europe PMC PMID:11595204 Europe PMC PMID:11888243 Europe PMC PMID:11891095 Europe PMC PMID:12073283 Europe PMC PMID:12228880 Europe PMC PMID:12475188 Europe PMC PMID:12749779 Europe PMC PMID:12799799 Europe PMC PMID:12957643 Europe PMC PMID:14160216 Europe PMC PMID:14572037 Europe PMC PMID:14581052 Europe PMC PMID:14713026 Europe PMC PMID:14723323 Europe PMC PMID:15165631 Europe PMC PMID:15557493 Europe PMC PMID:15665743 Europe PMC PMID:15683742 Europe PMC PMID:15739418 Europe PMC PMID:15820347 Europe PMC PMID:15850602 Europe PMC PMID:16033627 Europe PMC PMID:16150575 Europe PMC PMID:16245817 Europe PMC PMID:16380297 Europe PMC PMID:16394456 Europe PMC PMID:16437428 Europe PMC PMID:16538175 Europe PMC PMID:16562645 Europe PMC PMID:16616830 Europe PMC PMID:16990009 Europe PMC PMID:17027750 Europe PMC PMID:17028629 Europe PMC PMID:17207414 Europe PMC PMID:17582711 Europe PMC PMID:17873967 Europe PMC PMID:17949959 Europe PMC PMID:18163657 Europe PMC PMID:18415623 Europe PMC PMID:18637155 Europe PMC PMID:18652684 Europe PMC PMID:18656520 Europe PMC PMID:18969759 Europe PMC PMID:19135617 Europe PMC PMID:19473818 Europe PMC PMID:19741433 Europe PMC PMID:19921623 Europe PMC PMID:22322005 Europe PMC PMID:27967303 Europe PMC PMID:7602118 Europe PMC Reaxys:1246090 Reaxys CAS:1477-19-6 Drug_Central:317 Benzarone 2-Ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzofuran benzaron CHEBI:34559 benzarone Drug_Central:317 DrugCentral A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. C4H10N2O CCN(CC)N=O CAS:55-18-5 N-ethyl-N-nitrosoethanamine DEN Diethylnitrosamine N-nitrosodiethylamine A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. antimetabolite antimetabolites CHEBI:35221 antimetabolite A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. inhibitor inhibidor inhibiteur inhibitors CHEBI:35222 inhibitor A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction. catalyst Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system. central nervous system stimulant CNS stimulant analeptic analeptic agent analeptic drug analeptics central stimulant CHEBI:35337 central nervous system stimulant Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from triterpenoids. SMILES: C12C(C3C(C(CC3)*)(C)CC1)CCC4C2(CCCC4)C steroids steroid Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. Monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharides monosaccharide A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases. anti-infective agents anti-infective drugs antiinfective agents antiinfective drug CHEBI:35441 antiinfective agent A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. antiparasitic drugs antiparasitics parasiticides CHEBI:35442 antiparasitic agent Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths). anthelminthic anthelminthics anthelmintic anthelmintics antihelminth antihelmintico vermifuge CHEBI:35443 anthelminthic drug A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. antinematodal agent antinematodal drugs antinematodals CHEBI:35444 antinematodal drug Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. antidepressant drugs antidepressants thymoanaleptics thymoleptic drugs thymoleptics CHEBI:35469 antidepressant A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system. CNS agent CNS drugs central nervous system agents CHEBI:35470 central nervous system drug A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Wikipedia:Psychotropic_drug psychoactive agent psychoactive drugs psychopharmaceuticals psychotropic drugs CHEBI:35471 psychotropic drug A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation. anti-inflammatory drugs antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory drug antiinflammatory drugs CHEBI:35472 anti-inflammatory drug A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour. ataractics tranquilising drug tranquilizing drugs tranquillising agent tranquillizing agents CHEBI:35473 tranquilizing drug Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. anti-anxiety agents anti-anxiety drugs anxiolytic agents anxiolytics minor tranquilisers minor tranquilizers minor tranquilizing agents CHEBI:35474 anxiolytic drug An anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Wikipedia:Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug NSAID NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs CHEBI:35475 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. Neuroleptikum antipsychotic agents antipsychotic drug antipsychotic drugs antipsychotics antipsychotiques grosser Tranquilizer major tranquilizers major tranquilizing agents neuroleptic neuroleptic agents neuroleptics neuroleptique neuroleptiques CHEBI:35476 antipsychotic agent Antimanic drugs are agents used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders. antimanic agent antimanic drugs antimanics CHEBI:35477 antimanic drug An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms. CHEBI:35480 analgesic A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors. CHEBI:35481 non-narcotic analgesic An EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)), EC 1.2.1.3. CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors EC 1.2.1.3 (aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))) inhibitor EC 1.2.1.3 (aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))) inhibitors EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitors EC 1.2.1.3 inhibitor EC 1.2.1.3 inhibitors NAD-aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor NAD-aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase inhibitor NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase inhibitors NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) (EC 1.2.1.3) inhibitor aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) (EC 1.2.1.3) inhibitors aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) inhibitor aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) inhibitors aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitor aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) inhibitors aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors propionaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor propionaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors CHEBI:35487 EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. CNS depressants central nervous system depressants CHEBI:35488 central nervous system depressant A drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever. anti-pyretic CHEBI:35493 antipyretic A compound which inhibits or antagonises the biosynthesis or actions of androgens. antiandrogen CHEBI:35497 androgen antagonist An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function. diuretics CHEBI:35498 diuretic A drug which lowers the blood glucose level. antidiabetic antihyperglycemic antihyperglycemic agent antihyperglycemic agents antihyperglycemic drug antihyperglycemic drugs antihyperglycemics hypoglycemic agents hypoglycemic drug hypoglycemic drugs CHEBI:35526 hypoglycemic agent An agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety. beta-adrenergic antagonists beta-adrenergic blocker beta-adrenergic blockers beta-adrenergic receptor blockaders beta-adrenoceptor antagonists beta-blocker beta-blockers CHEBI:35530 beta-adrenergic antagonist A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors (PG)H synthase inhibitor (PG)H synthase inhibitors COX inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.1 inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 inhibitors PG synthetase inhibitor PG synthetase inhibitors cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitor cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitors cyclooxygenase inhibitor cyclooxygenase inhibitors fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitors prostaglandin G/H synthase inhibitor prostaglandin G/H synthase inhibitors prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitor prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitors prostaglandin synthase inhibitor prostaglandin synthase inhibitors prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors CHEBI:35544 EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid. C8HF15O2 OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F CAS:335-67-1 Wikipedia:Perfluorooctanoic_acid PFOA pentadecafluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoate Perfluorooctanoic acid Perhexiline (Pexsig) is a prophylactic antianginal agent used primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Perhexiline is thought to act by inhibiting mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. (by Wikipedia) C19H35N C1CCC(CC1)C(CC1CCCCN1)C1CCCCC1 Beilstein:4979856 CAS:6621-47-2 DrugBank:DB01074 Drug_Central:2106 LINCS:LSM-4353 Wikipedia:Perhexiline 2-(2,2-dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine Perhexiline Perhexilene CHEBI:35553 perhexiline Beilstein:4979856 Beilstein CAS:6621-47-2 ChemIDplus CAS:6621-47-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2106 DrugCentral A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume. cardiovascular agent cardiovascular drugs CHEBI:35554 cardiovascular drug An agent that selectively binds to and activates alpha-adrenergic receptors. alpha-adrenergic agonists alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist alpha-adrenoceptor agonists CHEBI:35569 alpha-adrenergic agonist C9H14O CC(C)=CC(=O)C=C(C)C CAS:504-20-1 2,6-dimethylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one phorone A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. anticancer agent anticancer agents antineoplastic antineoplastic agents cytostatic CHEBI:35610 antineoplastic agent A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. vasodilator vasodilator agents CHEBI:35620 vasodilator agent A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. Antiepileptika Antiepileptikum Antikonvulsiva Antikonvulsivum anti-convulsant anti-convulsants anti-convulsive agent anti-convulsive agents anticonvulsants anticonvulsive agent anticonvulsive agents antiepileptic antiepileptics antiepileptique antiepileptiques CHEBI:35623 anticonvulsant An EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2). EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitors EC 1.17.3.2 inhibitor EC 1.17.3.2 inhibitors Schardinger enzyme inhibitor Schardinger enzyme inhibitors hypoxanthine oxidase inhibitor hypoxanthine oxidase inhibitors hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase inhibitor hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase inhibitors hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) inhibitor xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) inhibitors xanthine oxidase inhibitor xanthine oxidase inhibitors xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors xanthine:O2 oxidoreductase inhibitor xanthine:O2 oxidoreductase inhibitors xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors xanthine:xanthine oxidase inhibitor xanthine:xanthine oxidase inhibitors CHEBI:35634 EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. ARI NERI NRI adrenergic reuptake inhibitor adrenergic reuptake inhibitors adrenergic uptake inhibitors norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors CHEBI:35640 adrenergic uptake inhibitor An inhibitor of HIV protease, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly. Wikipedia:Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology) HIV protease inhibitors CHEBI:35660 HIV protease inhibitor Any drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. antihypertensive antihypertensive agents antihypertensive drug antihypertensive drugs CHEBI:35674 antihypertensive agent A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood). antihyperlipemic antihyperlipemics antihyperlipidemic antihyperlipidemic agent antihyperlipidemic agents antihyperlipidemic drug antihyperlipidemic drugs antihyperlipidemics antilipemic antilipemic drugs antilipemics hypolipidemic agent hypolipidemic agents CHEBI:35679 antilipemic drug A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means. Wikipedia:Xenobiotic Xenobiotic xenobiotic xenobiotics xenobiotic compounds CHEBI:35703 xenobiotic xenobiotics IUPAC An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response. immunosuppressant immunosuppressive agents inmunosupresor CHEBI:35705 immunosuppressive agent A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. hypnotics hypnotics and sedatives sedative drug sedatives sedatives and hypnotics CHEBI:35717 sedative An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. antifungal antifungal agents antifungal drug antifungal drugs antifungals CHEBI:35718 antifungal agent Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached. IMR:0001382 glycerolipid glycerophosphoserine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IMR_0001383 sphingophospholipid phosphosphingolipid A substance that suppresses Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorates the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduces the incidence and severity of leprous reactions. leprostatic leprostatic agent leprostatic drugs CHEBI:35816 leprostatic drug Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections. antiprotozoal agent antiprotozoal agents antiprotozoal drugs CHEBI:35820 antiprotozoal drug A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels. anticholesteremic drug A gout suppressant that acts directly on the renal tubule to increase the excretion of uric acid, thus reducing its concentrations in plasma. uricosuric agent uricosuric drugs CHEBI:35841 uricosuric drug A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. anti-rheumatic drugs antirheumatic agent antirheumatic drugs CHEBI:35842 antirheumatic drug A drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout. gout suppressants CHEBI:35845 gout suppressant A drug used for its effect on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. renal agents CHEBI:35846 renal agent A compound or agent that combines with lipoxygenase and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the icosanoid products hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes. lipooxygenase inhibitor lipoxygenase inhibitors CHEBI:35856 lipoxygenase inhibitor A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. neurotransmitter agents CHEBI:35942 neurotransmitter agent A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections. antimicrobial drugs CHEBI:36043 antimicrobial drug A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. anti-viral drug anti-virus drug antiviral drugs CHEBI:36044 antiviral drug A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. Wikipedia:Antibacterial antibacterial drugs CHEBI:36047 antibacterial drug An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000001 protein A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions. Beilstein:23033 CAS:80-77-3 DrugBank:DB01178 Drug_Central:603 LINCS:LSM-4356 PMID:10191862 PMID:10412893 PMID:10798243 PMID:15897685 PMID:29438107 PMID:3449070 PMID:3720548 PMID:3768082 PMID:6403110 PMID:7104168 PMID:7758315 PMID:9770210 Reaxys:23033 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazinan-4-one 1,1-dioxide (+-)-chlormezanone 2-(p-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-3-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one 1,1-dioxide 2-(p-chlorphenyl)-3-methyl-1,3-perhydrothiazin-4-on-1,1-dioxide chlormethazanone chlormezanona chlormezanone chlormezanonum CHEBI:3619 chlormezanone Beilstein:23033 Beilstein CAS:80-77-3 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:603 DrugCentral PMID:10191862 Europe PMC PMID:10412893 Europe PMC PMID:10798243 Europe PMC PMID:15897685 Europe PMC PMID:29438107 Europe PMC PMID:3449070 Europe PMC PMID:3720548 Europe PMC PMID:3768082 Europe PMC PMID:6403110 Europe PMC PMID:7104168 Europe PMC PMID:7758315 Europe PMC PMID:9770210 Europe PMC Reaxys:23033 Reaxys glycerophosphoethanolamine Any glycerophospholipid having the polar alcohol inositol esterified to the phosphate group at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. PMID:14706866 glycerophosphoinositols glycerophosphoinositol A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida. antitrypanosomal agent antitrypanosomal agents antitrypanosomal drug antitrypanosomal drugs trypanocidal drugs trypanocide trypanosomicidal agents CHEBI:36335 trypanocidal drug Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic entity An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis. C2H2Cl2O2 OC(=O)C(Cl)Cl CAS:79-43-6 Wikipedia:Dichloroacetic_acid dichloroacetic acid A compound which stimulates anabolism and inhibits catabolism. Anabolic agents stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power. CHEBI:36413 anabolic agent A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. C17H19ClN2S CN(C)CCCN1c2ccccc2Sc2ccc(Cl)cc12 CAS:50-53-3 DrugBank:DB00477 LINCS:LSM-4017 3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine chlorpromazine A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. Beilstein:638882 CAS:95-25-0 DrugBank:DB00356 Drug_Central:626 LINCS:LSM-6011 PMID:10640318 PMID:11727787 PMID:12437348 PMID:16763012 PMID:16859676 PMID:17621748 PMID:21195386 PMID:23975871 PMID:24210069 PMID:25815637 PMID:6631711 Reaxys:638882 5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol CHLORZOXAZONE Chlorzoxazone 2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoxazole 5-chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolinone 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolol 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolone 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoxazole 5-chlorobenzoxazolidone 5-chlorobenzoxazolin-2-one chlorzoxane chlorzoxazona chlorzoxazone chlorzoxazonum CHEBI:3655 chlorzoxazone Beilstein:638882 Beilstein CAS:95-25-0 ChemIDplus CAS:95-25-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:626 DrugCentral PMID:10640318 Europe PMC PMID:11727787 Europe PMC PMID:12437348 Europe PMC PMID:16763012 Europe PMC PMID:16859676 Europe PMC PMID:17621748 Europe PMC PMID:21195386 Europe PMC PMID:23975871 Europe PMC PMID:24210069 Europe PMC PMID:25815637 Europe PMC PMID:6631711 Europe PMC Reaxys:638882 Reaxys phosphoethanolamine An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors. Beilstein:7960555 CAS:206361-99-1 DrugBank:DB01264 Drug_Central:4143 PMID:15771427 PMID:16480273 PMID:25017682 Reaxys:7960555 (3R,3aS,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-3-yl [(2S,3R)-4-{[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl](2-methylpropyl)amino}-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-yl]carbamate Darunavir (3R,3AS,6AR)-HEXAHYDROFURO[2,3-B]FURAN-3-YL(1S,2R)-3-[[(4-AMINOPHENYL)SULFONYL](ISOBUTYL)AMINO]-1-BENZYL-2-HYDROXYPROPYLCARBAMATE (3R,3aS,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-3-yl N-((1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-(N(1)-isobutylsulfanilamido)propyl)carbamate (3R,3aS,6aR)-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-b]furan-3-yl (2S,3R)-4-(4-amino-N-isobutylphenylsulfonamido)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylcarbamate (3R,3aS,6aR)-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-b]furan-3-yl (2S,3R)-4-(4-amino-N-neopentylphenylsulfonamido)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylcarbamate N-((1S,2R)-3-(((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)(2-methylpropyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-1-benzylpropyl)((1S,2R,5R)-4,6-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)oct-2-yloxy)carboxamide TMC114 [(S)-3-[(4-Amino-benzenesulfonyl)-isobutyl-amino]-2-hydroxy-1-((R)-phenylmethyl)-propyl]-carbamic acid (3R,3aS,6aR)-(hexahydro-furo[2,3-b]furan-3-yl) ester darunavir darunavirum {(1S,2R)-3-[(4-Amino-benzenesulfonyl)-isobutyl-amino]-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-propyl}-carbamic acid (3R,3aS,6aR)-(hexahydro-furo[2,3-b]furan-3-yl) ester CHEBI:367163 darunavir Beilstein:7960555 Beilstein CAS:206361-99-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:4143 DrugCentral PMID:15771427 ChEMBL PMID:16480273 ChEMBL PMID:25017682 Europe PMC Reaxys:7960555 Reaxys Beilstein:8842375 CAS:116539-58-3 PMID:20825390 N-methyl-3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)-3-(2-thienyl)propan-1-amine N-methyl-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-3-(2-thienyl)propan-1-amine CHEBI:36796 duloxetine Beilstein:8842375 Beilstein CAS:116539-58-3 ChemIDplus PMID:20825390 Europe PMC A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides can carry chemical energy (e.g. ATP), form coenzymes (e.g. CoA), be used as specific signaling molecules (e.g. cAMP) in the cell. Nucleotides are the subunits of the nucleic acids. IMR:0001349 nucleotide A nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides can carry chemical energy (e.g. ATP), form coenzymes (e.g. CoA), be used as specific signaling molecules (e.g. cAMP) in the cell. Nucleotides are the subunits of the nucleic acids. ISBN:0815340729 Any EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16). 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase phosphatase inhibitor 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase phosphatase inhibitors Aspergillus awamori acid protein phosphatase inhibitor Aspergillus awamori acid protein phosphatase inhibitors BCKDH phosphatase inhibitor BCKDH phosphatase inhibitors EC 3.1.3.16 (protein serine/threonine phosphatase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.16 inhibitor EC 3.1.3.16 inhibitors HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase inhibitor HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase inhibitors branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitor branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitors calcineurin inhibitor calcineurin inhibitors casein phosphatase inhibitor casein phosphatase inhibitors phosphatase 2A inhibitor phosphatase 2A inhibitors phosphatase 2B inhibitor phosphatase 2B inhibitors phosphatase C-II inhibitor phosphatase C-II inhibitors phosphatase H-II inhibitor phosphatase H-II inhibitors phosphatase I inhibitor phosphatase I inhibitors phosphatase IB inhibitor phosphatase IB inhibitors phosphatase II inhibitor phosphatase II inhibitors phosphatase III inhibitor phosphatase III inhibitors phosphatase IV inhibitor phosphatase IV inhibitors phosphatase SP inhibitor phosphatase SP inhibitors phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitor phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitors phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitors phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase inhibitor phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase inhibitors phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitor phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitors phosphospectrin phosphatase inhibitor phosphospectrin phosphatase inhibitors polycation modulated (PCM-) phosphatase inhibitor polycation modulated (PCM-) phosphatase inhibitors protein D phosphatase inhibitor protein D phosphatase inhibitors protein phosphatase inhibitor protein phosphatase inhibitors protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor protein phosphatase-1 inhibitors protein phosphatase-2A inhibitor protein phosphatase-2A inhibitors protein phosphatase-2B inhibitor protein phosphatase-2B inhibitors protein phosphatase-2C inhibitor protein phosphatase-2C inhibitors protein serine/threonine phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16) inhibitors protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase inhibitor serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase inhibitors CHEBI:37153 EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. Beilstein:3581974 CAS:81103-11-9 DrugBank:DB01211 Drug_Central:668 LINCS:LSM-5606 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK04000014 PMID:16387493 Reaxys:3581974 CLARITHROMYCIN Clarithromycin O(6)-methylerythromycin 6-O-methylerythromycin 6-O-methylerythromycin A CLA clarithromycin clarithromycina clarithromycine clarithromycinum CHEBI:3732 clarithromycin Beilstein:3581974 Beilstein CAS:81103-11-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:668 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK04000014 LIPID MAPS PMID:16387493 ChEMBL Reaxys:3581974 Reaxys phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate The ethyl ester of clofibric acid. C12H15ClO3 CCOC(=O)C(C)(C)Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1 LINCS:LSM-2996 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00006 Wikipedia:Clofibrate ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate clofibrate An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid). acid A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1 Sphingolipid mediators, such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide, and sphingosine are derived by the enzymatic breakdown of sphingomyelin, an abundant membrane phospholipid. S1P is an evolutionarily conserved bioactive lipid mediator with potent effects on multiple organ systems. IMR:0100179 S1P sphingosine-1-phosphate Sphingolipid mediators, such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide, and sphingosine are derived by the enzymatic breakdown of sphingomyelin, an abundant membrane phospholipid. S1P is an evolutionarily conserved bioactive lipid mediator with potent effects on multiple organ systems. PMID:15059942 An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any fatty acid. C22H35N7O17P3SR CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC([*])=O PMID:11524729 PMID:20442897 PMID:2079609 fatty acyl-CoA A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. Beilstein:0764984 CAS:5786-21-0 DrugBank:DB00363 Drug_Central:722 PMID:18690109 PMID:18766167 PMID:20825390 PMID:24219174 Reaxys:764984 8-chloro-11-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine Clozapine Clozapin clozapina clozapine clozapinum CHEBI:3766 clozapine Beilstein:0764984 Beilstein CAS:5786-21-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:722 DrugCentral PMID:18690109 Europe PMC PMID:18766167 Europe PMC PMID:20825390 Europe PMC PMID:24219174 Europe PMC Reaxys:764984 Reaxys A compound which inhibits or antagonizes the biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). protease inhibitors CHEBI:37670 protease inhibitor An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases. protein kinase inhibitors CHEBI:37699 protein kinase inhibitor An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13). ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) inhibitor ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.13 inhibitor EC 2.7.11.13 inhibitors PKC inhibitor PKC inhibitors PKCalpha inhibitor PKCalpha inhibitors PKCbeta inhibitor PKCbeta inhibitors PKCdelta inhibitor PKCdelta inhibitors PKCepsilon inhibitor PKCepsilon inhibitors PKCgamma inhibitor PKCgamma inhibitors PKCzeta inhibitor PKCzeta inhibitors PKN3 inhibitor PKN3 inhibitors Pkc1p inhibitor Pkc1p inhibitors STK24 inhibitor STK24 inhibitors cPKC inhibitor cPKC inhibitors cPKCalpha inhibitor cPKCalpha inhibitors cPKCbeta inhibitor cPKCbeta inhibitors cPKCgamma inhibitor cPKCgamma inhibitors calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors calcium-independent protein kinase C inhibitor calcium-independent protein kinase C inhibitors calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase inhibitor calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase inhibitors nPKC inhibitor nPKC inhibitors nPKCdelta inhibitor nPKCdelta inhibitors nPKCepsilon inhibitor nPKCepsilon inhibitors nPKCeta inhibitor nPKCeta inhibitors nPKCtheta inhibitor nPKCtheta inhibitors protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) inhibitor protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) inhibitors protein kinase C inhibitor protein kinase C inhibitors protein kinase Cepsilon inhibitor protein kinase Cepsilon inhibitors CHEBI:37700 EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). BChE inhibitor BChE inhibitors BtChoEase inhibitor BtChoEase inhibitors EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitor EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitors anticholineesterase inhibitor anticholineesterase inhibitors anticholinesterase anticholinesterases benzoylcholinesterase inhibitor benzoylcholinesterase inhibitors butyrylcholine esterase inhibitor butyrylcholine esterase inhibitors butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors choline esterase inhibitor choline esterase inhibitors cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitor cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitors cholinesterase inhibitor non-specific cholinesterase inhibitor non-specific cholinesterase inhibitors propionylcholinesterase inhibitor propionylcholinesterase inhibitors pseudocholinesterase inhibitor pseudocholinesterase inhibitors CHEBI:37733 EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor phosphoric ester Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone. PMID:17393491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IMR_0001384 phosphatide phosphoglyceride glycerophospholipid Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone. CHEBI:37739 A hormone that specifically regulates growth. CAS:9002-72-6 growth hormone An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors. adrenergic agonists adrenergic receptor agonist adrenoceptor agonists adrenomimetic adrenomimetics CHEBI:37886 adrenergic agonist An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. adrenergic antagonists adrenergic blockaders adrenergic blocker adrenergic blockers adrenergic receptor blockaders adrenoceptor antagonists CHEBI:37887 adrenergic antagonist An agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma. alpha-adrenergic antagonists alpha-adrenergic blocker alpha-adrenergic blockers alpha-adrenergic receptor blockaders alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists CHEBI:37890 alpha-adrenergic antagonist A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). COC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)[C@@H](O)CN(Cc1ccc(cc1)-c1ccccn1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)OC)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C CAS:198904-31-3 DrugBank:DB01072 Wikipedia:Atazanavir dimethyl (3S,8S,9S,12S)-9-benzyl-3,12-di-tert-butyl-8-hydroxy-4,11-dioxo-6-[4-(2-pyridyl)benzyl]-2,5,6,10,13-pentaazatetradecanedioate atazanavir Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. PMID:22035879 antihistamine antihistamines antihistaminico antihistaminics histamine receptor blocker histamine receptor blockers CHEBI:37956 histamine antagonist PMID:22035879 Europe PMC Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. histamine agents histamine drugs histaminergic agent histaminergic agents histaminergic drugs CHEBI:37957 histaminergic drug Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter. adrenergic agents adrenergic drug adrenergic drugs adrenergic neuron agents adrenergics CHEBI:37962 adrenergic agent A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. antimalarials CHEBI:38068 antimalarial A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. antiarrhythmic agent CHEBI:38070 anti-arrhythmia drug A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. cardiotonic drug iron chelating agents iron chelators CHEBI:38157 iron chelator A ligand with two or more separate binding sites that can bind to a single metallic central atom, forming a chelate. Chelating agent Metal chelator chelating agents chelators complexon CHEBI:38161 chelator A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene. C14H19N3S.ClH C14H20ClN3S Cl.CN(C)CCN(Cc1cccs1)c1ccccn1 CAS:135-23-9 DrugBank:DB04819 N,N-dimethyl-N'-pyridin-2-yl-N'-[(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]ethane-1,2-diamine hydrochloride Methapyrilene hydrochloride A member of the class of phhenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. C9H11ClN2O CN(C)C(=O)Nc1ccc(Cl)cc1 CAS:150-68-5 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea Monuron One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. calcium channel antagonist calcium channel antagonists calcium channel blockers CHEBI:38215 calcium channel blocker A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol. C34H59NO15 CCCC[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](C[C@H](C[C@@H](CCCC[C@H](C[C@@H]([C@H](C)N)O)O)O)C)OC(C[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)=O)OC(=O)C[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)O)C CAS:116355-83-0 (2R,2'R)-2,2'-{[(5R,6R,7S,9S,11R,16R,18S,19S)-19-amino-11,16,18-trihydroxy-5,9-dimethylicosane-6,7-diyl]bis[oxy(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl)]}dibutanedioic acid fumonisin B1 Any inhibitor of a DNA polymerase. CHEBI:38234 DNA polymerase inhibitor Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. cholinergic agent cholinergic drugs cholinomimetic CHEBI:38323 cholinergic drug An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor role acetylcholinesterase inhibitor role A role played by the entity that inhibits the electron-transport chain CHEBI:38496 electron-transport chain inhibitor A role played by the entity that inhibits the respiratory-chain. CHEBI:38497 respiratory-chain inhibitor A respiratory-chain inhibitor that interferes with the action of the the enzyme NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating), EC 1.6.5.3. DPNH-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor DPNH-ubiquinone reductase inhibitor EC 1.6.5.3 (NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)) inhibitor EC 1.6.5.3 (NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)) inhibitors EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitors EC 1.6.5.3 inhibitor EC 1.6.5.3 inhibitors NADH coenzyme Q1 reductase inhibitor NADH coenzyme Q1 reductase inhibitors NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitor NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitors NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase inhibitor NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase inhibitors NADH-CoQ reductase inhibitor NADH-CoQ reductase inhibitors NADH-Q6 oxidoreductase inhibitor NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase inhibitors NADH-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor NADH-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitors NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors NADH-ubiquinone reductase inhibitor NADH-ubiquinone reductase inhibitors NADH-ubiquinone-1 reductase inhibitor NADH-ubiquinone-1 reductase inhibitors NADH2 dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating) inhibitors NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor coenzyme Q reductase complex 1 dehydrogenase inhibitor complex I (NADH:Q1 oxidoreductase) inhibitors complex I (electron transport chain) inhibitors complex I (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor electron transfer complex I inhibitor electron transfer complex I inhibitors mitochondrial electron transport complex 1 inhibitor mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitor mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitors reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase inhibitors type 1 dehydrogenase inhibitor type 1 dehydrogenase inhibitors ubiquinone reductase inhibitor ubiquinone reductase inhibitors CHEBI:38503 EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane. membrane transport modulators CHEBI:38632 membrane transport modulator An agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes. Na channel blocker sodium channel blockers CHEBI:38633 sodium channel blocker Any protein kinase inhibitor that interferes with the action of tyrosine kinase. TKI inhibitor TKI inhibitors protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors tyrosine kinase inhibitors tyrphostin tyrphostins CHEBI:38637 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. calcium channel activator calcium channel agonist A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels. calcium channel modulators CHEBI:38808 calcium channel modulator RyR modulator ryanodine receptor modulator CAS:557795-19-4 DrugBank:DB01268 Drug_Central:2544 PMID:12531805 PMID:16845442 PMID:16916320 PMID:17327610 PMID:17962201 PMID:18971320 PMID:19830602 PMID:20406969 PMID:21792888 PMID:24188025 PMID:24393200 PMID:24402960 PMID:24403097 PMID:24521256 N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-[(Z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide Sunitinib SU-11248 Sutent sunitinib sunitinibum CHEBI:38940 sunitinib CAS:557795-19-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2544 DrugCentral PMID:12531805 Europe PMC PMID:16845442 Europe PMC PMID:16916320 Europe PMC PMID:17327610 Europe PMC PMID:17962201 Europe PMC PMID:18971320 Europe PMC PMID:19830602 Europe PMC PMID:20406969 Europe PMC PMID:21792888 Europe PMC PMID:24188025 Europe PMC PMID:24393200 Europe PMC PMID:24402960 Europe PMC PMID:24403097 Europe PMC PMID:24521256 Europe PMC sodium channel modulators CHEBI:39000 sodium channel modulator A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. They are synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). HDL high-density lipoprotein A class of lipoproteins of large size (30-80 nm), very low density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of triglycerides and a surface monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitate the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. VLDL very-low-density lipoproteins very-low-density lipoprotein The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers. CAS:8003-34-7 pyrethrins calcium cation A calcium cation that has formula Ca. Ca(2+) Ca++ Ca2+ calcium(2+) calcium ion A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is a member of the drug class known as statins, used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Beilstein:8373630 CAS:134523-00-5 DrugBank:DB01076 Drug_Central:257 LINCS:LSM-5771 PMID:11693468 PMID:15012735 PMID:18720283 Reaxys:8373630 (3R,5R)-7-[3-(anilinocarbonyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-phenyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid Atorvastatin (R-(R*,R*))-2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-beta,delta-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid 7-[2-(4-FLUORO-PHENYL)-5-ISOPROPYL-3-PHENYL-4-PHENYLCARBAMOYL-PYRROL-1-YL]-3,5-DIHYDROXY-HEPTANOIC ACID Atorlip atorvastatin atorvastatina atorvastatine atorvastatinum CHEBI:39548 atorvastatin Beilstein:8373630 Beilstein CAS:134523-00-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:257 DrugCentral PMID:11693468 Europe PMC PMID:15012735 Europe PMC PMID:18720283 Europe PMC Reaxys:8373630 Reaxys An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. CAS:22494-42-4 DrugBank:DB00861 Drug_Central:880 LINCS:LSM-2490 PMID:23144359 PMID:23416065 PMID:28166217 Reaxys:2654431 2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid Diflunisal 2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid 2-(hydroxy)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoic acid 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)salicylic acid Dolobid CHEBI:39669 diflunisal CAS:22494-42-4 ChemIDplus CAS:22494-42-4 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:880 DrugCentral PMID:23144359 Europe PMC PMID:23416065 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC Reaxys:2654431 Reaxys A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. C8H16O2 CCCC(CCC)C(O)=O Beilstein:1750447 CAS:99-66-1 DrugBank:DB00313 Drug_Central:2803 LINCS:LSM-4620 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMFA01020291 PMID:11716839 PMID:12475192 PMID:15124690 PMID:15560954 PMID:15578701 PMID:16496131 PMID:16621443 PMID:16759735 PMID:17156483 PMID:17273758 PMID:19280426 PMID:19318486 PMID:23792104 PMID:23810771 PMID:23949302 PMID:24135375 PMID:24200999 PMID:24348849 PMID:8558327 PMID:8681902 Reaxys:1750447 Wikipedia:Valproic_Acid 2-propylpentanoic acid VALPROIC ACID 2-PROPYL-PENTANOIC ACID 2-n-propyl-n-valeric acid 2-propylpentanoic acid 2-propylvaleric acid 4-heptanecarboxylic acid DPA Depakene Di-n-propylessigsaeure VPA Valproinsaeure acide valproique acido valproico acidum valproicum di-n-propylacetic acid dipropylacetic acid n-DPA valproic acid CHEBI:39867 valproic acid Beilstein:1750447 ChemIDplus CAS:99-66-1 ChemIDplus CAS:99-66-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2803 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMFA01020291 LIPID MAPS PMID:11716839 Europe PMC PMID:12475192 Europe PMC PMID:15124690 Europe PMC PMID:15560954 Europe PMC PMID:15578701 Europe PMC PMID:16496131 Europe PMC PMID:16621443 Europe PMC PMID:16759735 Europe PMC PMID:17156483 Europe PMC PMID:17273758 Europe PMC PMID:19280426 Europe PMC PMID:19318486 Europe PMC PMID:23792104 Europe PMC PMID:23810771 Europe PMC PMID:23949302 Europe PMC PMID:24135375 Europe PMC PMID:24200999 Europe PMC PMID:24348849 Europe PMC PMID:8558327 Europe PMC PMID:8681902 Europe PMC Reaxys:1750447 Reaxys A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. Beilstein:608611 CAS:315-30-0 DrugBank:DB00437 Drug_Central:124 LINCS:LSM-5919 PMID:11333159 PMID:16650385 PMID:24395556 PMID:24590210 PMID:24591375 PMID:7602118 Reaxys:608611 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol Allopurinol 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-one 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine-4-one 1H-Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-ol 4'-Hydroxypyrazolol(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-HPP 4-Hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-Hydroxy-3,4-pyrazolopyrimidine 4-Hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-Hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine 4-Hydroxypyrazolyl(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4H-Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-one AL-100 Allopurinolum Alopurinol Zyloprim (TN) CHEBI:40279 allopurinol Beilstein:608611 Beilstein CAS:315-30-0 ChemIDplus CAS:315-30-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:124 DrugCentral PMID:11333159 Europe PMC PMID:16650385 Europe PMC PMID:24395556 Europe PMC PMID:24590210 Europe PMC PMID:24591375 Europe PMC PMID:7602118 Europe PMC Reaxys:608611 Reaxys A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle. C62H111N11O12 CC[C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](C)C\C=C\C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)CN(C)C1=O)C(C)C DrugBank:DB00091 LINCS:LSM-1703 30-ethyl-33-[(4E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylhex-4-en-1-yl]-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-6,9,18,24-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-3,21-bis(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone cyclosporin A Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a medication that is used to prevent breast cancer in women and treat breast cancer in women and men. (by Wikipedia) C26H29NO CC\C(c1ccccc1)=C(/c1ccccc1)c1ccc(OCCN(C)C)cc1 Beilstein:2062020 CAS:10540-29-1 DrugBank:DB00675 Drug_Central:2561 PMID:12612646 PMID:14681337 PMID:14709804 PMID:18348622 PMID:7688593 2-{4-[(1Z)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl]phenoxy}-N,N-dimethylethanamine Tamoxifen (Z)-2-(4-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (Z)-2-(para-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylamine 1-p-beta-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene 1-para-beta-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene Apo-Tamox Crisafeno Diemon tamoxifen tamoxifene tamoxifeno tamoxifenum trans-Tamoxifen CHEBI:41774 tamoxifen Beilstein:2062020 Beilstein CAS:10540-29-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2561 DrugCentral PMID:14681337 Europe PMC PMID:14709804 Europe PMC PMID:18348622 Europe PMC PMID:7688593 Europe PMC A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection. Beilstein:7493116 CAS:136470-78-5 DrugBank:DB01048 Drug_Central:34 PMID:11678376 PMID:11806176 PMID:12781181 PMID:15887959 PMID:16458506 PMID:16539393 PMID:16759112 PMID:17172311 PMID:17870541 PMID:18029175 PMID:18549801 PMID:24751900 PMID:25017682 PMID:25674793 PMID:26024233 Reaxys:7493116 Abacavir {(1S,4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl}methanol ABC abacavir {(1S-cis)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl}methanol CHEBI:421707 abacavir Beilstein:7493116 Beilstein CAS:136470-78-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:34 DrugCentral PMID:11678376 Europe PMC PMID:11806176 Europe PMC PMID:12781181 ChEMBL PMID:15887959 ChEMBL PMID:16458506 ChEMBL PMID:16539393 ChEMBL PMID:16759112 ChEMBL PMID:17172311 ChEMBL PMID:17870541 ChEMBL PMID:18029175 ChEMBL PMID:18549801 Europe PMC PMID:24751900 Europe PMC PMID:25017682 Europe PMC PMID:25674793 Europe PMC PMID:26024233 Europe PMC Reaxys:7493116 Reaxys An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. C37H67NO13 CC[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@H]2C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O2)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@]1(C)O DrugBank:DB00199 Wikipedia:Erythromycin erythromycin A A monocarboxylic acid amide that is 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide which is substituted at position 5 by a 3,3-dimethyltriaz-1-en-1-yl group. It is used for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma, and in combination with other drugs for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and soft-tissue sarcoma. Beilstein:521487 CAS:4342-03-4 DrugBank:DB00851 Drug_Central:773 PMID:10751609 PMID:11318431 PMID:12195827 PMID:15010317 PMID:20082117 PMID:21471822 PMID:21654834 PMID:23029050 PMID:23318786 PMID:26940170 PMID:28096700 PMID:28250333 PMID:28387914 PMID:28419676 PMID:29076951 PMID:29184162 PMID:29287706 PMID:29296081 PMID:29305638 PMID:29344241 Reaxys:521487 5-(3,3-dimethyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide 4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide 4-(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-5(4)-carboxamide 4-(dimethyltriazeno)imidazole-5-carboxamide 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3,3-dimethyltriazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(dimethyltriazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide DIC DTIC Di-me-triazenoimidazolecarboxamide Dtic-Dome (TN) HSDB 3219 ICDMT Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)- NCI-C04717 NSC 45388 NSC-45388 dacarbazina dacarbazine dacarbazinum deticene CHEBI:4305 dacarbazine Beilstein:521487 Beilstein CAS:4342-03-4 ChemIDplus CAS:4342-03-4 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:773 DrugCentral PMID:10751609 Europe PMC PMID:11318431 Europe PMC PMID:12195827 Europe PMC PMID:15010317 Europe PMC PMID:20082117 Europe PMC PMID:21471822 Europe PMC PMID:21654834 Europe PMC PMID:23029050 Europe PMC PMID:23318786 Europe PMC PMID:26940170 Europe PMC PMID:28096700 Europe PMC PMID:28250333 Europe PMC PMID:28387914 Europe PMC PMID:28419676 Europe PMC PMID:29076951 Europe PMC PMID:29184162 Europe PMC PMID:29287706 Europe PMC PMID:29296081 Europe PMC PMID:29305638 Europe PMC PMID:29344241 Europe PMC Reaxys:521487 Reaxys Beilstein:4851114 CAS:17230-88-5 DrugBank:DB01406 Drug_Central:779 PMID:17929794 PMID:18834112 [1,2]oxazolo[4',5':2,3]-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol Cyclomen Danocrine danazol danazolum CHEBI:4315 danazol Beilstein:4851114 Beilstein CAS:17230-88-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:779 DrugCentral PMID:17929794 ChEMBL PMID:18834112 ChEMBL The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. Beilstein:705189 CAS:7261-97-4 DrugBank:DB01219 LINCS:LSM-3823 1-({[5-(4-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl]methylidene}amino)imidazolidine-2,4-dione Dantrolene 1-((5-(p-nitrophenyl)furfurylidene)amino)hydantoin dantrolene dantroleno dantrolenum CHEBI:4317 dantrolene Beilstein:705189 Beilstein CAS:7261-97-4 ChemIDplus CAS:150378-17-9 DrugBank:DB00224 Drug_Central:1437 LINCS:LSM-5471 (2S)-1-[(2S,4R)-4-benzyl-2-hydroxy-5-{[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]amino}-5-oxopentyl]-N-tert-butyl-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide 2-benzyl-5-[(2S)-2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2,3,5-trideoxy-N-[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]-D-erythro-pentonamide Indinavir (1(1S,2R),5(S))-2,3,5-Trideoxy-N-(2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1H-inden-1-yl)-5-(2-(((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)-4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl)-2-(phenylmethyl)-D-erythro-Pentonamide CHEBI:44032 indinavir CAS:150378-17-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1437 DrugCentral Beilstein:70669 CAS:59-05-2 DrugBank:DB00563 Drug_Central:1751 LINCS:LSM-5690 METHOTREXATE Methotrexate N-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid 4-amino-10-methylfolic acid 4-amino-N(10)-methylpteroylglutamic acid Emtexate Ledertrexate MTX N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid Rheumatrex Trexall methotrexate methotrexatum metotrexato CHEBI:44185 methotrexate Beilstein:70669 Beilstein CAS:59-05-2 ChemIDplus CAS:59-05-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1751 DrugCentral A mucopolysaccharide consisting of repeating beta-(1->4)-linked L-iduronyl-(beta1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units. Dermatan Dermatan L-iduronate CHEBI:4439 dermatan A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease. Beilstein:1741548 CAS:127-07-1 DrugBank:DB01005 Drug_Central:1399 Gmelin:130423 PMID:11285159 PMID:11298103 PMID:11364534 PMID:11365149 PMID:11391710 PMID:12107454 PMID:14988684 PMID:15772364 PMID:15994344 PMID:16356682 PMID:22983419 PMID:23318979 PMID:23643402 PMID:23696560 PMID:9271088 Reaxys:1741548 Hydroxyurea N-hydroxyurea hydroxyurea Hydroxycarbamid Hydroxycarbamide Hydroxyharnstoff N-HYDROXYUREA N-carbamoylhydroxylamine carbamohydroxamic acid carbamohydroximic acid carbamoyl oxime carbamyl hydroxamate hidroxicarbamida hydrea hydroxycarbamide hydroxycarbamidum oxyurea CHEBI:44423 hydroxyurea Beilstein:1741548 ChemIDplus CAS:127-07-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1399 DrugCentral Gmelin:130423 Gmelin PMID:11285159 Europe PMC PMID:11298103 Europe PMC PMID:11364534 Europe PMC PMID:11365149 Europe PMC PMID:11391710 Europe PMC PMID:12107454 Europe PMC PMID:14988684 Europe PMC PMID:15772364 Europe PMC PMID:15994344 Europe PMC PMID:16356682 Europe PMC PMID:22983419 Europe PMC PMID:23318979 Europe PMC PMID:23643402 Europe PMC PMID:23696560 Europe PMC PMID:9271088 Europe PMC Reaxys:1741548 Reaxys An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. C13H12N2O5S CS(=O)(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1Oc1ccccc1)[N+]([O-])=O Beilstein:2421175 CAS:51803-78-2 DrugBank:DB04743 Drug_Central:1935 LINCS:LSM-3718 PMID:18426087 Reaxys:2421175 N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide Nimesulide 4'-nitro-2'-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide 4-NITRO-2-PHENOXYMETHANESULFONANILIDE CHEBI:44445 nimesulide Beilstein:2421175 Beilstein CAS:51803-78-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1935 DrugCentral PMID:18426087 Europe PMC Reaxys:2421175 Reaxys CAS:61379-65-5 DrugBank:DB01201 (7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21Z)-26-{(E)-[(4-cyclopentylpiperazin-1-yl)imino]methyl}-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.1(4,7).0(5,28)]triaconta-1(28),1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-nonaen-13-yl acetate Rifapentine 3-(((4-Cyclopentyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)rifamycin Cyclopentylrifampicin Priftin (TN) CHEBI:45304 rifapentine CAS:61379-65-5 ChemIDplus An L-valine derivative that is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. CAS:155213-67-5 Drug_Central:2391 LINCS:LSM-5623 PMID:11363086 PMID:11363184 PMID:11363300 PMID:11363329 PMID:11363397 PMID:11363517 PMID:11996889 PMID:24202050 PMID:8568292 PMID:9140265 PMID:9278209 PMID:9585800 Reaxys:768009 N-[(2S,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl]-N(2)-(methyl{[2-(propan-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]methyl}carbamoyl)-L-valinamide ritonavir CHEBI:45409 ritonavir CAS:155213-67-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2391 DrugCentral PMID:11363086 Europe PMC PMID:11363184 Europe PMC PMID:11363300 Europe PMC PMID:11363329 Europe PMC PMID:11363397 Europe PMC PMID:11363517 Europe PMC PMID:11996889 Europe PMC PMID:24202050 Europe PMC PMID:8568292 Europe PMC PMID:9140265 Europe PMC PMID:9278209 Europe PMC PMID:9585800 Europe PMC Reaxys:768009 Reaxys A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary aromatic amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. Used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Beilstein:7671333 CAS:152459-95-5 DrugBank:DB00619 Drug_Central:1423 LINCS:LSM-1023 PMID:14660054 PMID:14715630 PMID:15073101 PMID:15170967 PMID:15722647 PMID:15794712 PMID:15966213 PMID:16122278 PMID:16826359 PMID:16983347 PMID:17190842 PMID:17410337 PMID:17457302 PMID:17717205 PMID:18193246 PMID:18216472 PMID:18337118 PMID:18344535 PMID:18376233 PMID:18407734 PMID:18420270 PMID:18423008 PMID:18548219 PMID:18623899 PMID:18780518 PMID:18809244 PMID:19020005 PMID:19052981 PMID:19077095 PMID:19097599 PMID:19182535 PMID:19242505 PMID:19415889 PMID:19527930 PMID:19591692 PMID:19693287 PMID:19749465 PMID:19810774 PMID:19853594 PMID:19920908 PMID:22891806 PMID:23075630 PMID:23183914 PMID:23313020 PMID:23394269 PMID:23480638 PMID:23503753 PMID:23536338 PMID:23574742 PMID:23580311 PMID:23587588 Reaxys:7671333 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-{4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]phenyl}benzamide 4-(4-METHYL-PIPERAZIN-1-YLMETHYL)-N-[4-METHYL-3-(4-PYRIDIN-3-YL-PYRIMIDIN-2-YLAMINO)-PHENYL]-BENZAMIDE STI 571 alpha-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-3'-((4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidinyl)amino)-p-toluidide imatinib CHEBI:45783 imatinib Beilstein:7671333 Beilstein CAS:152459-95-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1423 DrugCentral PMID:14660054 Europe PMC PMID:14715630 Europe PMC PMID:15073101 Europe PMC PMID:15170967 Europe PMC PMID:15722647 Europe PMC PMID:15794712 Europe PMC PMID:15966213 Europe PMC PMID:16122278 Europe PMC PMID:16826359 Europe PMC PMID:16983347 Europe PMC PMID:17190842 Europe PMC PMID:17410337 Europe PMC PMID:17457302 Europe PMC PMID:17717205 Europe PMC PMID:18193246 Europe PMC PMID:18216472 Europe PMC PMID:18337118 Europe PMC PMID:18344535 Europe PMC PMID:18376233 Europe PMC PMID:18407734 Europe PMC PMID:18420270 Europe PMC PMID:18423008 Europe PMC PMID:18548219 Europe PMC PMID:18623899 Europe PMC PMID:18780518 Europe PMC PMID:18809244 Europe PMC PMID:19020005 Europe PMC PMID:19052981 Europe PMC PMID:19077095 Europe PMC PMID:19097599 Europe PMC PMID:19182535 Europe PMC PMID:19242505 Europe PMC PMID:19415889 Europe PMC PMID:19527930 Europe PMC PMID:19591692 Europe PMC PMID:19693287 Europe PMC PMID:19749465 Europe PMC PMID:19810774 Europe PMC PMID:19853594 Europe PMC PMID:19920908 Europe PMC PMID:22891806 Europe PMC PMID:23075630 Europe PMC PMID:23183914 Europe PMC PMID:23313020 Europe PMC PMID:23394269 Europe PMC PMID:23480638 Europe PMC PMID:23503753 Europe PMC PMID:23536338 Europe PMC PMID:23574742 Europe PMC PMID:23580311 Europe PMC PMID:23587588 Europe PMC Reaxys:7671333 Reaxys A member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Fusarium. Beilstein:611403 CAS:148-79-8 DrugBank:DB00730 Drug_Central:2621 LINCS:LSM-3741 PMID:11226373 PMID:13900465 PMID:23790859 PMID:9009055 Pesticides:thiabendazole Reaxys:611403 2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole Thiabendazole 2-(1,3-THIAZOL-4-YL)-1H-BENZIMIDAZOLE 2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole 2-(4-thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole 2-(thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole 4-(2-benzimidazolyl)thiazole Equizole MK 360 Mintezol TBZ Thibenzole Tiabendazole CHEBI:45979 thiabendazole Beilstein:611403 Beilstein CAS:148-79-8 ChemIDplus CAS:148-79-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2621 DrugCentral PMID:11226373 Europe PMC PMID:13900465 Europe PMC PMID:23790859 Europe PMC PMID:9009055 Europe PMC Pesticides:thiabendazole Alan Wood's Pesticides Reaxys:611403 Reaxys A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. C13H14N2 Nc1c2CCCCc2nc2ccccc12 CAS:321-64-2 DrugBank:DB00382 Wikipedia:Tacrine 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine tacrine A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. Beilstein:4269710 CAS:86386-73-4 DrugBank:DB00196 Drug_Central:1187 LINCS:LSM-2106 PMID:11366931 PMID:16822276 PMID:23171950 PMID:23793863 Reaxys:7311650 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-bis-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol fluconazole 2,4-difluoro-alpha,alpha-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzyl alcohol 2-(2,4-DIFLUOROPHENYL)-1,3-DI(1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-1-YL)PROPAN-2-OL Biozole Diflucan Elazor Triflucan fluconazol fluconazole fluconazolum CHEBI:46081 fluconazole Beilstein:4269710 Beilstein CAS:86386-73-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1187 DrugCentral PMID:11366931 Europe PMC PMID:16822276 Europe PMC PMID:23171950 Europe PMC PMID:23793863 Europe PMC Reaxys:7311650 Reaxys A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. C8H9NO2 CC(=O)Nc1ccc(O)cc1 CAS:103-90-2 DrugBank:DB00316 Wikipedia:Acetaminophen Wikipedia:Paracetamol N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide APAP Acetaminophen paracetamol An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid. A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties. An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid. A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties. C10H20N2S4 S(SC(N(CC)CC)=S)C(N(CC)CC)=S CAS:97-77-8 DrugBank:DB00822 Drug_Central:928 LINCS:LSM-5467 PMID:10841824 PMID:11005259 PMID:11716515 PMID:14978246 PMID:15325261 PMID:15709459 PMID:16426571 PMID:16661923 PMID:16666414 PMID:16880974 PMID:17079463 PMID:17579916 PMID:17667894 PMID:18579431 PMID:19720750 PMID:19782464 PMID:19787200 PMID:21471244 PMID:24496638 PMID:25133664 PMID:25445071 PMID:25464072 PMID:25476326 PMID:25495604 PMID:25557293 PMID:25565438 PMID:25657800 PMID:25777347 PMID:26033731 PMID:26224731 PMID:26235918 PMID:26239994 PMID:26314552 PMID:26517513 PMID:26550292 PMID:8442800 PMID:8572926 Reaxys:1712560 Wikipedia:Disulfiram 1,1',1'',1'''-[disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethane Disulfiram 1,1'-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthioformamide) Antabuse N,N,N',N'-tetraethylthiuram disulfide Tetraethylthiuram disulfide bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide tetraethylthiuram disulfide tetraethylthiuram disulphide CHEBI:4659 disulfiram CAS:97-77-8 ChemIDplus CAS:97-77-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:928 DrugCentral PMID:10841824 Europe PMC PMID:11005259 Europe PMC PMID:11716515 Europe PMC PMID:14978246 Europe PMC PMID:15325261 Europe PMC PMID:15709459 Europe PMC PMID:16426571 Europe PMC PMID:16661923 Europe PMC PMID:16666414 Europe PMC PMID:16880974 Europe PMC PMID:17079463 Europe PMC PMID:17579916 Europe PMC PMID:17667894 Europe PMC PMID:18579431 Europe PMC PMID:19720750 Europe PMC PMID:19782464 Europe PMC PMID:19787200 Europe PMC PMID:21471244 Europe PMC PMID:24496638 Europe PMC PMID:25133664 Europe PMC PMID:25445071 Europe PMC PMID:25464072 Europe PMC PMID:25476326 Europe PMC PMID:25495604 Europe PMC PMID:25557293 Europe PMC PMID:25565438 Europe PMC PMID:25657800 Europe PMC PMID:25777347 Europe PMC PMID:26033731 Europe PMC PMID:26224731 Europe PMC PMID:26235918 Europe PMC PMID:26239994 Europe PMC PMID:26314552 Europe PMC PMID:26517513 Europe PMC PMID:26550292 Europe PMC PMID:8442800 Europe PMC PMID:8572926 Europe PMC Reaxys:1712560 Reaxys A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. Wikipedia:Solvent solvent A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. C14H11Cl2NO2 C1(Cl)=CC=CC(=C1NC2=CC=CC=C2CC(=O)O)Cl ATC:D11AX18 ATC:M01AB05 ATC:M02AA15 ATC:S01BC03 Beilstein:2146636 CAS:15307-86-5 DrugBank:DB00586 Drug_Central:865 LINCS:LSM-2160 PMID:11322639 PMID:1502708 PMID:23777257 PMID:27967303 PMID:7838674 Reaxys:2146636 Wikipedia:Diclofenac 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid Diclofenac {2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic acid 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid [2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid diclofenac diclofenac acid diclofenaco diclofenacum diclofenamic acid CHEBI:47381 diclofenac Beilstein:2146636 Beilstein CAS:15307-86-5 ChemIDplus CAS:15307-86-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:865 DrugCentral PMID:11322639 Europe PMC PMID:1502708 Europe PMC PMID:23777257 Europe PMC PMID:27967303 Europe PMC PMID:7838674 Europe PMC Reaxys:2146636 Reaxys A semisynthetic cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. Beilstein:8471798 CAS:162808-62-0 DrugBank:DB00520 Drug_Central:2977 PMID:24270605 (10R,12S)-N-{(2R,6S,9S,11R,12S,14aS,15S,20S,23S,25aS)-12-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-20-[(1R)-3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl]-23-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,11,15-trihydroxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5,8,14,19,22,25-hexaoxotetracosahydro-1H-dipyrrolo[2,1-c:2',1'-l][1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaazacyclohenicosin-9-yl}-10,12-dimethyltetradecanamide Caspofungin (4R,5S)-5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)-N(2)-(10,12-dimethyltetradecanoyl)-4-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-L-threonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(S)-4-hydroxy-4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-L-threonyl-threo-3-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline cyclic (6-1)-peptide 1-[(4R,5S)-5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-N(2)-(10,12-dimethyl-1-oxotetradecyl)-4-hydroxy-L-ornithine]-5-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-L-ornithine]-pneumocandin B0 caspofungin CHEBI:474180 caspofungin Beilstein:8471798 Beilstein CAS:162808-62-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2977 DrugCentral PMID:24270605 Europe PMC Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that continues to be widely used in the therapy of depression. Imipramine can cause mild and transient serum enzyme elevations and is rare cause of clinically apparent acute cholestatic liver injury. C19H24N2 CN(C)CCCN1c2ccccc2CCc2ccccc12 DrugBank:DB00458 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00069 Wikipedia:Imipramine https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov//Imipramine.htm imipramine A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-ketoconazole. Beilstein:4303081 CAS:65277-42-1 DrugBank:DB01026 Gmelin:1713206 Open TG-Gates compound_id=00047 rac-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[(2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine (+-)-cis-1-acetyl-4-(p-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazine Fungarest Fungoral Ketoderm Ketoisdin Nizoral Panfungol Xolegel cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazine ketoconazol ketoconazole ketoconazolum CHEBI:47519 ketoconazole Beilstein:4303081 ChemIDplus CAS:65277-42-1 ChemIDplus Gmelin:1713206 Gmelin A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. C19H23ClN2 Beilstein:1323477 CAS:303-49-1 CN(C)CCCN1c2ccccc2CCc2ccc(Cl)cc12 DrugBank:DB01242 Drug_Central:701 LINCS:LSM-3171 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00121 PMID:12007764 PMID:12084414 PMID:16085036 PMID:17471183 PMID:19747949 PMID:19810911 Patent:US3467650 Reaxys:1323477 3-(3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine Clomipramine 3-(3-CHLORO-5H-DIBENZO[B,F]AZEPIN-5-YL)-N,N-DIMETHYLPROPAN-1-AMINE 3-(3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine 3-chloroimipramine G 34586 chlorimipramine monochlorimipramine CHEBI:47780 clomipramine Beilstein:1323477 ChemIDplus CAS:303-49-1 ChemIDplus CAS:303-49-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:701 DrugCentral PMID:12007764 Europe PMC PMID:12084414 Europe PMC PMID:16085036 Europe PMC PMID:17471183 Europe PMC PMID:19747949 Europe PMC PMID:19810911 Europe PMC Reaxys:1323477 Reaxys A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells. photosensitising agent CHEBI:47868 photosensitizing agent A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein. protein synthesis antagonist protein synthesis antagonists protein synthesis inhibitors CHEBI:48001 protein synthesis inhibitor serotonergic agents serotonergic drugs serotonin drugs CHEBI:48278 serotonergic drug Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists. 5-HT antagonists 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists antiserotonergic agents serotonin antagonists serotonin blockaders CHEBI:48279 serotonergic antagonist An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of catechol O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6). COMT inhibitor COMT inhibitors EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.1.1.6 inhibitor EC 2.1.1.6 inhibitors S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors catechol O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) inhibitor catechol O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) inhibitors catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors catechol methyltransferase inhibitor catechol methyltransferase inhibitors catecholamine O-methyltransferase inhibitor catecholamine O-methyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:48406 EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor A drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Wikipedia:Antiparkinson antiparkinson agent CHEBI:48407 antiparkinson drug An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels. angiogenesis antagonist angiostatic agents anti-angiogenic agent CHEBI:48422 angiogenesis inhibitor C40H71NO14.C12H26O4S CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O.CC[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@H]2C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O2)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2OC(=O)CC)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@]1(C)O erythromycin estolate Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor. alpha-adrenergic drugs CHEBI:48539 alpha-adrenergic drug Any of the drugs that act on beta-adrenergic receptors. beta-adrenergic drugs CHEBI:48540 beta-adrenergic drug Beilstein:4208277 CAS:82964-04-3 DrugBank:DB02383 Drug_Central:2704 N-{[6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)naphthalen-1-yl]carbonothioyl}-N-methylglycine TOLRESTAT Tolrestat Alredase N-((6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1-naphthalenyl)thioxomethyl)-N-methylglycine N-{[6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1-naphthyl]carbonothioyl}-N-methylglycine tolrestat tolrestatum CHEBI:48549 tolrestat Beilstein:4208277 Beilstein CAS:82964-04-3 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2704 DrugCentral An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21). ALR2 inhibitor ALR2 inhibitors EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitors EC 1.1.1.21 inhibitor EC 1.1.1.21 inhibitors NADPH-aldopentose reductase inhibitor NADPH-aldopentose reductase inhibitors NADPH-aldose reductase inhibitor NADPH-aldose reductase inhibitors aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) inhibitor aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) inhibitors aldehyde reductase inhibitor aldehyde reductase inhibitors alditol:NAD(P)(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitor alditol:NAD(P)(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitors alditol:NADP oxidoreductase inhibitor alditol:NADP oxidoreductase inhibitors alditol:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitor alditol:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase inhibitors aldose reductase inhibitor aldose reductase inhibitors polyol dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitor polyol dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitors CHEBI:48550 EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. dopamine agent dopamine agents dopamine drug dopamine drugs dopaminergic agents CHEBI:48560 dopaminergic agent A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. dopamine antagonist dopamine blocker dopamine receptor antagonist dopaminergic antagonists CHEBI:48561 dopaminergic antagonist A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals. free radical scavenger free radical scavengers free-radical scavenger CHEBI:48578 radical scavenger A drug that affects the function of fibrin in blood coagulation. fibrin modulating agent fibrin modulating agents fibrin modulating drugs CHEBI:48676 fibrin modulating drug A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. Beilstein:5637599 CAS:2998-57-4 DrugBank:DB01196 Drug_Central:1065 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02010038 PMID:11131983 PMID:15762353 PMID:7638085 Reaxys:5637599 (17beta)-17-hydroxyestra-1(10),2,4-trien-3-yl bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate Estramustine 17beta-Estradiol 3-(bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate) Estradiol 3-(N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate) estramustina estramustine estramustinum CHEBI:4868 estramustine Beilstein:5637599 Beilstein CAS:2998-57-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1065 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02010038 LIPID MAPS PMID:11131983 Europe PMC PMID:15762353 Europe PMC PMID:7638085 Europe PMC Reaxys:5637599 Reaxys Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. agonist agonista agoniste agonists CHEBI:48705 agonist Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances. antagonist antagonista antagoniste antagonists CHEBI:48706 antagonist An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. Beilstein:6312870 CAS:74-55-5 DrugBank:DB00330 Drug_Central:1073 PMID:10649975 PMID:10891117 PMID:10966749 PMID:12182855 PMID:14695841 PMID:14698152 PMID:15225698 PMID:16005211 PMID:16759086 PMID:16870429 PMID:17210775 PMID:17239593 PMID:17276683 PMID:17315960 PMID:17331717 PMID:17562368 PMID:17851083 PMID:17888665 PMID:19524332 PMID:19648006 PMID:3934384 Reaxys:6312870 (2S,2'S)-2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)dibutan-1-ol Ethambutol (+)-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-1-butanol (+)-N,N'-bis(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)ethylenediamine (+)-S,S-ethambutol (+)-ethambutol (2S,7S)-2,7-diethyl-3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diol (S,S)-ethambutol EMB S,S-Ethambutol etambutol ethambutol ethambutolum CHEBI:4877 ethambutol Beilstein:6312870 Beilstein CAS:74-55-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1073 DrugCentral PMID:10649975 ChEMBL PMID:10891117 ChEMBL PMID:10966749 ChEMBL PMID:12182855 ChEMBL PMID:14695841 ChEMBL PMID:14698152 ChEMBL PMID:15225698 ChEMBL PMID:16005211 ChEMBL PMID:16759086 ChEMBL PMID:16870429 ChEMBL PMID:17210775 ChEMBL PMID:17239593 ChEMBL PMID:17276683 ChEMBL PMID:17315960 ChEMBL PMID:17331717 ChEMBL PMID:17562368 ChEMBL PMID:17851083 ChEMBL PMID:17888665 ChEMBL PMID:19524332 ChEMBL PMID:19648006 ChEMBL PMID:3934384 ChEMBL Reaxys:6312870 Reaxys A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. C8H10N2S CCc1cc(ccn1)C(N)=S CAS:536-33-4 DrugBank:DB00609 Wikipedia:Ethionamide 2-ethylpyridine-4-carbothioamide ethionamide Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Anticholinergika Anticholinergikum acetylcholine antagonists acetylcholine receptor antagonist agent anticholinergique agente anticolinergico agentes anticolinergicos anticholinergic agents anticholinergics anticholinergiques anticolinergicos cholinergic-blocking agents CHEBI:48873 cholinergic antagonist A drug that binds to but does not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists. Antimuskarinika Antimuskarinikum agente antimuscarinico agentes antimuscarinicos agents antimuscariniques antimuscarinic agents antimuscarinicos muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist muscarinic antagonists CHEBI:48876 muscarinic antagonist Metabolites of bile acids, four-ringed steroid acids formed along the cholesterol degradation pathway. bile acid metabolite Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus). DrugBank:DB00199 eritromicina erthromycin erythromycine CHEBI:48923 erythromycin A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions. Beilstein:8442898 CAS:201530-41-8 DrugBank:DB01609 Drug_Central:3128 Reaxys:8442898 4-[3,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]benzoic acid Exjade ICL 670 ICL 670A deferasirox deferasiroxum CHEBI:49005 deferasirox Beilstein:8442898 Beilstein CAS:201530-41-8 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:3128 DrugCentral Reaxys:8442898 Reaxys A chemical substance which inhibits the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. hormone antagonists CHEBI:49020 hormone antagonist A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. C10H12N4O3 OC[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](O1)n1cnc2c1nc[nH]c2=O Beilstein:3619529 CAS:69655-05-6 DrugBank:DB00900 Drug_Central:869 LINCS:LSM-6017 PMID:10386939 PMID:1619614 PMID:17046264 PMID:18549801 PMID:29438107 Reaxys:3619529 Wikipedia:Didanosine 2',3'-dideoxyinosine Didanosine ddI 2,3-dideoxyinosine 9-((2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1H-purin-6(9H)-one 9-((2R,5S)-5-Hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-1,9-dihydro-purin-6-one 9-((2S,5R)-5-Hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ol 9-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one DDI ddI ddIno didanosina didanosine didanosinum dideoxyinosine CHEBI:490877 didanosine Beilstein:3619529 Beilstein CAS:69655-05-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:869 DrugCentral PMID:10386939 ChEMBL PMID:1619614 ChEMBL PMID:17046264 ChEMBL PMID:18549801 Europe PMC PMID:29438107 Europe PMC Reaxys:3619529 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active. CAS:41340-25-4 DrugBank:DB00749 Drug_Central:1103 LINCS:LSM-1781 PMID:15369391 PMID:2527995 PMID:28166217 PMID:2970548 (1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)acetic acid ETODOLAC (+-)-1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano(3,4-b)indole-1-acetic acid (1,8-Diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-pyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)-acetic acid 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1,8-diethylpyrano(3,4-b)indole-1-acetic acid 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano(3,4-b)indole-1-acetic acid 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-ylacetic acid ETODOLIC ACID etodolac etodolaco etodolacum CHEBI:4909 etodolac CAS:41340-25-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1103 DrugCentral PMID:15369391 ChEMBL PMID:2527995 ChEMBL PMID:28166217 Europe PMC PMID:2970548 ChEMBL Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of drugs in humans. drug metabolites CHEBI:49103 drug metabolite A drug designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level. LTRA leukotriene antagonists leukotriene receptor antagonist leukotriene receptor antagonists CHEBI:49159 leukotriene antagonist A drug used to treat asthma. anti-asthmatic agent anti-asthmatic agents anti-asthmatic drugs CHEBI:49167 anti-asthmatic drug One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. anti-ulcer agent anti-ulcer drug A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception. contraceptive agent contraceptive drugs CHEBI:49323 contraceptive drug A chemical substance or agent with contraceptive activity in females. female contraceptive agent female contraceptive drugs CHEBI:49324 female contraceptive drug A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. CAS:107868-30-4 DrugBank:DB00990 Drug_Central:1122 PMID:10882163 Reaxys:6609645 6-methylideneandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione Exemestane 6-methyleneandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione exemestane exemestano exemestanum CHEBI:4953 exemestane CAS:107868-30-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1122 DrugCentral PMID:10882163 Europe PMC Reaxys:6609645 Reaxys Beilstein:10502247 CAS:231277-92-2 DrugBank:DB01259 Drug_Central:1548 LINCS:LSM-1051 N-[3-chloro-4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)phenyl]-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulfonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)furan-2-yl]quinazolin-4-amine GW 572016 N-(3-chloro-4-((3-fluorophenyl)methoxy)phenyl)-6-(5-(((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-2-furanyl)-4-quinazolinamine N-{3-CHLORO-4-[(3-FLUOROBENZYL)OXY]PHENYL}-6-[5-({[2-(METHYLSULFONYL)ETHYL]AMINO}METHYL)-2-FURYL]-4-QUINAZOLINAMINE Tykerb CHEBI:49603 lapatinib Beilstein:10502247 Beilstein CAS:231277-92-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1548 DrugCentral Inchikey:YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen hydrogen atom A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted by a (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)nitrilo group, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy group and a methoxy group at positions 4,6 and 7, respectively. An EGFR kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. CAS:184475-35-2 DrugBank:DB00317 Drug_Central:1282 LINCS:LSM-1098 PMID:14981586 PMID:15068398 PMID:20573926 PMID:20949670 PMID:27396387 PMID:28968167 PMID:29332330 PMID:29493460 PMID:29579334 PMID:29668619 PMID:30068310 PMID:30069771 PMID:30214852 Reaxys:8949523 N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine 4-(3'-chloro-4'-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazoline Iressa Irressat N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy)-4-quinazolinamine ZD 1839 ZD-1839 ZD1839 gefitinib gefitinibum CHEBI:49668 gefitinib CAS:184475-35-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1282 DrugCentral PMID:14981586 Europe PMC PMID:15068398 Europe PMC PMID:20573926 Europe PMC PMID:20949670 Europe PMC PMID:27396387 Europe PMC PMID:28968167 Europe PMC PMID:29332330 Europe PMC PMID:29493460 Europe PMC PMID:29579334 Europe PMC PMID:29668619 Europe PMC PMID:30068310 Europe PMC PMID:30069771 Europe PMC PMID:30214852 Europe PMC Reaxys:8949523 Reaxys The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. CAS:25451-15-4 DrugBank:DB00949 Drug_Central:1140 LINCS:LSM-4232 PMID:12825948 PMID:12873507 PMID:18311896 Reaxys:3345236 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diyl dicarbamate Felbamate 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate Carbamic acid 3-carbamoyloxy-2-phenyl-propyl ester carbamic acid 2-phenyltrimethylene ester felbamate felbamato felbamatum CHEBI:4995 felbamate CAS:25451-15-4 ChemIDplus CAS:25451-15-4 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1140 DrugCentral PMID:12825948 ChEMBL PMID:12873507 ChEMBL PMID:18311896 ChEMBL Reaxys:3345236 Reaxys A chlorobenzophenone that is (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanone substituted by a [2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(propan-2-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy group at position 1 on the phenyl ring. CC(C)OC(=O)C(C)(C)Oc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)c1ccc(Cl)cc1 LINCS:LSM-3107 propan-2-yl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate fenofibrate A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding. CAS:31879-05-7 DrugBank:DB00573 Drug_Central:1154 PMID:21328296 PMID:21342694 PMID:25554116 PMID:28166217 PMID:30168706 PMID:4616811 Reaxys:2118687 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid FENOPROFEN Fenoprofen (+-)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid (+-)-m-phenoxyhydratropic acid 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid 2-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid alpha-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid alpha-methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneacetic acid fenoprofen fenoprofene fenoprofeno fenoprofenum CHEBI:5004 fenoprofen CAS:31879-05-7 ChemIDplus CAS:31879-05-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1154 DrugCentral PMID:21328296 Europe PMC PMID:21342694 Europe PMC PMID:25554116 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC PMID:30168706 Europe PMC PMID:4616811 Europe PMC Reaxys:2118687 Reaxys Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function. Geschlechtshormon Geschlechtshormone Sexualhormon Sexualhormone hormone sexuelle hormones sexuelles sex hormones CHEBI:50112 sex hormone A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. Androgen Androgene androgene androgenes androgeno androgenos androgens CHEBI:50113 androgen A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens. Wikipedia:Estrogen estrogen CN(CCOc1ccc(CC2SC(=O)NC2=O)cc1)c1ccccn1 CAS:122320-73-4 DrugBank:DB00412 Wikipedia:Rosiglitazone 5-(4-{2-[methyl(pyridin-2-yl)amino]ethoxy}benzyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione LINCS:LSM-1949 rosiglitazone A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9. CAS:54757-46-9 LINCS:LSM-5713 Reaxys:15057225 9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid CHEBI:50172 acitretin CAS:54757-46-9 ChemIDplus Reaxys:15057225 Reaxys A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases. desquamating agent keratolytic agent keratolytic drugs skin-peeling agent CHEBI:50176 keratolytic drug A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. dermatologic agent dermatologic drugs dermatological agent CHEBI:50177 dermatologic drug An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances. CYP2D6 inhbitor CYP2D6 inhbitors P450 inhibitors cytochrome P450 inhibitor cytochrome P450 inhibitors CHEBI:50183 P450 inhibitor Any pathway inhibitor that inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids. fatty acid synthesis inhibitor Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system. hematologic agents CHEBI:50248 hematologic agent An agent that prevents blood clotting. anticoagulante anticoagulants CHEBI:50249 anticoagulant A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug. PMID:23993918 PMID:23998799 PMID:24329110 PMID:24628402 PMID:24709544 PMID:25144792 PMID:25157234 PMID:25269430 PMID:25391982 PMID:25591121 PMID:25620096 PMID:25795057 PMID:26028253 PMID:26184144 PMID:28070577 PMID:28215138 PMID:28219047 PMID:28259775 PMID:28319647 PMID:28329729 PMID:28334528 Prodrugs CHEBI:50266 prodrug PMID:23993918 Europe PMC PMID:23998799 Europe PMC PMID:24329110 Europe PMC PMID:24628402 Europe PMC PMID:24709544 Europe PMC PMID:25144792 Europe PMC PMID:25157234 Europe PMC PMID:25269430 Europe PMC PMID:25391982 Europe PMC PMID:25591121 Europe PMC PMID:25620096 Europe PMC PMID:25795057 Europe PMC PMID:26028253 Europe PMC PMID:26184144 Europe PMC PMID:28070577 Europe PMC PMID:28215138 Europe PMC PMID:28219047 Europe PMC PMID:28259775 Europe PMC PMID:28319647 Europe PMC PMID:28329729 Europe PMC PMID:28334528 Europe PMC Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. chemoprotectant chemoprotectants chemoprotective agent chemoprotective agents protective agents CHEBI:50267 protective agent A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA. DNA topoisomerase inhibitor DNA topoisomerase inhibitors EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitors EC 5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase I) inhibitor EC 5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase I) inhibitors EC 5.99.1.2 inhibitor EC 5.99.1.2 inhibitors topoisomerase I (EC 5.99.1.2) inhibitor topoisomerase I (EC 5.99.1.2) inhibitors topoisomerase I inhibitor topoisomerase I inhibitors type I DNA topoisomerase inhibitor type I DNA topoisomerase inhibitors CHEBI:50276 EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor A drug or agent which antagonizes or impairs any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system. platelet aggregation inhibitors CHEBI:50427 platelet aggregation inhibitor An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4). EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor phospholipase A2 inhibitor An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitor (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitors 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitor 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase inhibitors 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors 7,8-dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitor 7,8-dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors 7,8-dihydropteroic acid synthetase inhibitor 7,8-dihydropteroic acid synthetase inhibitors DHPS inhibitor DHPS inhibitors EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitors EC 2.5.1.15 inhibitor EC 2.5.1.15 inhibitors dihydropteroate diphosphorylase inhibitor dihydropteroate diphosphorylase inhibitors dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase inhibitor dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase inhibitors dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15) inhibitor dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15) inhibitors dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitor dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors dihydropteroic synthetase inhibitor dihydropteroic synthetase inhibitors CHEBI:50502 EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor potassium channel modulator Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels. vasoconstrictor agent An EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1). 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase inhibitor 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase inhibitors 4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase inhibitor 4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase inhibitors EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitors EC 3.2.1.1 inhibitor EC 3.2.1.1 inhibitors Taka-amylase A inhibitor Taka-amylase A inhibitors alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) inhibitor alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) inhibitors alpha-amylase inhibitor alpha-amylase inhibitors endoamylase inhibitor endoamylase inhibitors glycogenase inhibitor glycogenase inhibitors CHEBI:50627 EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2. COX-2 inhibitor COX-2 inhibitors PGHS-2 inhibitor PGHS-2 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors prostaglandin H synthase-2 inhibitor prostaglandin H synthase-2 inhibitors prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitor prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitors CHEBI:50629 cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 1. COX-1 inhibitor COX-1 inhibitors PTGS1 inhibitor PTGS1 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase 1 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase 1 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitors cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 inhibitors prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 inhibitors prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitors CHEBI:50630 cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis. anti-osteopenia agent anti-osteopenia agents anti-osteopenia drug anti-osteopenia drugs anti-osteoporosis agent anti-osteoporosis agents anti-osteoporosis drug anti-osteoporosis drugs anti-osteoporotic anti-osteoporotic agent anti-osteoporotic agents anti-osteoporotic drug anti-osteoporotic drugs anti-osteoporotics antiosteoporotic antiosteoporotics bone density conservation agents bone density conservation drug bone density conservation drugs CHEBI:50646 bone density conservation agent A drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones. antithyroid agent antithyroid agents antithyroid drugs CHEBI:50671 antithyroid drug A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. Beilstein:108646 CAS:60-56-0 DrugBank:DB00763 Drug_Central:1745 LINCS:LSM-5646 PMID:17438883 PMID:24443787 PMID:7454742 PMID:9172960 Reaxys:108646 1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-thione Methimazole 1-METHYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-IMIDAZOLE-2-THIONE 1-Methylimidazole-2(3H)-thione Danantizol Favistan Strumazol Tapazole Thacapzol USAF el-30 thiamazol thiamazole thiamazolum tiamazol CHEBI:50673 methimazole Beilstein:108646 Beilstein CAS:60-56-0 ChemIDplus CAS:60-56-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1745 DrugCentral PMID:17438883 Europe PMC PMID:24443787 Europe PMC PMID:7454742 Europe PMC PMID:9172960 Europe PMC Reaxys:108646 Reaxys An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3). 7,8-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor 7,8-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors DHFR inhibitor DHFR inhibitors EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitors EC 1.5.1.3 inhibitor EC 1.5.1.3 inhibitors NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitor dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitors dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitor dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitors dihydrofolic reductase inhibitor dihydrofolic reductase inhibitors folic acid reductase inhibitor folic acid reductase inhibitors folic reductase inhibitor folic reductase inhibitors tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors CHEBI:50683 EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy. reproductive control agent reproductive control drugs CHEBI:50689 reproductive control drug A chemical substance that interrupts pregnancy after implantation. abortifacient agent abortifacient agents abortifacient drug abortifacient drugs abortifacients CHEBI:50691 abortifacient A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. Beilstein:3077644 CAS:10118-90-8 DrugBank:DB01017 Drug_Central:1813 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK07000002 PMID:28709717 PMID:31630007 PMID:31719236 PMID:31733348 Reaxys:3077644 (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4,7-bis(dimethylamino)-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide Minocycline (4S,4AS,5AR,12AS)-4,7-BIS(DIMETHYLAMINO)-3,10,12,12A-TETRAHYDROXY-1,11-DIOXO-1,4,4A,5,5A,6,11,12A-OCTAHYDROTETRACENE-2-CARBOXAMIDE 7-Dimethylamino-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline minociclina minociclinum minocycline minomycin CHEBI:50694 minocycline Beilstein:3077644 Beilstein CAS:10118-90-8 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1813 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPK07000002 LIPID MAPS PMID:28709717 Europe PMC PMID:31630007 Europe PMC PMID:31719236 Europe PMC PMID:31733348 Europe PMC Reaxys:3077644 Reaxys A substance that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. It acts as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. It can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure. CHEBI:50739 estrogen receptor modulator C24H29ClO4 [H][C@@]12C[C@]1([H])[C@@]1(C)C(=CC2=O)C(Cl)=C[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@](OC(C)=O)(C(C)=O)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@]12[H] CAS:427-51-0 Wikipedia:Cyproterone_Acetate 6-chloro-3,20-dioxo-1beta,2beta-dihydro-3'H-cyclopropa[1,2]pregna-4,6-dien-17-yl acetate CPA cyproterone acetate A compound that interacts with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about effects similar to those of progesterone. gestagen gestagens progestagen progestagens progestogens CHEBI:50745 progestogen A drug used to treat psoriasis. antipsoriatic agent antipsoriatic drug CHEBI:50748 antipsoriatic A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 5.99.1.3 (also known as topoisomerase II and as DNA gyrase), which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. DNA gyrase inhibitor DNA gyrase inhibitors DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitor DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitors DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitor DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitors DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitor EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitors EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitors EC 5.99.1.3 inhibitor EC 5.99.1.3 inhibitors inhibitor of type II topoisomerase inhibitors of type II topoisomerase topoisomerase II inhibitor topoisomerase II inhibitors topoisomerase-II inhibitor topoisomerase-II inhibitors type II DNA topoisomerase inhibitor type II DNA topoisomerase inhibitors CHEBI:50750 EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor A drug which acts to reduce estrogenic activity in the body, either by reducing the amount of estrogen or by reducing the activity of whatever estrogen is present. anti-estrogenic agent anti-estrogenic drug anti-oestrogen anti-oestrogenic agent anti-oestrogenic drug antiestrogen antiestrogenic agent antiestrogenic drug antioestrogen antioestrogenic agent antioestrogenic drug CHEBI:50751 anti-estrogen Beilstein:4237530 CAS:54048-10-1 DrugBank:DB00294 Drug_Central:1110 17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-11-methylidene-18a-homo-estr-4-en-3-one 3-Ketodesogestrel 3-Oxodesogestrel Implanon etonogestrel etonogestrelum CHEBI:50777 etonogestrel Beilstein:4237530 Beilstein CAS:54048-10-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1110 DrugCentral An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones. EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.14 inhibitor EC 1.14.14.14 inhibitors aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) inhibitor aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) inhibitors aromatase inhibitor aromatase inhibitors estrogen synthase inhibitor estrogen synthase inhibitors estrogen synthetase inhibitor estrogen synthetase inhibitors oestrogen synthase inhibitor oestrogen synthase inhibitors oestrogen synthetase inhibitor oestrogen synthetase inhibitors CHEBI:50790 EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor An antagonist at the estrogen receptor. estrogen receptor antagonists CHEBI:50792 estrogen receptor antagonist A compound which inhibits or antagonises the biosynthesis or actions of estrogens. oestrogen antagonist CHEBI:50837 estrogen antagonist Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system. Biomodulator Immune factor Immunologic factor Immunological factor immunomodulators CHEBI:50846 immunomodulator A drug used to treat allergic reactions. anti-allergic drug anti-allergic agent CAS:153559-49-0 DrugBank:DB00307 Drug_Central:361 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl]benzoic acid bexarotene bexaroteno bexarotenum p-(1-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-2-naphthyl)vinyl)benzoic acid CHEBI:50859 bexarotene CAS:153559-49-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:361 DrugCentral Any molecular entity that contains carbon. organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entity An agent which overcomes insulin resistance by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). insulin-sensitizing drug A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells. Wikipedia:Genotoxicity genotoxic agent genotoxic agents genotoxins CHEBI:50902 genotoxin A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities. agente carcinogeno cancerigene cancerogene carcinogen carcinogene carcinogenic agents carcinogeno carcinogens CHEBI:50903 carcinogenic agent A chemical compound which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. Wikipedia:Allergen alergeno allergene allergenic agent CHEBI:50904 allergen A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect. agent teratogene teratogen teratogeno CHEBI:50905 teratogenic agent A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals. A role played by an entity exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals. agente hepatotoxico hepatotoxic agents hepatotoxicant hepatotoxicants hepatotoxin hepatotoxins hepatoxic agent hepatoxicant CHEBI:50908 hepatotoxic agent A role played by aan entity exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the heart and cardiomyocytes. cardiotoxic agent A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 4-chloro-3-trifluorophenyl group while the other is substituted by a phenyl group which, in turn, is substituted at the para position by a [2-(methylcarbamoyl)pyridin-4-yl]oxy group. CAS:284461-73-0 DrugBank:DB00398 Drug_Central:2459 LINCS:LSM-1008 4-[4-({[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)phenoxy]-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide 4-(4-((((4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)phenoxy)-N-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide N-(4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N'-(4-(2-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-4-pyridyloxy)phenyl)urea sorafenib sorafenibum CHEBI:50924 sorafenib CAS:284461-73-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2459 DrugCentral An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine. A-kinase inhibitor A-kinase inhibitors AP50 kinase inhibitor AP50 kinase inhibitors ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors CK-2 inhibitor CK-2 inhibitors CKI inhibitor CKI inhibitors CKII inhibitor CKII inhibitors EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitor EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitors HIPK2 inhibitor HIPK2 inhibitors Hpr kinase inhibitor Hpr kinase inhibitors M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitor M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitors MKNK2 inhibitor MKNK2 inhibitors PAK-1 inhibitor PAK-1 inhibitors PAK1 inhibitor PAK1 inhibitors PKA inhibitor PKA inhibitors Prp4 protein kinase inhibitor Prp4 protein kinase inhibitors Raf kinase inhibitor Raf kinase inhibitors Raf-1 inhibitor Raf-1 inhibitors STK32 inhibitor STK32 inhibitors T-antigen kinase inhibitor T-antigen kinase inhibitors WEE1Hu inhibitor WEE1Hu inhibitors Wee 1-like kinase inhibitor Wee 1-like kinase inhibitors Wee-kinase inhibitor Wee-kinase inhibitors betaIIPKC inhibitor betaIIPKC inhibitors cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors casein kinase 2 inhibitor casein kinase 2 inhibitors casein kinase I inhibitor casein kinase I inhibitors casein kinase II inhibitor casein kinase II inhibitors casein kinase inhibitor casein kinase inhibitors cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors dsk1 inhibitor dsk1 inhibitors epsilon PKC inhibitor epsilon PKC inhibitors glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitor glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitors glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitor hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitors mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitor mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitors non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitor p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitors p82 kinase inhibitor p82 kinase inhibitors phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitor phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors protein glutamyl kinase inhibitor protein glutamyl kinase inhibitors protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors protein kinase A inhibitor protein kinase A inhibitors protein kinase CK2 inhibitor protein kinase CK2 inhibitors protein kinase p58 inhibitor protein kinase p58 inhibitors protein phosphokinase inhibitor protein phosphokinase inhibitors protein serine kinase inhibitor protein serine kinase inhibitors protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitor protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitors protein-cysteine kinase inhibitor protein-cysteine kinase inhibitors protein-serine kinase inhibitor protein-serine kinase inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitor ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitors ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors serine kinase inhibitor serine kinase inhibitors serine protein kinase inhibitor serine protein kinase inhibitors serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors twitchin kinase inhibitor twitchin kinase inhibitors type-2 casein kinase inhibitor type-2 casein kinase inhibitors CHEBI:50925 EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor An agent that modulates the physiologic angiogenesis process. This is accomplished by endogenous angiogenic proteins and a variety of other chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. CHEBI:50926 angiogenesis modulating agent A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. SSRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor CHEBI:50949 serotonin uptake inhibitor A fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any unsaturated fatty acid. PMID:13152086 unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA A dopaminergic agent that blocks the transport of dopamine into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit dopamine uptake. DARI DRI dopamine reuptake inhibitor dopamine reuptake inhibitors dopamine uptake inhibitors CHEBI:51039 dopamine uptake inhibitor A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. hormone receptor modulators CHEBI:51061 hormone receptor modulator A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. CHEBI:51086 chemical role Beilstein:2008796 CAS:76-43-7 DrugBank:DB01185 Drug_Central:1210 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02020025 9-fluoro-11beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-methylandrost-4-en-3-one 11beta,17beta-Dihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-17alpha-methyl-4-androster-3-one 17alpha-Methyl-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxytesterone 9-Fluoro-11beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17-methylandrost-4-en-3-one 9alpha-Fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-17-methyltestosterone Testosterone, 9-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-17-methyl- fluoximesterona fluoxymesterone fluoxymesteronum CHEBI:5120 fluoxymesterone Beilstein:2008796 Beilstein CAS:76-43-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1210 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST02020025 LIPID MAPS Beilstein:2157663 CAS:13311-84-7 DrugBank:DB00499 Drug_Central:1223 LINCS:LSM-2621 2-methyl-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanamide Flutamide 4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide Eulexin Niftolide alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-propionotoluidide flutamida flutamide flutamidum niftolid CHEBI:5132 flutamide Beilstein:2157663 ChemIDplus CAS:13311-84-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1223 DrugCentral A drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis. muscle relaxants CHEBI:51371 muscle relaxant A drug used for its actions on skeletal muscle. CHEBI:51372 neuromuscular agent A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. CHEBI:51374 GABA agent COc1ccccc1Oc1c(NS(=O)(=O)c2ccc(cc2)C(C)(C)C)nc(nc1OCCO)-c1ncccn1 ATC:C02KX01 CAS:147536-97-8 DrugBank:DB00559 Drug_Central:392 LINCS:LSM-5825 Wikipedia:Bosentan 4-tert-butyl-N-[6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidin-4-yl]benzenesulfonamide 4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-N-(6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-(2,2'-bipyrimidin)-4-yl) benzenesulfornamide bosentan bosentanum p-tert-Butyl-N-(6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(o-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(2-pyrimidinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide CHEBI:51450 bosentan CAS:147536-97-8 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:392 DrugCentral A hormone antagonist that blocks endothelin receptors. ERA CHEBI:51451 endothelin receptor antagonist CAS:93390-81-9 Drug_Central:1247 Fosphenytoin cerebyx fosphenytoin sodium fosphenytoin sodium hydrate CHEBI:5165 Fosphenytoin Drug_Central:1247 DrugCentral A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. CHEBI:52206 biochemical role CHEBI:52208 biophysical role A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. etiopathogenetic agent etiopathogenetic role CHEBI:52209 aetiopathogenetic role A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. CHEBI:52210 pharmacological role Any molecule or ion capable of binding to a central metal atom to form coordination complexes. ligands CHEBI:52214 ligand Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. farmaco medicament pharmaceuticals CHEBI:52217 pharmaceutical A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis. mitogens CHEBI:52290 mitogen An EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosidase (i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds, EC 3.2.1.*). EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitors EC 3.2.1.* inhibitor EC 3.2.1.* inhibitors glycosidase (EC 3.2.1.*) inhibitor glycosidase (EC 3.2.1.*) inhibitors glycosidase inhibitor glycosidase inhibitors glycoside hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:52424 EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor An inhibitor of ribonuclease H (EC 3.1.26.13), an enzyme required for specific hydrolysis of the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid. EC 3.1.26.13 (retroviral ribonuclease H) inhibitors EC 3.1.26.13 inhibitor EC 3.1.26.13 inhibitors HIV RNase H inhibitor HIV RNase H inhibitors HIV-1 RNase H inhibitor HIV-1 RNase H inhibitors HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitor HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitors RT/RNase H inhibitor RT/RNase H inhibitors retroviral reverse transcriptase RNaseH inhibitor retroviral reverse transcriptase RNaseH inhibitors retroviral ribonuclease H (EC 3.1.26.13) inhibitor retroviral ribonuclease H (EC 3.1.26.13) inhibitors retroviral ribonuclease H inhibitor CHEBI:52629 EC 3.1.26.13 (retroviral ribonuclease H) inhibitor L-Phenylalaninamide substituted at the amide nitrogen by a 1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl group and at N(alpha) by a pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl group. It is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome. C19H25BN4O4 CC(C)C[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)c1cnccn1)B(O)O CAS:179324-69-7 DrugBank:DB00188 Drug_Central:391 LINCS:LSM-6281 PMID:18484921 PMID:18980173 PMID:21504411 PMID:21865767 Reaxys:8723817 Wikipedia:Bortezomib N-[(1R)-1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl]-N(alpha)-(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide [(1R)-3-methyl-1-({(2S)-3-phenyl-2-[(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]propanoyl}amino)butyl]boronic acid N-[(1R)-1-(DIHYDROXYBORYL)-3-METHYLBUTYL]-N-(PYRAZIN-2-YLCARBONYL)-L-PHENYLALANINAMIDE PS 341 PS-341 Velcade bortezomib CHEBI:52717 bortezomib CAS:179324-69-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:391 DrugCentral PMID:18484921 Europe PMC PMID:18980173 Europe PMC PMID:21504411 Europe PMC PMID:21865767 Europe PMC Reaxys:8723817 Reaxys A drug that blocks the action of proteasomes, cellular complexes that break down proteins. proteasome inhibitors CHEBI:52726 proteasome inhibitor C15H22O3 Cc1ccc(C)c(OCCCC(C)(C)C(O)=O)c1 Beilstein:1881200 CAS:25812-30-0 DrugBank:DB01241 Drug_Central:1285 LINCS:LSM-2227 Wikipedia:Gemfibrozil 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid Gemfibrozil 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)valeriansaeure 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-xylyloxy)valeriansaeure 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-xylyloxy)valeric acid Gemfibrozilo Lopid gemfibrozil gemfibrozilum CHEBI:5296 gemfibrozil Beilstein:1881200 Beilstein CAS:25812-30-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1285 DrugCentral A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase IV, which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. topoisomerase IV inhibitors CHEBI:53559 topoisomerase IV inhibitor An entity which inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors reverse transcriptase inhibitor reverse transcriptase inhibitors CHEBI:53756 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor A drug that suppresses spasms. These are usually caused by smooth muscle contraction, especially in tubular organs. The effect is to prevent spasms of the stomach, intestine or urinary bladder. antispasmodics CHEBI:53784 antispasmodic drug An urea that has formula C23H28ClN3O5S. CASRN:10238-21-8 DrugBank:DB01016 InChIKeyZ:NNLBTZKUZBEKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Wikipedia:Glyburide glibenclamide glyburide A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion. gastrointestinal agent gastrointestinal agents gastrointestinal drugs CHEBI:55324 gastrointestinal drug A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Beilstein:7408417 CAS:166663-25-8 DrugBank:DB00362 PMID:15482216 PMID:16770294 PMID:17316149 PMID:19072176 PMID:19113794 PMID:19877739 PMID:19877740 PMID:19877741 PMID:19877742 PMID:24165173 PMID:24955796 PMID:25473029 Reaxys:7408417 N-{(2R,6S,9S,11R,12R,14aS,15S,16S,20S,23S,25aS)-23-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,11,12,15-tetrahydroxy-6,20-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16-methyl-5,8,14,19,22,25-hexaoxotetracosahydro-1H-dipyrrolo[2,1-c:2',1'-l][1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaazacyclohenicosin-9-yl}-4''-(pentyloxy)-1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-4-carboxamide Eraxis anidulafungin anidulafungina anidulafungine anidulafunginum CHEBI:55346 anidulafungin Beilstein:7408417 Beilstein CAS:166663-25-8 ChemIDplus CAS:166663-25-8 DrugBank PMID:15482216 Europe PMC PMID:16770294 Europe PMC PMID:17316149 Europe PMC PMID:19072176 Europe PMC PMID:19113794 Europe PMC PMID:19877739 Europe PMC PMID:19877740 Europe PMC PMID:19877741 Europe PMC PMID:19877742 Europe PMC PMID:24165173 Europe PMC PMID:24955796 Europe PMC PMID:25473029 Europe PMC Reaxys:7408417 Reaxys A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. malondialdehyde A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. Beilstein:8076827 CAS:95233-18-4 DrugBank:DB01117 Drug_Central:258 PMID:10658902 PMID:11956677 PMID:12791689 PMID:14727190 PMID:15044733 PMID:15718226 PMID:21735454 PMID:23292347 2-[trans-4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl]-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-(trans-4-(p-Chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone Acuvel Mepron Wellvone atovaquone CHEBI:575568 atovaquone Beilstein:8076827 Beilstein CAS:95233-18-4 ChemIDplus CAS:95233-18-4 DrugBank Drug_Central:258 DrugCentral PMID:10658902 Europe PMC PMID:11956677 Europe PMC PMID:12791689 Europe PMC PMID:14727190 Europe PMC PMID:15044733 Europe PMC PMID:15718226 Europe PMC PMID:21735454 Europe PMC PMID:23292347 Europe PMC A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group. C13H18O2 CC(C)Cc1ccc(cc1)C(C)C(O)=O CAS:15687-27-1 DrugBank:DB01050 2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid ibuprofen Any substance that stimulates an immune response in the body, such as through antibody production or by presentation to a T-cell receptor after binding to a major histocompability complex (MHC). antigen Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*). EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.21.* inhibitor EC 3.4.21.* inhibitors inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*) inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s serine endopeptidase inhibitor serine endopeptidase inhibitors CHEBI:5924 EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor An EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of squalene monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.132). EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitors squalene 2,3-oxidocyclase inhibitor squalene 2,3-oxidocyclase inhibitors squalene epoxidase inhibitor squalene epoxidase inhibitors squalene hydroxylase inhibitor squalene hydroxylase inhibitors squalene monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.132) inhibitor squalene monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.132) inhibitors squalene monooxygenase inhibitor squalene monooxygenase inhibitors squalene oxydocyclase inhibitor squalene oxydocyclase inhibitors squalene-2,3-epoxidase inhibitor squalene-2,3-epoxidase inhibitors squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase inhibitor squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase inhibitors CHEBI:59285 EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor CAS:76543-88-9 Interferon alfa-2a Interferon alpha-2A CHEBI:5937 Interferon alfa-2a CAS:145155-23-3 Interferon beta-1b CHEBI:5938 Interferon beta-1b Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. DNA synthesis inhibitors CHEBI:59517 DNA synthesis inhibitor CAS:54-92-2 Drug_Central:1480 LINCS:LSM-5940 Iproniazid euphozid iprazid iprazide iproniazid phosphate iproniazide iproniazide phosphate marsilid CHEBI:5958 Iproniazid Drug_Central:1480 DrugCentral A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner. electrophile electrophiles electrophilic reagents electrophilic reagent A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. nucleophile nucleophilic reagent A synthetic progestogen. progestins CHEBI:59826 progestin A drug which interferes with the binding, fusion and entry of an HIV virion to a human cell. By blocking this step in HIV's replication cycle, such agents slow the progression from HIV infection to AIDS. PMID:22470838 HIV entry inhibitor HIV entry inhibitors HIV fusion inhibitors CHEBI:59886 HIV fusion inhibitor PMID:22470838 Europe PMC A DNA polymerase inhibitor that interferes with the activity of reverse transcriptase, EC 2.7.7.49, a viral DNA polymerase enzyme that retroviruses need in order to reproduce. DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitor DNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitors EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitors EC 2.7.7.49 inhibitor EC 2.7.7.49 inhibitors RNA revertase inhibitor RNA revertase inhibitors RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitor RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitors RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor RNA-dependent deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.49) inhibitor RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.49) inhibitors RNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitor RNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitors RNA-instructed DNA polymerase inhibitor RNA-instructed DNA polymerase inhibitors RT inhibitor RT inhibitors deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitor deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) inhibitors reverse transcriptase inhibitor reverse transcriptase inhibitors revertase inhibitor revertase inhibitors telomerase inhibitor telomerase inhibitors CHEBI:59897 EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy. Beilstein:9610508 CAS:235114-32-6 DrugBank:DB01141 PMID:17194830 PMID:17307974 PMID:17325217 PMID:17325225 PMID:17420211 PMID:17785512 5-[(1S,2S)-2-{(2R,6S,9S,11R,12R,14aS,15S,16S,20S,23S,25aS)-20-[(1R)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl]-2,11,12,15-tetrahydroxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16-methyl-5,8,14,19,22,25-hexaoxo-9-[(4-{5-[4-(pentyloxy)phenyl]isoxazol-3-yl}benzoyl)amino]tetracosahydro-1H-dipyrrolo[2,1-c:2',1'-l][1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaazacyclohenicosin-23-yl}-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2-hydroxyphenyl hydrogen sulfate 5.1:6-anhydro{(4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-N(2)-(4-{5-[4-(pentyloxy)phenyl]isoxazol-3-yl}benzoyl)-L-ornithyl-L-threonyl-(4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(4S)-4-hydroxy-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]-L-threonyl-(3R)-3-hydroxy-L-glutaminyl-(3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-L-proline} Mycamine micafungin CHEBI:600520 micafungin Beilstein:9610508 Beilstein CAS:235114-32-6 ChemIDplus PMID:17194830 ChEMBL PMID:17307974 ChEMBL PMID:17325217 ChEMBL PMID:17325225 ChEMBL PMID:17420211 ChEMBL PMID:17785512 ChEMBL A derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at three unspecified positions. phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*). EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitor EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.* inhibitor EC 3.4.* inhibitors inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) peptidase inhibitors protease inhibitor protease inhibitors CHEBI:60258 EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between pyridine-4-carboxylic acid and hydrazine. C6H7N3O NNC(=O)c1ccncc1 CAS:54-85-3 DrugBank:DB00951 LINCS:LSM-6682 pyridine-4-carbohydrazide isoniazide A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. Beilstein:1885770 CAS:4759-48-2 DrugBank:DB00982 Drug_Central:1508 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPR01090021 PMID:11606947 PMID:11866680 PMID:15304471 PMID:18077132 PMID:18788179 PMID:19568610 PMID:20482692 PMID:23676507 PMID:9807973 Reaxys:1885770 (2Z,4E6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid (7E,9E,11E,13Z)-retinoic acid 13-RA 13-cis-Vitamin A acid 13-cis-retinoic acid Accutane Amnesteem Claravis Neovitamin A acid cis-RA isotretinoin isotretinoina isotretinoine isotretinoino isotretinoinum CHEBI:6067 isotretinoin Beilstein:1885770 Beilstein CAS:4759-48-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1508 DrugCentral LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMPR01090021 LIPID MAPS PMID:11606947 Europe PMC PMID:11866680 Europe PMC PMID:15304471 Europe PMC PMID:18077132 Europe PMC PMID:18788179 Europe PMC PMID:19568610 Europe PMC PMID:20482692 Europe PMC PMID:23676507 Europe PMC PMID:9807973 Europe PMC Reaxys:1885770 Reaxys An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. CAS:84625-61-6 DrugBank:DB01167 PMID:11219548 PMID:11403818 PMID:11422002 PMID:15521894 PMID:19025521 PMID:20400651 PMID:25326091 2-(butan-2-yl)-4-{4-[4-(4-{[(2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]phenyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one Itraconazole itraconazole Itrizole (TN) Oriconazole Sporanox (TN) CHEBI:6076 itraconazole CAS:84625-61-6 ChemIDplus PMID:11219548 Europe PMC PMID:11403818 Europe PMC PMID:11422002 Europe PMC PMID:15521894 Europe PMC PMID:19025521 Europe PMC PMID:20400651 Europe PMC PMID:25326091 Europe PMC Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids. EAA receptor antagonist EAA receptor antagonists excitatory amino acid antagonists excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists CHEBI:60798 excitatory amino acid antagonist A lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group. BMP is a negatively charged phospholipid found almost exclusively in late endosomes/lysosomes. BMP content is higher in alveolar macrophages (18% of total phospholipids) than in other cell types. BMP is a structural isomer of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and is synthesized through a series of acylation and deacylation steps involving a transacylase. BMP its unusual sn-1;sn-1′ structural configuration (based on the phosphate-linked glycerol carbon), which is not observed in other phospholipids. This unusual configuration is thought to play a role in the resistance of BMP to many phospholipases, and its stability in late endosomes/lysosomes. BMP stimulates the degradation of glycosphingolipids in coordination with lipid binding proteins (saposins) in lysosomes. PMID:25795792 BMP LBPA bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate lysobisphosphatidic acid PMID:22960355 Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules. tubulin modulators CHEBI:60832 tubulin modulator A poison that interferes with the function of the kidneys. nephrotoxins CHEBI:61015 nephrotoxin An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98). EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitors HDAC inhibitor HDAC inhibitors HDACi HDACis HDI HDIs histone amidohydrolase inhibitor histone amidohydrolase inhibitors histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors histone deacetylase inhibitor histone deacetylase inhibitors CHEBI:61115 EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid. FA derivative fatty acid derivative A fatty acyl-CoA in which the fatty acyl group has a chain length greater than C22. VLCFA-CoA very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules. PMID:17099073 microtubule destabilising agent microtubule destabilising agents microtubule destabilising role microtubule destabilizing role microtubule-destabilising agents microtubule-destabilizing agent microtubule-destabilizing agents CHEBI:61951 microtubule-destabilising agent PMID:17099073 Europe PMC An EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.1). AATK inhibitor AATYK inhibitor AATYK2 inhibitor AATYK3 inhibitor ACH inhibitor ALK inhibitor ALK inhibitors ARK inhibitor ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) inhibitor ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) inhibitors AXL inhibitor BRT inhibitor Bek inhibitor Bfgfr inhibitor Bsk inhibitor C-FMS inhibitor CAK inhibitor CCK4 inhibitor CD115 inhibitor CD135 inhibitor CDw135 inhibitor CFD1 inhibitor CKIT inhibitor CSF1R inhibitor Cek1 inhibitor Cek10 inhibitor Cek11 inhibitor Cek2 inhibitor Cek3 inhibitor Cek5 inhibitor Cek6 inhibitor Cek7 inhibitor DAlk inhibitor DDR1 inhibitor DDR2 inhibitor DKFZp434C1418 inhibitor DRT inhibitor DTK inhibitor Dek inhibitor Drosophila Eph kinase inhibitor EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.10.1 inhibitor EC 2.7.10.1 inhibitors ECK inhibitor EDDR1 inhibitor EGFR inhibitor EPH inhibitor EPHA1 inhibitor EPHA2 inhibitor EPHA6 inhibitor EPHA7 inhibitor EPHA8 inhibitor EPHB1 inhibitor EPHB2 inhibitor EPHB3 inhibitor EPHB4 inhibitor EPHT inhibitor EPHT2 inhibitor EPHT3 inhibitor EPHX inhibitor ERBB inhibitor ERBB1 inhibitor ERBB2 inhibitor ERBB3 inhibitor ERBB4 inhibitor ERK inhibitor Ebk inhibitor Eek inhibitor Ehk2 inhibitor Ehk3 inhibitor Elk inhibitor EphB5 inhibitor Eyk inhibitor FGFR1 inhibitor FGFR2 inhibitor FGFR3 inhibitor FGFR4 inhibitor FLG inhibitor FLK1 inhibitor FLK2 inhibitor FLT1 inhibitor FLT2 inhibitor FLT3 inhibitor FLT4 inhibitor FMS inhibitor Fv2 inhibitor HBGFR inhibitor HEK11 inhibitor HEK2 inhibitor HEK3 inhibitor HEK5 inhibitor HEK6 inhibitor HEP inhibitor HER2 inhibitor HER3 inhibitor HER4 inhibitor HGFR inhibitor HSCR1 inhibitor HTK inhibitor IGF1R inhibitor INSR inhibitor INSRR inhibitor IR inhibitor IRR inhibitor JTK12 inhibitor JTK13 inhibitor JTK14 inhibitor JWS inhibitor K-SAM inhibitor KDR inhibitor KGFR inhibitor KIA0641 inhibitor KIAA1079 inhibitor KIAA1459 inhibitor KIT inhibitor KLG inhibitor Kil inhibitor Kin15 inhibitor Kin16 inhibitor LTK inhibitor MCF3 inhibitor MEN2A/B inhibitor MER inhibitor MERTK inhibitor MEhk1 inhibitor MST1R inhibitor MTC1 inhibitor MUSK inhibitor Mdk1 inhibitor Mdk2 inhibitor Mdk5 inhibitor Mep inhibitor Mlk1 inhibitor Mlk2 inhibitor Mrk inhibitor Myk1 inhibitor N-SAM inhibitor NEP inhibitor NET inhibitor NGL inhibitor NOK inhibitor NTRK1 inhibitor NTRK2 inhibitor NTRK3 inhibitor NTRK4 inhibitor NTRKR1 inhibitor NTRKR2 inhibitor NTRKR3 inhibitor NYK inhibitor Neu inhibitor Nsk2 inhibitor Nuk inhibitor PCL inhibitor PDGFR inhibitor PDGFRA inhibitor PDGFRB inhibitor PHB6 inhibitor PTK inhibitor PTK3 inhibitor PTK7 inhibitor RET inhibitor RON inhibitor ROR1 inhibitor ROR2 inhibitor ROS1 inhibitor RSE inhibitor RTK inhibitor RYK inhibitor SEA inhibitor SKY inhibitor STK inhibitor STK1 inhibitor Sek2 inhibitor Sek3 inhibitor Sek4 inhibitor Sfr inhibitor TEK inhibitor TIE inhibitor TIE1 inhibitor TIE2 inhibitor TIF inhibitor TKT inhibitor TRK inhibitor TRKA inhibitor TRKB inhibitor TRKC inhibitor TRKE inhibitor TYK1 inhibitor TYRO10 inhibitor TYRO3 inhibitor TYRO7 inhibitor Tyro11 inhibitor Tyro5 inhibitor Tyro6 inhibitor UFO inhibitor VEGFR1 inhibitor VEGFR2 inhibitor VEGFR3 inhibitor Vik inhibitor YK1 inhibitor Yrk inhibitor anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors ephrin-B3 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor neurite outgrowth regulating kinase inhibitor nork inhibitor novel oncogene with kinase-domain inhibitor receptor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.1) inhibitor receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.1) inhibitors receptor protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor receptor protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors CHEBI:62434 EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor An EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1). EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitors EC 1.2.3.1 inhibitor EC 1.2.3.1 inhibitors aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) inhibitor aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) inhibitors aldehyde oxidase inhibitor aldehyde oxidase inhibitors aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors quinoline oxidase inhibitor quinoline oxidase inhibitors retinal oxidase inhibitor retinal oxidase inhibitors retinoic acid synthase inhibitor retinoic acid synthase inhibitors CHEBI:62872 EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor An EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitors EC 2.4.2.1 inhibitor EC 2.4.2.1 inhibitors PNPase inhibitor PNPase inhibitors PUNPI inhibitor PUNPI inhibitors PUNPII inhibitor PUNPII inhibitors inosine phosphorylase inhibitor inosine phosphorylase inhibitors inosine-guanosine phosphorylase inhibitor inosine-guanosine phosphorylase inhibitors nucleotide phosphatase inhibitor nucleotide phosphatase inhibitors purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) inhibitor purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) inhibitors purine-nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor purine-nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors purine-nucleoside:phosphate ribosyltransferase inhibitor purine-nucleoside:phosphate ribosyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:63090 EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species. Wikipedia:Reducing_agent reducer reductant reducing agent A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction. oxidant oxidiser oxidizer oxidising agent A secondary amino compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two of the hydrogens by 2-(3-carbamoyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl and 4-phenylbutan-2-yl groups. It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure. Beilstein:2948416 CAS:36894-69-6 DrugBank:DB00598 Drug_Central:1531 LINCS:LSM-1282 PMID:21908132 PMID:22300487 PMID:22528277 PMID:23055089 PMID:28166217 Reaxys:2948416 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide Labetalol 3-Carboxamido-4-hydroxy-alpha-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol 5-(1-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)ethyl)salicylamide kabetalol labetalol labetalolum CHEBI:6343 labetalol Beilstein:2948416 Beilstein CAS:36894-69-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1531 DrugCentral PMID:21908132 Europe PMC PMID:22300487 Europe PMC PMID:22528277 Europe PMC PMID:23055089 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC Reaxys:2948416 Reaxys A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase C10H12N2O4 Cc1cn([C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)C=C2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O CAS:3056-17-5 DrugBank:DB00649 Drug_Central:2478 LINCS:LSM-5983 Reaxys:618327 Wikipedia:Stavudine 1-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione Stavudine d4T 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine 2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxythimidine 3'-Deoxy-2'-thymidinene STV Sanilvudine d4T estavudina stavudine stavudinum CHEBI:63581 stavudine CAS:3056-17-5 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2478 DrugCentral Reaxys:618327 Reaxys An aminopyrimidine that consists of 2,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing a bromo substituent at position 5, a 4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy substituent at position 4 and having a 4-cyanophenyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. NNRTI of HIV-1, binds directly to RT and blocks RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities CAS:269055-15-4 DrugBank:DB06414 PMID:21114458 PMID:21142266 PMID:21173188 PMID:21189339 PMID:21383098 PMID:21464253 PMID:21557669 PMID:21600016 PMID:21637112 PMID:21881478 PMID:22011983 PMID:22089378 PMID:22190606 PMID:25017682 Reaxys:8945855 4-({6-amino-5-bromo-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl}oxy)-3,5-dimethylbenzonitrile etravirine CHEBI:63589 etravirine CAS:269055-15-4 ChemIDplus PMID:21114458 Europe PMC PMID:21142266 Europe PMC PMID:21173188 Europe PMC PMID:21189339 Europe PMC PMID:21383098 Europe PMC PMID:21464253 Europe PMC PMID:21557669 Europe PMC PMID:21600016 Europe PMC PMID:21637112 Europe PMC PMID:21881478 Europe PMC PMID:22011983 Europe PMC PMID:22089378 Europe PMC PMID:22190606 Europe PMC PMID:25017682 Europe PMC Reaxys:8945855 Reaxys An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase CAS:100986-85-4 DrugBank:DB01137 Drug_Central:1569 LINCS:LSM-5270 PMID:21075586 PMID:21965436 PMID:21974858 PMID:22088660 PMID:22221614 Reaxys:5385660 (3S)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid (-)-Ofloxacin (3S)-(-)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid (S)-(-)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzooxazine-6-carboxylic acid (S)-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid (S)-Ofloxacin L-Ofloxacin Ofloxacin S-(-)-form levofloxacin levofloxacine levofloxacino levofloxacinum CHEBI:63598 levofloxacin CAS:100986-85-4 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1569 DrugCentral PMID:21075586 Europe PMC PMID:21965436 Europe PMC PMID:21974858 Europe PMC PMID:22088660 Europe PMC PMID:22221614 Europe PMC Reaxys:5385660 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4,4-difluorocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the primary amino group of (1S)-3-[(3-exo)-3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-1-phenylpropylamine. An antiretroviral drug, it prevents the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) necessary for CCR5-tropic HIV-1 to enter cells. CAS:376348-65-1 DrugBank:DB04835 PMID:21134404 PMID:21383098 PMID:21393136 PMID:21505306 PMID:21595497 PMID:21692669 PMID:21987241 PMID:22017448 PMID:22034870 PMID:22064539 PMID:22090117 PMID:22118500 PMID:22174038 PMID:22236118 PMID:22247337 PMID:24419064 PMID:24651825 PMID:24652492 PMID:25017682 Reaxys:10131963 4,4-difluoro-N-{(1S)-3-[(3-exo)-3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl}cyclohexanecarboxamide maraviroc maravirocum CHEBI:63608 maraviroc CAS:376348-65-1 ChemIDplus PMID:21134404 Europe PMC PMID:21383098 Europe PMC PMID:21393136 Europe PMC PMID:21505306 Europe PMC PMID:21595497 Europe PMC PMID:21692669 Europe PMC PMID:21987241 Europe PMC PMID:22017448 Europe PMC PMID:22034870 Europe PMC PMID:22064539 Europe PMC PMID:22090117 Europe PMC PMID:22118500 Europe PMC PMID:22174038 Europe PMC PMID:22236118 Europe PMC PMID:22247337 Europe PMC PMID:24419064 Europe PMC PMID:24651825 Europe PMC PMID:24652492 Europe PMC PMID:25017682 Europe PMC Reaxys:10131963 Reaxys A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. CAS:129618-40-2 DrugBank:DB00238 LINCS:LSM-5336 PMID:1712395 PMID:25017682 PMID:28782122 PMID:28786740 PMID:28819312 PMID:28827836 PMID:28835669 Reaxys:4757598 11-cyclopropyl-4-methyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepin-6-one Nevirapine 11-cyclopropyl-5,11-dihydro-4-methyl-6H-dipyrido(3,2-b:2',3'-e)(1,4)diazepin-6-one NEV NVP Viramune nevirapine CHEBI:63613 nevirapine CAS:129618-40-2 ChemIDplus PMID:1712395 Europe PMC PMID:25017682 Europe PMC PMID:28782122 Europe PMC PMID:28786740 Europe PMC PMID:28819312 Europe PMC PMID:28827836 Europe PMC PMID:28835669 Europe PMC Reaxys:4757598 Reaxys A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. CAS:174484-41-4 DrugBank:DB00932 PMID:17620375 PMID:20368406 PMID:21041916 PMID:21571982 PMID:21576452 PMID:21825300 PMID:21871444 PMID:22007990 PMID:22096044 PMID:22258921 PMID:25017682 Reaxys:7698323 N-(3-{(1R)-1-[(6R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-6-(2-phenylethyl)-6-propyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]propyl}phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide 3'-((1R)-1-((6R)-5,6-Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-6-phenethyl-6-propyl-2H-pyran-3-yl)propyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinesulfonanilide tipranavir CHEBI:63628 tipranavir CAS:174484-41-4 ChemIDplus PMID:17620375 Europe PMC PMID:20368406 Europe PMC PMID:21041916 Europe PMC PMID:21571982 Europe PMC PMID:21576452 Europe PMC PMID:21825300 Europe PMC PMID:21871444 Europe PMC PMID:22007990 Europe PMC PMID:22096044 Europe PMC PMID:22258921 Europe PMC PMID:25017682 Europe PMC Reaxys:7698323 Reaxys 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. Beilstein:618691 CAS:51322-75-9 DrugBank:DB00697 Drug_Central:2683 LINCS:LSM-5242 PMID:21317414 PMID:21733633 PMID:21982341 PMID:22196407 PMID:22223284 Reaxys:618691 5-chloro-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-amine Tizanidine 5-Chloro-4-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole tizanidina tizanidine tizanidinum CHEBI:63629 tizanidine Beilstein:618691 ChemIDplus CAS:51322-75-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2683 DrugCentral PMID:21317414 Europe PMC PMID:21733633 Europe PMC PMID:21982341 Europe PMC PMID:22196407 Europe PMC PMID:22223284 Europe PMC Reaxys:618691 Reaxys Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. DrugBank:DB00323 Drug_Central:2697 LINCS:LSM-5282 PMID:20381177 PMID:20502133 PMID:21521027 PMID:22136163 Reaxys:8151577 (3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)(4-methylphenyl)methanone 3,4-Dihydroxy-4'-methyl-5-nitrobenzophenone 3,4-dihydroxy-4'-methyl-5-nitrobenzophenone 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitro-4'-methylbenzophenone 4'-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzophenone tolcapone CHEBI:63630 tolcapone Drug_Central:2697 DrugCentral PMID:20381177 Europe PMC PMID:20502133 Europe PMC PMID:21521027 Europe PMC PMID:22136163 Europe PMC Reaxys:8151577 Reaxys A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6. CAS:84057-84-1 DrugBank:DB00555 Drug_Central:1540 LINCS:LSM-4104 PMID:20825390 PMID:21242744 Reaxys:7589268 6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5-diamine 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine Lamictal lamotrigina lamotrigine lamotriginum CHEBI:6367 lamotrigine CAS:84057-84-1 ChemIDplus CAS:84057-84-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1540 DrugCentral PMID:20825390 Europe PMC PMID:21242744 Europe PMC Reaxys:7589268 Reaxys An antogonist that blocks chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). CCR-5 antagonist CCR-5 antagonists CCR5 antagonist CCR5 antagonists chemokine receptor 5 antagonists CHEBI:63673 chemokine receptor 5 antagonist Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. neuroprotectant neuroprotectants neuroprotective agents CHEBI:63726 neuroprotective agent C18H23NO6 [H][C@@]12[C@H]3CCN1CC=C2COC(=O)[C@@](O)(CO)C(=C)C\C(=C\C)C(=O)O3 A macrolide that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionan bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18 as well as two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16. CAS:23246-96-0 (15Z)-12,18-dihydroxy-13,19-didehydrosenecionan-11,16-dione riddelliine An agonist at the estrogen receptor. estrogen receptor agonist An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor protein kinase C agonists CHEBI:64018 protein kinase C agonist A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. Beilstein:4323174 CAS:75706-12-6 DrugBank:DB01097 Drug_Central:1552 LINCS:LSM-3771 PMID:10515382 PMID:10702725 PMID:10890256 PMID:11043056 PMID:11053058 PMID:11067959 PMID:11271257 PMID:11333342 PMID:11340750 PMID:11391470 PMID:11475244 PMID:11522581 PMID:11707749 PMID:11718154 PMID:11876141 PMID:11884931 PMID:11994686 PMID:12017890 PMID:12074690 PMID:12833393 PMID:14622739 PMID:15030575 PMID:15127968 PMID:15127974 PMID:15188371 PMID:15214907 PMID:15385935 PMID:15489872 PMID:15537652 PMID:15652966 PMID:15665760 PMID:15789891 PMID:15899055 PMID:15934905 PMID:16106593 PMID:16142756 PMID:16202258 PMID:16284916 PMID:16638062 PMID:16638420 PMID:16645972 PMID:16688677 PMID:16769661 PMID:16778342 PMID:17366662 PMID:17604599 PMID:17646975 PMID:17854740 PMID:18034546 PMID:18173611 PMID:18413415 PMID:18496682 PMID:18663553 PMID:18688040 PMID:19169882 PMID:19190124 PMID:19344337 PMID:19581389 PMID:19715969 PMID:19751817 PMID:19770782 PMID:7496341 PMID:7676489 PMID:8610393 PMID:9075844 PMID:9123314 PMID:9625011 PMID:9777697 Reaxys:4323174 5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamide Leflunomide 5-Methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-isoxazolecarboxamide 5-Methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethyl)anilide Arava alpha,alpha,alpha-Trifluoro-5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxy-p-toluidide leflunomida leflunomide leflunomidum CHEBI:6402 leflunomide Beilstein:4323174 Beilstein CAS:75706-12-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1552 DrugCentral PMID:10515382 Europe PMC PMID:10702725 Europe PMC PMID:10890256 Europe PMC PMID:11043056 Europe PMC PMID:11053058 Europe PMC PMID:11067959 Europe PMC PMID:11271257 Europe PMC PMID:11333342 Europe PMC PMID:11340750 Europe PMC PMID:11391470 Europe PMC PMID:11475244 Europe PMC PMID:11522581 Europe PMC PMID:11707749 Europe PMC PMID:11718154 Europe PMC PMID:11876141 Europe PMC PMID:11884931 Europe PMC PMID:11994686 Europe PMC PMID:12017890 Europe PMC PMID:12074690 Europe PMC PMID:12833393 Europe PMC PMID:14622739 Europe PMC PMID:15030575 Europe PMC PMID:15127968 Europe PMC PMID:15127974 Europe PMC PMID:15188371 Europe PMC PMID:15214907 Europe PMC PMID:15385935 Europe PMC PMID:15489872 Europe PMC PMID:15537652 Europe PMC PMID:15652966 Europe PMC PMID:15665760 Europe PMC PMID:15789891 Europe PMC PMID:15899055 Europe PMC PMID:15934905 Europe PMC PMID:16106593 Europe PMC PMID:16142756 Europe PMC PMID:16202258 Europe PMC PMID:16284916 Europe PMC PMID:16638062 Europe PMC PMID:16638420 Europe PMC PMID:16645972 Europe PMC PMID:16688677 Europe PMC PMID:16769661 Europe PMC PMID:16778342 Europe PMC PMID:17366662 Europe PMC PMID:17604599 Europe PMC PMID:17646975 Europe PMC PMID:17854740 Europe PMC PMID:18034546 Europe PMC PMID:18173611 Europe PMC PMID:18413415 Europe PMC PMID:18496682 Europe PMC PMID:18663553 Europe PMC PMID:18688040 Europe PMC PMID:19169882 Europe PMC PMID:19190124 Europe PMC PMID:19344337 Europe PMC PMID:19581389 Europe PMC PMID:19715969 Europe PMC PMID:19751817 Europe PMC PMID:19770782 Europe PMC PMID:7496341 Europe PMC PMID:7676489 Europe PMC PMID:8610393 Europe PMC PMID:9075844 Europe PMC PMID:9123314 Europe PMC PMID:9625011 Europe PMC PMID:9777697 Europe PMC Reaxys:4323174 Reaxys An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor. protein kinase agonists CHEBI:64106 protein kinase agonist Any chemical substance produced during the conversion of a reactant to a product. Wikipedia:Reaction_intermediate reaction intermediate An N-arylpiperazine that consists of piperazine carrying two 4-substituted phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4. A triazole antifungal drug. CAS:171228-49-2 DrugBank:DB01263 Drug_Central:3483 PMID:21762211 PMID:21967490 PMID:22058198 PMID:22176629 PMID:22215361 PMID:22215487 PMID:22286158 PMID:22290952 PMID:22303909 PMID:22324990 PMID:22330929 PMID:22380765 PMID:22391464 PMID:22391534 PMID:22427614 Reaxys:8379448 2,5-anhydro-1,3,4-trideoxy-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-({4-[4-(4-{1-[(2S,3S)-2-hydroxypentan-3-yl]-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl}phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-D-threo-pentitol Noxafil SCH56592 Sch 56592 Schering 56592 posaconazole CHEBI:64355 posaconazole CAS:171228-49-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:3483 DrugCentral PMID:21762211 Europe PMC PMID:21967490 Europe PMC PMID:22058198 Europe PMC PMID:22176629 Europe PMC PMID:22215361 Europe PMC PMID:22215487 Europe PMC PMID:22286158 Europe PMC PMID:22290952 Europe PMC PMID:22303909 Europe PMC PMID:22324990 Europe PMC PMID:22330929 Europe PMC PMID:22380765 Europe PMC PMID:22391464 Europe PMC PMID:22391534 Europe PMC PMID:22427614 Europe PMC Reaxys:8379448 Reaxys A neurotransmitter transporter modulator that activates glutamate transporters. excitatory amino-acid transporter activator excitatory amino-acid transporter activators glutamate transporter activators CHEBI:64370 glutamate transporter activator A membrane transport modulator that affects the transport of neurotransmitters. neurotransmitter transporter modulators CHEBI:64371 neurotransmitter transporter modulator A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2. phosphatidylcholine Any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of a sphingoid base is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxy group of the sphingoid base is esterified to phosphorylcholine. Ceramide phosphocholine sphingomyelin Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. Wikipedia:Poison poisonous agent poisonous agents poisonous substance poisonous substances poisons toxic agent toxic agents toxic substance toxic substances CHEBI:64909 poison Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis). antimitotics mitosis inhibitor mitosis inhibitors mitotic inhibitor mitotic inhibitors CHEBI:64911 antimitotic A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by Mycobacteria, a genus of actinobacteria. Aerobic and nonmotile, members of the genus include the pathogens responsible for causing tuberculosis and leprosy. antimycobacterial agent antimycobacterial agents antimycobacterial drugs antimycobacterials antimycobacterium CHEBI:64912 antimycobacterial drug An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria. antiplasmodial agent antiplasmodial agents antiplasmodial drugs antiplasmodium agent antiplasmodium agents antiplasmodium drug antiplasmodium drugs CHEBI:64915 antiplasmodial drug Any protease inhibitor that restricts the action of a serine protease. serine protease inhibitors serine proteinase inhibitor serine proteinase inhibitors CHEBI:64926 serine protease inhibitor An antiviral agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus. anti-AIDS agent anti-AIDS agents anti-HIV agents CHEBI:64946 anti-HIV agent An anti-HIV agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of HIV-1, the more infective and more virulent of the two types of HIV virus. anti-HIV-1 agents anti-HTLV-III agent anti-HTLV-III agents anti-LAV agent anti-LAV agents CHEBI:64947 anti-HIV-1 agent A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. lipoprotein A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34). 5-LOX inhibitor 5-LOX inhibitors 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors 5delta-lipoxygenase inhibitor 5delta-lipoxygenase inhibitors C-5-lipoxygenase inhibitor C-5-lipoxygenase inhibitors EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.34 inhibitor EC 1.13.11.34 inhibitors LTA synthase inhibitor LTA synthase inhibitors arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34) inhibitor arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34) inhibitors arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors delta(5)-lipoxygenase inhibitor delta(5)-lipoxygenase inhibitors leukotriene A4 synthase inhibitor leukotriene A4 synthase inhibitors leukotriene-A4 synthase inhibitor leukotriene-A4 synthase inhibitors CHEBI:64964 EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.3 inhibitor EC 3.1.1.3 inhibitors GEH inhibitor GEH inhibitors PPL inhibitor PPL inhibitors Tween hydrolase inhibitor Tween hydrolase inhibitors Tweenase inhibitor Tweenase inhibitors Tweenesterase inhibitor Tweenesterase inhibitors butyrinase inhibitor butyrinase inhibitors cacordase inhibitor cacordase inhibitors capalase L inhibitor capalase L inhibitors glycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor glycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors glycerol-ester hydrolase inhibitor glycerol-ester hydrolase inhibitors heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitor heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitors hepatic lipase inhibitor hepatic lipase inhibitors hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors lipase inhibitor lipase inhibitors lipazin inhibitor lipazin inhibitors liver lipase inhibitor liver lipase inhibitors pancreatic lipase inhibitor pancreatic lipase inhibitors pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitor post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitors salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitor salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitors steapsin inhibitor steapsin inhibitors triacetinase inhibitor triacetinase inhibitors triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitor triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitors triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors tributyrase inhibitor tributyrase inhibitors tributyrin esterase inhibitor tributyrin esterase inhibitors tributyrinase inhibitor tributyrinase inhibitors triglyceridase inhibitor triglyceridase inhibitors triglyceride hydrolase inhibitor triglyceride hydrolase inhibitors triglyceride lipase inhibitor triglyceride lipase inhibitors triolein hydrolase inhibitor triolein hydrolase inhibitors tween-hydrolysing esterase inhibitor tween-hydrolyzing esterase inhibitors CHEBI:65001 EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor Any compound that has anti-asthmatic effects. anti-asthmatic agents antiasthmatic agent antiasthmatic agents CHEBI:65023 anti-asthmatic agent A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage. CAS:192939-46-1 DrugBank:DB04898 Drug_Central:2852 PMID:12846595 PMID:15487959 PMID:16084146 PMID:16106594 PMID:16123912 PMID:16511607 PMID:16767816 PMID:17319469 PMID:17636192 PMID:19028773 PMID:20020269 PMID:28338626 Reaxys:14559655 ethyl N-{(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S)-2-{[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzyl]carbamoyl}azetidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}glycinate Exanta Exarta H 376-95 H 376/95 H 37695 ethyl 2-[[(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-2- [(2S)-2-[[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl) phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]azetidin-1-yl]- 2-oxo-ethyl]amino]acetate ximelagatran ximelagatran (oxime form) ximelagatranum CHEBI:65172 ximelagatran CAS:192939-46-1 ChemIDplus DrugBank:DB04898 SUBMITTER Drug_Central:2852 DrugCentral PMID:12846595 Europe PMC PMID:15487959 Europe PMC PMID:16084146 Europe PMC PMID:16106594 Europe PMC PMID:16123912 Europe PMC PMID:16511607 Europe PMC PMID:16767816 Europe PMC PMID:17319469 Europe PMC PMID:17636192 Europe PMC PMID:19028773 Europe PMC PMID:20020269 Europe PMC PMID:28338626 Europe PMC Reaxys:14559655 Reaxys Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements. Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements. atypical antipsychotic atypical antipsychotic agent atypical antipsychotic agents atypical antipsychotic drug atypical antipsychotic drugs atypical antipsychotics second generation antipsychotic agent second generation antipsychotic agents second generation antipsychotic drug second generation antipsychotic drugs second generation antipsychotics CHEBI:65191 second generation antipsychotic An antagonist at the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. VEGF receptor inhibitor VEGF receptor inhibitors VEGFR inhibitor VEGFR inhibitors vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonists vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors CHEBI:65207 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist An EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5). E thrombin inhibitor E thrombin inhibitors EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitors EC 3.4.21.5 inhibitor EC 3.4.21.5 inhibitors activated blood-coagulation factor II inhibitor activated blood-coagulation factor II inhibitors beta-thrombin inhibitor beta-thrombin inhibitors blood-coagulation factor IIa inhibitor blood-coagulation factor IIa inhibitors factor IIa inhibitor factor IIa inhibitors fibrinogenase inhibitor fibrinogenase inhibitors gamma-thrombin inhibitor gamma-thrombin inhibitors thrombase inhibitor thrombase inhibitors thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) inhibitor thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) inhibitors thrombin inhibitor thrombin inhibitors thrombin-C inhibitor thrombin-C inhibitors thrombofort inhibitor thrombofort inhibitors tropostasin inhibitor tropostasin inhibitors CHEBI:65232 EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor A compound that inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid. GABA antagonists gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists CHEBI:65259 GABA antagonist Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia. antidyskinesia agents antidyskinesia drug antidyskinesia drugs antidyskinetic agent antidyskinetic agents antidyskinetic drug antidyskinetic drugs CHEBI:66956 antidyskinesia agent CHEBI:66987 radiation protective agent Any compound which inhibits the postganglionic functioning of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). sympatholytic sympatholytic agents sympatholytic drug sympatholytic drugs sympatholytics CHEBI:66991 sympatholytic agent Any compound used to suppress premature labour and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions. anti-contraction drug anti-contraction drugs anti-contraction medication anti-contraction medications labour repressant labour repressants tocolytic tocolytic agents tocolytic drug tocolytic drugs tocolytics CHEBI:66993 tocolytic agent A chemosterilant intended to sterilize insects. insect chemosterilant insect chemosterilants insect sterilants CHEBI:67105 insect sterilant A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction. Wikipedia:Ryanodine_receptor RyR activator RyR agonists ryanodine receptor agonist An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. CAS:61-68-7 DrugBank:DB00784 Drug_Central:1663 LINCS:LSM-4085 PMID:14001132 PMID:17330662 PMID:22275128 PMID:22369458 PMID:23402341 PMID:23494912 PMID:23656341 PMID:2684858 PMID:28166217 PMID:3304401 PMID:4212650 PMID:425903 PMID:4916242 PMID:5286553 PMID:577447 PMID:6155061 Reaxys:2216243 2-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid CI-473 CN 35355 CN-35355 INF 3355 INF-3355 Mefenaminsaeure N-(2,3-xylyl)-2-aminobenzoic acid N-2,3-xylylanthranilic acid Ponstel acide mefenamique acido mefenamico acidum mefenamicum mefenamic acid CHEBI:6717 mefenamic acid CAS:61-68-7 ChemIDplus CAS:61-68-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1663 DrugCentral PMID:14001132 Europe PMC PMID:17330662 Europe PMC PMID:22275128 Europe PMC PMID:22369458 Europe PMC PMID:23402341 Europe PMC PMID:23494912 Europe PMC PMID:23656341 Europe PMC PMID:2684858 Europe PMC PMID:28166217 Europe PMC PMID:3304401 Europe PMC PMID:4212650 Europe PMC PMID:425903 Europe PMC PMID:4916242 Europe PMC PMID:5286553 Europe PMC PMID:577447 Europe PMC PMID:6155061 Europe PMC Reaxys:2216243 Reaxys An antogonist that interferes with the action of activator protein 1 (AP-1). AP-1 antagonist An EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitors EC 3.2.1.20 inhibitor EC 3.2.1.20 inhibitors alpha-1,4-glucosidase inhibitor alpha-1,4-glucosidase inhibitors alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitor alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitors alpha-glucopyranosidase inhibitor alpha-glucopyranosidase inhibitors alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitor alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitors alpha-glucosidase inhibitor alpha-glucosidase inhibitors alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitor alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitors glucoinvertase inhibitor glucoinvertase inhibitors glucosidoinvertase inhibitor glucosidoinvertase inhibitors glucosidosucrase inhibitor glucosidosucrase inhibitors maltase inhibitor maltase inhibitors maltase-glucoamylase inhibitor maltase-glucoamylase inhibitors CHEBI:67239 EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. CN1C(C(=O)Nc2ncc(C)s2)=C(O)c2ccccc2S1(=O)=O DrugBank:DB00814 http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/redirect?Nikkaji_No=J22.773K 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide MLX meloxicam A purine nucleoside analogue consisting of a 6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl group attached to the 1beta position of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose. It is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits DNA synthesisis and so stops the growth of cancer cells. Clofarabine is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Beilstein:4882539 CAS:123318-82-1 DrugBank:DB00631 PMID:19929004 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-amine clofarabine (2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol 2-chloro-9-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine CAFdA Cl-F-Ara-A clofarabina clofarabine clofarabinum CHEBI:681569 clofarabine Beilstein:4882539 Beilstein CAS:123318-82-1 ChemIDplus PMID:19929004 ChEMBL Any substance that inhibits the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms. Type I cell-death inhibitor apoptosis inhibitor Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms. Type I cell-death inducer Type I cell-death inducers Type I programmed cell-death inducer Type I programmed cell-death inducers apoptosis inducers CHEBI:68495 apoptosis inducer A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis. C8H12O4 CCOC(=O)C=C/C(=O)OCC CAS:141-05-9 PMID:1471155 PMID:1609410 PMID:3341033 diethyl (2Z)-but-2-enedioate diethyl malate A compound which causes a reduction in the levels of glutathione in cells. glutathione depletion agent role glutathione depleting agent An EC 1.3.98.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors, with other, known, acceptors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate), EC 1.3.98.1 (formerly EC 1.3.3.1). (S)-dihydroorotate:fumarate oxidoreductase inhibitor (S)-dihydroorotate:fumarate oxidoreductase inhibitors DHODH inhibitor DHODH inhibitors EC 1.3.3.1 inhibitor EC 1.3.3.1 inhibitors EC 1.3.98.1 (dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)) inhibitor EC 1.3.98.1 (dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)) inhibitors EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitors EC 1.3.98.1 inhibitor EC 1.3.98.1 inhibitors dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate) (EC 1.3.98.1) inhibitor dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate) (EC 1.3.98.1) inhibitors dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate) inhibitor dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate) inhibitors CHEBI:68542 EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor A pathway inhibitor that inhibits the synthesis of pyrimidine. pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors CHEBI:68543 pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor An antagonist at the P2Y12 receptor ADP receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonist ADP receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonists P2Y12 receptor antagonists purinergic receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonist purinergic receptor subtype P2Y12 antagonists CHEBI:68563 P2Y12 receptor antagonist An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. CAS:31828-71-4 DrugBank:DB00379 Drug_Central:1794 LINCS:LSM-1700 PMID:10883344 PMID:11009230 Reaxys:2092205 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine Mexiletine (+-)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine (2RS)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-aminopropane 1-(2',6'-dimethylphenoxy)-2-aminopropane 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanamine 1-methyl-2-(2,6-xylyloxy)ethanamine mexiletina mexiletine mexiletinum CHEBI:6916 mexiletine CAS:31828-71-4 ChemIDplus CAS:31828-71-4 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1794 DrugCentral PMID:10883344 Europe PMC PMID:11009230 Europe PMC Reaxys:2092205 Reaxys An EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the topoisomerases (enzymes that regulate the overwinding or underwinding of DNA). topoisomerase inhibitors CHEBI:70727 topoisomerase inhibitor A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. PPAR-alpha agonist peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist PPARalpha agonist A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer. CAS:444731-52-6 Drug_Central:4118 LINCS:LSM-1114 PMID:21394443 PMID:21766486 PMID:21811833 PMID:22112314 PMID:22190407 PMID:22233389 PMID:22341567 PMID:22359392 PMID:22595799 PMID:22679111 PMID:22688250 PMID:22716487 PMID:22733110 PMID:22733795 PMID:22759480 PMID:22766517 PMID:22830347 PMID:22861374 PMID:22917595 PMID:22984765 PMID:23054212 PMID:23064954 PMID:23072642 PMID:23088634 PMID:23135778 Reaxys:11646488 5-({4-[(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide GW 78603 GW786034 pazopanib pazopanibum CHEBI:71219 pazopanib CAS:444731-52-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:4118 DrugCentral PMID:21394443 Europe PMC PMID:21766486 Europe PMC PMID:21811833 Europe PMC PMID:22112314 Europe PMC PMID:22190407 Europe PMC PMID:22233389 Europe PMC PMID:22341567 Europe PMC PMID:22359392 Europe PMC PMID:22595799 Europe PMC PMID:22679111 Europe PMC PMID:22688250 Europe PMC PMID:22716487 Europe PMC PMID:22733110 Europe PMC PMID:22733795 Europe PMC PMID:22759480 Europe PMC PMID:22766517 Europe PMC PMID:22830347 Europe PMC PMID:22861374 Europe PMC PMID:22917595 Europe PMC PMID:22984765 Europe PMC PMID:23054212 Europe PMC PMID:23064954 Europe PMC PMID:23072642 Europe PMC PMID:23088634 Europe PMC PMID:23135778 Europe PMC Reaxys:11646488 Reaxys An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*) EC 2 inhibitor EC 2 inhibitors EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitors EC 2.* inhibitor EC 2.* inhibitors transferase inhibitor transferase inhibitors CHEBI:71300 EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitor An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. CAS:67-20-9 DrugBank:DB00698 Drug_Central:1949 PMID:21567157 PMID:22240115 PMID:22252772 PMID:22252808 PMID:22285235 PMID:22332195 PMID:22508296 PMID:22535452 PMID:22552451 PMID:22722224 PMID:22779302 PMID:22787489 PMID:22836745 PMID:22857139 PMID:22869929 PMID:22876623 PMID:22923965 PMID:22929632 PMID:22977056 PMID:23016316 PMID:23109011 PMID:23113731 PMID:23114172 Reaxys:8132135 1-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino}imidazolidine-2,4-dione 1-((5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino)hydantoin 1-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylidenamino)hydantoin 1-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylideneamino)hydantoin 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]hydantoin 5-Nitrofurantoin N-(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)-1-aminohydantoin nitrofurantoin nitrofurantoina nitrofurantoine nitrofurantoinum CHEBI:71415 nitrofurantoin CAS:67-20-9 ChemIDplus CAS:67-20-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1949 DrugCentral PMID:21567157 Europe PMC PMID:22240115 Europe PMC PMID:22252772 Europe PMC PMID:22252808 Europe PMC PMID:22285235 Europe PMC PMID:22332195 Europe PMC PMID:22508296 Europe PMC PMID:22535452 Europe PMC PMID:22552451 Europe PMC PMID:22722224 Europe PMC PMID:22779302 Europe PMC PMID:22787489 Europe PMC PMID:22836745 Europe PMC PMID:22857139 Europe PMC PMID:22869929 Europe PMC PMID:22876623 Europe PMC PMID:22923965 Europe PMC PMID:22929632 Europe PMC PMID:22977056 Europe PMC PMID:23016316 Europe PMC PMID:23109011 Europe PMC PMID:23113731 Europe PMC PMID:23114172 Europe PMC Reaxys:8132135 Reaxys An EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85), a multi-enzyme protein involved in fatty acid synthesis. (FAS) inhibitors EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitors EC 2.3.1.85 inhibitor EC 2.3.1.85 inhibitors acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitor acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolysing) inhibitors fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitor fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) inhibitors fatty acid synthase inhibitor fatty acid synthase inhibitors CHEBI:71476 EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. PPAR-gamma agonist peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist PPARgamma agonist Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. organic compound organic molecule An agonist that binds to and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). AHR agonist aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity. CAS:220991-20-8 DrugBank:DB01283 Drug_Central:1618 PMID:14965322 PMID:15311562 PMID:15456339 PMID:17380211 PMID:19800190 PMID:21688392 PMID:22069133 PMID:22142375 PMID:22621454 PMID:22732767 Reaxys:9784107 {2-[(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)amino]-5-methylphenyl}acetic acid 2-((2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)amino)-5-methylbenzeneacetic acid COX 189 COX-189 COX189 Prexige lumiracoxib lumiracoxibum CHEBI:73044 lumiracoxib CAS:220991-20-8 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1618 DrugCentral PMID:14965322 Europe PMC PMID:15311562 Europe PMC PMID:15456339 Europe PMC PMID:17380211 Europe PMC PMID:19800190 Europe PMC PMID:21688392 Europe PMC PMID:22069133 Europe PMC PMID:22142375 Europe PMC PMID:22621454 Europe PMC PMID:22732767 Europe PMC Reaxys:9784107 Reaxys Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*). EC 3.6 inhibitor EC 3.6 inhibitors EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors EC 3.6.* inhibitor EC 3.6.* inhibitors EC 3.6.*.* inhibitor EC 3.6.*.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitors inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) CHEBI:73216 EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA. NF-kappaB inhibitors nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells inhibitor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells inhibitors CHEBI:73240 NF-kappaB inhibitor A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides. ketone body An antimetabolite that impairs the action of folic acids antifolates folic acid antagonist folic acid antagonists CHEBI:73913 antifolate An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that inhibits the action of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1). 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors ADP reductase inhibitor ADP reductase inhibitors CDP reductase inhibitor CDP reductase inhibitors EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitor EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitors RR inhibitor RR inhibitors UDP reductase inhibitor UDP reductase inhibitors nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors CHEBI:74213 EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor An antagonist at the epidermal growth factor receptor. EGFR antagonoist EGFR antagonoists EGFR inhibitor EGFR inhibitors epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors CHEBI:74440 epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist Any substance which is used to reduce or control weight. anti-obesity agents anti-obestic agent anti-obestic agents CHEBI:74518 anti-obesity agent A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. Beilstein:2055849 Beilstein:4690380 CAS:434-22-0 DrugBank:DB00984 Drug_Central:1879 Gmelin:1228044 PMID:11888015 PMID:19055689 PMID:20020363 PMID:24405322 Reaxys:2055849 17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one Nandrolone (17beta)-17-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one 17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one 17beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one 17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one 19-Norandrostenolone 19-Nortestosterone 4-estren-17beta-ol-3-one CHEBI:7466 nandrolone Beilstein:2055849 Beilstein Beilstein:4690380 Beilstein CAS:434-22-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1879 DrugCentral Gmelin:1228044 Gmelin PMID:11888015 Europe PMC PMID:19055689 Europe PMC PMID:20020363 Europe PMC PMID:24405322 Europe PMC Reaxys:2055849 Reaxys Beilstein:4728403 CAS:83366-66-9 DrugBank:DB01149 Drug_Central:1890 LINCS:LSM-4031 2-{3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-5-ethyl-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one Nefazodone nefazodone 1-(3-(4-(m-Chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)propyl)-3-ethyl-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-delta2-1,2,4-triazolin-5-one nefazodona nefazodone nefazodonum CHEBI:7494 nefazodone Beilstein:4728403 Beilstein CAS:83366-66-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1890 DrugCentral An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties. C32H45N3O4S Cc1c(O)cccc1C(=O)N[C@@H](CSc1ccccc1)[C@H](O)CN1C[C@H]2CCCC[C@H]2C[C@H]1C(=O)NC(C)(C)C nelfinavir A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. C26H41N3O5 PubChem:462382 C([C@H](CC(C)C)NC([C@H](CC(C)C)NC([C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1)=O)=O)(=O)[H] Wikipedia:MG132 MG-132 N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of an isomerase (EC 5.*.*.*). EC 5.* (isomerase) inhibitors EC 5.* inhibitor EC 5.* inhibitors EC 5.*.*.* inhibitor EC 5.*.*.* inhibitors isomerase (EC 5.*) inhibitor isomerase (EC 5.*) inhibitors isomerase inhibitor isomerase inhibitors CHEBI:75596 EC 5.* (isomerase) inhibitor Nilutamide, sold under the brand names Nilandron and Anandron, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer. (by Wikipedia) C12H10F3N3O4 CC1(C)NC(=O)N(C1=O)c1ccc(c(c1)C(F)(F)F)[N+]([O-])=O Beilstein:841906 CAS:63612-50-0 DrugBank:DB00665 Drug_Central:1933 LINCS:LSM-2513 Wikipedia:Nilutamide 5,5-dimethyl-3-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione Nilutamide 5,5-Dimethyl-3-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-4-nitro-m-tolyl)hydantoin Nilandron nilutamida nilutamide nilutamidum CHEBI:7573 nilutamide Beilstein:841906 Beilstein CAS:63612-50-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:1933 DrugCentral Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. eukaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75763 eukaryotic metabolite Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals. animal metabolites CHEBI:75767 animal metabolite Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals. mammalian metabolites CHEBI:75768 mammalian metabolite Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus). Mus musculus metabolite Mus musculus metabolites mouse metabolites CHEBI:75771 mouse metabolite Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea. prokaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75787 prokaryotic metabolite A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals. CAS:51234-28-7 DrugBank:DB04812 Drug_Central:311 PMID:19439485 PMID:19773537 PMID:21128314 PMID:22514582 PMID:23250699 PMID:2413686 PMID:2833969 PMID:2947294 PMID:3981515 PMID:6407402 PMID:6526401 PMID:6645654 PMID:6813936 PMID:6993669 PMID:6993670 PMID:6993671 PMID:6993672 PMID:7044799 PMID:7044801 PMID:7084283 PMID:7084287 PMID:7221526 Reaxys:1085080 2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]propanoic acid (+-)-benoxaprofen (1)-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)benzoxazole-5-propionic acid 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid DL-benoxaprofen Lilly 90459 benoxaprofen benoxaprofene benoxaprofeno benoxaprofenum CHEBI:76114 benoxaprofen CAS:51234-28-7 ChemIDplus CAS:51234-28-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:311 DrugCentral PMID:19439485 Europe PMC PMID:19773537 Europe PMC PMID:21128314 Europe PMC PMID:22514582 Europe PMC PMID:23250699 Europe PMC PMID:2413686 Europe PMC PMID:2833969 Europe PMC PMID:2947294 Europe PMC PMID:3981515 Europe PMC PMID:6407402 Europe PMC PMID:6526401 Europe PMC PMID:6645654 Europe PMC PMID:6813936 Europe PMC PMID:6993669 Europe PMC PMID:6993670 Europe PMC PMID:6993671 Europe PMC PMID:6993672 Europe PMC PMID:7044799 Europe PMC PMID:7044801 Europe PMC PMID:7084283 Europe PMC PMID:7084287 Europe PMC PMID:7221526 Europe PMC Reaxys:1085080 Reaxys An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. CAS:90101-16-9 Drug_Central:970 PMID:12093490 PMID:1365484 PMID:1365486 PMID:1365487 PMID:1365489 PMID:1365490 PMID:1365491 PMID:1487550 PMID:1507922 PMID:1507923 PMID:1507924 PMID:1545609 PMID:23656309 PMID:2778095 PMID:3110512 PMID:3221746 PMID:3278945 PMID:3489870 PMID:3762266 PMID:8489815 PMID:8492964 PMID:8616003 PMID:8656732 PMID:8983932 Reaxys:6006252 5-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide droxicam droxicamum CHEBI:76133 droxicam CAS:90101-16-9 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:970 DrugCentral PMID:12093490 Europe PMC PMID:1365484 Europe PMC PMID:1365486 Europe PMC PMID:1365487 Europe PMC PMID:1365489 Europe PMC PMID:1365490 Europe PMC PMID:1365491 Europe PMC PMID:1487550 Europe PMC PMID:1507922 Europe PMC PMID:1507923 Europe PMC PMID:1507924 Europe PMC PMID:1545609 Europe PMC PMID:23656309 Europe PMC PMID:2778095 Europe PMC PMID:3110512 Europe PMC PMID:3221746 Europe PMC PMID:3278945 Europe PMC PMID:3489870 Europe PMC PMID:3762266 Europe PMC PMID:8489815 Europe PMC PMID:8492964 Europe PMC PMID:8616003 Europe PMC PMID:8656732 Europe PMC PMID:8983932 Europe PMC Reaxys:6006252 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects. CAS:1553-60-2 Drug_Central:3293 PMID:1479559 PMID:16456879 PMID:21128314 PMID:2585272 PMID:3215965 PMID:5329891 PMID:5657238 PMID:5748163 PMID:5752436 PMID:5807207 PMID:687781 PMID:7587932 PMID:9061203 Reaxys:2046683 (4-isobutylphenyl)acetic acid [4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]acetic acid (p-Isobutylphenyl)acetic acid 4-(2-Methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid 4-Isobutylphenylacetic acid Dytransin Ibunac ibufenac ibufenaco ibufenacum CHEBI:76158 ibufenac CAS:1553-60-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:3293 DrugCentral PMID:1479559 Europe PMC PMID:16456879 Europe PMC PMID:21128314 Europe PMC PMID:2585272 Europe PMC PMID:3215965 Europe PMC PMID:5329891 Europe PMC PMID:5657238 Europe PMC PMID:5748163 Europe PMC PMID:5752436 Europe PMC PMID:5807207 Europe PMC PMID:687781 Europe PMC PMID:7587932 Europe PMC PMID:9061203 Europe PMC Reaxys:2046683 Reaxys Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound. xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76206 xenobiotic metabolite An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. Beilstein:2216786 CAS:72-69-5 DrugBank:DB00540 Drug_Central:1971 LINCS:LSM-4039 PMID:10379421 PMID:14561440 PMID:17071817 PMID:23280809 PMID:24037379 PMID:24368464 PMID:25224004 PMID:25480462 PMID:25569864 PMID:25592638 PMID:25683584 PMID:25707462 PMID:25749306 PMID:26086857 PMID:26453560 Reaxys:2216786 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-ylidene)-N-methylpropan-1-amine Nortriptyline 10,11-dihydro-N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-Delta(5,gamma)-propylamine 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N-methyl-1-propanamine Ateben Avantyl Aventyl Noritren Psychostyl Sensaval demethylamitriptyline desmethylamitriptyline nortriptylina nortriptyline nortriptylinum CHEBI:7640 nortriptyline Beilstein:2216786 ChemIDplus CAS:72-69-5 ChemIDplus CAS:72-69-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1971 DrugCentral PMID:10379421 Europe PMC PMID:14561440 Europe PMC PMID:17071817 Europe PMC PMID:23280809 Europe PMC PMID:24037379 Europe PMC PMID:24368464 Europe PMC PMID:25224004 Europe PMC PMID:25480462 Europe PMC PMID:25569864 Europe PMC PMID:25592638 Europe PMC PMID:25683584 Europe PMC PMID:25707462 Europe PMC PMID:25749306 Europe PMC PMID:26086857 Europe PMC PMID:26453560 Europe PMC Reaxys:2216786 Reaxys A bridged organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with maleic anhydride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting anhydride. A chemical intermediate used in the preparation of fire-retardant polyester resins and plasticisers. C9H4Cl6O4 OC(=O)C1C(C(O)=O)C2(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl CAS:115-28-6 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chlorendic Acid A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of transferase of a one-carbon-containing group (EC 2.1.*.*). C1-transferase (EC 2.1.*) inhibitor C1-transferase (EC 2.1.*) inhibitors C1-transferase inhibitor C1-transferase inhibitors EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitors EC 2.1.* inhibitor EC 2.1.* inhibitors one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitor one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76655 EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor A transferase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase (EC 2.3.*.*). EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.3.* inhibitor EC 2.3.* inhibitors acyltransferase inhibitor acyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76661 EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of a glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*.*). EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.4.* inhibitor EC 2.4.* inhibitors glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*) inhibitor glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.*) inhibitors glycosyltransferase inhibitor glycosyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76662 EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitor A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*). EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.1.* inhibitor EC 2.5.1.* inhibitors alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76663 EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*). EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* inhibitor EC 2.7.* inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76668 EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any member of the group of 'other isomerases' (EC 5.99.*.*). EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitor EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitors EC 5.99.* (other isomerase) inhibitor EC 5.99.* (other isomerase) inhibitors EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitors EC 5.99.* inhibitor EC 5.99.* inhibitors CHEBI:76697 EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitors EC 4.* inhibitor EC 4.* inhibitors EC 4.*.*.* inhibitor EC 4.*.*.* inhibitors lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitor lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitorS lyase inhibitor lyase inhibitors CHEBI:76710 EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitor A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*.*). C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*) inhibitor C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*) inhibitors C-O lyase inhibitor C-O lyase inhibitors EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitors EC 4.2.* inhibitor EC 4.2.* inhibitors CHEBI:76712 EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*). EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitors EC 1.* inhibitor EC 1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase inhibitor oxidoreductase inhibitors CHEBI:76725 EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*). EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitors EC 1.1.* inhibitor EC 1.1.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitors CHEBI:76726 EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (EC 1.2.*.*). EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group) inhibitor EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group) inhibitors EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitors EC 1.2.* inhibitor EC 1.2.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde or oxo group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on aldehyde/oxo group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde or oxo group inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group (EC 1.2.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group inhibitors CHEBI:76727 EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-CH group of donors (EC 1.3.*.*). EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitors EC 1.3.* inhibitor EC 1.3.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitors CHEBI:76729 EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH group of donors (EC 1.5.*.*). EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitors EC 1.5.* inhibitor EC 1.5.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76731 EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*.*). EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH (EC 1.6.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH inhibitors CHEBI:76733 EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase of class EC 1.8.*.* (acting on a sulfur group of donors). EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitors EC 1.8.* inhibitor EC 1.8.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on a sulfur group of donors (EC 1.8.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76735 EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (EC 1.10.*.*). EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors EC 1.10.* inhibitor EC 1.10.* inhibitors inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*) inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*) inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors CHEBI:76737 EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases), EC 1.13.*.*. EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitors EC 1.13.* inhibitor EC 1.13.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitors CHEBI:76740 EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on hydrogen as donors (EC 1.14.*.*). EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.14.* inhibitor EC 1.14.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitors CHEBI:76741 EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*.*). EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors EC 1.17.* inhibitor EC 1.17.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors CHEBI:76744 EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.* inhibitor EC 3.* inhibitors EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors hydrolase inhibitor hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76759 Wikipedia:Hydrolase EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*). EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.* inhibitors ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitor ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitors ester hydrolase inhibitor ester hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76760 EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosylase (EC 3.2.*.*). EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitors EC 3.2.* inhibitor EC 3.2.* inhibitors glycosylase (EC 3.2.*) inhibitor glycosylase (EC 3.2.*) inhibitors glycosylase inhibitor glycosylase inhibitors CHEBI:76761 EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitor Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*). EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* inhibitor EC 3.5.* inhibitors CHEBI:76764 EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*). EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.1.* inhibitors carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76773 EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*). EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.* inhibitor EC 3.1.3.* inhibitors inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76775 EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitor EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitors endoprolylpeptidase inhibitor endoprolylpeptidase inhibitors post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitor post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitors post-proline endopeptidase inhibitor post-proline endopeptidase inhibitors proline endopeptidase inhibitor proline endopeptidase inhibitors proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor CHEBI:76779 EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any endoribonuclease producing 5'-phosphomonoesters (EC 3.1.26.*). EC 3.1.26.* (endoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters) inhibitors EC 3.1.26.* inhibitor EC 3.1.26.* inhibitors endoribonuclease producing 5'-phosphomonoesters (EC 3.1.26.*) inhibitor endoribonuclease producing 5'-phosphomonoesters (EC 3.1.26.*) inhibitors endoribonuclease producing 5'-phosphomonoesters inhibitor endoribonuclease producing 5'-phosphomonoesters inhibitors CHEBI:76785 EC 3.1.26.* (endoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters) inhibitor An EC 2.4.* (glycosyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*). EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.4.2.* inhibitor EC 2.4.2.* inhibitors pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*) inhibitor pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.*) inhibitors pentosyltransferase inhibitor pentosyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76790 EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitor An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18). EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitor EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitors RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitor RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitors S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-transferase inhibitor glutathione S-transferase inhibitors glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors glutathione transferase inhibitor glutathione transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76797 EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*). EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76807 EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12). EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase inhibitor sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase inhibitor role An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*). EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.* inhibitor EC 2.7.11.* inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors CHEBI:76812 EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*). EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76815 EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*). EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.10.* inhibitor EC 2.7.10.* inhibitors protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*) inhibitor protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.*) inhibitors protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors CHEBI:76817 EC 2.7.10.* (protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor An EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any enzyme in the EC 5.99.1.* class. EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitors EC 5.99.1.* inhibitor EC 5.99.1.* inhibitors CHEBI:76830 EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*). EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.* inhibitor EC 2.5.* inhibitors non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76834 EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*). EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+)acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.1.1.* inhibitor EC 1.1.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76835 EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor that inhibits the action of any oxidoreductase incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*). EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.* inhibitor EC 1.13.11.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76837 EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using reduced flavin or flavoprotein as donor (EC 1.14.14.*). EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.* inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76838 EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any enzyme in the EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous) category. EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.* inhibitor EC 1.14.99.* inhibitors miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitor miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76840 EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*). EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitors EC 1.14.13.* inhibitor EC 1.14.13.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76841 EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any such enzyme that uses a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*). EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.17.4.* inhibitor EC 1.17.4.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76848 EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that interferes with the function of any such enzyme that uses oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.17.3.*). EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.17.3.* inhibitor EC 1.17.3.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.17.3.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.17.3.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76850 EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*). EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.2.1.* inhibitor EC 1.2.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.2.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76852 EC 1.2.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*). EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.2.3.* inhibitor EC 1.2.3.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.2.3.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76853 EC 1.2.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor aldehyde/oxo group with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the function of any such enzyme in the EC 1.3.98.* (with other, known, acceptors) category. EC 1.3.98.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors, with other, known, acceptors) inhibitor EC 1.3.98.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors, with other, known, acceptors) inhibitors EC 1.3.98.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, with other, known, acceptors) inhibitors EC 1.3.98.* inhibitor EC 1.3.98.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors, with other, known, acceptors (EC 1.3.98.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors, with other, known, acceptors (EC 1.3.98.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76858 EC 1.3.98.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, with other, known, acceptors) inhibitor An EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*). EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.5.1.* inhibitor EC 1.5.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76863 EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.6.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*). EC 1.6.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.6.5.* inhibitor EC 1.6.5.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor (EC 1.6.5.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76866 EC 1.6.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.8.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*). EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.8.1.* inhibitor EC 1.8.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.8.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76869 EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*). EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitor EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitors EC 2.1.1.* inhibitor EC 2.1.1.* inhibitors methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitor methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76871 EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor An EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any acyltransferase transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (EC 2.3.1.*). EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitors EC 2.3.1.* inhibitor EC 2.3.1.* inhibitors acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitor acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group EC 2.3.1.* inhibitors CHEBI:76878 EC 2.3.1.* (acyltransferase transferring other than amino-acyl group) inhibitor An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*). EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.* inhibitor EC 3.6.3.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76895 EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of an unspecified monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1). EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.1 inhibitor EC 1.14.14.1 inhibitors aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors aryl-4-monooxygenase inhibitor aryl-4-monooxygenase inhibitors flavoprotein monooxygenase inhibitor flavoprotein monooxygenase inhibitors flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitor flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitors microsomal P-450 inhibitor microsomal P-450 inhibitors microsomal monooxygenase inhibitor microsomal monooxygenase inhibitors substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitor substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitors unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitor unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitors unspecific monooxygenase inhibitor unspecific monooxygenase inhibitors xenobiotic monooxygenase inhibitor xenobiotic monooxygenase inhibitors CHEBI:76898 EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor An EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*). EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyase) inhibitor EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyase) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.* inhibitor EC 4.2.1.* inhibitors hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*) inhibitor hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76907 EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway. An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a signaling or metabolic pathway. metabolic pathway inhibitor metabolic pathway inhibitors pathway inhibitors CHEBI:76932 pathway inhibitor Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds. fungal metabolites CHEBI:76946 fungal metabolite Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Penicillium. Penicillium metabolites CHEBI:76964 Penicillium metabolite Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans. human xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76967 human xenobiotic metabolite Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria. CHEBI:76969 bacterial metabolite Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli. E.coli metabolite E.coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolites CHEBI:76971 Escherichia coli metabolite An antagonist that binds to and inactivates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). AhR antagonist AhR receptor antagonist aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*). EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.3.5.* inhibitor EC 1.3.5.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor (EC 1.3.5.*) inhibitors CHEBI:77102 EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.3.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH of donor with a quinone or related compound as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.3.5.2. (S)-dihydroorotate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase inhibitor (S)-dihydroorotate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase inhibitors (S)-dihydroorotate:acceptor oxidoreductase inhibitor (S)-dihydroorotate:acceptor oxidoreductase inhibitors (S)-dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor (S)-dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors DHOD inhibitor DHOD inhibitors DHODH inhibitor DHODH inhibitors DHOdehase inhibitor DHOdehase inhibitors EC 1.3.5.2 (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitor EC 1.3.5.2 (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitors EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitors EC 1.3.5.2 inhibitor EC 1.3.5.2 inhibitors dihydroorotate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor dihydroorotate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors CHEBI:77103 EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor An EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using a cytochrome as acceptor (EC 1.10.2.*). EC 1.10.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.10.2.* inhibitor EC 1.10.2.* inhibitors inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor (EC 1.10.2.*) inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor (EC 1.10.2.*) oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor (EC 1.10.2.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor (EC 1.10.2.*) inhibitors CHEBI:77105 EC 1.10.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.10.2.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors with a cytochrome as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of quinol--cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2). EC 1.10.2.2 (quinol--cytochrome-c reductase) inhibitors EC 1.10.2.2 inhibitor EC 1.10.2.2 inhibitors inhibitor of quinol--cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2) inhibitors of quinol--cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2) quinol--cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2) inhibitor quinol--cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2) inhibitors CHEBI:77106 EC 1.10.2.2 (quinol--cytochrome-c reductase) inhibitor An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of IkappaB kinase (EC 2.7.11.10). Wikipedia:IkappaB_kinase EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor ATP:[IkappaB protein] phosphotransferase inhibitor IKK inhibitor IkappaB kinase inhibitor IkappaB kinase inhibitor An agonist that selectively binds to and activates androstane receptors. Wikipedia:Constitutive_androstane_receptor CAR agonist constitutive androstane receptor agonist androstane receptor agonist An EC 1.8.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12). EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitors EC 1.8.1.12 inhibitor EC 1.8.1.12 inhibitors N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitor N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase inhibitors NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor NADPH2:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitor NADPH:trypanothione oxidoreductase inhibitors trypanothione reductase inhibitor trypanothione reductase inhibitors trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitor trypanothione-disulfide reductase (EC 1.8.1.12) inhibitors trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitor trypanothione:NADP(+) oxidoreductase inhibitors CHEBI:77402 EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor A role played by the entity that activates p53. p53 activator Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens). H. sapiens metabolite H. sapiens metabolites Homo sapiens metabolite Homo sapiens metabolites CHEBI:77746 human metabolite An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44). ATP phosphohydrolase (steroid-exporting) inhibitor ATP phosphohydrolase (steroid-exporting) inhibitors ATP phosphohydrolase (xenobiotic-exporting) inhibitor ATP phosphohydrolase (xenobiotic-exporting) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.44 inhibitor EC 3.6.3.44 inhibitors MDR protein inhibitor MDR protein inhibitors P-glycoprotein inhibitor P-glycoprotein inhibitors PDR protein inhibitor PDR protein inhibitors multidrug-resistance protein inhibitor multidrug-resistance protein inhibitors pleiotropic-drug-resistance protein inhibitor pleiotropic-drug-resistance protein inhibitors steroid-transporting ATPase inhibitor steroid-transporting ATPase inhibitors xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44) inhibitor xenobiotic-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.44) inhibitors xenobiotic-transporting ATPase inhibitor xenobiotic-transporting ATPase inhibitors CHEBI:77748 EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor Beilstein:5480667 DrugBank:DB00621 Drug_Central:2011 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-2-oxa-5alpha-androstan-3-one Oxandrolone oxandrolona oxandrolone oxandrolonum CHEBI:7820 oxandrolone Beilstein:5480667 Beilstein Drug_Central:2011 DrugCentral Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. environmental contaminants CHEBI:78298 environmental contaminant Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1 ). Alpha-carboxylesterase inhibitor Alpha-carboxylesterase inhibitors Beta-esterase inhibitor Beta-esterase inhibitors EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitors ali-esterase inhibitor ali-esterase inhibitors butyrate esterase inhibitor butyrate esterase inhibitors butyryl esterase inhibitor butyryl esterase inhibitors carboxyl ester hydrolase inhibitor carboxyl ester hydrolase inhibitors carboxylate esterase inhibitor carboxylate esterase inhibitors carboxylesterase inhibitor carboxylesterase inhibitors carboxylic acid esterase inhibitor carboxylic acid esterase inhibitors carboxylic esterase inhibitor carboxylic esterase inhibitors carboxylic-ester hydrolase inhibitor carboxylic-ester hydrolase inhibitors cocaine esterase inhibitor cocaine esterase inhibitors esterase A inhibitor esterase A inhibitors esterase B inhibitor esterase B inhibitors esterase D inhibitor esterase D inhibitors methylbutyrase inhibitor methylbutyrase inhibitors methylbutyrate esterase inhibitor methylbutyrate esterase inhibitors monobutyrase inhibitor monobutyrase inhibitors nonspecific carboxylesterase inhibitor nonspecific carboxylesterase inhibitors procaine esterase inhibitor procaine esterase inhibitors propionyl esterase inhibitor propionyl esterase inhibitors serine esterase inhibitor serine esterase inhibitors triacetin esterase inhibitor triacetin esterase inhibitors vitamin A esterase inhibitor vitamin A esterase inhibitors CHEBI:78444 EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. CAS:434-07-1 PMID:11071398 PMID:1125426 PMID:11440282 PMID:21860526 Reaxys:2623806 17beta-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylidene)-17-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one (5alpha,17beta)-17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylidene)-17-methylandrostan-3-one 17alpha-methyl-2-hydroxymethylene-17-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one 17beta-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one 2-hydroxymethylene-17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one 2-hydroxymethylene-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one 2-hydroxymethylene-17alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone 4,5alpha-dihydro-2-hydroxymethylene-17alpha-methyltestosterone Adroyd Anadrol-50 Anapolon Nastenon Pardroyd Plenastril Protanabol Synasteron oximetolona oxymetholone oxymetholonum CHEBI:7864 oxymetholone CAS:434-07-1 ChemIDplus CAS:434-07-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook PMID:11071398 Europe PMC PMID:1125426 Europe PMC PMID:11440282 Europe PMC PMID:21860526 Europe PMC Reaxys:2623806 Reaxys A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17β-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage. InChIKey:MTKNDAQYHASLID-QXYWQCSFSA-N Nikkaji:J386.923G http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C025483 Estradiol-17beta-glucuronide 17β-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. CAS:2152-34-3 DrugBank:DB01230 Drug_Central:2075 LINCS:LSM-5159 PMID:11216184 PMID:2210262 PMID:2303976 PMID:2388127 PMID:4021028 PMID:641739 PMID:772696 Reaxys:151559 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4(5H)-oxazolone 2-imino-4-keto-5-phenyltetrahydrooxazole 2-imino-5-phenyl-4-oxazolidinone 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidinone 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxooxazolidine 5-phenylisohydantion Azoxodon Betanamin Cylert Dantromin Deltamine Hyton Myamin Nitan Notair pemolina pemoline pemolinum pheniminooxazolidinone phenylisohydantoin phenylpseudohydantoin CHEBI:7953 pemoline CAS:2152-34-3 ChemIDplus CAS:2152-34-3 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2075 DrugCentral PMID:11216184 Europe PMC PMID:2210262 Europe PMC PMID:2303976 Europe PMC PMID:2388127 Europe PMC PMID:4021028 Europe PMC PMID:641739 Europe PMC PMID:772696 Europe PMC Reaxys:151559 Reaxys A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. C12H12N2O3 CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)c1ccccc1 CAS:50-06-6 CHEBI:8069 DrugBank:DB01174 Open TG-Gates compound_id=00004 https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov//Phenobarbital.htm phenobarbital A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing two phenyl substituents at position 5. Beilstein:384532 CAS:57-41-0 DrugBank:DB00252 Drug_Central:2152 LINCS:LSM-5663 PMID:10698828 PMID:12952753 PMID:15246836 PMID:15744730 PMID:16303054 PMID:7105825 PMID:7602118 PMID:9186244 Reaxys:384532 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione 5,5-Diphenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione 5,5-diphenyltetrahydro-1H-2,4-imidazoledione DILANTIN PHENTYTOIN fenitoina phenytoin phenytoine phenytoinum CHEBI:8107 phenytoin Beilstein:384532 Beilstein CAS:57-41-0 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2152 DrugCentral PMID:10698828 Europe PMC PMID:12952753 Europe PMC PMID:15246836 Europe PMC PMID:15744730 Europe PMC PMID:16303054 Europe PMC PMID:7105825 Europe PMC PMID:7602118 Europe PMC PMID:9186244 Europe PMC Reaxys:384532 Reaxys An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill. crustacean metabolites CHEBI:83039 crustacean metabolite A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna metabolites CHEBI:83056 Daphnia magna metabolite A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia Daphnia metabolites CHEBI:83057 Daphnia metabolite Any compound that inhibits the biosynthesis of any sterol. sterol biosynthesis inhibitors CHEBI:83317 sterol biosynthesis inhibitor Any hepatotoxic agent capable of inducing liver steatosis or fatty liver disease. hepatic steatosis inducing drugs hepatic steatosis inducing agent A hydrazine in which each nitrogen atom is substituted, one by a 3'-carboxy-2-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl group and the other by a 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene group. A small molecule agonist of the c-mpl (TpoR) receptor (the physiological target of the hormone thrombopoietin), it has been developed as a medication for conditions that lead to thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelet counts). CAS:496775-61-2 Drug_Central:4399 PMID:24433306 PMID:25063763 PMID:25170628 PMID:25400215 PMID:25578417 PMID:25700916 3'-{(2Z)-2-[1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene]hydrazinyl}-2'-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid 3'-{(2Z)-2-[1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene]hydrazino}-2'-hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic acid CHEBI:85010 eltrombopag CAS:496775-61-2 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:4399 DrugCentral PMID:24433306 Europe PMC PMID:25063763 Europe PMC PMID:25170628 Europe PMC PMID:25400215 Europe PMC PMID:25578417 Europe PMC PMID:25700916 Europe PMC An agonist that selectively binds to and activates the thrombopoietin receptor [myeloproliferative leukemia protein or CD110 (Cluster of Differentiation 110)]. TPO receptor agonist TPO receptor agonists thrombopoietin receptor agonists CHEBI:85012 thrombopoietin receptor agonist Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals. Wikipedia:Antifungal antifungal drug Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties. agrichemical fungicide agrichemical fungicides agrochemical fungicide agrochemical fungicides anti-fungal agrichemical anti-fungal agrichemicals anti-fungal agrochemical anti-fungal agrochemicals antifungal agrichemical antifungal agrichemicals antifungal agrochemicals CHEBI:86328 antifungal agrochemical Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. allergenic drug CHEBI:88188 drug allergen Any compound that inhibits the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell). PMID:24830781 PMID:25727221 PMID:25793774 PMID:25896709 Wikipedia:Autophagy autophagocytosis inhibitor autophagy inhibitor CAS:1744-22-5 Drug_Central:2382 LINCS:LSM-2471 Riluzole 6-Trifluoromethoxybenzothiazol-2-ylamine RP-54274 RP54274 rilutek rilutor riluzole HCl riluzole hydrochloride CHEBI:8863 Riluzole Drug_Central:2382 DrugCentral A glycerophosphoglycerol resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylglycerol, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl. monoacylglycerophosphoglycerol lysophosphatidylglycerol A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors. receptor modulators CHEBI:90710 receptor modulator An antagonist at purinergic P2 receptors P2 antagonist P2 antagonists non-selective P2 purinergic antagonist non-selective P2 purinergic antagonists purinergic receptor P2 antagonists CHEBI:91079 purinergic receptor P2 antagonist An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Beilstein:356241 Beilstein:8132868 CAS:599-79-1 DrugBank:DB00795 Gmelin:2666050 PMID:11362329 PMID:11485124 PMID:11587223 PMID:14981898 PMID:15248210 PMID:16322111 PMID:17386570 PMID:2434548 PMID:7720170 Reaxys:8132868 2-hydroxy-5-{[4-(pyridin-2-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl]diazenyl}benzoic acid Sulfasalazine 2-Hydroxy-5-((4-((2-pyridinylamino)sulfonyl)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid 2-Hydroxy-5-[4-(pyridin-2-ylsulfamoyl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid 4-(Pyridyl-2-amidosulfonyl)-3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxyazobenzene 5-((p-(2-Pyridylsulfamoyl)phenyl)azo)salicylic acid 5-(4-(2-Pyridylsulfamoyl)phenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-(p-(2-Pyridylsulfamyl)phenylazo)salicylic acid Azulfidine Salazosulfapiridina Salazosulfapyridine Salazosulfapyridinum Salicylazosulfapyridine Sulfasalazina Sulfasalazinum sulfasalazine CHEBI:9334 sulfasalazine Beilstein:356241 Beilstein Beilstein:8132868 Beilstein CAS:599-79-1 ChemIDplus Gmelin:2666050 Gmelin PMID:11362329 Europe PMC PMID:11485124 Europe PMC PMID:11587223 Europe PMC PMID:14981898 Europe PMC PMID:15248210 Europe PMC PMID:16322111 Europe PMC PMID:17386570 Europe PMC PMID:2434548 Europe PMC PMID:7720170 Europe PMC Reaxys:8132868 Reaxys A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. Beilstein:226178 CAS:72-14-0 DrugBank:DB06147 Drug_Central:2527 Gmelin:218965 LINCS:LSM-5327 PMID:11431418 PMID:7486915 Reaxys:226178 4-amino-N-1,3-thiazol-2-ylbenzenesulfonamide 2-(Sulfanilylamino)thiazole 2-(p-Aminobenzenesulfonamido)thiazole 2-(p-Aminobenzenesulphonamido)thiazole 2-Sulfanilamidothiazol 2-Sulfanilamidothiazole 2-Sulfonamidothiazole 4-Amino-N-2-thiazolylbenzenesulfonamide N(1)-2-Thiazolylsulfanilamide Sulfanilamidothiazole Sulfatiazol Sulphathiazole sulfathiazol sulfathiazole sulfathiazolum sulfthiazole CHEBI:9337 sulfathiazole Beilstein:226178 Beilstein CAS:72-14-0 ChemIDplus CAS:72-14-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2527 DrugCentral Gmelin:218965 Gmelin PMID:11431418 Europe PMC PMID:7486915 Europe PMC Reaxys:226178 Reaxys A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. CC1=C(CC(O)=O)c2cc(F)ccc2C\1=C/c1ccc(cc1)S(C)=O ATC:M01AB02 Beilstein:2951842 CAS:38194-50-2 DrugBank:DB00605 Drug_Central:2534 PMID:11569947 PMID:11927004 PMID:12406542 PMID:15020200 PMID:15123337 PMID:19884509 PMID:23689354 PMID:23804703 Reaxys:2951842 Wikipedia:Sulindac Sulindac {(1Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[4-(methylsulfinyl)benzylidene]-1H-inden-3-yl}acetic acid (Z)-5-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-((p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl)methylene)-1H-indene-3-acetic acid Clinoril Sulindacum cis-5-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-((4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl)methylene)-1H-indene-3-acetic acid cis-5-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-((p-methylsulfinyl)benzylidene)indene-3-acetic acid sulindac sulindaco CHEBI:9352 sulindac Beilstein:2951842 Beilstein CAS:38194-50-2 ChemIDplus CAS:38194-50-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:2534 DrugCentral PMID:11569947 Europe PMC PMID:11927004 Europe PMC PMID:12406542 Europe PMC PMID:15020200 Europe PMC PMID:15123337 Europe PMC PMID:19884509 Europe PMC PMID:23689354 Europe PMC PMID:23804703 Europe PMC Reaxys:2951842 Reaxys A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections. CAS:91161-71-6 DrugBank:DB00857 Drug_Central:2597 PMID:23750489 PMID:23802806 PMID:23841559 PMID:23895037 PMID:24126579 PMID:24352873 PMID:24389279 PMID:24410098 PMID:24447130 PMID:24452843 PMID:24477462 PMID:24490976 PMID:24497012 PMID:24533442 PMID:24563892 PMID:24576265 PMID:24581620 PMID:24588014 Reaxys:4256376 (2E)-N,6,6-trimethyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)hept-2-en-4-yn-1-amine terbinafine (E)-N-(6,6-Dimethyl-2-hepten-4-ynyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalene methanamine (E)-N-(6,6-Dimethyl-2-hepten-4-ynyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine terbinafina terbinafine terbinafinum CHEBI:9448 terbinafine CAS:91161-71-6 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2597 DrugCentral PMID:23750489 Europe PMC PMID:23802806 Europe PMC PMID:23841559 Europe PMC PMID:23895037 Europe PMC PMID:24126579 Europe PMC PMID:24352873 Europe PMC PMID:24389279 Europe PMC PMID:24410098 Europe PMC PMID:24447130 Europe PMC PMID:24452843 Europe PMC PMID:24477462 Europe PMC PMID:24490976 Europe PMC PMID:24497012 Europe PMC PMID:24533442 Europe PMC PMID:24563892 Europe PMC PMID:24576265 Europe PMC PMID:24581620 Europe PMC PMID:24588014 Europe PMC Reaxys:4256376 Reaxys A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. CAS:96829-58-2 Drug_Central:1996 LINCS:LSM-5724 PMID:27793869 PMID:28097013 PMID:28191026 PMID:28260907 PMID:28387458 PMID:28559211 PMID:28588183 PMID:28624425 Reaxys:3658031 (2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxooxetan-2-yl]tridecan-2-yl N-formyl-L-leucinate (-)-tetrahydrolipostatin (2S)-2-formamido-4-methylpentanoic acid [(2S)-1-[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl]tridecan-2-yl] ester Alli N-formyl-L-leucine (1S)-1-{[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl]methyl}dodecyl ester Ro-18-0647 Xenical orlipastat orlistat orlistatum CHEBI:94686 orlistat CAS:96829-58-2 ChemIDplus CAS:96829-58-2 DrugCentral Drug_Central:1996 DrugCentral PMID:27793869 Europe PMC PMID:28097013 Europe PMC PMID:28191026 Europe PMC PMID:28260907 Europe PMC PMID:28387458 Europe PMC PMID:28559211 Europe PMC PMID:28588183 Europe PMC PMID:28624425 Europe PMC Reaxys:3658031 Reaxys An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations. C34H50O12 [H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(\C)=C/C)[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC)[C@@]2([H])C(=C1C)[C@]1([H])OC(=O)[C@@](C)(O)[C@@]1(O)[C@H](C[C@]2(C)OC(C)=O)OC(=O)CCC CAS:67526-95-8 (3S,3aR,4S,6S,6aR,7S,8S,9bS)-6-(acetyloxy)-4-(butanoyloxy)-3,3a-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-8-{[(2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy}-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-7-yl octanoate thapsigargin A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. CAS:55142-85-3 DrugBank:DB00208 Drug_Central:2657 LINCS:LSM-1986 PMID:19180126 Reaxys:1216802 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine ticlopidina ticlopidine ticlopidinum CHEBI:9588 ticlopidine CAS:55142-85-3 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2657 DrugCentral PMID:19180126 Europe PMC Reaxys:1216802 Reaxys CAS:127-48-0 Drug_Central:2751 LINCS:LSM-5345 Trimethadione Tridione (TN) tridione trimetadione trimetin CHEBI:9727 Trimethadione CAS:127-48-0 DrugCentral Drug_Central:2751 DrugCentral A chromane that has formula C24H27NO5S. Troglitazone is an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory drug, and a member of the drug class of the thiazolidinediones. It was prescribed for people with diabetes mellitus type 2. (by Wikipedia) C24H27NO5S Cc1c(C)c2OC(C)(CCc2c(C)c1O)COc1ccc(CC2SC(=O)NC2=O)cc1 Wikipedia:Troglitazone ATC:A10BG01 Beilstein:4338399 CAS:97322-87-7 DrugBank:DB00197 Drug_Central:2767 LINCS:LSM-4890 5-{4-[(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)methoxy]benzyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione Troglitazone (+-)-all-rac-5-(p-((6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-chromanyl)methoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione 5-(4-(6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione Rezulin (TN) Romglizone troglitazona troglitazone troglitazonum CHEBI:9753 troglitazone Beilstein:4338399 Beilstein CAS:97322-87-7 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2767 DrugCentral A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. CAS:147059-72-1 DrugBank:DB00685 Drug_Central:2777 PMID:20022474 PMID:20462743 PMID:20538741 PMID:20655887 PMID:21151465 PMID:22305082 PMID:23727874 PMID:24097668 PMID:24525298 Reaxys:8172628 7-[(1R,5S,6s)-6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid trovafloxacin trovafloxacine trovafloxacino trovafloxacinum CHEBI:9763 trovafloxacin CAS:147059-72-1 ChemIDplus Drug_Central:2777 DrugCentral PMID:20022474 Europe PMC PMID:20462743 Europe PMC PMID:20538741 Europe PMC PMID:20655887 Europe PMC PMID:21151465 Europe PMC PMID:22305082 Europe PMC PMID:23727874 Europe PMC PMID:24097668 Europe PMC PMID:24525298 Europe PMC Reaxys:8172628 Reaxys A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones. InChIKey:RUDATBOHQWOJDD-UZVSRGJWSA-N ursodeoxycholic acid A cultured cell that is part of a cell line - a stable and homogeneous population of cells with a common biological origin and propagation history in culture cell line cell A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T025 The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one). cell primary cultured cell A cultured cell that is freshly isolated from a organismal source, or derives in culture from such a cell prior to the culture being passaged. primary cultured cell cultured cell A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture. cultured cell A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. myoblast A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. BTO:0000452 FMA:63877 fibroblast epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. epithelial cell T cell A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. T cell A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system. Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, CD163/SRCR+; role or process: immune, antigen-presentation, clearance of senescent erythrocytes, iron metabolism. Kupffer cells are also reportedly C3aR-positive, CD14-low, CD54-positive, CD88-positive, and CD284-positive. They are also capable of producing IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, and TXA2. Kupffer cell A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. granulocyte A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. MESH:D006098 A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development. BTO:0000830 FMA:66784 mast cell A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. BTO:0000443 CALOHA:TS-0012 FMA:63880 adipocyte adipose cell fat cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. BTO:0003659 FMA:86916 secretory cell insulin secreting cell is a secretory cell and is capable of some insulin secretion BTO:0000783 insulin secreting cell Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression. A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans. FMA:70586 ncithesaurus:Beta_Cell type B pancreatic cell The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated. hepatocyte erythrocyte A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. erythrocyte A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF. A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. platelet Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis. phagocyte Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis. ISBN:0721601464 A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse &amp; Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, &amp; tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. macrophage B cell A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, and capable of B cell mediated immunity. B cell Fat cells with light coloration and few mitochondria. They contain a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole. CALOHA:TS-1119 FMA:83434 white fat cell A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species, particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. CALOHA:TS-0099 FMA:83435 brown adipocyte brown adipose cell brown fat cell dendritic cell A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative). dendritic cell A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. lymphocyte Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells. BTO:0000876 FMA:62864 monocyte experimentally modified cell in vitro A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure. experimentally modified cell in vitro A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver. Ito cell hepatic perisinusoidal cell perisinusoidal cell hepatic stellate cell An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. leucocyte white blood cell leukocyte Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive. basophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive. PMCID:PMC2626675 PMID:11927641 PMID:19741522 PMID:9933081 Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive. eosinophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive. ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2626675 PMID:10914487 PMID:1662676 Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. BTO:0000130 CALOHA:TS-0688 FMA:62860 neutrocyte neutrophil leucocyte neutrophil leukocyte neutrophilic leucocyte neutrophilic leukocyte neutrophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. ISBN:0721601464 plasma cell A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin. http://purl.jp/bio/10/lsd/term/J089510 plasma cell alpha-beta T cell A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. alpha-beta T cell mononuclear cell A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. BTO:0000878 CALOHA:TS-0768 FMA:86713 mononuclear cell An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity. M1 macrophage Markers: Express: TNFa, IL1b, IL6, iNOS, NADPH-oxidase; produce: reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response). inflammatory macrophage A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. tissue-resident macrophage A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. foam cell A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. BTO:0000574 CALOHA:TS-2017 FMA:70366 FMA:83598 haematopoietic cell haemopoietic cell hemopoietic cell hematopoietic cell A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. CALOHA:TS-2096 FMA:63875 connective tissue cell A Niemann-Pick disease characterized by onset in infancy and involvement of neurological tissues that has_material_basis_in an autosomal recessive mutation of SMPD1 on chromosome 11p15.4. ICD10CM:E75.2 OMIM:257200 Niemann-Pick disease type A A Niemann-Pick disease characterized by visceral involvement only and survival into adulthood that has_material_basis_in an autosomal recessive mutation of SMPD1 on chromosome 11p15.4. ICD10CM:E75.2 OMIM:607616 Niemann-Pick disease type B A Niemann-Pick disease that has_material_basis_in an autosomal recessive mutation of NPC1 on chromosome 18q11.2. ICD10CM:E75.2 OMIM:257220 NPC1 Niemann-Pick disease type C1 A Niemann-Pick disease that has_material_basis_in an autosomal recessive mutation of NPC2 on chromosome 14q24.3. ICD10CM:E75.2 OMIM:607625 NPC2 Niemann-Pick disease type C2 A sphingoliidosis characterized by the accumulation of the lipid sphingomyelin in lysosomes in cells. Sphingomyelinase Deficiency Disease lipoid histiocytosis (classical phosphatide) sphingomyelin lipidosis Niemann-Pick disease A disease is a disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism. MESH:D004194 NCI:C2991 SNOMEDCT_US_2016_03_01:64572001 UMLS_CUI:C0012634 disease A glucose metabolism disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. MESH:D003920 NCI:C298 diabetes mellitus A diabetes mellitus that involves high blood glucose resulting from cells fail to use insulin properly. ICD10CM:E11 MESH:D003924 NCI:C26747 SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01 NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus A diabetes mellitus that results from the body's failure to produce insulin and has_material_basis_in autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. MESH:D003922 OMIM:222100 IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I diabetes mellitus type 1 diabetes mellitus Substance with antioxidant role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in a oxidative stress response and playing an antioxidant role. substance with antioxidant role Substance with role is a subtype of object. This entity is participating in a specific process and playing a role. In YAMATO ontology theory, an entity (continuant) playing a role in a specific context is called a role holder. substance with role Substance with ligand role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in signaling and playing a ligand role. This entity is inferred from Description Logic. substance with ligand role Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group. acyl-CoA or acyl binding fatty-acyl-CoA binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group. ISBN:0198506732 A chromosome found in the cytoplasm. cytoplasmic interphase chromosome cytoplasmic chromosome The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. mitochondrial proliferation mitochondrial division mitochondrial fission The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. PMID:11038192 A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Wikipedia:M_phase M phase The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. Wikipedia:Mitophagy mitochondrion autophagy autophagy of mitochondrion Degradation of a mitochondrion by macroautophagy. PMID:22406072 mitohagy The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. pexophagy The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. PMID:12914914 PMID:16973210 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. response to hypoxia The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. long-chain fatty acid metabolism long-chain fatty acid metabolic process Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site. formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. cell activation The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division. natural killer cell proliferation cytokine production The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules. cytokine production The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. PMID:20850011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0007325 release of cytochrome c from mitochondria The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. ISBN:0721639976 PMID:12925707 PMID:9560217 PMID:20850011 The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a central event in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process, and it is often used by researchers to monitor this type of cell death. Any event that induces apoptosis will at some point induce the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Therefore, this term should only be used to annotate gene products that are directly involved in this process. A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. epithelial to mesenchymal transition The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome. late phagosome biosynthesis late phagosome formation phagolysosome formation phagolysosome assembly The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell. Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repertoire of variable region gene segments. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. NK T cell differentiation Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. toll-like receptor signaling pathway TLR signaling pathway The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. NK cell mediated immunity natural killer cell mediated immunity adaptive immune response An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). adaptive immune response cytokine production involved in immune response The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. cytokine production involved in immune response An immune response taking place in the liver. hepatic immune response An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell. immune response to tumor cell The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. leucocyte differentiation leukocyte differentiation The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GO:0002534 cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Process of any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). GO:0003677 DNA binding The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone anabolism ketone biosynthesis ketone formation ketone synthesis ketone biosynthetic process The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. In the definition of GO:0005488 binding is a subtype of Molecular function. binding (with molecule) Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. GO:0005504 fatty acid binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GO:0005515 protein amino acid binding protein binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. GO:0005543 phospholipid binding cellular component The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. cellular_component The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular extracellular Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'. extracellular region That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. NIF_Subcellular:sao1425028079 intercellular space Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term. extracellular space That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ISBN:0198547684 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Intracellular internal to cell protoplasm intracellular The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. ISBN:0198506732 A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus nucleus A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Wikipedia:Chromosome chromatid Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromosome A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:019857684 All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cytoplasm All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 mitochondrion A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. NIF_Subcellular:sao1860313010 Wikipedia:Mitochondrion mitochondria mitochondrion A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. ISBN:0198506732 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. NIF_Subcellular:sao1289741256 Wikipedia:Outer_mitochondrial_membrane mitochondrial outer membrane The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. NIF_Subcellular:sao1371347282 Wikipedia:Inner_mitochondrial_membrane inner mitochondrial membrane mitochondrial inner membrane A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=bn%3A0198547684 A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=bn%3A0198547684 A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. PMID:10751143 Wikipedia:Lysosome Another function of the ER in eucaryotic cells is to sequester Ca2+ from the cytosol. Cell lysosome A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. ISBN:0198506732 PMID:10751143 Lysosome-endosome fusion and lysosome biogenesis. lysosomes can fuse directly with late endosomes to form a hybrid organelle. This has a led to a hypothesis that dense core lysosomes are in essence storage granules for acid hydrolases and that, when the former fuse with late endosomes, a hybrid organelle for digestion of endocytosed macromolecules is created. Lysosomes are then re-formed from hybrid organelles by a process involving condensation of contents. The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. lysosomal membrane A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. NIF_Subcellular:sao1720343330 Wikipedia:Endosome endosome A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. ISBN:0198506732 PMID:19696797 A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. early endosome A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. PMID:19696797 A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. late endosome A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. Wikipedia:Vacuole vacuole A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. ISBN:0198506732 A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy. autophagosome A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy. PMID:11099404 A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. peroxisome A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. PMID:9302272 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). ISBN:0815332181 NIF_Subcellular:sao1036339110 Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum ER endoplasmic reticulum The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815332181 The ER has a central role in lipid and protein biosynthesis. Its membrane is the site of production of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most of the cell's organelles, including the ER itself, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Another function of the ER in eucaryotic cells is to sequester Ca2+ from the cytosol. The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. ER cisterna ER lumen endoplasmic reticulum cisterna endoplasmic reticulum lumen The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. ER membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. ISBN:0815332181 NIF_Subcellular:sao710427438 Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum#Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum The hepatocyte is a cell with an abundant smooth ER. smooth endoplasmic reticulum The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815332181 It is usually prominent in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism. Cells that synthesize steroid hormones from cholesterol, for example, have an expanded smooth ER compartment to accommodate the enzymes needed to make cholesterol and to modify it to form the hormones. It is the principal site of production of lipoprotein particles, which carry lipids via the bloodstream to other parts of the body. The enzymes that synthesize the lipid components of lipoproteins are located in the membrane of the smooth ER, which also contains enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and various harmful compounds produced by metabolism. The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae. NIF_Subcellular:sao1881364067; Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum#Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum RER rough ER rough endoplasmic reticulum The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae. ISBN:0198506732 A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436 Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus Golgi complex Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. golgi apparatus A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. ISBN:0198506732 The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. Golgi lumen An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. Wikipedia:Microtubule_organizing_center MOC microtubule organising centre microtubule organizing center An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides. ISBN:0815316194 PMID:17072892 PMID:17245416 The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. NIF_Subcellular:sao101633890 Wikipedia:Cytosol cytosol An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766 Wikipedia:Ribosome free ribosome membrane bound ribosome ribosomal RNA ribosome An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. ISBN:0198506732 free ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1139385046 membrane bound ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1291545653 Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16959967 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795 Wikipedia:Cell_membrane cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins ISBN:0716731363 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. glycogen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. Reactome:REACT_1736 glycogen anabolism glycogen biosynthesis glycogen formation glycogen synthesis glycogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:REACT_1736 Glycogen synthesis, Homo sapiens The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. Reactome:REACT_1008 glycogen breakdown glycogen catabolism glycogen degradation glycogenolysis glycogen catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:REACT_1008 Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis), Homo sapiens The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol metabolism alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. CHEBI:30879 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. generation of precursor metabolites and energy The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. Reactome:R-HSA-70263 glucose biosynthesis glucose biosynthetic process gluconeogenesis Reactome:R-HSA-70263 Gluconeogenesis, Homo sapiens The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. glycolytic process A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. Reactome: R-HSA-71403.2 Krebs cycle TCA cycle Wikipedia:Tricarboxylic_acid_cycle citric acid cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate metabolism regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. respiratory-chain phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0471331309 The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I. oxidative phosphorylation, NADH to ubiquinone complex I (NADH to ubiquinone) mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I. ISBN:0716731363 The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II. mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to coenzyme Q complex II (succinate to ubiquinone) oxidative phosphorylation, succinate to ubiquinone mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II. ISBN:0716731363 The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III. complex III (ubiquinone to cytochrome c) mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III. ISBN:0716731363 The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. DNA replication The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. DNA repair The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. PMID:11563486 The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. DNA alkylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine. DNA methylation The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. DNA catabolic process The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. PMID:15723341 Apoptosis induced DNA fragmentation DNA fragmentation in response to apoptotic signals is achieved through the activity of apoptotic nucleases. In human, these include DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) or caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and endonuclease G (Endo G) (reviewed in PMID:15723341). Caution is needed when apoptotic DNA laddering assays show presence of fragmented DNA. A positive assay may simply reflect the end point of a whole apoptotic process. Unless clear experimental evidence is available to show that a gene product is directly involved in fragmenting DNA, please do not annotate to GO:0006309 'apoptotic DNA fragmentation' and consider annotating instead to a more upstream process such as, e.g., GO:0042981 'regulation of apoptotic process', GO:0006915 'apoptotic process', GO:0097190 'apoptotic signaling pathway'. Also, note that gene products involved in compartmentalization of apoptotic nucleases and in activation or repression of their enzymatic activity should be annotated to the regulation term GO:1902510 'regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation' or to one of its children (see PMID:15723341). apoptotic DNA fragmentation Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. chromatin remodeling The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. GO:0006351 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0000183 DNA-dependent transcription cellular transcription, DNA-dependent transcription, DNA-templated Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent regulation of transcription, DNA-templated Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner. mRNA cleavage The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. mRNA catabolic process The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics) translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. regulation of protein anabolism regulation of protein biosynthesis regulation of protein formation regulation of protein synthesis regulation of translation The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. PMID:15459659 PMID:15519848 Reactome:R-HSA-391251 Wikipedia:Protein_folding Due to the crowded envirnoment within the cell, many proteins must interact with molecular chaperones to attain their native conformation (reviewed in Young et al., 2004). Chaperones recognize and associate with proteins in their non-native state and facilitate their folding by stabilizing the conformation of productive folding intermediates. Chaperones that take part broadly in de novo protein folding, such as the Hsp70s and the chaperonins, facilitate the folding process through cycles of substrate binding and release regulated by their ATPase activity (see Young et al., 2004; Spiess et al., 2004; Bigotti and Clarke, 2008). protein folding Due to the crowded envirnoment within the cell, many proteins must interact with molecular chaperones to attain their native conformation (reviewed in Young et al., 2004). Chaperones recognize and associate with proteins in their non-native state and facilitate their folding by stabilizing the conformation of productive folding intermediates. Chaperones that take part broadly in de novo protein folding, such as the Hsp70s and the chaperonins, facilitate the folding process through cycles of substrate binding and release regulated by their ATPase activity (see Young et al., 2004; Spiess et al., 2004; Bigotti and Clarke, 2008). R-HSA-391251 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. protein complex formation protein complex assembly The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. protein acetylation The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. protein deacetylation A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. protein glycosylation The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein. lipid:protein modification protein lipidation The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. Wikipedia:Proteolysis This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing. proteolysis The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein. protein deglycosylation The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. amino acid and derivative metabolism amino acid metabolic process cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process cellular amino acid metabolism cellular amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. methionine metabolism methionine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism. S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. lipid metabolism lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_metabolism fatty acid metabolism fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. MetaCyc:PWY-4381 Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_synthesis fatty acid anabolism fatty acid biosynthesis fatty acid formation fatty acid synthesis fatty acid biosynthetic process A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). fatty acid beta-oxidation A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid metabolism biological_process phospholipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. phosphatidylethanolamine anabolism phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis phosphatidylethanolamine formation phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis biological_process phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. ISBN:0198506732 The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane. phospholipid transfer to membrane The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. glycerophospholipid metabolism phosphoglyceride metabolic process phosphoglyceride metabolism alpha-glycerophosphate pathway glycerophospholipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. phosphatidic acid anabolism phosphatidic acid biosynthesis phosphatidic acid formation phosphatidic acid synthesis phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. phosphatidylglycerol anabolism phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis phosphatidylglycerol formation phosphatidylglycerol synthesis phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. phosphatidylcholine anabolism phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis phosphatidylcholine formation phosphatidylcholine synthesis phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes. phosphatidylserine metabolism biological_process phosphatidylserine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. phosphatidylserine anabolism phosphatidylserine biosyntheis phosphatidylserine biosynthesis phosphatidylserine formation phosphatidylserine synthesis biological_process phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. phosphatidylserine breakdown phosphatidylserine catabolism phosphatidylserine degradation biological_process phosphatidylserine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is synthesized when phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) are converted into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) followed by conversion into PI and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Stuhne-Sekalec et al 1986, Lykidis et al. 1997). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0013926 PtdIns biosynthesis PtdIns biosynthetic process phosphatidylinositol anabolism phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis phosphatidylinositol formation phosphatidylinositol synthesis phosphoinositide biosynthesis phosphoinositide biosynthetic process phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. CHEBI:28874 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). sphingolipid metabolism sphingolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin metabolism biological_process sphingomyelin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin breakdown sphingomyelin catabolism sphingomyelin degradation biological_process sphingomyelin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. sphingomyelin anabolism sphingomyelin biosynthesis sphingomyelin formation sphingomyelin synthesis sphingomyelin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. GO:0006695 cholesterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. bile acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants estrogen breakdown estrogen catabolism estrogen degradation estrogen catabolic process A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADH by the reduction of NAD+. NAD (reduced) regeneration reduced NAD regeneration reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration NADH regeneration A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+. Reactome:R-HSA-389542 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-389542 NADP (reduced) regeneration reduced NADP regeneration reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate regeneration NADPH regeneration The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle CHEBI:16856 ISBN:0198506732 glutathione metabolism glutathione metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. GO:0006750 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-174403 glutathione anabolism glutathione biosynthesis glutathione formation glutathione synthesis glutathione biosynthetic process The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. GO:0006754 ATP anabolism ATP biosynthesis ATP formation ATP synthesis ATP regeneration ATP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors. heme anabolism heme biosynthesis heme formation heme synthesis heme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). phosphorus metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e. g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide. (Gene Ontology) ISBN:0071769234 xenobiotic biotransformation Xenobiotic biotransformation is metabolic conversion of xenobiotic chemicals to more hydrophilic (water-soluble) compounds. xenobiotic metabolic process ISBN:0071769234 Biotransfomation to harmful products is called toxication/metabolic activation [casarett and doull's toxicology 8th ed.] The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. transport The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells. ion transport The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. potassium ion transport The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. neurotransmitter transport The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid transport The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. ISBN:0198506732 A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. Wikipedia:Endocytosis endocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. Wikipedia:Phagocytosis phagocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. ISBN:0198506732 The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding of bacteria may be also annotated to the molecular function term 'bacterial cell surface binding ; GO:0051635'. Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding to opsonins such as complement components or antibodies may be also annotated to the term 'opsonin binding ; GO:0001846'. phagocytosis, recognition The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. nucleocytoplasmic transport The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation Wikipedia:Autophagy_(cellular) autophagy The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation ISBN:0198547684 PMID:11099404 PMID:9412464 A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. IEV:0000070 (obsolete) Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis apoptotic process Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. cell locomotion cell movement movement of a cell cell motility Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). response to stress Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. immune response cellular response to DNA damage stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. cellular response to DNA damage stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. PMID:121115731 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. organelle organisation organelle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. mitochondrion organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. cytoskeleton organisation cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. actin filament organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. cytoplasm organisation cytoplasm organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. vacuole organization The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome. lysosomal transport The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. cell cycle A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). arrest of cell cycle progression cessation of cell cycle termination of cell cycle cell cycle arrest The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion cell adhesion A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. EGF receptor signaling pathway EGFR signaling pathway epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Notch signaling pathway The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. PMID:12773372 I-kappaB kinase-NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB Behavior associated with the intake of food. Wikipedia:List_of_feeding_behaviours feeding behavior The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Wikipedia:Metabolism metabolism Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants. estrogen metabolic process Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). cell death The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms. cell proliferation The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-74752 insulin receptor signalling pathway insulin receptor signaling pathway Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. lipid binding The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. RNA splicing Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. GO:0008429 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. phosphatidylethanolamine binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipogenesis lipid biosynthetic process A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. PMID:21525013 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-140534&PATH=R-HSA-5357801,R-HSA-109581,R-HSA-5357769 extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors PMID:21525013 Gene products that may be annotated to this term include: 1) ligands such as FASL; 2) receptors such as FAS/CD95 (though care should be taken because FAS can also act as a non-apoptotic signal transducer); 3) signaling molecules such as FADD (FAS-associated protein with a death domain), cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins), c-FLIPs and caspases 8 and 10. Examples are TWEAK (TNF12) and FN14 (TNFRSF12A) (UniProt symbols O43508 and Q9NP84) The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GO:0008643 sugar transport carbohydrate transport The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid anabolism phospholipid biosynthesis phospholipid formation phospholipid synthesis phospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. Wikipedia:Catabolism catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. anabolism biosynthesis synthesis biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_degradation fatty acid catabolism fatty acid degradation fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom. vitamin B12 biosynthesis cobalamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). glycolipid anabolism glycolipid biosynthesis glycolipid biosynthetic process Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. the system requires the presence of a short orf, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mrna upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. the stalled ribosome masks a region of the mrna and affects which of two alternative mrna folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mrna remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation. attenuation of translation Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. the system requires the presence of a short orf, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mrna upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. the stalled ribosome masks a region of the mrna and affects which of two alternative mrna folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mrna remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation. PMID:15694341 PMID:15805513 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid breakdown phospholipid catabolism phospholipid degradation phospholipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. toxin metabolism toxin metabolic process Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. response to environmental stimulus Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to endogenous stimulus The infolding of a membrane. membrane invagination The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. Wikipedia:Gene_expression A changing process to convert a gene's sequenes into a mature gene prduct(s), i.e., (m)RNA, or protein. gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. Wikipedia:Regulation_of_gene_expression regulation of protein expression This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. regulation of gene expression The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. proteasome-mediated protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated protein catabolism proteasomal protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. regulation of autophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. negative regulation of autophagy Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. positive regulation of autophagy Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. positive regulation of gene expression Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. negative regulation of gene expression Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. GO:0010878 cholesterol sequestration sequestration of cholesterol cholesterol storage Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development. negative regulation of lipid storage Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [ regulation of cell death The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bile acid transport bile acid and bile salt transport The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. PMID:12663868 PMID:14699511 Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. canalicular bile acid transport The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. choline transport The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. drug transport The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis fatty acid transport The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. long-chain fatty acid transport The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid transport The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport. electron transport coupled proton transport The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Wikipedia:Lipid_catabolism lipid breakdown lipid catabolism lipid degradation lipolysis lipid catabolic process The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. cellular growth growth of cell cell growth The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. anabolic carbohydrate metabolic process anabolic carbohydrate metabolism carbohydrate anabolism carbohydrate biosynthesis carbohydrate formation carbohydrate synthesis carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. carbohydrate biosynthesis carbohydrate catabolism carbohydrate degradation catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process catabolic carbohydrate metabolism carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. ISBN:0198506732 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. vesicle transport vesicular transport vesicle trafficking vesicle-mediated transport The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane. endosomal transport Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids. Reactome:REACT_9509 gap junction assembly The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. EC:2.7.-.- Wikipedia:Phosphorylation phosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. dephosphorylation The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Wikipedia:Cell_migration cell migration Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage protein processing The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein. protein deubiquitination The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. Wikipedia:SUMO_protein SUMO-protein conjugation protein sumolation sumoylation protein sumoylation Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any triester of glycerol. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any triester of glycerol. GO:0017129 triglyceride binding The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice. Wikipedia:Drug_metabolism drug metabolism drug metabolic process The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to a protein. protein myristoylation The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronidation. glucronide conjugation protein glucuronidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. regulation of lipid metabolism regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. regulation of metabolism regulation of metabolic process The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. fatty acid oxidation The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. Wikipedia:Protein_metabolism protein metabolism protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group. glucuronate metabolic process The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Cytolysis cytolysis The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development. lipid retention lipid sequestering retention of lipids sequestration of lipid sequestration of lipids storage of lipids lipid storage One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. cell cycle phase A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. extracellular matrix disassembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. cellular component assembly at cellular level cellular component assembly A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. Wikipedia:Electron_transport_chain electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. Wikipedia:Electron_transfer electron transfer respiratory electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. ISBN:0716720094 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. regulation of signaling The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. biological signaling (primitive) signalling (primitive) Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change. signaling [biological] (primitive) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. negative regulation of signaling Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. lamellipodium biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects. insulin secretion The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects. ISBN:0198506732 The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues. protein repair The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. lymphocyte cell differentiation lymphocytic blood cell differentiation lymphocyte development Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. lymphocyte differentiation The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0003880 NK cell activation natural killer cell activation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. Wikipedia:Cellular_differentiation cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Wikipedia:Protein_catabolism protein breakdown protein catabolism protein degradation This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children. protein catabolic process A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. extracellular matrix organization The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. T lymphocyte differentiation T-cell differentiation T-lymphocyte differentiation T cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. macrophage cell differentiation macrophage differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. ISBN:0781735149 The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions. PMID:10547367 PMID:20083110 autophagy of peroxisome The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. cholesterol transport The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus. immune cell chemotaxis leucocyte chemotaxis leukocyte chemotaxis The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system. GO:0030730 retention of triacylglycerol retention of triglyceride sequestering of triacylglycerol triacylglycerol sequestering triacylglycerol sequestration triacylglycerol storage triglyceride storage sequestering of triglyceride The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. PMID:11839751 The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence. protein splicing The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. ER unfolded protein response Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to unfolded protein ; GO:0006986', which refers to any response to the presence of unfolded proteins anywhere in the cell or in multicellular organism. Also see 'ER-associated protein catabolic process ; GO:0030433'. endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. PMID:12042763 The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon. PMID:11994744 protein retrotranslocation, ER to cytosol retrograde protein transport, endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon. PMID:11994744 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues. MESH:D005109 NCIT:C13232 extracellular matrix A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. intracellular membrane organelle membrane A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals. PMID:11790549 JNK signal transduction pathway stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade PMID:11790549 An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. PtdIns catabolic process PtdIns catabolism phosphatidylinositol breakdown phosphatidylinositol catabolism phosphatidylinositol degradation phosphatidylinositol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. GOC:mah Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylcholine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. GO:0031210 phosphatidylcholine binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. down regulation of protein complex assembly down-regulation of protein complex assembly downregulation of protein complex assembly inhibition of protein complex assembly negative regulation of protein complex assembly negative regulation of protein complex assembly A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. actin cytoskeleton remodeling actin cytoskeleton reorganization Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature. heat generation A series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors. TOR signaling cascade TOR signaling pathway target of rapamycin signaling pathway TOR signaling Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. NIF_Subcellular:sao1687101204 nuclear membrane Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829 mitochondrial membrane Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. membrane-bounded vesicle membrane-enclosed vesicle vesicle The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mitochondrial DNA. mitochondrial DNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol. MetaCyc:PWY-5269 diphosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis diphosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process cardiolipin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol. CHEBI:28494 GOC:mah The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. membrane blebbing PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb_(cell_biology) cell blebbing plasma membrane bleb assembly bleb assembly The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. methylation The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. retrograde transport of endocytic vesicles endocytic recycling The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. PMID:16473635 chemokine production The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. chemokine production type I interferon production The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. type I interferon production interferon-gamma production The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. interferon-gamma production The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-1 beta production interleukin-1 production The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GO:0032612 interleukin-1 production The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-2 production tumor necrosis factor production The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. TNF alpha production tumor necrosis factor production The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue. Bile contains bile acids, glutathione, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other organic anions, proteins, metals, ions, and xenobiotics. Hepatocytes begins the formation of bile by transporting bile acids, glutathione, and other solutes including Xenobiotics and their metabolites into the canalicular lumen. The major driving force of bile formation is the active transport of bile salts and other osmolytes into the canalicular lumen. Most conjugated bile acids (taurine and glycine conjugates) and some unconjugated bile acids are transported into hepatocytes by sodium-dependent transporters. Sodium-independent uptake of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids is performed by members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). OATPs also transport numerous drugs and hepatotoxicants. Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. Conjugates of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate are exported by multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2). bile acid secretion transforming growth factor beta1 production The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. transforming growth factor beta1 production The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) assembly mitochondrial complex I assembly mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex. mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle. cholesterol export cholesterol efflux The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase complex assembly mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle. phospholipid efflux Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4. toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway TLR4 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9. toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway TLR9 signaling pathway The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins. triacylglycerol transport triglyceride transport A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. cell junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments. adherens junction assembly The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle. very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle. lipid droplet organization The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. lipid oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. phosphatidylglycerol breakdown phosphatidylglycerol catabolism phosphatidylglycerol degradation phosphatidylglycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane. mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1) complex assembly mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane. mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. glutathione transport The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. phosphatidylcholine breakdown phosphatidylcholine catabolism phosphatidylcholine degradation phosphatidylcholine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. GOC:jp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress response cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress response to ER stress response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endolytic cleavage of mRNA cleavage or translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. gene silencing by miRNA Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endolytic cleavage of mRNA cleavage or translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. PMID:14744438 PMID:15066275 PMID:23209154 Positive regulation of an adaptive immune response mediated via cytokine production by helper T cell. helper T cell enhancement of adaptive immune response The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid. protein deacylation A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor. hepatic stellate cell activation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. long-chain fatty acid binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA is any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more. long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). protein modification process A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to the receptor Fas on the surface of the cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Fas signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB. UPR signaling by IRE1 stress sensor endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; IRE1 signaling IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB. PMID:22013210 A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity. UPR signaling by PERK stress sensor endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; PERK signaling PERK-mediated unfolded protein response A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity. PMID:22013210 A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity. activating transcription factor 6 signaling in unfolded protein response endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; ATF6 signaling ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity. PMID:22013210 The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome. endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation protein degradation by ERAD ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathways target misfolded ER lumenal proteins (ERAD-L), ER membrane proteins (ERAD-M), and ER proteins with misfolded cytosolic domains (ERAD-C) by recognizing aberrant proteins, retrotranslocating these substrates to the cytosol, followed by substrate ubiquitination and proteosomal-mediated degradation. In contrast the stress-induced homeostatically regulated protein degradation (SHRED) pathway (GO:0120174), although inducible by stress, targets diverse ER membrane, and cytosolic proteins as well as numerous other native proteins in the absence of stress. Stress results in the protease-mediated (Nma111p) generation of a Roq1p cleavage product that then binds to the type-1 active site of Ubr1p, altering its substrate specificity, and leading to the proteasome-mediated degradation of both misfolded and native proteins. Although the SHRED pathway may contain some components in common with ERAD pathways (GO:0036503), such as UBR1, RAD6 and CDC48, other ERAD components, such as HRD1 and DOA10, do not appear to be involved, and as such these pathways are currently considered to be distinct. ERAD pathway The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome. PMID:20940304 PMID:21969857 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-2 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. IL-2-mediated signaling pathway interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by CCL2 (C-C chemokine CCL2). A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR2) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. CCL2-activated CCR2 signaling pathway CCL2 signal transduction pathway The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. growth Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. locomotion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence. regulation of gene expression, epigenetic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence. PMID:10521337 The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones. PMID:23637286 protein refolding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. down regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of EGF receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of EGF receptor signalling pathway negative regulation of EGFR signaling pathway negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. cytokine anabolism cytokine biosynthesis cytokine formation cytokine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0198599471 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. T lymphocyte proliferation T-cell proliferation T-lymphocyte proliferation T cell proliferation The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. GO:0042098 The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. B lymphocyte proliferation B-cell proliferation B-lymphocyte proliferation B cell proliferation The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. GO:0042100 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. T cell activation A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. macrophage polarization macrophage activation The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. lipoprotein anabolism lipoprotein biosynthesis lipoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. negative regulation of protein catabolic process Any process that results in the repair of damaged RNA. RNA repair Tissue regeneration is a subtype of changing material: The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues. tissue regeneration The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. hormone metabolism hormone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. CHEBI:24621 Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). microbody Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. homeostatic process The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP. ATP synthesis coupled electron transport The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane. mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane. ISBN:0716731363 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. Reactome:R-HSA-169911 regulation of apoptotic process Reactome:R-HSA-169911 http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/REACT_13648 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. positive regulation of apoptotic process up regulation of apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis activation of apoptosis pro-apoptosis positive regulation of apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GO:0043066 anti-apoptosis down regulation of apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis pro-survival negative regulation of apoptotic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao1539965131 Wikipedia:Organelle organelle membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. membrane-bounded organelle The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. organelle lumen Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. regulation of potassium ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. negative regulation of potassium ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. positive regulation of potassium ion transport Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. An adherent cell-restricted lethal cascade that is ignited by detachment from the matrix and that is characterized by (i) lack of beta1-integrin engagement, (ii) downregulation of EGFR expression, (iii) inhibition of extracellular-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) signaling, and (iv) overexpression of the BCL-2 family member BIM. It should be noted that in most, if not all, instances, the cell death program ignited by anoikis is executed by the molecular machinery for intrinsic apoptosis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ Wikipedia:Anoikis anoikis The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. apoptotic cell removal apoptotic cell clearance The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. PMID:14685684 The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state. chaperone-mediated protein transport involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy subClassOf : has_part some protein unfolding protein unfolding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. accumulation of pigments A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. PMID:20517722 GO:004349 AKT signaling protein kinase B signaling The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid. protein acylation Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. small molecule metabolic process Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. cellular subcomponent cell part The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. dendritic cell proliferation The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase. cell cycle transition cell cycle phase transition A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed. cell quiescence The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase. cell cycle G2/M phase transition The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase. cell cycle G1/S phase transition Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. innate immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. regulation of innate immune response The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein. protein palmitoleylation A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. immune cell activation leucocyte activation leukocyte activation The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte cell differentiation adipose cell differentiation fat cell differentiation Adipocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. myoblast cell differentiation myoblast differentiation The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. endothelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. regulation of cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. down regulation of gluconeogenesis down-regulation of gluconeogenesis downregulation of gluconeogenesis negative regulation of gluconeogenesis Negative regulation of DNA repair is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair. negative regulation of DNA repair Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. positive regulation of cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through cell cycle positive regulation of cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. negative regulation of endocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. down regulation of glycolysis down-regulation of glycolysis downregulation of glycolysis negative regulation of glycolytic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. positive regulation of proteolysis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. down regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent down-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. ATP metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450. aflatoxin metabolism aflatoxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. phosphatidylethanolamine breakdown phosphatidylethanolamine catabolism phosphatidylethanolamine degradation biological_process phosphatidylethanolamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes. phosphatidylcholine metabolism biological_process phosphatidylcholine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes. phosphatidylglycerol metabolism biological_process phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. phosphatidic acid metabolism biological_process phosphatidic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. glycerophospholipid anabolism glycerophospholipid biosynthesis glycerophospholipid formation glycerophospholipid synthesis phosphoglyceride biosynthesis phosphoglyceride biosynthetic process biological_process glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. glycerophospholipid breakdown glycerophospholipid catabolism glycerophospholipid degradation phosphoglyceride catabolic process phosphoglyceride catabolism biological_process glycerophospholipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. PtdIns metabolic process PtdIns metabolism phosphatidylinositol metabolism phosphoinositide metabolic process phosphoinositide metabolism phosphatidylinositol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. CHEBI:28874 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. ceramide anabolism ceramide biosynthesis ceramide formation ceramide synthesis ceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid. catabolosm ceramide breakedown ceramide degradation ceramide catabolic process The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, out of a cell or organelle. drug export A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0003879 lymphocyte activation The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. lymphocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of insulin. negative regulation of insulin secretion The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). protein autophosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process ketone body biosynthetic process is a subtype of generating: A process that synthesizes ketone body resulting in having output (s). ketone body biosynthetic process The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway HGFR signal transduction pathway The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. Golgi vesicle transport A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. pigment granule Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical. chemical homeostasis The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. cytokine secretion The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. ISBN:0198599471 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. regulation of immune response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. response to stimulus The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. immune cell migration immune cell trafficking leucocyte migration leucocyte trafficking leukocyte trafficking leukocyte migration The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. positive regulation of lipid catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. regulation of transport (biology) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process negative regulation of lipid anabolism negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis negative regulation of lipid formation negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus. export from nucleus nucleus export nuclear export The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus. GO:0051168 The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus. nucleus transport nuclear transport The directed movement of substances into the nucleus. nuclear import nucleus import substance nuclear import import into nucleus The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. calcium ion (Ca2+) retention calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration calcium ion (Ca2+) storage retention of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+) storage of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering of calcium ion The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. protein polymerization chromosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. chromosome organization The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. Wikipedia:Cell_division http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0003382　(obsolete) cell division The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis. MeSH:D016193 G1 phase The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis). MeSH:D016195 PMID:24885854 Wikipedia:G2_phase Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). G2 phase The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place. MeSH:D016196 S phase Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. cell cycle modulation cell cycle regulation control of cell cycle progression modulation of cell cycle progression regulation of cell cycle progression regulation of progression through cell cycle regulation of cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. up regulation of cell division positive regulation of cell division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. negative regulation of AKT signalling cascade negative regulation of PKB signaling cascade negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion. xenobiotic glucuronidation An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. endosomal recycling compartment ERC endosome recycling compartment recycling endosome The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. membrane transport Transmembrane transport requires transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. transmembrane transport Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. maintaining phospholipid homeostasis A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. oxidation reduction oxidoreductase process oxidation-reduction process The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate. Wikipedia:Transdifferentiation Transdifferentiation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. cellular membrane organisation membrane organization A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1. inflammasome complex The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy. engulfment of target by autophagosome The selective autophagy process in which a damaged lysosome is degraded by macroautophagy. lysophagy The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex. macromolecular complex assembly protein-containing complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex. protein-lipid complex assembly The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule. glycosylation A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-6 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. IL-6-mediated signaling pathway interleukin-6-mediated signalling pathway interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. cellular necrosis Note that the word necrosis has been widely used in earlier literature to describe forms of cell death which are now known by more precise terms, such as apoptosis. Necrosis can occur in a regulated fashion, involving a precise sequence of signals; in this case, consider annotating to GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or to its more specific child GO:0070266 'necroptotic process'. necrosis A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. PMID:18846107 PMID:20823910 A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18. PMID: 21760595 PMID:18846107 PMID:21760595 pyroptosis PMID: 21760595 The term ‘pyroptosis' has been introduced in 2000 by Brennan and Cookson to functionally describe the peculiar death of macrophages infected by Salmonella typhimurium. Several other bacterial triggers of this atypical cell death modality have been identified, including Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Francisella tularensis and the Bacillus anthracis. However, it has become clear that pyroptosis neither constitutes a macrophage-specific process nor a cell death subroutine that only results from bacterial infection. Of note, pyroptotic cells can exhibit apoptotic and/or necrotic morphological features. Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. GO:0070300 phosphatidic acid binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. CHEBI:16337 A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-1 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. IL-1-mediated signaling pathway interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway IL-1 signal transduction pathway A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein. protein modification by small protein removal A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein. protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule. demethylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process transforming growth factor beta production The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3. transforming growth factor beta production chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. CCL1 production T cell activation 3 production TCA-3 production chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. ER-associated misfolded protein breakdown ER-associated misfolded protein catabolism ER-associated misfolded protein degradation endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolic process endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolism endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. cellular component organization or biogenesis The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the formation of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. DNA anabolism DNA biosynthesis DNA formation DNA synthesis DNA biosynthetic process A series of molecular signals transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by p53. signal transduction by p53 class mediator The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. hepatocellular hyperplasia hepatocyte proliferation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. foam cell differentiation The directed movement of low-density lipoprotein particle from endosomes to lysosomes. endosome to lysosome transport of LDL endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. cellular senescence A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. apoptosome assembly chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 production The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 production A programmed cell death characterized morphologically by the presence of smaller than normal mitochondria with condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, reduction or vanishing of mitochondria crista, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture. Activation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels and mitogen-activated protein kinases, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter are involved in the induction of ferroptosis. This process is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from iron metabolism. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), heat shock protein beta-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 function as negative regulators of ferroptosis by limiting ROS production and reducing cellular iron uptake, respectively. In contrast, NADPH oxidase and p53 act as positive regulators of ferroptosis by promotion of ROS production and inhibition of expression of SLC7A11 (a specific light-chain subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter), respectively. Misregulated ferroptosis has been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes. pmid:25236395 pmid:26794443 feroptosis Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. detoxification Any protein complex that is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane. inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide. cellular oxidant detoxification An infolding of the plasma membrane. plasma membrane invagination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress. positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy. regulation of mitophagy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. positive regulation of mitophagy Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acid derivative. fatty acid derivative binding Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylglycerol. GO:1901611 phosphatidylglycerol binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. downregulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator negative regulation of p53 signaling Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process. negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process Negative regulation of cell junction assembly is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. inhibition of cell junction assembly negative regulation of cell junction assembly Any DNA replication initiation that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication. DNA replication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication cell cycle DNA replication initiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication. down regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase negative regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication The directed movement of a proton across a membrane. proton transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. reactive oxygen species biosynthesis reactive oxygen species formation reactive oxygen species synthesis reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process reactive oxygen species synthesis PMID:24252804 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ROS. negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process negative regulation of ROS formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly. negative regulation of gap junction assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process. positive regulation of glutathione anabolism positive regulation of glutathione biosynthesis positive regulation of glutathione formation positive regulation of glutathione synthesis up regulation of glutathione anabolism up regulation of glutathione biosynthesis positive regulation of glutathione biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway. positive regulation of ERAD Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein refolding. up regulation of protein refolding up-regulation of protein refolding upregulation of protein refolding positive regulation of protein refolding The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another. macrophage migration Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. cellular detoxification The multiplication or reproduction of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a hepatic stellate cell population. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, and are capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver. Ito cell proliferation hepatic perisinusoidal cell proliferation perisinusoidal cell proliferation hepatic stellate cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. negative regulation of cellular senescence As a result of binding to Bid, Bax oligomerizes and integrates in the outer mitochondrial membrane that triggers cytochrome c release. Bax mitochondrial membrane insertion triggered by Bid may represent a key step in pathways leading to apoptosis (Eskes et al., 2000) Reactome:R-HSA-114294.2 Activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX As a result of binding to Bid, Bax oligomerizes and integrates in the outer mitochondrial membrane that triggers cytochrome c release. Bax mitochondrial membrane insertion triggered by Bid may represent a key step in pathways leading to apoptosis (Eskes et al., 2000) Reactome tBID binds to its mitochondrial partner BAK to release cytochrome c. Activated tBID results in an allosteric activation of BAK. This may induce its intramembranous oligomerization into a pore for cytochrome c efflux. Reactome:R-HSA-114294.2 Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein Activation of BH3-only proteins Xenobiotics that contain either a carboxylic group or an aromatic hydroxylamine group are possible substrates for amino acid conjugation. Xenobiotics with a carboxylic group conjugate with an amino group of amino acids such as glycine, taurine and glutamine. The hydroxylamine group conjugates with the carboxylic group of amino acids such as proline and serine. amino acid conjugation The combination of glutamate, cysteine and ATP is required to form glutathione. The steps involved in the synthesis and recycling of glutathione are outlined (Meister, 1988). PMID:3053703 Reactome: R-HSA-174403.4 Glutathione synthesis and recycling Reactome: R-HSA-174403.4 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-156580&SEL=R-HSA-174403 Transport of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. Translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytosol to the nucleus A phenotypic abnormality. Phenotypic abnormality An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body. Dropsy Fluid retention Hydrops Oedema Water retention edema An increased concentration of glucose in the blood. High blood glucose High blood sugar Hyperglycemia A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. information content entity A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. measurement datum GO:0005110 Wnt GO:0005113 Hh hedgehog NCBI-Human-GeneID:6469 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20423 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29499 HHG-1 Sonic hedgehog SHH (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6469 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6469 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20423 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20423 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29499 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29499 IL Interleukin GO:0005134 Interleukin-2 TCGF IL-2 GO:0005137 interleukin-5 IL-5 GO:0005138 interleukin-6 IL-6 (mol) GO:0005149 interleukin-1 IL-1 (mol) GO:0005135 interleukin-3 IL-3 GO:0005142 interleukin-11 IL-11 Wikipedia:Thrombopoietin thrombopoietin TPO GO:0005128 OMIM: 133170 Wikipedia:Erythropoietin erythropoietin EPO granulocyte colony-stimulating factor related molecular function GO:0005130 G-CSF OMIM: 138960 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor relate molecular function GO:0005129 GM-CSF OMIM: 159540 leukemia inhibitory factor LIF OMIM: 184745 Wikipedia:Stem_cell_factor related molecular function GO:0005173 stem cell factor SCF GO:0005164 IPR:006052 TNF superfamily CD178 antigen CD95L Fas ligand FasL Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 FasL GO:0005174 CD154 CD40 ligand gp39 CD40L TNF tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF alpha TNF beta lymphotoxin lymphotoxin alpha LT alpha IFN Interferon GO:0005132 type I Interferon IFN type I GO:0005133 type II Interferon IFN type II GO:0005172 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22339 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83785 VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22339 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22339 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83785 GO:0005161 platelet derived growth factor PDGF GO:0005171 hepatocyte growth factor scatter factor HGF GO:0005165 nerve growth factor family neurotrophin NGF family acidic cytokeratin type I cytokeratin The TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors regulate many cellular functions, which includes TGF-betas, activins and inhibins, nodal, BMPs and GDFs. TGF-beta/BMP-like proteins are found in various species, including Xenopus, C.elegans and D.melanogaster. GO:0005160 transforming growth factor beta superfamily TGF-beta superfamily The TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors regulate many cellular functions, which includes TGF-betas, activins and inhibins, nodal, BMPs and GDFs. TGF-beta/BMP-like proteins are found in various species, including Xenopus, C.elegans and D.melanogaster. PMID:12485160 PMID:18000526 PMID:9759503 GO:0016916 inhibin GO:0016915 activin BMPs belong to the TGF-beta superfamily. BMP-like molecules have been identified in various species including D.melanogaster (Dpp, Gbb/60A and Scw) and C.elegans. Bone morphogenetic protein family BMP family BMPs belong to the TGF-beta superfamily. BMP-like molecules have been identified in various species including D.melanogaster (Dpp, Gbb/60A and Scw) and C.elegans. PMID:15871923 PMID:9720756 PMID:9759503 GO:0005160 TGF-beta family GO:0005160 transforming growth factor-beta 1 TGF-beta1 GO:0005160 transforming growth factor-beta 2 TGF-beta2 GO:0005160 transforming growth factor-beta 3 TGF-beta3 GO:0005160 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GDNF Nodal family epidermal growth factor family EGF family NRG neuregulin GO:0005104 Fibroblast growth factor HBGF Heparin-binding growth factor FGF neutral to basic cytokeratin type II cytokeratin leptin A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. IMR:0010309 IMR:0011543 IMR:0011922 GO:0016088 MeSH:D007328 Humulin Insulin precursor insulin A chain insulin B chain insulin fragments insulin A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. MeSH:D007328 cytokeratin 1 GO:0005027 tumor necrosis factor receptor family TNFR family GO:0005028 CD40 Apo-1 CD95 Fas receptor FasR GO:0005032 tumor necrosis factor receptor, type I TNFR1 GO:0005033 tumor necrosis factor receptor, type II TNFR2 GO:0005017 platelet derived growth factor receptor PDGF receptor GO:0005018 alpha platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha PDGF receptor GO:0005019 beta platelet derived growth factor receptor beta PDGF receptor insulin receptor family anaplastic lymphoma kinase ALK leukocyte tyrosine kinase LTK IMR:0010308 IMR:0011304 IMR:0011542 GO:0005009 CD220 antigen IR insulin receptor alpha subunit insulin receptor beta subunit insulin receptor precursor insulin receptor The vertebrate Fgfr gene family consists of four highly related genes, Fgfr1-4. GO:0005007 fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR family The vertebrate Fgfr gene family consists of four highly related genes, Fgfr1-4. PMID:15689573 GO:0005006 epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR (mol) GO:0008095 IP3R inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor IP3 receptor GO:0004887 c-erbA thyroid hormone receptor TR cytokeratin 3 Estrogen receptor transcription factors that are activated by ligands and heterodimerize with RETINOID X RECEPTORS and bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in the promoter regions of target genes. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D047492 Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor PPAR Retinoic acid receptor RAR GO:0005024 Transforming growth factor-beta receptor TGF-beta receptor GO:0005025 Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I TGF-beta receptor type I GO:0005026 Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II TGF-beta receptor type II GO:0004907 interleukin receptor GO:0004911 interleukin-2 receptor IL-2 receptor GO:0004914 interleukin-5 receptor IL-5 receptor GO:0004915 interleukin-6 receptor IL-6 receptor GO:0004913 interleukin-4 receptor IL-4 receptor GO:0004912 interleukin-3 receptor IL-3 receptor GO:0004917 interleukin-7 receptor IL-7 receptor GO:0004919 interleukin-9 receptor IL-9 receptor GO:0016515 interleukin-13 receptor IL-13 receptor GO:0042010 interleukin-15 receptor IL-15 receptor GO:0004908 interleukin-1 receptor IL-1 receptor GO:0042008 IL-1Rrp IL1 receptor-related protein Interleukin-18 receptor IL-18 receptor Toll-like receptor TLR OB-R leptin receptor GO:0004904 interferon receptor IFNR GO:0004905 IFNAR Interferon alpha/beta receptor IFNR type I GO:0004906 IFNGR Interferon-gamma receptor IFNR type II GO:0042611 major histocompatibility complex MHC family MHC class Ia (classical) molecules, termed human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, HLA-B and HLA-C in humans and H2-K, H2-D and H2-L in mice, are highly polymorphic glycoproteins composed of a single membrane-spanning alpha chain paired with the soluble protein beta2 microglobulin. GO:0042612 MHC class Ia molecule classical MHC class I molecule major histocompatibility complex class I molecule MHC class I molecule MHC class Ia (classical) molecules, termed human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, HLA-B and HLA-C in humans and H2-K, H2-D and H2-L in mice, are highly polymorphic glycoproteins composed of a single membrane-spanning alpha chain paired with the soluble protein beta2 microglobulin. ISBN:0815340729 PMID:10607669 PMID:16860610 MHC class II molecules are composed of membrane-spanning alpha and beta chains. GO:0042613 classical MHC class II molecule major histocompatibility complex class II molecule MHC class II molecule MHC class II molecules are composed of membrane-spanning alpha and beta chains. ISBN:0815340729 PMID:10607669 cytokeratin 4 T-cell receptor TCR family GO:0019815 B cell receptor B cell receptor complex B-cell antigen receptor BCR complex BCR FcR FcepsilonRI High affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I FcgammaRI Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma FC region receptor III FcgammaRIII Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II FcgammaRII cytokeratin 5 cytokeratin 7 cytokeratin 8 IMR:0000260 cytokeratin 6D cytokeratin 6A cadherin Arc-1 Epithelial-cadherin L-CAM Uvomorulin cadherin-1 cell-CAM120/80 E-cadherin A-CAM Neural-cadherin cadherin-2 N-cadherin Retinal-cadherin cadherin-4 R-cadherin Vascular endothelial-cadherin cadherin-5 VE-cadherin Integrins comprise a large family of cell surface receptors that are found in many animal species, ranging from sponge to mammals. They are composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, and each alpha beta combination has its own binding specificity and signaling properties. integrin Integrins comprise a large family of cell surface receptors that are found in many animal species, ranging from sponge to mammals. They are composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, and each alpha beta combination has its own binding specificity and signaling properties. PMID:10446041 Integrin alpha Integrin beta alpha-catenin named 'beta-catenin family' formerly. beta-catenin intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM neuronal cell adhesion molecule N-CAM paxillin A role played by the protein contributes to the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. IMR:0000188 (obsolete) actin filament cytoskeletal protein related cellular component GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton protein alpha-actinin actin myosin tropomyosin troponin kinesin dynein cytokeratin keratin GO:0005883 neurofilament protein dystrophin Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein APC ankyrin IMR:0000302 cytokeratin 6F cytokeratin 6B MeSH:D019061 Src family C-terminal Src kinase Csk Janus kinases (Jaks) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases. In mammals, the family has four members, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3 and Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). In Drosophila there is only one Jak kinase, Hopscotch (Hop). GO:0004718 Janus kinase JAK Janus kinases (Jaks) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases. In mammals, the family has four members, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3 and Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). In Drosophila there is only one Jak kinase, Hopscotch (Hop). PMID:15575979 Fak/Pyk2 GO:0004717 Focal adhesion kinase Fak CADTK Cak beta RAFTK calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase cell adhesion kinase beta prolin-rich tyrosine kinase 2 related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase Pyk2 ZAP-70/Syk ZAP-70 Spleen tyrosine kinase Syk Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, ERK-1/2, JNK/SAPK, p38 and ERK5. MAPKs are activated by dual phosphorylation on both tyrosine and threonine residues of a conserved TXY motif. GO:0004707 IPR:003527 MAP kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, ERK-1/2, JNK/SAPK, p38 and ERK5. MAPKs are activated by dual phosphorylation on both tyrosine and threonine residues of a conserved TXY motif. PMID:11242034 PMID:9922370 GO:0016909 IPR:008351 c-jun N-terminal kinase stress-activated protein kinase JNK/SAPK IPR:008352 p38 ERK1 and ERK2 are isoforms of the 'classical' MAPK. Both ERK1 and ERK2 (referred to as ERK1/2) are activated by MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 (referred to as MEK1/2). MEK1/2 phosphorylates threonine and tyrosine residues in the Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) sequence of ERK1/2. Activated ERK1/2 phosphorylates many substrates including transcription factors, such as Elk1 and c-Myc, and protein kinases, such as ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). IPR:008349 ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK/ERK p42/p44 MAP kinase p42/p44 MAPK ERK1/2 ERK1 and ERK2 are isoforms of the 'classical' MAPK. Both ERK1 and ERK2 (referred to as ERK1/2) are activated by MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 (referred to as MEK1/2). MEK1/2 phosphorylates threonine and tyrosine residues in the Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) sequence of ERK1/2. Activated ERK1/2 phosphorylates many substrates including transcription factors, such as Elk1 and c-Myc, and protein kinases, such as ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). PMID:16880823 GO:0004709 MAP kinase kinase kinase MAPKK kinase MKKK MAPKKK c-mos mos Raf MOM-4 TGF-bata activated kinase 1 TAK1 Cot Est Tumor progression locus 2 cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene Tpl2 GO:0004710 MAPK/ERK kinase kinase MEKK PAK MLK family GO:0004704 NF-kappa B-inducing kinase NIK GO:0008385 I-kappaB kinase complex IKK complex IMR:0000270 cytokeratin 6E cytokeratin 6C GO:0004697 protein kinase C PKC novel PKC isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta and theta) are regulated by DAG and phospholipids. novel protein kinase C nPKC novel PKC isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta and theta) are regulated by DAG and phospholipids. PMID:15282562 atypical PKC isoforms (zeta and lambda/iota; PKC-lambda is the mouse ortholog of human PKC-iota) are insensitive to both calcium and DAG. GO:0004700 atypical protein kinase C aPKC atypical PKC isoforms (zeta and lambda/iota; PKC-lambda is the mouse ortholog of human PKC-iota) are insensitive to both calcium and DAG. PMID:15282562 A family of 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK; also known as p90rsk or MAPK-activated protein kinase-1, MAPKAP-K1). The RSK family of kinases includes three isoforms: RSK1, RSK2 and RSK3 that are encoded by distinct genes and show 75-80% amino acid identity. RSK proteins is regulated by the ERK kinase pathway. GO:0004711 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 MAPKAP kinase-1 MAPKAP-K1 p90rsk RSK A family of 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK; also known as p90rsk or MAPK-activated protein kinase-1, MAPKAP-K1). The RSK family of kinases includes three isoforms: RSK1, RSK2 and RSK3 that are encoded by distinct genes and show 75-80% amino acid identity. RSK proteins is regulated by the ERK kinase pathway. PMID:10411321 PKA is comprised of two types of subunits. Two catalytic (C) subunits bind to a regulatory (R) subunit dimer to form an inactive holoenzyme complex. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunit causes the catalytic subunit to be unleashed. GO:0004691 GO:0005952 cAMP-dependent protein kinase protein kinase A PKA PKA is comprised of two types of subunits. Two catalytic (C) subunits bind to a regulatory (R) subunit dimer to form an inactive holoenzyme complex. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunit causes the catalytic subunit to be unleashed. PMID:17996741 PKB RAC serine/threonine protein kinase RAC-PK protein kinase B Akt GO:0004692 cGMP-dependent protein kinase PKG Ste20 homolog family mammalian Ste20-like kinases (MAPKKKK) G-protein coupled receptor kinase IMR:0010402 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 hPDK1 phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase PDK polo-like kinase Plk GO:0004696 glycogen synthase kinase 3 GSK3 GO:0004708 MAP kinase kinase MAPK kinase MAPKK MEK1 and MEK2 phosphorylate and activate ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases. MAPKK1/2 MEK MEK1/2 MKK1/2 MEK1/2(MKK1/2) MEK1 and MEK2 phosphorylate and activate ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases. PMID:11242034 PMID:9922370 MKK4 and MKK7 phosphorylate and activate JNK MAP kinases. MKK4/7(JNKK1/2) MKK4 and MKK7 phosphorylate and activate JNK MAP kinases. PMID:11242034 PMID:9922370 MKK3 and MKK6 phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinases. MKK3/6 MKK3 and MKK6 phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinases. PMID:11242034 PMID:9922370 Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). GO:0016303 PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3-kinase Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 regulatory subunit PI3-kinase p85 subunit Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110 catalytic subunit PI3-kinase p110 subunit Receptor interacting protein Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase RIP Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase SHIP SHP family HCP PTP1C SH-PTP1 Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 SHP-1 PTP1D SH-PTP2 Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 Syp SHP-2 phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.4 GO:0004623 PMID:30077006 phospholipase A2 PLA2 (mol) EC:3.1.4.11 GO:0004629 phospholipase C PLC (mol) MeSH: D051966 phospholipase C gamma PLC gamma phospholipase C beta PLCbeta EC:3.1.4.4 GO:0004630 phospholipase D PLD IPR:003577 Ras family Ras GTPase Ras NCBI-Human-GeneID:3845 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24525 K-Ras Ki-ras KRAS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3845 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3845 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24525 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24525 related to Ras R-Ras Ras-like Ral Ras proximal Rap IPR:003578 Rho family Rho Rac IPR:003579 Ras genes from rat brain Rab IPR:002041 Ras-like nuclear protein TC4 Ran Arf/Sar EC:3.4.-.- GO:0008233 peptidase protease GO:0030693 caspase (family) effector caspase signaling (initiator) caspase The 26S proteasome is a 2.5-MDa molecular machine built from ~31 different subunits, which catalyzes protein degradation. It contains a barrel-shaped proteolytic core complex (the 20S proteasome), capped at one or both ends by 19S regulatory complexes, which recognize ubiquitinated proteins. GO:0000502 26S proteasome The 26S proteasome is a 2.5-MDa molecular machine built from ~31 different subunits, which catalyzes protein degradation. It contains a barrel-shaped proteolytic core complex (the 20S proteasome), capped at one or both ends by 19S regulatory complexes, which recognize ubiquitinated proteins. PMID:10872471 PMID:9228274 PMID:9647729 EC:3.6.5.1 G-protein, alpha subunit Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha subunit G-alpha G-alpha-s class G-alpha-i class G-alpha-i Galphao, the most abundant G protein in mammalian brain, occurs at least in two subforms, i.e., Galphao1 and Galphao2, derived by alternative splicing of the mRNA. IMR:0100371 IMR:0100372 G-alpha-o Galphao, the most abundant G protein in mammalian brain, occurs at least in two subforms, i.e., Galphao1 and Galphao2, derived by alternative splicing of the mRNA. PMID:9990023 transducin alpha G-alpha-t G-alpha-z G-alpha-q class G-alpha-12/13 class Catalysis role of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP--> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate. EC:6.2.1.45 IMR:0000327 (obsolete) Wikipedia:Ubiquitin-activating_enzyme E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) related molecular function GO:0004839 ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme http://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/6.2.1.45 EC:1.14.99.1 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase COX Alternative splicing of the mammal crk gene yields two translation products designated the 28-kDa Crk-I and the 42-kDa Crk-II protein. CT-10 regulator of kinase Proto-oncogene C-crk Crk Alternative splicing of the mammal crk gene yields two translation products designated the 28-kDa Crk-I and the 42-kDa Crk-II protein. PMID:10393272 Crk I Crk-like protein Crk-L Crk II The best characterised member of the SH2/SH3 adaptor protein family is Grb2, the human homologue of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans protein Sem-5. The structure of Grb2 consists of one SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. Recently, further members of the Grb2 family have been isolated, Grap protein and Gads. Grb2 family The best characterised member of the SH2/SH3 adaptor protein family is Grb2, the human homologue of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans protein Sem-5. The structure of Grb2 consists of one SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. Recently, further members of the Grb2 family have been isolated, Grap protein and Gads. PMID:10393272 IMR:0010276 ASH protein Ash GRB2 adapter protein Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 SH2/SH3 adapter GRB2 abundant Src homology protein growth factor receptor bound protein 2 Grb2 Grb2-related adaptor protein Grap The widely expressed Nck is a 47-kDa cytosolic protein exclusively composed of one SH2 and three SH3 domains. Recently, a second member of the Nck family has been isolated (Nck beta/Grb4) which shows 68% amino acid identity to Nck (Nck alpha). Nck family The widely expressed Nck is a 47-kDa cytosolic protein exclusively composed of one SH2 and three SH3 domains. Recently, a second member of the Nck family has been isolated (Nck beta/Grb4) which shows 68% amino acid identity to Nck (Nck alpha). PMID:10393272 IMR:0011207 Cytoplasmic protein NCK1 IRS-4a-P NCK adaptor protein 1 Nck alpha SH2/SH3 adaptor protein NCK-alpha Nck IMR:0011208 Cytoplasmic protein NCK2 IRS-4b-P NCK adaptor protein 2 Nck-2 SH2/SH3 adaptor protein NCK-beta Nck beta/Grb4 src homology and collagen Shc SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD SLP-76 insulin receptor substrate IRS cytokeratin 9 BLNK/SLP-65 Cbl Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 Grb7 cytokeratin 10 cytokeratin 12 cytokeratin 13 cytokeratin 14 cytokeratin 15 cytokeratin 16 Smads is a conserved family of signal transducers. Functionally, Smads fall into three subfamilies:R-Smads; Co-Smads; I-Smads. Eight Smad proteins are encoded in vertebrate, four in Drosophila, and three in C. elegans. IPR:001132 SMAD Smad Smads is a conserved family of signal transducers. Functionally, Smads fall into three subfamilies:R-Smads; Co-Smads; I-Smads. Eight Smad proteins are encoded in vertebrate, four in Drosophila, and three in C. elegans. PMID:11792802 PMID:16322555 PMID:9393997 There are five vertebrate R-Smads, Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5 and Smad8 and they are phosphorylated in response to different types of TGF-beta ligands. Phosphorylated R-Smads can form complexes with Smad4 and positively or negatively regulate transcription. The Mad protein in Drosophila is the ortholog of Smad1/5, whereas dSmad2 is the ortholog of Smad2/3. In C. elegans, sma-2 and sma-3 proved to be homologous to Mad of Drosophila. receptor-activated Smad receptor-regulated Smad R-Smad There are five vertebrate R-Smads, Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5 and Smad8 and they are phosphorylated in response to different types of TGF-beta ligands. Phosphorylated R-Smads can form complexes with Smad4 and positively or negatively regulate transcription. The Mad protein in Drosophila is the ortholog of Smad1/5, whereas dSmad2 is the ortholog of Smad2/3. In C. elegans, sma-2 and sma-3 proved to be homologous to Mad of Drosophila. PMID:16322555 PMID:18061509 PMID:9393997 PMID:9880789 Co-Smad forms hetero-oligomers with R-Smads, which in turn translocate into the nucleus and regulate transcriptional responses. Only Smad4 has been identified as a common-mediator Smad in vertebrates. A Smad4 homologue has been identified in Drosophila (Medea) and C. elegans (Sma-4). Smad4 co-mediator Smad common Smad common-mediator Smad common-partner Smad Co-Smad Co-Smad forms hetero-oligomers with R-Smads, which in turn translocate into the nucleus and regulate transcriptional responses. Only Smad4 has been identified as a common-mediator Smad in vertebrates. A Smad4 homologue has been identified in Drosophila (Medea) and C. elegans (Sma-4). PMID:16322555 PMID:9393997 Smad6 and Smad7 are inhibitory Smads that serve as decoys interfering with Smad-receptor or Smad-Smad interactions. Inhibitory Smads have also been detected in Drosophila (Dad). inhibitory Smad I-Smad Smad6 and Smad7 are inhibitory Smads that serve as decoys interfering with Smad-receptor or Smad-Smad interactions. Inhibitory Smads have also been detected in Drosophila (Dad). PMID:16322555 PMID:9393997 signal tranducers and activators of transcription STAT There are two STAT1 isoforms (STAT1alpha and STAT1beta) produced by alternative splicing of a single mRNA. signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 STAT1 (mol) There are two STAT1 isoforms (STAT1alpha and STAT1beta) produced by alternative splicing of a single mRNA. PMID:1105043 signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 STAT2 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 STAT3 (mol) signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 STAT4 signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a STAT5a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b STAT5b signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 STAT6 Members of this family include p50, p52, p65, c-Rel, v-Rrel, RelB, and the Drosophila proteins, Dorsal, Dif and Relish. Most of these transcription factors bind as homo- and heterodimers to the consensus a DNA sequence motif termed kappa-B. IPR:000451 NF-kappa-B NFkB Rel/NF-kappaB family nuclear factor-kappa B NF-kappaB Members of this family include p50, p52, p65, c-Rel, v-Rrel, RelB, and the Drosophila proteins, Dorsal, Dif and Relish. Most of these transcription factors bind as homo- and heterodimers to the consensus a DNA sequence motif termed kappa-B. IPR:000451 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 c-Myc Myc (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24577 interferon regulatory factor family IRF family interferon regulatory factor-1 IRF-1 interferon regulatory factor-2 IRF-2 IRF-3 IRF-4 IRF-5 IRF-6 IRF-7 ICSBP IRF9 ISGF3 gamma p48 IPR:000418 E26 transformation-specific ets ets-related gene ERG E26 transformation-specific1 ETS1 E26 transformation-specific2 ETS2 (mol) EGR family Krox24 NGFI-A TIS8 Zif268 pAT225 EGR1 (mol) Krox20 pAT591 EGR2 EGR3 NGFI-C pAT133 EGR4 c-Myb Myb The NFI family is composed of four members in vertebrates (NFI-A, NFI-B, NFI-C and NFI-X). IPR:000647 CCAAT box-binding transcription factor CTF NFI nuclear factor 1 NF1 (mol) The NFI family is composed of four members in vertebrates (NFI-A, NFI-B, NFI-C and NFI-X). PMID:10831836 IPR:004826 musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma Maf family cytokeratin 17 The AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor is a dimeric complex that comprises members of the JUN, FOS, ATF (activating transcription factor) and MAF (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) protein families. The AP-1 complex can therefore form many different combinations of heterodimers and homodimers, and this combination determines the genes that are regulated by AP-1. AP-1 The AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor is a dimeric complex that comprises members of the JUN, FOS, ATF (activating transcription factor) and MAF (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) protein families. The AP-1 complex can therefore form many different combinations of heterodimers and homodimers, and this combination determines the genes that are regulated by AP-1. PMID:14668816 IPR:000837 FOS family IPR:002112 JUN (mol) BCL-6 belongs to a subset of transcription factors which all have a similar structure composed of an amino-terminal 'POZ' domain and several zinc finger modules at the carboxy-terminus. BCL-6 is highly conserved among vertebrate species. BCL-6 homologues have been identified from human, mouse, frog, and chicken species. BCL-6 BCL-6 belongs to a subset of transcription factors which all have a similar structure composed of an amino-terminal 'POZ' domain and several zinc finger modules at the carboxy-terminus. BCL-6 is highly conserved among vertebrate species. BCL-6 homologues have been identified from human, mouse, frog, and chicken species. PMID:11796228 T-cell factor/lymphoid-enhancer factor TCF/LEF-1 family NFAT proteins are a family of transcription factors (NFATC1~C4) whose activation is controlled by calcineurin, a Ca2+-dependent phosphatase. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells NF-AT NFAT proteins are a family of transcription factors (NFATC1~C4) whose activation is controlled by calcineurin, a Ca2+-dependent phosphatase. PMID:11877454 PMID:11983154 CCAAT/enhancer binding protein C/EBP p300/CBP RGS proteins act as negative regulators of G protein dependent signaling, at least in part, because they stimulate hydrolysis of the GTP bound to activated G alpha subunits. GO:0016299 regulator of G protein signaling RGS RGS proteins act as negative regulators of G protein dependent signaling, at least in part, because they stimulate hydrolysis of the GTP bound to activated G alpha subunits. PMID:9064301 Axin/conductin Axin GO:0005085 guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF Vav Drosophila Son of Sevenless (SOS) is homologous to the yeast exchange factor for Ras, CDC25. Mammalian cells contain two closely related homologs of Drosophila SOS: SOS1 and SOS2. Biochemical studies have established that SOS indeed functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras. son of sevenless Sos Drosophila Son of Sevenless (SOS) is homologous to the yeast exchange factor for Ras, CDC25. Mammalian cells contain two closely related homologs of Drosophila SOS: SOS1 and SOS2. Biochemical studies have established that SOS indeed functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras. UniProt:12177507 Crk SH3 domein binding GEF Guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 C3G Dbl cytohesin GO:0008321 Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor RalGEF RasGRF GO:0005096 GTPase activating protein GAP family GO:0005099 Ras GTPase-activating protein Ras GAP GO:0005092 GDP-dissociation inhibitor guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor GDI GO:0004861 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor CKI Cip/Kip family INK4 family The Bcl-2 family consists of about 20 homologues of important pro- and anti-apoptotic regulators of programmed cell death. B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 family Bcl-2 family The Bcl-2 family consists of about 20 homologues of important pro- and anti-apoptotic regulators of programmed cell death. PMID:14634621 PMID:14996506 BAK BAX (mol) inhibitor of apoptosis-family IAP-family The term 14-3-3 denotes a large family of ~30 kDa acidic proteins that exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells. Their unusual name refers to their elution position on DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel electrophoresis during a systematic attempt at classifying bovine brain proteins. In humans, there are seven distinct 14-3-3 genes denoted beta, gamma, epsilon, eta, sigma, tau (theta) and zeta (as well as a number of potential pseudogenes), while yeast and plants contain between 2 and 15 genes. IPR:000308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000003237 14-3-3 The term 14-3-3 denotes a large family of ~30 kDa acidic proteins that exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells. Their unusual name refers to their elution position on DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel electrophoresis during a systematic attempt at classifying bovine brain proteins. In humans, there are seven distinct 14-3-3 genes denoted beta, gamma, epsilon, eta, sigma, tau (theta) and zeta (as well as a number of potential pseudogenes), while yeast and plants contain between 2 and 15 genes. PMID:11911880 cytokeratin 18 cytokeratin 19 CIS Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein SSI STAT induced STAT inhibitor Suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS TNF receptor associated factor family TRAF family I-kappaB family IkB inhibitor of NF-kappaB I-kappaB cytokeratin 20 cytokeratin 23 cytokeratin 6 cytokeratin 21 NF-H NF-L NF-M alpha-actinin 1 alpha-actinin 2 alpha-actinin 3 alpha-actinin 4 cytoplasmic actin beta-actin cardiac muscle actin alpha-cardiac actin gamma-actin skeletal muscle alpha-actin alpha-actin 1 alpha-actin gamma-actin 2 gamma-enteric actin smooth muscle (enteric type) gamma-actin smooth muscle gamma-actin alpha-actin 3 smooth muscle alpha-actin (aortic type) alpha-actin 2 caveolin arrestin Aquaporin connexin myelin protein GO:0005581 collagen Types I, II and III collagens constitute the classical fibrillar collagens and account for 80-90% of all the collagen in the body. Types V and XI collagens are also classified as fibrillar collagens on the basis of thier homology with types I-III collagens. GO:0005583 fibrillar forming collagen fibrillar collagen Types I, II and III collagens constitute the classical fibrillar collagens and account for 80-90% of all the collagen in the body. Types V and XI collagens are also classified as fibrillar collagens on the basis of thier homology with types I-III collagens. ISBN:0120689111 associate with the surface of fibrils and modify their interactive properties. GO:0005593 FACIT collagen fibril associated collagens with interrupted triple helix fibril-associated collagen associate with the surface of fibrils and modify their interactive properties. ISBN:0120689111 fibronectin elastin GO:0005587 type IV collagen Proteoglycans are a diverse family of molecules characterized by a core protein to which is attached one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side-chains. proteoglycan Proteoglycans are a diverse family of molecules characterized by a core protein to which is attached one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side-chains. ISBN:0120689111 laminin family kalinin disabled The MyD118/CR6/Gadd45 gene family (also termed Gadd45b, Gadd45g, Gadd45a) encodes for small (18 kd), evolutionary conserved proteins that are highly homologous to each other (55 57% overall identity at the amino acid level), are highly acidic (pI=4.0 4.2), and are primarily localized within the cell nucleus. MyD118/CR6/GADD45 serve similar, but not identical, functions along different apoptotic and growth inhibitory pathways. They interact with cell cycle proteins. growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45 GADD45 The MyD118/CR6/Gadd45 gene family (also termed Gadd45b, Gadd45g, Gadd45a) encodes for small (18 kd), evolutionary conserved proteins that are highly homologous to each other (55 57% overall identity at the amino acid level), are highly acidic (pI=4.0 4.2), and are primarily localized within the cell nucleus. MyD118/CR6/GADD45 serve similar, but not identical, functions along different apoptotic and growth inhibitory pathways. They interact with cell cycle proteins. PMID:12032777 presenilin Placental-cadherin cadherin-3 P-cadherin Kidney-cadherin cadherin-6 K-cadherin IFN alpha-1 IFN alpha-2 IFN alpha-4 IFN alpha-5 IFN alpha-6 IFN alpha-7 IFN alpha-8 IFN alpha-9 IFN alpha-10 IFN alpha-14 IFN alpha-16 IFN alpha-17 IFN alpha-21 GO:0005136 interleukin-4 IL-4 (mol) GO:0005139 interleukin-7 IL-7 interleukin-8 IL-8 GO:0005140 interleukin-9 IL-9 GO:0005141 interleukin-10 IL-10 (mol) interleukin-12 IL-12 IL-1RI : IL-1R AcP IL-1RII : IL-1R AcP interleukin-13 IL-13 High molecular weight B-cell growth factor interleukin-14 IL-14 interleukin-15 IL-15 LCF interleukin-16 lymphocyte chemoattractant factor IL-16 CTLA-8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 interleukin-17 IL-17 GO:0030368 interleukin-17 receptor IL-17 receptor interleukin-18 IL-18 GO:0016517 interleukin-12 receptor IL-12 receptor GO:0004918 interleukin-8 receptor IL-8 receptor interleukin-8 receptor A IL-8RA interleukin-8 receptor B IL-8RB GO:0004920 interleukin-10 receptor IL-10 receptor GO:0004921 IL-11 receptor NRG-1 neuregulin-1 NRG-2 neuregulin-2 NRG-3 neuregulin-3 NRG-4 neuregulin-4 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 2 ICAM-2 intercellular adhesion molecule 3 ICAM-3 intercellular adhesion molecule 4 ICAM-4 intercellular adhesion molecule 5 ICAM-5 Integrin alpha-1 Integrin alpha-2 Integrin alpha-3 Integrin alpha-4 Integrin alpha-5 Integrin alpha-6 Integrin alpha-7 Integrin alpha-8 Integrin alpha-9 Integrin alpha-10 Integrin alpha-11 Integrin alpha-IIb Integrin alpha-D Integrin alpha-E Integrin alpha-L Integrin alpha-M Integrin alpha-V Integrin alpha-X Integrin beta-1 Integrin beta-2 Integrin beta-3 Integrin beta-4 Integrin beta-5 Integrin beta-6 Integrin beta-7 Integrin beta-8 CD44 (mol) LFA-1 PAK2 PAK3 PAK4 PAK5 PAK6 PAK5 PAK7 A-Raf B-Raf IMR:0000678 type I alpha cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I beta cGMP-dependent protein kinase cGMP-dependent protein kinase I type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase cGMP-dependent protein kinase II Plk1 Plk3 SAPK-1 p54 gamma SAPK JNK1 p54 alpha SAPK JNK2 p54 beta SAPK JNK3 CRK1 CSBP1 CSBP2 MPK2 Mxi2 RK RK/p38 SAPK-2 SAPK2a p38 MAPK p38/HOG1 p40 p38alpha SAPK2b p38-2 p38beta ERK6 SAPK-3 p38gamma SAPK-4 p38delta IMR:0011341 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3265 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15461 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293621 H-Ras HRAS Ha-ras Transforming protein p21/H-Ras-1 c-H-ras HRAS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3265 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3265 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15461 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15461 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293621 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293621 IMR:0011343 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4893 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24605 N-Ras Transforming protein N-Ras NRAS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4893 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4893 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18176 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24605 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24605 IMR:0011342 K-Ras 2A K-Ras4A KRAS2 Ki-Ras Transforming protein p21A c-K-ras K-Ras2A K-Ras4B K-Ras2B Cdc42 p50:RelA GO:0008384 I-kappaB kinase family IKK family phospholipase C beta 1 PLCbeta1 phospholipase C beta 2 PLCbeta2 phospholipase C beta 3 PLCbeta3 phospholipase C beta 4 PLCbeta4 phospholipase D1 PLD1 phospholipase D2 PLD2 phospholipase C gamma 1 PLC gamma1 phospholipase C gamma 2 PLC gamma2 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 COX-1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19225 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29527 cyclooxygenase 2 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 COX-2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5743 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19225 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19225 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29527 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29527 IMR:0010277 GRB10 adaptor protein Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 Insulin receptor binding protein GRB-IR Grb10 Grb14 IMR:0010596 IMR:0011555 ShcA ShcB ShcC Gads is a member of the family of SH2 and SH3 domain containing adaptor proteins that is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and functions in the coordination of tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction. Gads is a unique member of the Grb2 adaptor family. Grb2-related adaptor downstream of Shc Gads Gads is a member of the family of SH2 and SH3 domain containing adaptor proteins that is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and functions in the coordination of tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction. Gads is a unique member of the Grb2 adaptor family. PMID:11607830 Alternative splicing of the mammal crk gene yields two translation products designated the 28-kDa Crk-I and the 42-kDa Crk-II protein. The Crk-II protein contains an amino-terminal SH2 domain followed by two SH3 domains. The Crk-I protein does not contain the second SH3 domain. The 36-kDa Crk-L protein is similar to CrkII, but is encoded by a separate gene. Crk family Alternative splicing of the mammal crk gene yields two translation products designated the 28-kDa Crk-I and the 42-kDa Crk-II protein. The Crk-II protein contains an amino-terminal SH2 domain followed by two SH3 domains. The Crk-I protein does not contain the second SH3 domain. The 36-kDa Crk-L protein is similar to CrkII, but is encoded by a separate gene. PMID:10393272 RyR ryanodine receptor GADD45 alpha MyD118 GADD45 beta CR6 GADD45 gamma disabled-1 DOC-2 disabled-2 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. B7.1 CD80 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. PMID:14647476 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. B7.2 CD86 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. PMID:14647476 c-FOS FOSB FRA-1 FRA-2 AP-1 c-JUN JUNB (mol) JUND (mol) c-Maf MafF MafG MafK MafB activating transcription factor ATF activating transcription factor 1 ATF-1 (mol) activating transcription factor 2 ATF-2 (mol) activating transcription factor 5 ATF-5 (mol) activating transcription factor 6 alpha ATF-6 alpha activating transcription factor 6 beta ATF-6 beta ATF-a activating transcription factor 7 ATF-7 (mol) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha C/EBP alpha CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta C/EBP beta CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta C/EBP delta CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma C/EBP gamma CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon C/EBP epsilon NF-ATc1 NF-ATc2 NF-ATc3 NF-ATc4 IMR:0010101 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha KCIP-1 Protein 1054 Protein kinase C inhibitor protein-1 14-3-3 beta 14-3-3 gamma 14-3-3 epsilon 14-3-3 eta 14-3-3 sigma 14-3-3 tau/theta 14-3-3 zeta A-Myb B-Myb Myb family IMR:0010365 CCAAT-box binding transcription factor CTF NF-I/A NF1-A NFI-A Nuclear factor 1 A-type Nuclear factor 1/A TGGCA-binding protein NF1-A IMR:0010366 CCAAT-box binding transcription factor CTF NF-I/B NF1-B NFI-B Nuclear factor 1 B-type Nuclear factor 1/B TGGCA-binding protein NF1-B IMR:0010367 CCAAT-box binding transcription factor CTF NF-I/C NF1-C NFI-C Nuclear factor 1 C-type Nuclear factor 1/C TGGCA-binding protein NF1-C IMR:0010368 CCAAT-box binding transcription factor CTF NF-I/X NF1-X NFI-X Nuclear factor 1 X-type Nuclear factor 1/X TGGCA-binding protein NF1-X NF-kappaB2 NFKB2 p100 p52 CHEBI:24020 fat-soluble vitamin TFIIA TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH pol II general transcription factor transcription factor for RNA polymerase II TFII IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 IRAK-1 IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 2 Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 IRAK-2 IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 IRAK-4 Toll-interacting protein Tollip 40S ribosomal protein 60S ribosomal protein heterotrimer of alpha, beta, gamma subunits. binds the initiator Met-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit. GTP binding to eIF2 is necessary for formation of a stable eIF2:GTP:Met-tRNA ternary complex (TC). Following TC binding to the ribosome triggers GTP hydrolysis by eIF2. eukaryotic initiation factor 2 eIF2 heterotrimer of alpha, beta, gamma subunits. binds the initiator Met-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit. GTP binding to eIF2 is necessary for formation of a stable eIF2:GTP:Met-tRNA ternary complex (TC). Following TC binding to the ribosome triggers GTP hydrolysis by eIF2. PMID:12581660 PMID:14635255 heteropentamer of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon subunits. guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of eIF2B is necessary to recycle eIF2:GTP to eIF2:GTP. eukaryotic initiation factor 2B eIF2B heteropentamer of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon subunits. guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of eIF2B is necessary to recycle eIF2:GTP to eIF2:GTP. PMID:12581660 PMID:14635255 consists of a core of five non-identical subunits (eIF3a, eIF3b, eIF3c, eIF3i and eIF3g in yeast) and up to six additional subunits in mammals (eIF3d, eIF3e, eIF3f, eIF3h, eIFj and eIF3k). binding to and stabilization of ternary complex, binding to the 40S ribosome, facilitating the binding of mRNA to the 40S ribosome, and promoting dissociation of 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits eukaryotic initiation factor 3 eIF3 consists of a core of five non-identical subunits (eIF3a, eIF3b, eIF3c, eIF3i and eIF3g in yeast) and up to six additional subunits in mammals (eIF3d, eIF3e, eIF3f, eIF3h, eIFj and eIF3k). binding to and stabilization of ternary complex, binding to the 40S ribosome, facilitating the binding of mRNA to the 40S ribosome, and promoting dissociation of 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits PMID:11426420 PMID:14635255 eIF4A is a DEADbox helicase that can unwind RNA secondary structure in the cap-proximal region of the mRNA. eukaryotic initiation factor 4A eIF4A eIF4A is a DEADbox helicase that can unwind RNA secondary structure in the cap-proximal region of the mRNA. PMID:14635255 eIF1 (mol) eIF4F is a heterotrimeric complex that binds to the cap structure at the 50 end of the mRNA. It is composed of eIF4G and the cap-binding protein eIF4E and the ATPdependent RNA helicase eIF4A. eIF4F eIF4F is a heterotrimeric complex that binds to the cap structure at the 50 end of the mRNA. It is composed of eIF4G and the cap-binding protein eIF4E and the ATPdependent RNA helicase eIF4A. PMID:14635255 Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of eIF4G (I&II). eIF4G is a subunit of the heterotrimeric eIF4F complex that binds to the cap structure at the 50 end of the mRNA. eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G eIF4G Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of eIF4G (I&II). eIF4G is a subunit of the heterotrimeric eIF4F complex that binds to the cap structure at the 50 end of the mRNA. PMID:14635255 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 eIF-4-gamma 3 eIF-4-gamma II eIF-4G 3 eIF4G 3 eIF4GII eIF4F subunit eIF2 subunit eIF2B subunit eIF3 subunit LDL receptor-related protein 3 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 3 LRP3 LDL receptor-related protein 4 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 LRP4 LDL receptor-related protein 5 LRP7 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 LRP5 chemical hormone LDL receptor-related protein 6 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 LRP6 LDL receptor-related protein 8 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 LRP8 (mol) GO:0005041 LDLR family low density lipoprotein receptor family low-density lipoprotein receptor family LDL receptor family LDL receptor-related protein 1B LRP1B LDL receptor-related protein 10 LRP10 LDL receptor-related protein 11 LRP11 LDL receptor-related protein 12 LRP12 low density lipoprotein receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor LDL receptor cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D High-affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7B CGB-PDE cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase High-affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A GMP-PDE gamma Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase gamma-subunit Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase alpha-subunit GMP-PDE beta Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase beta-subunit Cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase alpha'-subunit GMP-PDE delta Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase delta-subunit GMP-PDE gamma Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase gamma-subunit group III secretory phospholipase A2 group V phospholipase A2 group VI phospholipase A2 group IIA phospholipase A2 group IID secretory phospholipase A2 group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 group X secretory phospholipase A2 group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein group IVA phospholipase A2 group IVC phospholipase A2 group IIC secretory phospholipase A2 EC:3.1.2.- thiolester hydrolases EC:3.1.2.15 ubiquitin carboxy-terminal esterase ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase ubiquitin thiolesterase KPNA1 NPI-1 importin alpha S1 importin alpha5 karyopherin alpha1 importin alpha1 KPNA2 importin alpha P1 importin alpha1 karyopherin alpha2 importin alpha2 KPNA3 importin alpha Q2 importin alpha4 karyopherin alpha3 importin alpha3 KPNA4 Qip1 importin alpha Q1 importin alpha3 karyopherin alpha4 importin alpha4 KPNA5 karyopherin alpha5 importin alpha6 KPNA6 importin alpha S2 karyopherin alpha6 importin alpha7 exportin 1 CRM1 Members of importin beta family (importins/exportins, karyopherins) have been classified as importins or exportins on the basis of the direction they carry their cargo. Kap inportin beta family inportin beta-like family inportin beta-like protein inportin beta-like receptor karyopherin karyopherin beta family importin/exportin Members of importin beta family (importins/exportins, karyopherins) have been classified as importins or exportins on the basis of the direction they carry their cargo. PMID:11423015 PMID:11729264 PMID:12600309 PMID:15450977 FLI1 ETV5 ERM Elk-1 Elk-4 Sap-1 importin beta2 karyopherin beta2 transportin 1 transportin SR exportin 4 RanBP16 exportin 7 exportin-t RanBP5 karyopherin beta3 importin 5 RanBP7 importin 7 importin 11 Elk-3 Sap-2 Net importin 13 PU.1 IQGAP1 karyopherin beta2b transportin 2 RanBP17 RanBP6 RanBP8 importin 8 importin 4 importin 9 exportin 5 IQGAP2 RASAL1 RASA4 GO:0005598 short chain collagen GO:0005599 type X collagen GO:0005591 type VIII collagen basement membrane collagen HSPG heparan sulfate proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican neurocan basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan PG-M versican aggrecan agrin brevican decorin keratocan GPI-anchored membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican (mol) glypican-1 HSPG-M13 cerebroglycan K-glypican biglycan NG2 PKC alpha PKC beta PKC gamma PKC delta PKC epsilon PKC-L PKC eta PKC zeta PKC lambda/iota Apo-2 ligand Apo2L TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TNFSF10 TRAIL DR4 TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 TRAIL receptor-1 TRAIL-R1 death receptor 4 TRAIL-R1 DR5 KILLER TRAIL receptor-2 TRAIL-R2 TRICK2 death receptor 5 TRAIL-R2 Apaf-1 Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. MeSH:D003574 MeSH:D045304 Cyt c cytochrome c Bmf DLC8b dynein light chain 2 DLC2 Noxa bbc3 Puma DLC8a PIN dynein light chain 1 protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase DLC1 Axin Axin1 Axil Axin-like protein conductin Axin2 CHEBI:23447 cyclic nucleotide IMR:0200191 GDP Gli1 Gli2 Gli3 Ci/Gli phosphoinositol inositol phosphate CREB-binding protein CBP p300 Gab proteins contain a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and binding sites for SH2 and SH3 domains. Gab family include mammalian Gab1, Gab2, Gab3, Drosophila Dos, and C. elegans Soc1. Grb2-associated binder Gab Gab proteins contain a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and binding sites for SH2 and SH3 domains. Gab family include mammalian Gab1, Gab2, Gab3, Drosophila Dos, and C. elegans Soc1. PMID:14662016 Grb2-associated binder 1 Gab1 (mol) Grb2-associated binder 2 Gab2 Grb2-associated binder 3 Gab3 ISGF3 is a heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2 and p48/ISGF3gamma/IRF9. IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 ISGF3 ISGF3 is a heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2 and p48/ISGF3gamma/IRF9. PMID:11050435 PMID:12040185 STAT1 dimers form the IFNgamma-activated factor (GAF). IFNgamma-activated factor gamma-activated factor GAF STAT1 dimers form the IFNgamma-activated factor (GAF). PMID:11050435 PMID:12040185 BMP2 Bone morphogenetic protein 2 BMP-2 BMP3 Bone morphogenetic protein 3 BMP-3 BMP3b Bone morphogenetic protein 3b GDF-10 GDF10 BMP-3b BMP4 Bone morphogenetic protein 4 BMP-4 BMP5 Bone morphogenetic protein 5 BMP-5 BMP6 Bone morphogenetic protein 6 Vgr-1 BMP-6 BMP7 Bone morphogenetic protein 7 OP-1 BMP-7 BMP8a Bone morphogenetic protein 8a OP-2 BMP-8a BMP8b Bone morphogenetic protein 8b OP-3 BMP-8b BMP10 Bone morphogenetic protein 10 BMP-10 BMP15 Bone morphogenetic protein 15 GDF-9b GDF9b Growth/differentiation factor 9B BMP-15 BMP-11 BMP11 Bone morphogenetic protein 11 GDF11 Growth/differentiation factor 11 GDF-11 BMP-9 BMP9 Bone morphogenetic protein 9 Growth/differentiation factor-2 GDF-2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7099 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21898 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29260 Toll-like receptor 4 TLR4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7099 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7099 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21898 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21898 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29260 Toll-like receptor 1 TLR1 Toll-like receptor 2 TLR2 Toll-like receptor 5 TLR5 Toll-like receptor 3 TLR3 Toll-like receptor 6 TLR6 Toll-like receptor 7 TLR7 Toll-like receptor 8 TLR8 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:81897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:338457 Toll-like receptor 9 TLR9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54106 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:81897 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:338457 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/338457 DOCK1 DOCK180 Superfamily members of DOCK180 possess the DHR-2 domain and bind to and exchange GDP for GTP on either Rac or Cdc42. DOCK Superfamily members of DOCK180 possess the DHR-2 domain and bind to and exchange GDP for GTP on either Rac or Cdc42. PMID:12432077 DOCK2 DOCK3 DOCK4 DOCK5 DOCK6 DOCK7 DOCK8 DOCK9 DOCK10 Rac1 Rac2 Rac3 Rap1 Rap1A Rap1B Rap2 Rap2A Rap2B Rap2C RalA RalB R-Ras1 R-Ras2 R-Ras3 M-Ras Rab1A Rab1B Rab2A Rab2B Rab3A Rab3B Rab3C Rab3D Rab4A Rab4B Rab5A Rab5B Rab5C Rab6A Rab6B Rab6C Rab7 Rab7L Rab8A Rab8B Rab9A Rab9B Rab10 Rab11A Rab11B Rab12 Rab13 (mol) Rab14 Rab15 Rab17 Rab18 Rab19 Rab20 Rab21 Rab22A Rab23 Rab24 Rab25 Rab26 Rab27A Rab27B Rab28 Rab30 Rab31 Rab32 Rab33A Rab33B (mol) Rab34 Rab35 Rab36 Rab37 Rab38 Rab39A Rab39B Rab40A Rab40B Rab40C RABL2A RABL2B Cav-1 caveolin-1 Cav-2 caveolin-2 Cav-3 caveolin-3 CHEBI:27305 vitamin RGS1 RGS2 RGS3 RGS4 RGS5 RGS6 RGS7 RGS8 RGS9 RGS10 RGS11 RGS12 RGS13 RGS14 RGS16 RGS17 RGS18 RGS19 RGS20 MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK3 can be activated by p38 and activated MAPKAPK2/3 can phosphorylate small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2/3 MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 MAPKAPK2/3 MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK3 can be activated by p38 and activated MAPKAPK2/3 can phosphorylate small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). PMID:9628874 MAP kinase signal-integrating kinase 1 MAP kinase-interacting kinase 1 MNK1 MAP kinase signal-integrating kinase 2 MAP kinase-interacting kinase 2 MNK2 HSP27 A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) CHEBI:32952 MeSH:D000588 amine A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) MeSH:D000588 CHEBI:33567 catecholamine Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed) glycoside Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed) MeSH:D006027 Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique and essential component of the cell wall of virtually all bacteria, is not present in eukaryotes, and is an excellent target for the innate immune system. MeSH:D010457 PGN murein peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique and essential component of the cell wall of virtually all bacteria, is not present in eukaryotes, and is an excellent target for the innate immune system. PMID:16263004 Involved in cell adhesion. May be involved in the attachment of the actin-based microfilaments to the plasma membrane. vinculin Involved in cell adhesion. May be involved in the attachment of the actin-based microfilaments to the plasma membrane. UniProt:P18206 component of fungal cell walls. MeSH:C033363 (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan (1,3)-beta-D-glucan (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (1->3)-beta-D-glucan beta-1,3-D-glucan beta-1,3-glucan component of fungal cell walls. MeSH:C033363 ribosomal S6 protein kinase S6K 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase p70S6K 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase1 p90RSK1 RSK1 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase2 p90RSK2 RSK2 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase3 p90RSK3 RSK3 a disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM family ADAM17 TNF-alpha converting enzyme a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 TACE a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 ADAM10 mastermind family MAM family MAML1 RhoA GO:0005089 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor RhoGEF Epac1 (cAMP-GEFI) and Epac2 (cAMP-GEFII) are closely related guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the small GTPase Rap1 and Rap2, which are directly regulated by cAMP. exchange protein directly activated by cAMP Epac Epac1 (cAMP-GEFI) and Epac2 (cAMP-GEFII) are closely related guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the small GTPase Rap1 and Rap2, which are directly regulated by cAMP. PMID:9856955 Epac cAMP-GEFI Epac1 cAMP-GEFII Epac2 GO:0017034 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF NDK5 NDK6 NDK7 fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 FGFR1 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 FGFR3 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 FGFR4 Sos1 Sos2 Antibody molecule (immunoglobulin) consists of four polypeptides chains, two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. In mammals, there are five classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. GO:0003823 Ig antibody immunoglobulin Antibody molecule (immunoglobulin) consists of four polypeptides chains, two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. In mammals, there are five classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. ISBN:0815340729 immunoglobulin A IgA immunoglobulin E IgE immunoglobulin G IgG CHEBI:27584 11beta,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al Aldosterone aldosterone A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. CHEBI:22879 MeSH:D001679 biogenic amine A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. MeSH:D001679 methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin beta-LPH beta lipotropin gamma-LPH gamma lipotropin T-cell receptor gamma TCR gamma T-cell receptor delta TCR delta UBE2N Uev1A The MHC class Ib family members include HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G and HFE (HLA-H) in humans and gene products from the H2-M, H2-Q and H2-T regions in mice. MHC class Ib molecule nonclassical MHC class I molecule The MHC class Ib family members include HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G and HFE (HLA-H) in humans and gene products from the H2-M, H2-Q and H2-T regions in mice. PMID:10607669 PMID:16860610 MHC class II-like proteins are produced from the class II region of the MHC, HLA-DM (DM) and HLA-DO (DO) (called H2-M, or H2-DM and H2-O in the mouse). nonclassical MHC class II molecule MHC class II-like proteins are produced from the class II region of the MHC, HLA-DM (DM) and HLA-DO (DO) (called H2-M, or H2-DM and H2-O in the mouse). PMID:10837054 Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinases (IP3-3K) are the enzymes responsible for the ATP-dependent conversion of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. Three mammalian isoforms of this enzyme have so far been isolated and designated the A, B and C isoforms. GO:0008440 IP(3) 3-kinase IP(3)K IP3 3-kinase IP3-3K IP3K Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinases (IP3-3K) are the enzymes responsible for the ATP-dependent conversion of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. Three mammalian isoforms of this enzyme have so far been isolated and designated the A, B and C isoforms. PMID:15093605 PMID:15740635 IP3K-A inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A IP3K-B inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B IP3K-C inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C CARMEN CIPER CLAP c-E10 mE10 BCL10 IGFBPs are a family of secreted proteins that bind IGF with high affinities that are equal to or greater than those of the IGF-IR. Six distinct IGFBPs, designated as IGFBP-1 to -6, have been isolated and characterized from human and a variety of vertebrate species. IGF-binding protein insulin-like growth factor-binding protein IGFBP IGFBPs are a family of secreted proteins that bind IGF with high affinities that are equal to or greater than those of the IGF-IR. Six distinct IGFBPs, designated as IGFBP-1 to -6, have been isolated and characterized from human and a variety of vertebrate species. PMID:12466191 PMID:15862547 PMID:15935690 IGFBP-2 IGFBP-3 IGFBP-4 IGFBP-5 IGFBP-6 GO:0045519 interleukin-23 IL-23 GO:0042020 interleukin-23 receptor IL-23 receptor GO:0045523 interleukin-27 IL-27 TOR TSC2 AMPK beta subunit AMPK gamma subunit S6K1 S6K2 FOXO proteins are conserved from worm to human. To date, only one FOXO species has been identified in invertebrates (called dauer formation-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans and dFOXO in Drosophila). In mammals, four subfamily members have been identified: FOXO1 (previously known as FKHR), FOXO3 (previously known as FKHRL1), FOXO4 (previously known as AFX) and FOXO6. FOXO family FOXO proteins are conserved from worm to human. To date, only one FOXO species has been identified in invertebrates (called dauer formation-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans and dFOXO in Drosophila). In mammals, four subfamily members have been identified: FOXO1 (previously known as FKHR), FOXO3 (previously known as FKHRL1), FOXO4 (previously known as AFX) and FOXO6. PMID:18391973 FOXO1 (mol) FOXO3 FOXO4 FOXO6 Insulin superfamily genes are ubiquitous in vertebrates, and have been identified in invertebrates, including insects, molluscs, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Seven members of the insulin superfamily have been identified in humans, including insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II, relaxins HI and HII, early placenta insulin-like peptide (EPIL), and relaxin-like factor. insulin family Insulin superfamily genes are ubiquitous in vertebrates, and have been identified in invertebrates, including insects, molluscs, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Seven members of the insulin superfamily have been identified in humans, including insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II, relaxins HI and HII, early placenta insulin-like peptide (EPIL), and relaxin-like factor. PMID:11274053 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. B7.1/B7.2 CD80/CD86 B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) - the two structurally homologous ligands of CD28 - are expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and activated B cells, belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and might exist as dimers and monomers, respectively. PMID:14647476 Arrow/Lrp5/Lrp6 is a subfamily of the LDL receptor (LDLR) family. Arrow, and also its counterparts LRP5 and LRP6 in mammals and in frogs, appears to function as a coreceptor for Wnt together with the seven-transmembrane receptor Frizzled (frz) in forming the Wnt receptor signaling complex. Arrow/LRP5/LRP6 Arrow/Lrp5/Lrp6 is a subfamily of the LDL receptor (LDLR) family. Arrow, and also its counterparts LRP5 and LRP6 in mammals and in frogs, appears to function as a coreceptor for Wnt together with the seven-transmembrane receptor Frizzled (frz) in forming the Wnt receptor signaling complex. PMID:12045102 PMID:15084453 Lrp5 and Lrp6 are highly homologous, and are widely co-expressed during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. An orthologue in Drosophila melanogaster is known as arrow, a gene that functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. LRP5/LRP6 Lrp5 and Lrp6 are highly homologous, and are widely co-expressed during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. An orthologue in Drosophila melanogaster is known as arrow, a gene that functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. PMID:12045102 PMID:15084453 GRK2 beta-arrestin 1 beta-arrestin 2 Dlp/Dally ETV6 TEL TEL1 Kif3A alpha PIX The BMP-1/TLD metalloproteinases, conserved in species ranging from Drosophila to humans, act in dorsal-ventral patterning via activation of BMP2, BMP4 (vertebrates) and Dpp (arthropods). There are four mammalian BMP-1/TLD-like proteinases, including BMP-1/mTLD, which is encoded by alternatively spliced mRNA produced by the Bmp1 gene, and TLL1 and TLL2, which are genetically distinct. bone morphogenetic protein-1/tolloid family BMP-1/TLD family The BMP-1/TLD metalloproteinases, conserved in species ranging from Drosophila to humans, act in dorsal-ventral patterning via activation of BMP2, BMP4 (vertebrates) and Dpp (arthropods). There are four mammalian BMP-1/TLD-like proteinases, including BMP-1/mTLD, which is encoded by alternatively spliced mRNA produced by the Bmp1 gene, and TLL1 and TLL2, which are genetically distinct. PMID:17560775 PMID:19429706 CDMP-1 Growth/differentiation factor-5 cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 GDF-5 BMP-13 Bone morphogenetic protein-13 CDMP-2 Growth/differentiation factor 6 cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 GDF-6 BMP-12 Bone morphogenetic protein-12 Growth/differentiation factor 7 GDF-7 Growth/differentiation factor-8 myostatin GDF-8 Growth/differentiation factor-9 GDF-9 Growth/differentiation factor-3 Vgr-2 GDF-3 BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. BMP-2, BMP-4, and the Drosophila Dpp form one subgroup. BMP-2/4 group BMP-2 subfamily BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. BMP-2, BMP-4, and the Drosophila Dpp form one subgroup. PMID:15871923 PMID:9720756 PMID:9759503 BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8 (OP-2), and the Drosophila Gbb form one subgroup. OP-1 group BMP-5 subfamily BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8 (OP-2), and the Drosophila Gbb form one subgroup. PMID:15871923 PMID:9720756 PMID:9759503 BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. GDF-5 (CDMP- 1), GDF-6 (CDMP-2 or BMP-13), and GDF-7 (BMP-12) form one sugroup. GDF-5 subfamily BMP-related proteins can be subdivided into several groups based on their structures and functions. GDF-5 (CDMP- 1), GDF-6 (CDMP-2 or BMP-13), and GDF-7 (BMP-12) form one sugroup. PMID:15871923 PMID:9720756 PMID:9759503 Nucleoside diphoshate kinases (NDKs), an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins, synthesize nucleoside triphosphates from nucleoside diphosphates and ATP. To date, eight human NDK homologues have been identified. EC:2.7.4.6 GO:0004550 NDK NDP kinase NME Nm23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nucleoside diphoshate kinases (NDKs), an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins, synthesize nucleoside triphosphates from nucleoside diphosphates and ATP. To date, eight human NDK homologues have been identified. PMID:11768308 PMID:16313181 negative elongation factor NELF Translation initiation in eukaryotes is an intricate process requiring at least 11 eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). eukaryotic initiation factor eIF Translation initiation in eukaryotes is an intricate process requiring at least 11 eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). PMID:11426420 PMID:12581660 PMID:14635255 SIII Elongin Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A role played by the entity which catalyses the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+. EC:2.3.1.85 related molecular function GO:0004312 fatty acid synthase EC:1.11.1.9 Cellular glutathione peroxidase GSHC GSHPx-1 Glutathione peroxidase 1 glutathione peroxidase monomer Glutathione peroxidase GTR1 Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain HepG2 glucose transporter Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 1 GLUT1 GTR2 Glucose transporter type 2, liver Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 2 GLUT2 GTR4 Glucose transporter type 4, insulin-responsive Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 4 GLUT4 Solute carrier family 25, member 15 Mitochondrial ornithine transporter 1 57 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I PTB hnRNP I Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 CSA-19 60S ribosomal protein L10a 23 kDa highly basic protein 60S ribosomal protein L13a Q9UNX3 60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 40S small ribosomal protein 27A 40S ribosomal protein S27a P18077 60S ribosomal protein L35a 60S ribosomal protein L37a Negative elongation factor E RD protein NELF-E Laminin receptor homolog QM protein Tumor suppressor QM 60S ribosomal protein L10 60S ribosomal protein L11 P30050 60S ribosomal protein L12 Breast basic conserved protein 1 60S ribosomal protein L13 CAG-ISL 7 60S ribosomal protein L14 P39030 60S ribosomal protein L15 L23 60S ribosomal protein L17 Q07020 60S ribosomal protein L18 60S ribosomal protein L19 Q02543 60S ribosomal protein L18a P46778 60S ribosomal protein L21 EAP EBER associated protein Epstein-Barr virus small RNA associated protein Heparin binding protein HBp15 60S ribosomal protein L22 L17 60S ribosomal protein L23 L30 60S ribosomal protein L24 60S ribosomal protein L26 60S ribosomal protein L27 P46779 60S ribosomal protein L28 Cell surface heparin binding protein HIP 60S ribosomal protein L29 P46776 60S ribosomal protein L27a P29316 60S ribosomal protein L23a 60S ribosomal protein L30 60S ribosomal protein L31 60S ribosomal protein L32 P49207 60S ribosomal protein L34 P42766 60S ribosomal protein L35 Q9Y3U8 60S ribosomal protein L36 G1.16 60S ribosomal protein L37 60S ribosomal protein L38 60S ribosomal protein L39 Q92901 60S ribosomal protein L3-like HIV-1 TAR RNA binding protein B TARBP-B 60S ribosomal protein L3 CEP52 60S ribosomal protein L40 HG12 60S ribosomal protein L41 60S ribosomal protein L44 60S ribosomal protein L36a L1 60S ribosomal protein L4 P46777 60S ribosomal protein L5 Neoplasm-related protein C140 TAX-responsive enhancer element binding protein 107 TAXREB107 60S ribosomal protein L6 PLA-X polypeptide Surfeit locus protein 3 60S ribosomal protein L7a P18124 60S ribosomal protein L7 60S ribosomal protein L8 60S ribosomal protein L9 P32969 60S ribosomal protein L9 L10E 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 P05386 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 P05387 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 ROA0 hnRNP A0 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 Helix-destabilizing protein ROA1 Single-strand binding protein hnRNP A1 hnRNP core protein A1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 ROA2 hnRNP A2 hnRNP A2 / hnRNP B1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 D10S102 ROA3 hnRNP A3 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 ROC hnRNP C1 / hnRNP C2 hnRNP C1/C2 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1/C2 AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 ROD hnRNP D0 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 ROF hnRNP F Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F Glycoprotein p43 RNA binding motif protein, X chromosome ROG hnRNP G Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G ROH1 hnRNP H Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H FTP-3 ROH2 hnRNP H' Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H' CSBP DC-stretch binding protein ROK TUNP Transformation upregulated nuclear protein hnRNP K Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K ROL hnRNP L Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L ROM hnRNP M Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M ROR hnRNP R Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R ROU SAF-A Scaffold attachment factor A hnRNP U Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U 40S small ribosomal protein 10 40S ribosomal protein S10 40S small ribosomal protein 11 40S ribosomal protein S11 40S small ribosomal protein 12 40S ribosomal protein S12 40S small ribosomal protein 13 40S ribosomal protein S13 40S small ribosomal protein 14 40S ribosomal protein S14 40S small ribosomal protein 15 RIG protein 40S ribosomal protein S15 40S small ribosomal protein 16 40S ribosomal protein S16 40S small ribosomal protein 17 40S ribosomal protein S17 40S small ribosomal protein 18 KE-3 KE3 40S ribosomal protein S18 40S small ribosomal protein 19 40S ribosomal protein S19 40S small ribosomal protein 1A 40S ribosomal protein S15a 40S small ribosomal protein 20 40S ribosomal protein S20 40S small ribosomal protein 21 40S ribosomal protein S21 40S small ribosomal protein 23 40S ribosomal protein S23 40S small ribosomal protein 24 S19 40S ribosomal protein S24 40S small ribosomal protein 25 40S ribosomal protein S25 40S small ribosomal protein 26 40S ribosomal protein S26 40S small ribosomal protein 27 MPS-1 Metallopan-stimulin 1 40S ribosomal protein S27 40S small ribosomal protein 28 40S ribosomal protein S28 40S small ribosomal protein 29 40S ribosomal protein S29 40S small ribosomal protein 2 LLREP3 protein S4 40S ribosomal protein S2 40S small ribosomal protein 30 40S ribosomal protein S30 40S small ribosomal protein 3A 40S ribosomal protein S3a 40S small ribosomal protein 3 40S ribosomal protein S3 40S small ribosomal protein 4Y 40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 40S small ribosomal protein 4 SCR10 Single copy abundant mRNA protein 40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform 40S small ribosomal protein 5 40S ribosomal protein S5 40S small ribosomal protein 7 40S ribosomal protein S7 40S small ribosomal protein 8 40S ribosomal protein S8 40S small ribosomal protein 9 40S ribosomal protein S9 40S small ribosomal protein P4 laminin receptor 40S ribosomal protein SA Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 (Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 1) (Transcription elongation factor TFIIS.o) Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 1 Transcription elongation factor TFIIS.o TFIIS protein General transcription factor TFIIB RNA polymerase II alpha initiation factor S300-II Transcription factor E Transcription initiation factor IIB TFIIB IMR:0011979 EIF- 2alpha EIF-2A Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 eIF-2-alpha translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 eIF2-alpha Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 eIF-2-beta eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 beta subunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 eIF2-beta Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 3 eIF-2-gamma eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 gamma subunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 3 eIF2-gamma Translation initiation factor eIF-2B alpha subunit eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, alpha subunit translation initiation factor 2B alpha subunit eIF2B-alpha S20I15 S20III15 Translation initiation factor eIF-2B beta subunit eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, beta subunit translation initiation factor 2B beta subunit eIF2B-beta Translation initiation factor eIF-2B delta subunit eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, delta subunit translation initiation factor 2B delta subunit eIF2B-delta Translation initiation factor eIF-2B epsilon subunit eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, epsilon subunit translation initiation factor 2B epsilon subunit eIF2B-epsilon Translation initiation factor eIF-2B gamma subunit eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, gamma subunit translation initiation factor 2B gamma subunit eIF2B-gamma This subunit is not part of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae core eIF3 complex. Possible eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 30 kDa subunit eIF-3 30 kDa eIF-3 alpha eIF3 p35 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 1 eIF3j This subunit is not part of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae core eIF3 complex. PMID:11426420 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 39 kDa subunit Suppressor of uncontrolled mitosis 1 TGF-beta receptor interacting protein 1 TRIP-1 Translation initiation factor eIF3, p39 subunit eIF-3 beta eIF3 p36 eIF3 p39 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 2 eIF3i Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 RNA-binding subunit Translation initiation factor eIF3, p33 subunit eIF-3 RNA-binding subunit eIF-3 delta eIF3 p33 eIF3 p42 eIF3 p44 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 4 eIF3g eIF-3 epsilon eIF3 p47 eIF3 p47 subunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5 eIF3f Cell cycle regulation and translation initiation protein Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 90 kDa subunit eIF-3 eta eIF3 p110 eIF3 p116 eIF3 p90 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 9 eIF3b eIF-3 gamma eIF3 p40 eIF3 p40 subunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 3 eIF3h Translation initiation factor eIF3, p110 subunit eIF-3 theta eIF3 p110 eIF3 p167 eIF3 p180 eIF3 p185 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 10 eIF3a eIF-3 zeta eIF3 p66 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 7 eIF3d Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 93 kDa subunit Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 8 Nuclear transport protein NIP1 eIF3 p110 eIF3 p93 eIF3c Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 6 Mammary tumor-associated protein INT-6 Viral integration site protein INT-6 eIF-3 p48 eIF3e ARG134 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 11 HSPC029 Muscle specific gene M9 protein PTD001 eIF-3 p25 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 11 eIF3k Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-chromosomal eIF-1A eIF-1A X isoform eIF-1A Y isoform eIF-4C eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A eIF1A eIF-4A-I eIF4AI eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I eIF4A-I IMR:0011606 eIF-4A-II eIF4AII eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II eIF4A-II IMR:0011556 IF4E eIF-4E eIF-4F 25 kDa subunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E mRNA cap-binding protein eIF4E P220 eIF-4-gamma 1 eIF-4G eIF-4G1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 eIF4GI eIF-4B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B eIF4B Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 1 protein eIF-4H eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H eIF4H Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 eIF-5 eIF5 EloA Elongin 110 kDa subunit Elongin A MSTP059 RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit A1 SIII p110 Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 3 Elongin A1 protein EloC Elongin 15 kDa subunit Elongin C RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit C SIII p15 Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 1 Elongin B protein EloB Elongin 18 kDa subunit Elongin B RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit B SIII p18 Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 2 Elongin C protein NELF-A Negative elongation factor A P/OKCL.15 Wolf-Hirshhorn syndrome candidate 2 protein mWHSC2 NELF-A protein Cofactor of BRCA1 NELF-B Negative elongation factor B NELF-B protein HSPC130 NELF-C/D Negative elongation factor C/D TH1-like protein NELF-C/D protein NDKA NDKB NDK3 NDKM EC:3.1.4.35 GO:0004116 cGMP-specific PDE cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase cGMP phosphodiesterase importin exportin Naturally occurring compounds derived from the parent C20 acid, prostanoic acid. CAS:11000-26-3 prostaglandin Any icosanoid from that family of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives generated by leukocytes from arachidonic acid, each member having four double bonds of which three are conjugated. leukotriene 3',5'-Cyclic AMP Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate Cyclic AMP Cyclic adenylic acid cAMP IMR:0200372 3',5'-Cyclic GMP Cyclic GMP Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate cGMP DAG DG Diglyceride diacylglyceride diacylglycerol IMR:0200332 1,4,5-InsP3 1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate IP3 IMR:0200210 1D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 IP4 CHEBI:26764 steroid hormone 4-Pregnene-3,20-dione progesterone stress hormone glucocorticoid CHEBI:25354 mineralocorticoid vitamin D Retin A Tretinoin all-trans-Retinoic Acid all-trans-Vitamin A acid vitamin A acid retinoic acid MeSH:D013963 thyroid hormone (substance) MeSH:D013974 3,5,3'5'-Tetraiiodo-L-thyronine L-Thyroxine Levothyroxin O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diidophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine T4 Thyroid Hormone thyroxine MeSH:D014284 3,3'5-Triiodo-L-thyronine 3,5,3'-Triiodo-L-thyronine 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine L-3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine Liothyronine T3 Thyroid Hormone Triiodothyronine triiodothyronine A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. MeSH:D002116 calcitonin A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. MeSH:D002116 A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. MeSH:D002766 CCK cholecystokinin A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. MeSH:D002766 A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. MeSH:D005749 GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. MeSH:D005749 A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. MeSH:D009037 motilin A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. MeSH:D009037 A polypeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland. MeSH:D011390 PRF PRH PrRP prolactin-releasing factor rolactin-releasing peptide prolactin-releasing hormone A polypeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland. MeSH:D011390 A tripeptide hormone that originates in the HYPOTHALAMUS and stimulates the secretion of THYROTROPIN from the PITUITARY GLAND. In humans, it also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. MeSH:D013973 5-oxo-prolyl-histidyl-prolinamide TRH protirelin thyroliberin thyrotropin-releasing hormone A tripeptide hormone that originates in the HYPOTHALAMUS and stimulates the secretion of THYROTROPIN from the PITUITARY GLAND. In humans, it also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. MeSH:D013973 Hypothalamic peptide that regulates the synthesis and secretion of GROWTH HORMONE in the anterior pituitary gland. MeSH:D013007 GHRH SRH Somatoliberin somatotropin-releasing hormone growth hormone-releasing hormone Hypothalamic peptide that regulates the synthesis and secretion of GROWTH HORMONE in the anterior pituitary gland. MeSH:D013007 MSHRH MSH-releasing hormone A peptide hormone of about 22 amino acids. It is derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN and has natriuretic activity. MeSH:D019824 beta-Melanotropin beta-MSH A peptide hormone of about 22 amino acids. It is derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN and has natriuretic activity. MeSH:D019824 IMR:0200455 MeSH:D008550 Melatonin N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine melatonin Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. MeSH:D019886 GRP gastrin-releasing peptide Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. MeSH:D019886 A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors ( RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE). MeSH:D014660 VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors ( RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE). MeSH:D014660 HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs. MeSH:D005768 Enteric Hormone Intestinal Hormone gastrointestinal hormones HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs. MeSH:D005768 A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. MeSH:D019894 peptide YY A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. MeSH:D019894 A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. MeSH:D012633 secretin A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. MeSH:D012633 Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. MeSH:D010187 pancreatic hormone Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. MeSH:D010187 A pancreatic peptide hormone of about 29 amino acids secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS. It has an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. MeSH:D005934 glucagon A pancreatic peptide hormone of about 29 amino acids secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS. It has an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. MeSH:D005934 Hormones isolated from the hypothalamus which exercise control over other organs, primarily the pituitary gland. Well-known members include certain pituitary hormone-releasing hormones and pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones. Vasopressin and oxytocin which are found in the posterior pituitary may also be secreted by the hypothalamus but are not grouped here ( PITUITARY HORMONES, POSTERIOR). MeSH:D007028 hypothalamic hormone Hormones isolated from the hypothalamus which exercise control over other organs, primarily the pituitary gland. Well-known members include certain pituitary hormone-releasing hormones and pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones. Vasopressin and oxytocin which are found in the posterior pituitary may also be secreted by the hypothalamus but are not grouped here ( PITUITARY HORMONES, POSTERIOR). MeSH:D007028 Parathormone parathyroid hormone Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. MeSH:D010907 pituitary hormone Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. MeSH:D010907 Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN. Not include steroid hormones ( ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE). MeSH:D010926 placental hormone, peptide Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN. Not include steroid hormones ( ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE). MeSH:D010926 Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis ( GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta ( CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities. MeSH:D006062 gonadotropin Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis ( GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta ( CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities. MeSH:D006062 thymus hormone Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading. MeSH:D010905 PHRIH pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormone Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading. MeSH:D010905 MSHRIH Melanostatin MSH release-inhibiting hormone PIH prolactin release-inhibiting hormone Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. MeSH:D010906 PHRH pituitary hormone-releasing hormone Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. MeSH:D010906 CRH Corticotropin-releasing factor corticotropin-releasing hormone A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. MeSH:D007987 FSH-Releasing Hormone GnRH LH-Releasing Hormone LHRH gonadoliberin gonadorelin gonadotropin-releasing hormone A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. MeSH:D007987 Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). MeSH:D010908 pituitary hormone, anterior Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). MeSH:D010908 The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones ( THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity. MeSH:D015292 glycoprotein hormone, alpha subunit The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones ( THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity. MeSH:D015292 Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation ( OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids ( ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS). MeSH:D006065 gonadotropin, pituitary Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation ( OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids ( ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS). MeSH:D006065 A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D005640 FSH follitropin follicle stimulating hormone A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D005640 A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D005640 LH lutropin luteinizing hormone A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D005640 A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized. MeSH:D013006 GH somatotropin growth hormone (mol) A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized. MeSH:D013006 Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. They are formed in the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in nerve cell endings in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). MeSH:D010909 Pituitrin pituitary hormone, posterior Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. They are formed in the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in nerve cell endings in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). MeSH:D010909 A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and stimulates MILK EJECTION. MeSH:D010121 OXT Ocytocin Pitocin oxtocin oxytocin A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and stimulates MILK EJECTION. MeSH:D010121 A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. MeSH:D010928 Choriomammotropin placental lactogen A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. MeSH:D010928 A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D006063 CG chorionic gonadotropin A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D006063 Thymulin thymic factor, circulating thymopoietin thymosin O-Acetylcholine acetylcholine IMR:0200003 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol Dopamine dopamine IMR:0200335 (R)-(-)-Adnephrine (R)-(-)-Adrenaline (R)-(-)-Epinephrine (R)-(-)-Epirenamine 4-[(1R)-1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol L-Adrenaline adrenalin IMR:0200116 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol Arterenol L-Noradrenaline LEVOPHED (TN) Norepinephrine noradrenalin IMR:0200145 4-Amino-butanoic acid 4-aminobutanoic acid GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid IMR:0200057 Aminoacetic acid Gly Glycine glycine IMR:0200156 L-Glutamate L-Glutamic acid L-Glutaminic acid glutamic acid IMR:0200071 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid Taurine taurine 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol p-hydroxyphenylethanolamine octopamine IMR:0200412 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol 5-Hydroxytryptamine Serotonin enteramine serotonin IMR:0200018 2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine Tyramine tyramine IMR:0200295 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine 2-(4-Imidazolyl)ethylamine Histamine histamine Hypertensin angiotensin angiotensin I angiotensin III beta-endorphin MeSH:D001920 bradykinin kallidin Somatomedin is a group of hormones that is produced, when stimulated by somatotropin (STH), to promote cell growth and division. In this way, they mediate the effect of somatotropin (also known as growth hormone). They have similar biological effects to somatotropin. Three forms include: * somatomedin A, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 2 * somatomedin B, which is derived from vitronectin * somatomedin C, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 1 MeSH:D013002 somatomedin Somatomedin is a group of hormones that is produced, when stimulated by somatotropin (STH), to promote cell growth and division. In this way, they mediate the effect of somatotropin (also known as growth hormone). They have similar biological effects to somatotropin. Three forms include: * somatomedin A, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 2 * somatomedin B, which is derived from vitronectin * somatomedin C, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 1 Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatomedin IGF-I insulin-like growth factor I IGF-II insulin-like growth factor II MeSH:D000809 angiotensin angiotensin II opioid peptide endorphin alpha-endorphin gamma-endorphin enkephalin leucine enkephalin adrenorphin alpha-neoendorphin rimorphin The kinins are pharmacologically active polypeptides released in the tissues and body fluids as a result of the enzymatic action of kallikreins on kininogens. The kinin family includes bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Pro-gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg), kallidin (Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin (Met-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Arg). MeSH:D007705 plasmakinin kinin The kinins are pharmacologically active polypeptides released in the tissues and body fluids as a result of the enzymatic action of kallikreins on kininogens. The kinin family includes bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Pro-gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg), kallidin (Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) and methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin (Met-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Arg). PMID:16513476 21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides. MeSH:D016232 endothelin 21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides. MeSH:D016232 ET-1 endothelin-1 ET-2 endothelin-2 ET-3 endothelin-3 kinesin superfamily kinesin-like protein A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate. MeSH:D011388 PRL prolactin A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate. MeSH:D011388 An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of CORTICOSTEROIDS and induces growth of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is a single-chain polypeptide of about 39 amino acids, the first 24 of which are identical in all species. This 24-amino acid segment is said to be responsible for the biological activity of the peptide while the remaining 15-amino acid segment is said to be necessary for any immunological specificity. MeSH:D000324 ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of CORTICOSTEROIDS and induces growth of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is a single-chain polypeptide of about 39 amino acids, the first 24 of which are identical in all species. This 24-amino acid segment is said to be responsible for the biological activity of the peptide while the remaining 15-amino acid segment is said to be necessary for any immunological specificity. MeSH:D000324 A 13-amino acid peptide derived from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND in man and from the pars intermedia in lower vertebrates. Its amino acid sequence is identical to the first 13 amino acids of ACTH. It influences the formation of deposition of MELANIN in the body. MeSH:D000521 alpha-MSH A 13-amino acid peptide derived from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND in man and from the pars intermedia in lower vertebrates. Its amino acid sequence is identical to the first 13 amino acids of ACTH. It influences the formation of deposition of MELANIN in the body. MeSH:D000521 Lipotropic or pituitary lipotropic hormone. A pituitary hormone mobilizing fat from adipose tissue. Beta-lipotropin is a single-chain peptide of about 90 residues that contains the sequences of endorphins and metenkephalin, and may be a precursor of beta-melanotropin and beta-endorphin. Gamma-lipotropin is shorter and is identical in sequence to the first 58 residues of beta-lipotropin. Both contain sequences common to ACTH and beta-melanotropin. MeSH:D008083 LPH lipotropin Lipotropic or pituitary lipotropic hormone. A pituitary hormone mobilizing fat from adipose tissue. Beta-lipotropin is a single-chain peptide of about 90 residues that contains the sequences of endorphins and metenkephalin, and may be a precursor of beta-melanotropin and beta-endorphin. Gamma-lipotropin is shorter and is identical in sequence to the first 58 residues of beta-lipotropin. Both contain sequences common to ACTH and beta-melanotropin. MeSH:D008083 Peptide hormones secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary that stimulate melanin release and dispersal. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones are also found in the brain where they are presumed to play a signaling role. MeSH:D009074 Intermedin Melanotropin MSH Peptide hormones secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary that stimulate melanin release and dispersal. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones are also found in the brain where they are presumed to play a signaling role. MeSH:D009074 A peptide hormone of about 11 amino acids derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN that has natriuretic activity. MeSH:D019825 gamma-Melanotropin gamma-MSH A peptide hormone of about 11 amino acids derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN that has natriuretic activity. MeSH:D019825 A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones ( THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D013972 TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone thyrotropin A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis ( PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones ( THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. MeSH:D013972 Octapeptide antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (chemical composition varies with species). They control water metabolism and balance by regulating LUNG; GILLS; KIDNEY; etc., and water loss, and also contract smooth muscle. They may also be NEUROTRANSMITTERS. MeSH:D014667 ADH Antidiuretic hormone VP vasopressin Octapeptide antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (chemical composition varies with species). They control water metabolism and balance by regulating LUNG; GILLS; KIDNEY; etc., and water loss, and also contract smooth muscle. They may also be NEUROTRANSMITTERS. MeSH:D014667 karyopherin alpha importin alpha karyopherin beta1 importin beta CAS/CSE Regulator of chromosome condensation RCC1 GO:0005098 Ran GTPase-activating protein Ran GAP GO:0008349 MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase MAPKKKK A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters. MeSH:D005755 gastrin A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters. MeSH:D005755 A 36-amino acid polypeptide secreted by the PANCREAS that has physiological regulatory functions. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS has been associated with the OBESITY in rats and mice. MeSH:D010191 pancreatic polypeptide A 36-amino acid polypeptide secreted by the PANCREAS that has physiological regulatory functions. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS has been associated with the OBESITY in rats and mice. MeSH:D010191 A polypeptide hormone produced in the HYPOTHALAMUS, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of growth hormone ( SOMATOTROPIN), and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. MeSH:D013004 SRIH growth hormone-release inhibiting factor growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone somatostatin A polypeptide hormone produced in the HYPOTHALAMUS, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of growth hormone ( SOMATOTROPIN), and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. MeSH:D013004 ERK5, also known as big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1), is twice the size of other MAPKs. The amino-terminal half contains the kinase domain, which is similar to that of ERK1/2 and has the TEY activation motif, whereas the carboxy-terminal half is unique. MEK5 phosphorylates and activates ERK5, and then the activated ERK5 phosphorylates substrates including myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). BMK1 ERK5 ERK5, also known as big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1), is twice the size of other MAPKs. The amino-terminal half contains the kinase domain, which is similar to that of ERK1/2 and has the TEY activation motif, whereas the carboxy-terminal half is unique. MEK5 phosphorylates and activates ERK5, and then the activated ERK5 phosphorylates substrates including myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). PMID:16880823 Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 5 MAPKKK5 MEK kinase 5 MEKK 5 apoptosis inducing kinase1 ASK1 TAO1 MAPKKK6 ASK2 MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 1 MEK kinase 1 MEKK1 MAP kinase kinase 5 MAPK/ERK kinase 5 MAPKK 5 MEK5 MKK5 MEK5(MKK5) MLK7 MLTK MRK zipper sterile alpha motif kinase ZAK mixed lineage kinase MLK MAP3K9 MLK1 MAP3K10 MKN28 derived serine / threonine kinase MST MLK2 MAP3K11 PTK1 SH3 domain containing proline rich kinase SPRK protein tyrosine kinase 1 MLK3 MLK4 dual leucine zipper bearing kinase DLK Dual leucine zipper bearing kinase Leucine-zipper protein kinase MAP3K12 MAPK upstream kinase MUK ZPK zipper protein kinase DLK family MAP3K13 leucine zipper kinase LZK SLP-76 family MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 MAPK- activated protein kinase 2 MK2 MAPKAPK2 3PK MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 MAPK- activated protein kinase 3 MAPKAPK3 GO:0005100 Rho GTPase-activating protein Rho GAP GO:0005097 Rab GTPase-activating protein Rab GAP GO:0008060 Arf GTPase-activating protein Arf GAP Four groups of kinases have been shown to be activated by MAP kinases, ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK also known as MAPKAPK1), MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MAPKAPK2/3), MAP kinase-interacting kinase or MAP kinase signal-integrating kinase (MNK) and MAPKAPK5 (PRAK). MAP kinase-activated protein kinase MAP kinase-regulated protein kinase MAPK-activated protein kinase MAPKAPK Four groups of kinases have been shown to be activated by MAP kinases, ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK also known as MAPKAPK1), MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MAPKAPK2/3), MAP kinase-interacting kinase or MAP kinase signal-integrating kinase (MNK) and MAPKAPK5 (PRAK). PMID:12639708 PMID:9628874 MAPKAPK5 (PRAK) activity is regulated by p38 and activated MAPKAPK5 in turn phosphorylates small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 PRAK MAPKAPK5 MAPKAPK5 (PRAK) activity is regulated by p38 and activated MAPKAPK5 in turn phosphorylates small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). PMID:9628874 MNK1/2 are regulated by p38 and ERK, but not by JNK. MNK1/2 can phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E). MAP kinase signal-integrating kinase MAP kinase-interacting kinase MNK MNK1/2 are regulated by p38 and ERK, but not by JNK. MNK1/2 can phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E). PMID:9628874 AR SDGF amphiregulin BTC betacellulin EPR epiregulin heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor HB-EGF transforming growth factor alpha TGF-alpha GO:0005154　epidermal growth factor receptor binding epidermal growth factor EGF (mol) IkB-alpha inhibitor of NF-kappaB alpha I-kappaB alpha IkB-beta inhibitor of NF-kappaB beta I-kappaB beta IkB-epsilon inhibitor of NF-kappaB epsilon I-kappaB epsilon Bad (mol) Bid (mol) Bcl-2 interacting killer Bik BIM (mol) A1 Bfl-1 Bcl-xL caspase-6 caspase-7 caspase-9 caspase-8 caspase-10 NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25166 caspase-1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/834 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25166 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25166 caspase-2 (mol) caspase-4 caspase-5 caspase-11 caspase-12 caspase-14 caspase-13 Smad1 Smad2 Smad3 Smad5 Smad9 Smad8 Smad4 Smad6 Smad7 JAK1 JAK2 JAK3 Tyk2 CDw119 IFNG receptor alpha chain IFNGR-1 IFNG receptor beta chain accessory factor-1 IFNGR-2 neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein NAIP HIAP2 MIHB cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 mammalian IAP homologue B c-IAP1 HIAP1 MIHC cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 mammalian IAP homologue C c-IAP2 IAP-like protein ILP-1 MIHA X-linked IAP mammalian IAP homologue A XIAP Survivin RasGRF1 RasGRF2 RasGRP T-cell receptor alpha TCR alpha T-cell receptor beta TCR beta P59-FYN SLK SYN Fyn LSK P56-LCK T cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase Lck c-Raf c-Raf-1 Raf-1 PAK1 Cbl-b Cbl-c Cbl-3 G-alpha-s G-alpha-olf G-alpha-i 1 G-alpha-i 2 G-alpha-i 3 transducin alpha-1 G-alpha-t 1 transducin alpha-2 G-alpha-t 2 G-alpha-11 G-alpha-14 G-alpha-15 G-alpha-q G-alpha-Y G-alpha-12 G-alpha-13 Grb7/10/14 family Cdk inhibitor protein cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 p21 Cip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 p57KIP2 Interferon alpha IFN alpha Interferon omega IFN omega Interferon beta IFN beta Interferon delta IFN delta Interferon gamma IFN gamma Interferon alpha/beta receptor-1 IFNAR-1 Interferon alpha/beta receptor-2 IFNAR-2 IMR:0010311 IMR:0011340 IMR:0011552 IRS1 insulin receptor substrate-1 IRS-1 IMR:0010312 IMR:0011553 IRS2 insulin receptor substrate-2 IRS-2 insulin receptor substrate-3 pp60 IRS-3 insulin receptor substrate-4 IRS-4 GO:0005163 nerve growth factor NGF brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF neurotrophic factor 3 neurotrophin-3 NT-3 NT-4 NT-5 neurotrophic factor 4 neurotrophic factor 5 neurotrophin-4 neurotrophin-5 NT-4/5 TR alpha 1 c-erbA-alpha 2 TR alpha 2 TR beta 1 TR beta 2 TNF receptor associated factor 1 TRAF1 TNF receptor associated factor 2 TRAF2 (mol) TNF receptor associated factor 3 TRAF3 (mol) TNF receptor associated factor 4 TRAF4 TNF receptor associated factor 5 TRAF5 TNF receptor associated factor 6 TRAF6 GAP1m Ins P4-binding protein GAP1(IP4BP) Neurofibromatosis-related protein NF-1 Neurofibromin NF-1 GAP GTPase-activating protein Ras p21 protein activator p120GAP RasGAP RalGEF RalGDS GO:0005088 Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGEF p65 RelA NF-kappaB1 NFKB1 p105 p50 IMR:0010357 ERK-1 ERT2 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 Insulin-stimulated MAP2 kinase MAP kinase 1 MAPK 1 Microtubule- associated protein-2 kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (EC 2.7.1.-) (Extracellular signal- regulated kinase 1) (ERK-1) (Insulin-stimulated MAP2 kinase) (MAP kinase 1) (MAPK 1) (p44-ERK1) (ERT2) (p44-MAPK) (Microtubule- associated protein-2 kinase) p44-ERK1 p44-MAPK ERK1 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 MAP kinase 2 MAPK 2 p42 MAPK ERK2 MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 2 MEK kinase 2 MEKK2 MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 3 MEK kinase 3 MEKK3 ERK activator kinase 1 MAP kinase kinase 1 MAPK/ERK kinase 1 MAPKK 1 MEK1 MKK1 MEK1(MKK1) ERK activator kinase 2 MAP kinase kinase 2 MAPK/ERK kinase 2 MAPKK 2 MEK2 MKK2 MEK2(MKK2) JNK activating kinase 1 JNKK JNKK 1 JNKK1 MAP kinase kinase 4 MKK4 SAPK/ERK kinase 1 SEK1 c- Jun N-terminal kinase kinase 1 MKK4(JNKK1)(SEK1) JNK activating kinase 2 JNK kinase 2 JNKK 2 JNKK2 MAP kinase kinase 7 MAPK/ERK kinase 7 MAPKK 7 MKK7 SKK4 c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinase 2 MKK7(JNKK2) MAP kinase kinase 3 MAPK/ERK kinase 3 MAPKK 3 MKK3 MAP kinase kinase 6 MAPK/ERK kinase 6 MAPKK 6 SAPKK3 MKK6 Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase alpha subunit IKK alpha Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit IKK beta NEMO NF-kappaB essential modulator IKK gamma IKK epsilon Fas-associated death domain MORT1 mediator of receptor-induced toxicity FADD TNF receptor-associated death domain TNFR-associated death domain tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain TRADD (mol) myeloid differentiation factor 88 MyD88 RAIDD RIP-associated ICH-1/CED-3-homologous protein with a death domain caspase and RIP adaptor with death domain CRADD SCF ubiquitin ligase complex is a subtype of molecular complex. Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex SCF ubiquitin ligase complex protein kinase C theta PKC theta classical PKC isoforms (alpha, betaI, betaII and gamma) are regulated by calcium, diacylglycerol (DAG) and phospholipids. conventional PKC cPKC classical PKC isoforms (alpha, betaI, betaII and gamma) are regulated by calcium, diacylglycerol (DAG) and phospholipids. PMID:15282562 IL-1 receptor-associated kinase Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase Pelle-like protein kinase IRAK Smads 2 and 3 serve principally as substrates for the TGFbeta, activin, and Nodal receptors. Smad2/3 Smads 2 and 3 serve principally as substrates for the TGFbeta, activin, and Nodal receptors. PMID:16322555 Smads 1, 5, and 8 serve principally as substrates for the BMP and anti-Muellerian receptors. Smad1/5/8 Smads 1, 5, and 8 serve principally as substrates for the BMP and anti-Muellerian receptors. PMID:16322555 Smad ubiquitin regulatory factors Smurf E3 ubiquitin ligase Smad-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 Ubiquitin--protein ligase SMURF1 Ubiquitin-protein ligase hSMURF1 xSMURF1 Smurf1 Smad-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 Ubiquitin--protein ligase SMURF2 hSMURF2 Smurf2 GCK family germinal center kinase GCK GCK related KHS1 germinal center kinase related GCKR GCK-like kinase GLK Sequestosome 1 p62 GO:0004685 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CaM-kinase CaMK Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II CaMKII CaM-kinase II PDGF A-chain PDGF B-chain AFGF Acidic fibroblast growth factor Beta-endothelial cell growth factor ECGF-beta HBGF-1 FGF-1 BFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor HBGF-2 Prostatropin FGF-2 Fibroblast growth factor-3 HBGF-3 INT-2 FGF-3 HBGF-4 HST HST-1 Heparin secretory transforming protein K-fibroblast growth factor KFGF Transforming protein KS3 FGF-4 HBGF-5 Smag-82 FGF-5 HBGF-6 HST-2 FGF-6 Fibroblast growth factor-7 HBGF-7 KGF FGF-7 AIGF Fibroblast growth factor-8 HBGF-8 FGF-8 Fibroblast growth factor-9 GAF HBGF-9 FGF-9 Keratinocyte growth factor 2 FGF-10 FHF-3 Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 3 FGF-11 FHF-1 Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 1 Myocyte-activating factor FGF-12 FHF-2 Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 FGF-13 FHF-4 Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 FGF-14 FGF-15 FGF-16 FGF-17 zFGF5 FGF-18 FGF-19 FGF-20 FGF-21 FGF-22 Tumor-derived hypophosphatemia inducing factor FGF-23 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 c-Src p60-Src Src (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83805 transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan CD138 antigen SYND1 syndecan-1 HSPG Heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein SYND2 fibroglycan syndecan-2 N-syndecan Neuroglycan SYND3 syndecan-3 Amphiglycan Ryudocan core protein SYND4 syndecan-4 IMR:0010392 PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory alpha subunit PtdIns-3-kinase p85-alpha PI3-kinase p85-alpha subunit IMR:0010393 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory beta subunit PtdIns-3-kinase p85-beta PI3-kinase p85-beta subunit IMR:0010389 PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit, alpha isoform (EC 2.7.1.137) (PI3-kinase p110 subunit alpha) (PtdIns-3-kinase p110) (PI3K) Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit, alpha isoform PtdIns-3-kinase p110 PI3-kinase p110 subunit alpha IMR:0010390 PI3K PI3Kbeta Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit, beta isoform (EC 2.7.1.137) (PI3-kinase p110 subunit beta) (PtdIns-3-kinase p110) (PI3K) (PI3Kbeta) Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit, beta isoform PtdIns-3-kinase p110 PI3-kinase p110 subunit beta PI3K Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit, delta isoform PtdIns-3-kinase p110 p110delta PI3-kinase p110 subunit delta IMR:0010763 CDC28 CDK1 Cdc2 Cell division control protein 2 homolog Cell division control protein 2 homolog (EC 2.7.1.-) (p34 protein kinase) (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) (CDK1) Cell division control protein 2 homolog (EC 2.7.1.-) (p34 protein kinase) (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) (CDK1) form Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 p34 protein kinase Cdc2 (mol) IMR:0010671 Cdk2 Cell division protein kinase 2 Cell division protein kinase 2 (EC 2.7.1.-)(p33 protein kinase)(CDK2) cyclin-dependent kinase 2 p33 protein kinase CDK2 (mol) Cell division protein kinase 3 CDK3(mol) CRK6 Cell division protein kinase 5 Serine/threonine protein kinase PSSALRE TPKII catalytic subunit Tau protein kinase II catalytic subunit CDK5(mol) IMR:0010667 CRK2 Cdk6 Cell division protein kinase 6 Cell division protein kinase 6 (EC 2.7.1.-)(Serine/threonine-protein kinase) (PLSTIRE)(CDK6) Serine/threonine protein kinase PLSTIRE CDK6(mol) IMR:0010771 39 kDa protein kinase 39 protein kinase CAK CAK1 CDK-activating kinase CR4 protein kinase Cdk7 Cell division protein kinase 7 Cell division protein kinase 7 (EC 2.7.1.-) (CDK-activating kinase) (CAK)(TFIIH) (basal transcription factor complex kinase subunit) (39 kDa protein kinase) (P39 Mo15)(STK1)(CAK1) P39 Mo15 Protein-tyrosine kinase MPK-7 STK1 TFIIH basal transcription factor complex kinase subunit CDK7(mol) Cell division protein kinase 8 Protein kinase K35 CDK8(mol) IMR:0010181 C-2K Cdk 9 protein Cell division protein kinase 9 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PITALRE CDK9(mol) cyclin cyclin A IMR:0010764 IMR:0011589 CGA1 Cyclin A1 cyclin A1 IMR:0010768 IMR:0011591 CGA2 Cyclin A Cyclin A2 cyclin A cyclin A2 cyclin B IMR:0010767 IMR:0011592 CGB1 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin B1 cyclin B1 IMR:0010766 IMR:0011593 CGB2 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin B2 cyclin B2 cyclin C cyclin D IMR:0010664 IMR:0011612 BCL-1 oncogene CGD1 G1/S-specific cyclin D1 PRAD1 oncogene cyclin D1 IMR:0010668 IMR:0011614 CGD2 G1/S-specific cyclin D2 Vin-1 proto-oncogene cyclin D2 IMR:0010666 IMR:0011615 CGD3 G1/S-specific cyclin D3 cyclin D3 cyclin E IMR:0010670 IMR:0011462 CGE1 G1/S-specific cyclin E1 cyclin E1 IMR:0010672 IMR:0011595 CGE2 G1/S-Specific cyclin E2 cyclin E2 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin F cyclin F cyclin G cyclin G cyclin G1 cyclin G2 IMR:0010772 IMR:0011707 CYCH Cyclin H MO15-associated protein p34 p37 cyclin H cyclin I cyclin K cyclin T IMR:0010177 IMR:0011619 CCT1 CycT1 Cyclin T Cyclin T1 cyclin T cyclin T1 IMR:0010178 Cyclin T2 cyclin T2 CDK-activating kinase CAK CDK inhibitor p40 SIC1 protein Sic1 Caspase-like protein ESPL1 Cut1 Esp1 Extra spindle poles-like 1 protein separin separase IMR:0010777 IMR:0011713 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000003035 Antigen NY-CO-13 Cellular tumor antigen p53 P53 Phosphoprotein p53 Tumor suppressor p53 p53 protein p53 (mol) IMR:0010776 Double minute 2 protein Hdm2 Oncoprotein Mdm2 Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 Mdm2 Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 Mdm2 (EC 6.3.2.-) (p53-binding protein Mdm2) (Oncoprotein Mdm2) (Double minute 2 protein) (Hdm2) p53-binding protein Mdm2 Mdm2 (mol) G1/S-specific cyclin CLN1 Cln1 G1/S-specific cyclin CLN2 Cln2 G1/S-specific cyclin CLN3 Cln3 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin 1 Clb1 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin 2 Clb2 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin 3 Clb3 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin 4 Clb4 S-phase entry cyclin 5 Clb5 S-phase entry cyclin 6 Clb6 G1-cyclin G1/S-cyclin S-cyclin G2/M-cyclin M-cyclin TNF alpha receptor CD221 antigen Insulin-like growth factor I receptor precursor IGF-1 receptor IMR:0200368 1D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate D-myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate IP2 EC:3.1.4.17 GO:0004115 cAMP-specific PDE cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase cAMP phosphodiesterase EC:3.1.3.67 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase PTEN GO:0008603 cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory chain PKA regulatory subunit GO:0004691 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit PKA catalytic subunit Prothrombin thrombin pro-survival Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family Bcl-2 subfamily pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family Bax subfamily Bik family BH3 subfamily IMR:0010562 40S ribosomal subunit protein S6 40S small ribosomal protein 6 40S ribosomal protein S6 IPR:008297 N Notch NCBI-Human-GeneID:4851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18128 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25496 Notch-1 Notch1 Notch 1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4851 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18128 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18128 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25496 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25496 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4853 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18129 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29492 Notch-2 Notch2 Notch 2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4853 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4853 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18129 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18129 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29492 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29492 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4854 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18131 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56761 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 precursor Notch-3 Notch3 Notch 3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4854 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4854 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18131 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18131 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56761 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56761 Notch-4 Notch4 Notch 4 Delta DLL1 Delta1 Delta-like1 DLL3 Delta-like3 DLL4 Delta4 Delta-like4 PS-1 S182 protein presenilin 1 AD3LP AD5 ALG-3 Alzheimer disease 4 homolog E5-1 PS-2 STM-2 presenilin 2 STAT5 GSK-3 alpha NCBI-Human-GeneID:50846 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84380 Desert hedgehog HHG-3 DHH (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:50846 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50846 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13363 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84380 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84380 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3549 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84399 HHG-2 Indian hedgehog IHH (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3549 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3549 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16147 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84399 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84399 T cell-specific transcription factor 1-alpha TCF1-alpha LEF-1 T-cell factor 1 T-cell-specific transcription factor 1 TCF-1 TCF7 Transcription factor 7 TCF-1 HMG-box transcription factor 3 TCF-3 TCF7L1 Transcription factor 7-like 1 mTCF-3 TCF-3 HMG box transcription factor 4 T-cell-specific transcription factor 4 TCF-4 TCF7L2 hTCF-4 mTCF-4 TCF-4 IPR:008339 dishevelled family Dsh family DSH homolog 1 Dishevelled-1 Dvl-1 DSH homolog 2 Dishevelled-2 Dvl-2 DSH homolog 3 Dishevelled-3 Dvl-3 DSH homolog 1-like Dishevelled-1-like Dvl-1-like Int-1 Wnt-1 IRP protein Int-1 related protein Wnt-2 Wnt-13 Wnt-2b Wnt-3 Wnt-3a Wnt-4 Wnt-5a Wnt-5b Wnt-6 Wnt-7a Wnt-7b Wnt-8d Wnt-8a Wnt-8b Wnt-14 Wnt-9a Wnt-14b Wnt-15 Wnt-9b Wnt-10a Wnt-12 Wnt-10b Wnt-11 Wnt-16 LDL receptor-related protein low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP family LDL receptor-related protein 1 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 LRP1 Glycoprotein 330 LDL-receptor-related protein 2 Megalin gp330 low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 2 LRP2 GO:0004681 Casein kinase I CK1 Casein kinase I, alpha isoform CKI-alpha Casein kinase I, gamma 1 isoform CKI-gamma 1 Casein kinase I, gamma 2 isoform CKI-gamma 2 Casein kinase I, gamma 3 isoform CKI-gamma 3 CKId Casein kinase I, delta isoform CKI-delta CKIe Casein kinase I, epsilon isoform CKI-epsilon JAB JAK-binding protein SSI-1 STAT induced STAT inhibitor 1 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 TIP-3 Tec-interacting protein 3 SOCS-1 CIS-2 Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 2 SSI-2 STAT induced STAT inhibitor 2 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 SOCS-2 CIS-3 Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 3 Protein EF-10 SSI-3 STAT induced STAT inhibitor 3 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 SOCS-3 CIS-4 Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 4 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 SOCS-4 CIS-6 Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 6 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 SOCS-5 NAP-4 Nck, Ash and phospholipase C gamma-binding protein Nck-associated protein 4 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 SOCS-6 Suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 SOCS-7 C-AKT PKB alpha RAC-PK-alpha RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase protein kinase B alpha Akt1 (mol) PKB beta RAC-PK-beta RAC-beta serine/threonine protein kinase protein kinase B beta Akt2 (mol) PKB gamma RAC-PK-gamma RAC-gamma serine/threonine protein kinase STK-2 protein kinase B gamma Akt3 TSE1 Tissue-specific extinguisher-1 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory chain PKA type I alpha regulatory subunit cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory chain PKA type I beta regulatory subunit cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory chain PKA type II alpha regulatory subunit cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory chain PKA type II beta regulatory subunit PKA C-alpha cAMP-dependent protein kinase, alpha-catalytic subunit PKA alpha catalytic subunit PKA C-beta cAMP-dependent protein kinase, beta-catalytic subunit PKA beta catalytic subunit PKA C-gamma cAMP-dependent protein kinase, gamma-catalytic subunit PKA gamma catalytic subunit Interleukin-1 alpha IL-1 alpha Interleukin-1 beta IL-1 beta Prostaglandin F2 L-Asparagine L-Histidine L-Lysine Prostaglandin E2 L-Threonine L-Proline L-Tyrosine L-Alanine Prostaglandin H2 L-Isoleucine L-Phenylalanine Prostaglandin I2 L-Dopa GMP L-Tryptophan L-Ornithine L-Arginine L-Glutamine L-Serine Prostaglandin D2 L-Aspartic acid L-Cysteine L-Methionine L-Leucine Prostaglandin G2 L-Valine reduced oxygenation of body tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases; commonly due to hypoxemia decreased tissue partial O2 level hypoxia house mouse mouse mus musculus rat rats rattus PMID:23020233 eucaryotes eukaryotes Eukaryota http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T015 mammal mammals mammalia Vertebrata vertebrates vertebrate http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T016 human homo sapiens rodent rodentia A synthetic amino acid. Buthionine sulfoximine irreversibly inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, thereby depleting cells of glutathione, a metabolite that plays a critical role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, and resulting in free radical-induced apoptosis. Elevated glutathione levels are associated with tumor cell resistance to alkylating agents and platinum compounds. By depleting cells of glutathione, this agent may enhance the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors. Buthionine sulfoximine may also exhibit antiangiogenesis activity. (NCI04) BSO Buthionine sulfoximine A family of transmembrane proteins that play a role in the transport of organic anions including bile acids and bilirubin. OATP SLCO Solute Carrier Organic Anion OATP family Non-neoplastic macrophages that are found in close proximity to or within a tumor mass. [ NCI ] CD163-positive cells TAM tumor-associated macrophage A laboratory test or analysis of the biological activity of a substance performed by studying its effect in an experimental situation outside the organism, e.g. in the test tube rather than in living systems. in vitro assay A laboratory test or analysis of the biological activity of a substance performed by studying its effect in an experimental situation outside the organism, e.g. in the test tube rather than in living systems. https://ncim.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI Metathesaurus&code=C1511123 http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200906081082476489 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002470 cell survival Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. MeSH:D004249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C16507 DNA damage A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound. hydrolysis A pathological process in which normal cells are transformed into malignant cancer cells within a primary tumor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C18078 ncit:C18078 Carcinogenesis carcinogenesis A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C18121 ncit:C18121 Oncogenesis tumorigenesis The spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. metastasis The processes which result in cancers in the liver. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C19427 ncit:C19427 liver carcinogenesis hepatocarcinogenesis Multiplication or reproduction by cell division of a population of identical cells descended from a single progenitor. In immunology, may refer to the clonal proliferation of cells responsive to a specific antigen as part of an immune response. (NCI) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C20613 clonal expansion Organic Cation Transporter proteins carry positively charged chemical substances containing covalently bound carbon atoms through solubility barriers, such as lipid membranes or across epithelial layers. After binding substrate, transmembrane transporters often undergo an energy-dependent conformational change that moves the substrate across the membrane with (symport) or against (antiport) concentration gradients. OCT family Organic Cation Transport Protein Organic Cation Transporter A usually exophytic mass attached to the underlying tissue by a broad base or a thin stalk. Polyps can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps usually represent proliferations of the epithelium, and are commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps of the gastrointestinal tract are often called adenomas, are associated with dysplasia, and may eventually transform into carcinomas. Non-neoplastic polyps may be inflammatory, degenerative, or the result of malformations. polyp The level of degree is high in comparison to medium. high level Obstruction or a closure of hollow organ, passageway or vessel; also the transient approximation of the edges of a natural opening; imperforation. The act of closure or the state of being closed; an obstruction; the relationship between all of the components of the masticatory system in normal function, dysfunction, and parafunction; momentary complete closure of some area in the vocal tract, causing stoppage of the breath and accumulation of pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C50678 occlusion A set or series of interactions, often forming a network, which biologists have found useful to group together for organizational, historic, biophysical, or other reasons. pathway a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body. OBI, CDISC Regulatory agency, Ethics committee, Approval letter; example: Browse these EPA Regulatory Role subtopics http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/enviregulatoryrole.html Feb 29, 2008 govt agents responsible for creating regulations; proxies for enforcing regulations. CDISC definition: regulatory authorities. Bodies having the power to regulate. NOTE: In the ICH GCP guideline the term includes the authorities that review submitted clinical data and those that conduct inspections. These bodies are sometimes referred to as competent regulatory role A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. scientific observation assay a role which inheres in a person and is realized by the process of being under the care of a physician or health care provider OBI, CDISC CDISC definition: patient. Person under a physician's care for a particular disease or condition. NOTE: A subject in a clinical trial is not necessarily a patient, but a patient in a clinical trial is a subject. See also subject, trial subject, healthy volunteer. Often used interchangeably patient role An imaging assay is an assay to produce a picture of an entity. imaging assay pathogen role is a role which inheres in an organism and realized in the process of disease course in the organism bearing host role caused by the organism bearing pathogen role OBI pathogen role An imaging assay in which an electrons are used to probe the density, shape and composition of an input material which are detected in an electron microscope and utilized to produce an image of the material. electron microscopy imaging assay secondary cultured cell A cultured cell that has been passaged or derives from a cell that has been passaged in culture. The term 'secondary cell culture' is generally used in biological texts/protocols to refer to any culture following an initial passage. We include it here because there are often a number of passages between a primary culture and the establishment of a stable, homogenous cell line. Such cultures are considered to be 'secondary cultures' but not 'cell lines' during this intermediate passaging/selection period between their derivation from a 'primary cell culture' and derivation into a 'cell line', which is a more specific type of secondary culture. Person: Matthew Brush A secondary cultured cell has been passaged in culture or is a descendant of such a cell that is derived through propagation in culture. secondary cultured cell An organism is material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi.owl Its function is to do life activity. organism A data item that was generated on the basis of a calculation or logical reasoning predicted data item occurrence of infectious disease Is an occurrence of a disease caused by an infection IEDB IEDB occurrence of infectious disease occurrence of allergy The process of an allergic disease occurring in an organism. IEDB IEDB occurrence of allergy A gene is a material entity that represents the entire DNA sequence required for synthesis of a functional protein or RNA molecule. Physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next. In molecular terms, it is the entire DNA sequence including exons, introns, and noncoding transcription-control regions necessary for production of a functional protein or RNA. gene A gene is a material entity that represents the entire DNA sequence required for synthesis of a functional protein or RNA molecule. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21640/ Physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next. In molecular terms, it is the entire DNA sequence including exons, introns, and noncoding transcription-control regions necessary for production of a functional protein or RNA. ISBN:9780716737063 A gene of an organism of Eukaryota Yue Liu, Bin Zhao, Oliver He 2759 gene of Eukaryota A gene of an organism of Homo sapiens Yue Liu, Bin Zhao, Oliver He 9606 gene of Homo sapiens A gene of Homo sapiens that has a protein-coding gene disposition Bin Zhao, Oliver He 9606 protein-coding gene of Homo sapiens A gene of Homo sapiens that has a pseudo gene disposition Bin Zhao, Oliver He 9606 pseudo gene of Homo sapiens A gene of Homo sapiens that has a ncRNA gene disposition Bin Zhao, Oliver He 9606 ncRNA gene of Homo sapiens A gene of Homo sapiens that has a RNA gene disposition Bin Zhao, Oliver He 9606 RNA gene of Homo sapiens Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AACT ACT GIG25 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SERPINA3 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3 12 GIG24 14q32.1 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 14668352); GO_0004867 (EC: IBA); GO_0004867 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2404007); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12709365); GO_0005576 (EC: IBA); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005622 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9880565); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 14668352); GO_0006953 (EC: IEA); GO_0006954 (EC: NAS, PMID: 12475184); GO_0010951 (EC: IBA); GO_0019216 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11835318); GO_0030162 (EC: IBA); GO_0030277 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8647626); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA) PMID: 123121; 1311327; 1351206; 1618300; 2016749; 2190106; 2404007; 2432851; 2435303; 2456771; 2787670; 2945424; 3028924; 3257719; 3260956; 3485824; 3490907; 3492865; 3637050; 6547997; 6556193; 6606438; 6687683; 6762318; 7521171; 7528097; 7588564; 7759598; 7873202; 7924407; 7966721; 8011628; 8216224; 8226889; 8244391; 8267879; 8365378; 8376411; 8647626; 8718849; 8732755; 8739078; 8836107; 8849841; 9042371; 9261179; 9428387; 9521649; 9580375; 9635374; 9698370; 9824262; 9880565; 10048303; 10209959; 10228625; 10512690; 10618372; 10660528; 10759471; 10829039; 11096092; 11099722; 11132933; 11161981; 11274154; 11289720; 11290389; 11295654; 11317942; 11385264; 11692021; 11735417; 11769703; 11798857; 11835318; 11916200; 11936240; 11959399; 11992569; 12023832; 12126519; 12324297; 12475184; 12477932; 12600202; 12685871; 12709365; 12736093; 12754519; 12782964; 14668352; 14687906; 14702039; 14718574; 14760718; 15014966; 15131125; 15159602; 15482730; 15489334; 15530656; 15542006; 15546506; 15612581; 15638460; 15653173; 15659365; 15718509; 15907346; 15935385; 16099106; 16137793; 16278826; 16303762; 16335952; 16424370; 16453284; 16565071; 16712791; 16892178; 16968986; 17207965; 17608807; 17690329; 17854420; 18056971; 18078695; 18248459; 18383875; 18401426; 18408372; 18842294; 18991685; 19008959; 19056867; 19165527; 19247692; 19341158; 19390575; 19525388; 19578796; 19590686; 19789190; 19907165; 19913121; 19933216; 19959196; 20117085; 20158662; 20302328; 20378355; 20444200; 20628086; 21067581; 21296644; 21674799; 21693707; 21730889; 21988832; 22079093; 22246292; 22272609; 22294107; 22806587; 22869038; 23669352; 24172014 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000196136 HGNC:16 HPRD:00120 MIM:107280 Vega:OTTHUMG00000029851 Other designations: alpha-1-antichymotrypsin|cell growth-inhibiting gene 24/25 protein|growth-inhibiting protein 24|growth-inhibiting protein 25|serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A, member 3|serpin A3 SERPINA3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACAC ACACAD ACC ACC1 ACCA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACACA acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha 31 17q21 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001894 (EC: IEA); GO_0003989 (EC: ISS); GO_0003989 (EC: TAS); GO_0004075 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16326698); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006084 (EC: ISS); GO_0006112 (EC: TAS); GO_0006633 (EC: ISS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0006768 (EC: TAS); GO_0006853 (EC: TAS); GO_0019432 (EC: TAS); GO_0031325 (EC: TAS); GO_0035338 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044268 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051289 (EC: ISS); GO_0055088 (EC: IEA); GO_2001295 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2900138; 2900140; 2906852; 7732023; 7905825; 7907095; 7915280; 8944226; 10677481; 10737800; 11052978; 12360400; 12477932; 12810950; 14643797; 15302935; 15333468; 15607423; 16169070; 16326698; 16698035; 16713569; 16794074; 16806233; 17081983; 17372234; 17521700; 17620599; 17631500; 18031993; 18056116; 18303054; 18452305; 18455495; 18487259; 18614941; 18614968; 18660489; 18678647; 18996102; 19061860; 19343720; 19380743; 19543203; 19710915; 19720090; 19723093; 19738201; 19842072; 19846279; 19913121; 20139635; 20379614; 20431927; 20457939; 20562859; 20602615; 20628086; 20877624; 20965718; 21139048; 21344388; 21471234; 21638027; 21642987; 21726077; 21890473; 21906983; 22238651; 22268729; 22505724; 22586326; 22863883; 22939629; 23000302; 23181366; 23383273; 23455922; 23535730; 23886516; 24457600 acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha Ensembl:ENSG00000132142 HGNC:84 HPRD:01938 MIM:200350 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133064 Other designations: ACC-alpha|acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1|acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha ACACA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACC2 ACCB HACC275 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACACB acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta 32 12q24.11 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003989 (EC: IDA); GO_0004075 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16794074); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006084 (EC: IDA); GO_0006112 (EC: TAS); GO_0006633 (EC: IEA); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0006768 (EC: TAS); GO_0006853 (EC: TAS); GO_0009374 (EC: IEA); GO_0012505 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0031325 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051289 (EC: IDA); GO_2001295 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8670171; 8876158; 9099716; 9148944; 9284908; 10677481; 11257506; 12086953; 12413941; 12477932; 14532170; 14613924; 14627750; 15060529; 15590647; 16054041; 16794074; 16854592; 17223360; 17521700; 18029348; 18031993; 18455495; 18976975; 18996102; 19034549; 19190759; 19322201; 19390150; 19618481; 19720090; 19846279; 19900410; 20085763; 20139635; 20168990; 20379614; 20468064; 20514549; 20519229; 20599696; 20602615; 20799892; 20855566; 20877624; 20965718; 21139048; 21344388; 21553357; 21887335; 21906983; 21908218; 21953464; 23081748; 23156397; 23455922; 23460794; 24255178 acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta Ensembl:ENSG00000076555 HGNC:85 HPRD:07044 MIM:601557 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169250 Other designations: ACC-beta|acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2|acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase beta ACACB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACOX PALMCOX SCOX WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOX1 acyl-CoA oxidase 1, palmitoyl 51 17q25.1 9606 17 GO_0000038 (EC: IMP, PMID:18536048); GO_0003995 (EC: IEA); GO_0003997 (EC: IDA, PMID:8117268); GO_0003997 (EC: IGI, PMID:17458872); GO_0003997 (EC: IMP, PMID:18536048); GO_0003997 (EC: TAS); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005504 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID:17881773); GO_0005778 (EC: IEA); GO_0005782 (EC: TAS); GO_0006091 (EC: IMP, PMID:7876265); GO_0006629 (EC: IDA, PMID:8117268); GO_0006693 (EC: IMP, PMID:7876265); GO_0007283 (EC: IEA); GO_0016401 (EC: IDA, PMID:17603022); GO_0016401 (EC: IEA); GO_0016559 (EC: IGI); GO_0019395 (EC: IGI); GO_0019395 (EC: IMP, PMID:7876265); GO_0030165 (EC: IDA); GO_0033540 (EC: IEA); GO_0033540 (EC: IMP, PMID:18536048); GO_0033540 (EC: TAS); GO_0033559 (EC: TAS); GO_0036109 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047485 (EC: IPI, PMID:18281296); GO_0050660 (EC: IEA); GO_0055088 (EC: IDA); GO_0055088 (EC: IGI); GO_0071949 (EC: IDA, PMID:17603022); GO_2000189 (EC: IGI) PMID:1464743; 7668838; 7876265; 8040306; 8117268; 8125298; 8159712; 8507686; 8798738; 10856712; 10960480; 11076863; 11230166; 11815777; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15489336; 16381901; 16396496; 16756494; 17081983; 17458872; 17603022; 17881773; 18281296; 18536048; 18660489; 20178365; 20195242; 21139048; 22002062; 22939629 acyl-CoA oxidase 1, palmitoyl Ensembl:ENSG00000161533 HGNC:119 HPRD:02030 MIM:609751 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180027 Other designations: AOX|acyl-CoA oxidase, straight-chain|acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1, palmitoyl|palmitoyl-CoA oxidase|peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1|peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase|straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase ACOX1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD156 CD156a MS2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ADAM8 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 101 10q26.3 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000902 (EC: ISS); GO_0001525 (EC: ISS); GO_0002102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15220135); GO_0002523 (EC: ISS); GO_0002675 (EC: ISS); GO_0004222 (EC: IEA); GO_0005509 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12777399); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18397961); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18397961); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0008237 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12777399); GO_0008270 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18397961); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0010954 (EC: NAS, PMID: 17548643); GO_0016337 (EC: IEA); GO_0022407 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0032010 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0032127 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0033089 (EC: ISS); GO_0035419 (EC: ISS); GO_0042581 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0043524 (EC: ISS); GO_0043621 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12777399); GO_0045780 (EC: ISS); GO_0045785 (EC: ISS); GO_0048247 (EC: ISS); GO_0050714 (EC: IC, PMID: 17548643); GO_0050839 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12777399); GO_0051044 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15220135); GO_0051092 (EC: ISS); GO_0051897 (EC: ISS); GO_0070245 (EC: ISS); GO_0070820 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_0071065 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 15220135); GO_0071133 (EC: ISS); GO_0071456 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18566576); GO_2000309 (EC: ISS); GO_2000391 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17548643); GO_2000415 (EC: ISS); GO_2000418 (EC: ISS) PMID: 9126482; 10354553; 12135759; 12477932; 12777399; 15220135; 15574124; 15623614; 16344560; 16385451; 17339047; 17548643; 17979891; 18397961; 18566576; 18682798; 18691140; 18710625; 18811590; 19284887; 19397475; 19469654; 19575316; 19601829; 19714641; 19766586; 20453887; 20628624; 21077325; 21640993; 21679521; 21728902; 21983884; 22215309; 22229154; 22878099; 22941466; 22959284; 22965687; 23670189 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000151651 HGNC:215 HPRD:03777 MIM:602267 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019309 Other designations: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 8|cell surface antigen MS2|disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 8|human leukocyte differentiation antigen ADAM8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ADFP ADRP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLIN2 perilipin 2 123 RP11-151J10.1 9p22.1 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9003395); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9003395); GO_0005811 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14741744); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0015909 (EC: IEA); GO_0019915 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1518805; 7829101; 9003395; 9799447; 12114189; 12387890; 12477932; 12591929; 14671211; 14707038; 14741744; 15136565; 15146197; 15336557; 15489334; 15545278; 16230742; 16391323; 16489205; 16808905; 16884492; 16936283; 17200350; 17322100; 17446422; 17620659; 17927964; 18188946; 18393390; 18606814; 18624398; 18827892; 18832575; 19054096; 19169702; 19351497; 19460752; 19602560; 19638644; 19843633; 19851831; 20032580; 20118912; 20143336; 20504295; 20661576; 20887090; 21566511; 21828233; 21906983; 22238364; 22496505; 22667335; 22949030; 22952953; 23129790; 23603836; 23688400 perilipin 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000147872 HGNC:248 HPRD:00057 MIM:103195 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019624 Other designations: adipophilin|adipose differentiation-related protein|perilipin-2 PLIN2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ADH2 HEL-S-117 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ADH1B alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide 125 4q23 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004024 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9982); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006069 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2398055); GO_0006069 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9982); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 9982; 1896463; 2169444; 2210383; 2295648; 2347582; 2398055; 2547609; 2679216; 2737681; 2935533; 2935875; 2986130; 3000832; 3006456; 3397059; 3619918; 6374651; 6391920; 8201622; 8663387; 8889548; 10424757; 10733556; 11051375; 11117576; 11238183; 11259352; 11274460; 11398342; 11410735; 11584144; 11696658; 11748356; 11781503; 11781511; 11966948; 12080432; 12081471; 12089173; 12153842; 12173598; 12189549; 12211622; 12213289; 12244546; 12351924; 12419833; 12452180; 12461493; 12477932; 12505800; 12517056; 12519453; 12545748; 12554615; 12658118; 12668919; 12710951; 12713190; 12777946; 12824748; 12884000; 12915514; 12915519; 14634838; 14693654; 14745297; 14768474; 15084894; 15162847; 15220553; 15318096; 15318112; 15327835; 15342556; 15456134; 15489334; 15511718; 15519646; 15534263; 15542751; 15597094; 15842823; 15863807; 15886702; 15902904; 15957670; 16006997; 16078602; 16086315; 16117582; 16127737; 16135443; 16163053; 16184481; 16235983; 16307179; 16309369; 16324524; 16332725; 16358724; 16385179; 16404797; 16423594; 16440362; 16520888; 16600530; 16608143; 16685648; 16702384; 16737450; 16758956; 16822169; 16930209; 16958672; 16970620; 17036331; 17071628; 17134659; 17134660; 17180580; 17185388; 17207821; 17250612; 17268812; 17279314; 17285601; 17289126; 17292341; 17293864; 17295732; 17421009; 17454860; 17471563; 17486761; 17489985; 17515815; 17517051; 17559546; 17618743; 17631643; 17762315; 17847010; 17850643; 17885622; 17923853; 17963305; 18033686; 18049455; 18056758; 18078815; 18216179; 18254707; 18266839; 18299763; 18322963; 18331377; 18336668; 18336671; 18382665; 18439068; 18500343; 18510611; 18516948; 18715275; 18761854; 18763293; 18773092; 18782342; 18784359; 18818748; 18936436; 18996923; 19019335; 19068087; 19094228; 19124091; 19124506; 19164089; 19185835; 19193628; 19250143; 19262484; 19298323; 19339270; 19343046; 19365573; 19403456; 19420105; 19449376; 19452585; 19469618; 19486361; 19527514; 19550411; 19618839; 19655364; 19667493; 19687126; 19698717; 19706845; 19751749; 19769429; 19799139; 19812523; 19826048; 19860798; 19861527; 19874574; 19887496; 19898482; 19913121; 19948975; 20010786; 20025435; 20031627; 20077761; 20101753; 20140262; 20171022; 20180859; 20205700; 20219057; 20336794; 20357489; 20401433; 20403997; 20437850; 20462248; 20477764; 20477767; 20494945; 20568895; 20598484; 20628086; 20634891; 20685249; 20700531; 20806441; 20833657; 21048924; 21133627; 21157980; 21166830; 21168396; 21284671; 21303386; 21351086; 21355870; 21378355; 21437268; 21497796; 21517275; 21576033; 21601984; 21635275; 21895720; 21917409; 21968928; 21988832; 22004471; 22048268; 22150722; 22231434; 22287615; 22292652; 22325912; 22363810; 22560290; 22674868; 22690706; 22703580; 22930414; 22931071; 22960999; 23149980; 23266708; 23285246; 23296215; 23414439; 23456092; 23468174; 23550892; 23615284; 23701534; 23743675; 23806636; 24217933 alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide HGNC:250 HPRD:00065 MIM:103720 Other designations: ADH, beta subunit|alcohol dehydrogenase 1B|alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (class I), beta polypeptide|alcohol dehydrogenase subunit beta|aldehyde reductase|epididymis secretory protein Li 117 ADH1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He bHLHe76 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor 196 7p15 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0001568 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15681594); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11782478); GO_0003705 (EC: IEA); GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0004879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395741); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10395741); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005667 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395741); GO_0006357 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15681594); GO_0006366 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395741); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12213388); GO_0006950 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961644); GO_0007049 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12213388); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9079689); GO_0009410 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961644); GO_0010468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15681594); GO_0030522 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395741); GO_0030850 (EC: IEA); GO_0030888 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15681594); GO_0034752 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15681594); GO_0045899 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0046983 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19538249); GO_0051879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9079689) PMID: 7488247; 7515333; 7550366; 7566098; 7628454; 7716743; 7883760; 7961644; 7961671; 8074712; 8125016; 8246913; 8384309; 8393992; 8794892; 9079689; 9083006; 9111057; 9170146; 9446600; 9704006; 9712901; 9759704; 9787404; 9837941; 9887096; 9972449; 10048154; 10395741; 10428779; 10471301; 10497241; 10620335; 10644764; 10739168; 10903152; 10986286; 10999956; 11013261; 11032419; 11114727; 11207035; 11259606; 11259609; 11259615; 11393538; 11408954; 11425848; 11505220; 11689007; 11698344; 11742002; 11756572; 11768231; 11782478; 11805098; 11835227; 11866883; 12024042; 12065584; 12139968; 12181450; 12200463; 12203118; 12213388; 12213390; 12215427; 12237327; 12477932; 12480531; 12520072; 12566446; 12586752; 12592376; 12597446; 12612060; 12637498; 12690205; 12730383; 12774124; 12837759; 12852830; 12853948; 12917420; 14550747; 14560034; 14634838; 14973392; 14978034; 14985336; 15026081; 15069065; 15123621; 15190133; 15342792; 15474075; 15489334; 15499202; 15572374; 15641800; 15681594; 15728486; 15758562; 15774926; 15837795; 15863442; 15897893; 15917307; 15964790; 16084889; 16091746; 16103451; 16109480; 16153594; 16257957; 16337337; 16403814; 16480812; 16481407; 16538170; 16582008; 16619036; 16675542; 16762319; 16891617; 16922649; 16952353; 16985026; 16985033; 17053541; 17140257; 17174437; 17200336; 17209571; 17223712; 17244640; 17311112; 17392787; 17429315; 17490615; 17498780; 17502624; 17511620; 17552871; 17559847; 17596880; 17642299; 17823287; 17823304; 17900530; 17963696; 18029348; 18037991; 18059014; 18065768; 18259752; 18302886; 18303622; 18358233; 18359762; 18433817; 18483242; 18510611; 18515748; 18524851; 18628420; 18632753; 18636124; 18676680; 18677463; 18708059; 18708364; 18818557; 18923163; 18990750; 19013013; 19018768; 19027718; 19034627; 19114668; 19138996; 19158084; 19170196; 19255421; 19333233; 19340314; 19356061; 19356098; 19358281; 19360915; 19371443; 19380484; 19390533; 19415745; 19447902; 19460354; 19463884; 19465936; 19535631; 19536146; 19538249; 19556287; 19574409; 19592671; 19625176; 19651607; 19690180; 19692168; 19726680; 19736056; 19755661; 19789301; 19815066; 19821039; 19917880; 19941898; 20000589; 20032195; 20044593; 20053997; 20064835; 20130088; 20140206; 20146706; 20171126; 20237496; 20301892; 20354149; 20395535; 20401977; 20453000; 20460431; 20511231; 20619336; 20634891; 20676092; 20709182; 20804740; 20823264; 20878756; 20973933; 21072210; 21081473; 21205295; 21262915; 21316925; 21357676; 21374063; 21441140; 21462134; 21486221; 21490707; 21600206; 21613234; 21627536; 21640702; 21689841; 21693764; 21742528; 21804081; 21828262; 21878739; 21886157; 21906983; 21963094; 21976023; 21987572; 21988832; 21996739; 22052373; 22053597; 22071320; 22123295; 22138065; 22235307; 22273977; 22296396; 22311706; 22361730; 22388733; 22486318; 22495716; 22495806; 22539616; 22553215; 22596188; 22628113; 22649193; 22728919; 22754483; 22759865; 22761424; 22840970; 22854411; 22903824; 22915253; 23022626; 23030067; 23037589; 23141164; 23208493; 23228475; 23229511; 23288144; 23317198; 23370907; 23382382; 23419638; 23430108; 23439269; 23452206; 23492908; 23528250; 23583297; 23604401; 23614276; 23614742; 23723449; 23733406; 23802610; 23831623; 23994556; 24023334; 24091107; 24106308; 24302727; 24309559; 24316275; 24355420; 24380854 aryl hydrocarbon receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000106546 HGNC:348 HPRD:02596 MIM:600253 Vega:OTTHUMG00000149967 Other designations: AH-receptor|ah receptor|aromatic hydrocarbon receptor|class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 76 AHR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AKT CWS6 PKB PKB-ALPHA PRKBA RAC RAC-ALPHA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 207 14q32.32 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000060 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16280327); GO_0001649 (EC: IEA); GO_0001893 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0001938 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19850054); GO_0004672 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10570282); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10102273); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0005080 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11154276); GO_0005524 (EC: IC, PMID: 11994271); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16540465); GO_0005547 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19203586); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19203586); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS); GO_0005819 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14749367); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005978 (EC: IEA); GO_0005979 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8940145); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006412 (EC: IEA); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0006464 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10570282); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11994271); GO_0006469 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9373175); GO_0006469 (EC: ISS); GO_0006809 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10376602); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006924 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14749367); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10570282); GO_0007281 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS); GO_0008286 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8978681); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0008637 (EC: IEA); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10958679); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010507 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18387192); GO_0010748 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0010765 (EC: IEA); GO_0010907 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0010951 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18387192); GO_0010975 (EC: ISS); GO_0015630 (EC: IDA); GO_0015758 (EC: IEA); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016301 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14749367); GO_0016310 (EC: IDA); GO_0016567 (EC: IEA); GO_0018105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16139227); GO_0019899 (EC: ISS); GO_0030030 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: TAS); GO_0030163 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030212 (EC: IEA); GO_0030235 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10376603); GO_0030307 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19203586); GO_0030334 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19934221); GO_0030334 (EC: TAS); GO_0031018 (EC: TAS); GO_0031295 (EC: TAS); GO_0031659 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18483258); GO_0031999 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0032094 (EC: IEA); GO_0032270 (EC: ISS); GO_0032287 (EC: IEA); GO_0032436 (EC: IEA); GO_0032869 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0032869 (EC: ISS); GO_0033138 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19667065); GO_0034405 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10376603); GO_0035556 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14749367); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042593 (EC: IEA); GO_0042640 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7891724); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19203586); GO_0043154 (EC: ISS); GO_0043325 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19203586); GO_0043491 (EC: IEA); GO_0043536 (EC: IDA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045429 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10376603); GO_0045600 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8940145); GO_0045725 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0045725 (EC: NAS, PMID: 17925406); GO_0045792 (EC: IEA); GO_0045861 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18387192); GO_0045907 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046209 (EC: TAS); GO_0046326 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0046329 (EC: IEA); GO_0046777 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16280327); GO_0046889 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8940145); GO_0048009 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8978681); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0050999 (EC: TAS); GO_0051000 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10376603); GO_0051091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0051146 (EC: IEA); GO_0060644 (EC: TAS); GO_0060709 (EC: IEA); GO_0060716 (EC: IEA); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS); GO_0070141 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18483258); GO_0071260 (EC: IEA); GO_0071364 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEA); GO_0071889 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10102273); GO_0090004 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8940145); GO_0090201 (EC: ISS); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097194 (EC: IEA); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1901976 (EC: TAS); GO_1902176 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16604263); GO_2001240 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10748004) PMID: 1533586; 1718748; 1851997; 3037531; 3384441; 7774014; 7891724; 8524413; 8940145; 8978681; 9005852; 9019819; 9312003; 9368760; 9373175; 9381178; 9394803; 9395488; 9512493; 9736715; 9768361; 9812896; 9829964; 9973250; 10082674; 10085094; 10102273; 10217147; 10224060; 10226025; 10358014; 10376602; 10376603; 10438924; 10454575; 10485710; 10485711; 10490823; 10490848; 10491192; 10497255; 10527852; 10542266; 10570282; 10576742; 10617634; 10635328; 10698680; 10748004; 10833263; 10866658; 10869359; 10869418; 10872470; 10896934; 10910062; 10926925; 10930578; 10958679; 10983986; 10995457; 11035810; 11042204; 11116148; 11139588; 11154276; 11154281; 11156376; 11156964; 11162552; 11208609; 11274386; 11278835; 11278894; 11313365; 11313479; 11404460; 11410590; 11410591; 11425855; 11438723; 11445557; 11500364; 11504915; 11508278; 11509608; 11535620; 11546794; 11579209; 11583630; 11585925; 11598301; 11689711; 11696579; 11707444; 11707464; 11710897; 11715018; 11723139; 11756412; 11773441; 11777913; 11782427; 11809791; 11825911; 11828257; 11855836; 11877387; 11884598; 11902142; 11903042; 11923280; 11956222; 11960368; 11976320; 11994271; 11994280; 12009899; 12011046; 12042314; 12062056; 12062094; 12070137; 12077256; 12112022; 12124386; 12138087; 12138205; 12145204; 12149249; 12150915; 12167664; 12167717; 12176337; 12176338; 12176997; 12194869; 12218048; 12244133; 12244301; 12244302; 12244303; 12297295; 12376533; 12393747; 12438239; 12446767; 12446787; 12446789; 12458207; 12477932; 12524439; 12527373; 12529294; 12535517; 12586360; 12592338; 12621049; 12637511; 12722480; 12727836; 12734380; 12741986; 12750378; 12757707; 12768030; 12782295; 12783873; 12791994; 12808085; 12808093; 12853467; 12874217; 12888921; 12919677; 12952968; 12972603; 14499622; 14500673; 14505491; 14520710; 14523021; 14534536; 14560023; 14566704; 14568991; 14611643; 14612949; 14623889; 14625285; 14636889; 14645242; 14645548; 14647146; 14657000; 14679206; 14702039; 14713953; 14742298; 14749367; 14749388; 14749719; 14755253; 14761976; 14970221; 14973226; 14985374; 15001646; 15010337; 15016818; 15026145; 15047604; 15047866; 15060171; 15067058; 15102693; 15115729; 15118108; 15136501; 15146197; 15149849; 15156201; 15173318; 15183529; 15187088; 15187138; 15194442; 15203190; 15217935; 15231831; 15242771; 15262962; 15262978; 15263908; 15271644; 15283964; 15284024; 15306850; 15316080; 15326564; 15331441; 15342781; 15342917; 15385469; 15388791; 15389633; 15459205; 15465021; 15467757; 15470047; 15475446; 15489334; 15492215; 15522255; 15525681; 15527798; 15533996; 15539407; 15545269; 15545271; 15545519; 15546863; 15572689; 15574337; 15580267; 15581622; 15607733; 15609321; 15616007; 15665327; 15665818; 15668028; 15678105; 15688030; 15689238; 15705789; 15710591; 15718470; 15722337; 15723049; 15743789; 15778376; 15784622; 15800029; 15802268; 15806160; 15808505; 15809304; 15817639; 15818404; 15831676; 15833736; 15837948; 15840729; 15843522; 15845076; 15845651; 15856005; 15861136; 15879168; 15888491; 15896313; 15896703; 15905178; 15910284; 15911620; 15922745; 15961723; 15982448; 15987444; 15993382; 15994200; 15998799; 16007092; 16007163; 16007172; 16007182; 16009706; 16012720; 16019536; 16026766; 16027121; 16027165; 16027169; 16036916; 16049004; 16049961; 16055703; 16076959; 16091017; 16098514; 16099944; 16107690; 16114056; 16115861; 16123141; 16128748; 16139227; 16141217; 16142341; 16148125; 16160160; 16163388; 16174774; 16177823; 16186112; 16202996; 16210317; 16216590; 16224021; 16243840; 16263580; 16272144; 16274701; 16278380; 16280327; 16282323; 16293694; 16338927; 16354698; 16362038; 16365168; 16373405; 16395129; 16405925; 16407258; 16407271; 16412424; 16417524; 16428439; 16434970; 16453020; 16466644; 16474850; 16478297; 16508008; 16524887; 16532026; 16532036; 16537497; 16540465; 16543232; 16549426; 16551632; 16564100; 16568092; 16571745; 16583435; 16601838; 16603397; 16604263; 16613989; 16616456; 16644866; 16651639; 16670089; 16682946; 16684529; 16723503; 16732486; 16763222; 16774943; 16775835; 16785234; 16790501; 16790529; 16792529; 16797529; 16814735; 16818690; 16820098; 16820947; 16822839; 16836907; 16839745; 16840713; 16841089; 16842970; 16844778; 16849522; 16862180; 16897758; 16912864; 16916907; 16926151; 16932738; 16946008; 16951146; 16962653; 16972255; 16977260; 16981720; 16982329; 16987028; 16987250; 16988010; 16990258; 17006541; 17006756; 17008323; 17012749; 17015676; 17016437; 17024099; 17030608; 17041888; 17043653; 17050554; 17052453; 17060455; 17065200; 17068339; 17081983; 17088265; 17097759; 17098228; 17099727; 17113264; 17128418; 17136479; 17136481; 17141917; 17143278; 17148458; 17151107; 17157319; 17169805; 17173971; 17179152; 17210635; 17214972; 17215852; 17233643; 17235455; 17244606; 17274640; 17276404; 17287851; 17299206; 17300918; 17307335; 17310852; 17317726; 17317825; 17318185; 17318262; 17333095; 17335965; 17342093; 17349711; 17351066; 17360849; 17375124; 17383860; 17386267; 17400190; 17404186; 17406055; 17428466; 17443665; 17458890; 17461449; 17462862; 17468516; 17469127; 17470458; 17471535; 17478078; 17483438; 17493174; 17495954; 17495959; 17501982; 17504381; 17505062; 17507655; 17507800; 17512923; 17513297; 17513702; 17520698; 17521720; 17522055; 17522703; 17533377; 17535800; 17544405; 17544543; 17546049; 17549359; 17551921; 17553806; 17554339; 17565979; 17566113; 17569669; 17577629; 17580302; 17581609; 17584963; 17594810; 17599831; 17599906; 17601486; 17606718; 17609269; 17611497; 17612563; 17615157; 17616681; 17616684; 17616691; 17635910; 17638918; 17666398; 17681738; 17687643; 17696196; 17706139; 17712528; 17716861; 17721885; 17721920; 17725107; 17726016; 17761832; 17804197; 17804734; 17822324; 17823925; 17825267; 17825284; 17826033; 17827393; 17855350; 17868340; 17883592; 17890457; 17891137; 17892507; 17895832; 17898861; 17901375; 17906677; 17909223; 17914025; 17914096; 17915974; 17921701; 17924977; 17925406; 17925408; 17927847; 17928528; 17932490; 17935714; 17950696; 17951252; 17957242; 17959676; 17960583; 17962807; 17977950; 18021174; 18023414; 18029348; 18035048; 18037896; 18041764; 18046412; 18048359; 18048937; 18053070; 18059161; 18063683; 18064631; 18071906; 18072631; 18079201; 18083769; 18087195; 18097023; 18167217; 18172656; 18174256; 18182168; 18182859; 18184439; 18187454; 18187620; 18191226; 18194602; 18197291; 18198266; 18199533; 18199536; 18201823; 18204201; 18204829; 18216097; 18227124; 18231751; 18240972; 18247380; 18249092; 18256540; 18262492; 18264090; 18270579; 18273051; 18292230; 18300076; 18309287; 18316593; 18317451; 18319625; 18323784; 18331557; 18332138; 18332867; 18332868; 18339899; 18351386; 18353776; 18355439; 18355897; 18356162; 18374639; 18387192; 18392055; 18395956; 18395980; 18398749; 18400376; 18404535; 18409144; 18410456; 18411301; 18413665; 18420583; 18425364; 18434090; 18437054; 18439422; 18440314; 18450971; 18451027; 18451140; 18458059; 18458087; 18466879; 18469852; 18479604; 18483258; 18483275; 18487214; 18487454; 18490760; 18495460; 18497887; 18499442; 18504432; 18505677; 18505846; 18509361; 18512729; 18519641; 18519679; 18524825; 18550470; 18552504; 18562279; 18562319; 18566587; 18574502; 18583979; 18593948; 18596081; 18606817; 18611285; 18611860; 18617528; 18622039; 18624398; 18625725; 18635704; 18635812; 18639865; 18640717; 18644989; 18644990; 18650932; 18660489; 18665177; 18668138; 18673414; 18676680; 18676830; 18676874; 18678286; 18682509; 18686341; 18687691; 18689794; 18701703; 18701709; 18711014; 18711316; 18713840; 18714568; 18718903; 18720410; 18723000; 18725974; 18728011; 18728784; 18754328; 18767116; 18769058; 18769147; 18769720; 18771702; 18774962; 18776922; 18782222; 18782353; 18783292; 18790560; 18794113; 18798227; 18798258; 18802038; 18813808; 18813944; 18824170; 18826385; 18826950; 18829502; 18838169; 18838251; 18838536; 18841391; 18844239; 18855532; 18922901; 18924134; 18931307; 18936167; 18937284; 18948104; 18948272; 18949384; 18954143; 18974133; 18976975; 18981248; 18981303; 18996102; 18996844; 19002588; 19010915; 19011679; 19017490; 19017978; 19018001; 19020711; 19020728; 19029952; 19048112; 19050243; 19050262; 19051289; 19054571; 19057511; 19058874; 19059380; 19062713; 19067848; 19068477; 19068483; 19070520; 19073147; 19074768; 19074832; 19074868; 19074885; 19074894; 19078992; 19079342; 19091404; 19095734; 19098000; 19103742; 19107873; 19109741; 19110052; 19114998; 19115062; 19116269; 19116273; 19118218; 19124015; 19132987; 19136058; 19138978; 19142871; 19142997; 19144640; 19147496; 19147772; 19151754; 19158829; 19160403; 19162005; 19164214; 19170196; 19176054; 19176518; 19176689; 19179443; 19188658; 19193378; 19201817; 19203586; 19219602; 19219857; 19224164; 19229860; 19236051; 19239323; 19240722; 19240976; 19250936; 19250983; 19261608; 19261616; 19262695; 19267882; 19270310; 19270694; 19270695; 19276265; 19278624; 19286607; 19303863; 19318457; 19323811; 19324870; 19328625; 19339247; 19353338; 19356729; 19357198; 19367581; 19376889; 19377290; 19389506; 19405949; 19406989; 19407222; 19409087; 19415690; 19417030; 19418217; 19420344; 19428048; 19429661; 19435822; 19437103; 19447872; 19453261; 19453843; 19457567; 19458356; 19461960; 19473116; 19473971; 19479051; 19479902; 19481529; 19482076; 19483721; 19484147; 19487299; 19488783; 19489223; 19491896; 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19882362; 19885574; 19885581; 19887561; 19887570; 19889638; 19889640; 19891769; 19897009; 19898424; 19903888; 19913121; 19917135; 19920252; 19922411; 19924282; 19925030; 19926313; 19931325; 19933775; 19934221; 19935854; 19940129; 19948975; 19953087; 19954644; 19956840; 19956847; 19965664; 19966853; 19995607; 19997873; 20003467; 20005908; 20008098; 20008289; 20012528; 20018888; 20018937; 20018949; 20019835; 20019839; 20022634; 20026048; 20026773; 20028853; 20030877; 20033742; 20041213; 20041238; 20042122; 20046382; 20048146; 20053726; 20054340; 20055757; 20056178; 20059950; 20067111; 20072648; 20081374; 20086095; 20086174; 20088406; 20093341; 20098747; 20100200; 20101210; 20102399; 20103602; 20106550; 20107185; 20109457; 20110348; 20126987; 20127017; 20127709; 20132317; 20133737; 20141546; 20154081; 20157733; 20159991; 20164223; 20164304; 20173664; 20182617; 20186153; 20186503; 20187936; 20190811; 20198299; 20201953; 20214684; 20216540; 20228224; 20231902; 20232298; 20237237; 20301425; 20306497; 20307589; 20308328; 20332111; 20333297; 20333651; 20336670; 20339081; 20339252; 20346214; 20346360; 20347887; 20354121; 20360004; 20361045; 20361981; 20362557; 20368287; 20371257; 20372801; 20372806; 20383191; 20388781; 20389136; 20395438; 20398329; 20400976; 20400979; 20407443; 20410674; 20412774; 20414143; 20416077; 20417028; 20419107; 20421846; 20432460; 20432929; 20436671; 20447721; 20453000; 20457218; 20458733; 20459571; 20471940; 20478633; 20484047; 20488790; 20490331; 20492754; 20493625; 20506505; 20506537; 20509930; 20512574; 20512787; 20513428; 20514448; 20514451; 20516073; 20520724; 20523723; 20525693; 20526288; 20530239; 20530298; 20530554; 20530982; 20534535; 20536315; 20541701; 20555032; 20557351; 20560677; 20562913; 20566894; 20574456; 20578837; 20585556; 20585984; 20586915; 20592362; 20595063; 20600027; 20605778; 20607350; 20620179; 20622004; 20622047; 20623644; 20628086; 20643654; 20648653; 20651405; 20657188; 20661303; 20671123; 20672329; 20679348; 20682768; 20687898; 20688159; 20693286; 20697673; 20703095; 20723296; 20725137; 20726858; 20731018; 20734064; 20805333; 20808831; 20818434; 20818790; 20826237; 20829512; 20837477; 20838929; 20844931; 20854947; 20856200; 20860430; 20863633; 20864106; 20872231; 20878056; 20886116; 20886414; 20921115; 20940316; 20947498; 20956948; 20957008; 20957047; 20959404; 20975834; 20978158; 20980511; 20980808; 21029719; 21035469; 21035497; 21040950; 21041608; 21042744; 21042767; 21044950; 21045156; 21045158; 21045808; 21048031; 21049487; 21059203; 21061022; 21062993; 21075859; 21078168; 21082206; 21087080; 21092549; 21093899; 21106245; 21110830; 21113787; 21118808; 21127195; 21127264; 21129241; 21131356; 21135252; 21139048; 21151116; 21151390; 21159778; 21168265; 21169559; 21177249; 21177334; 21185392; 21191179; 21209368; 21212269; 21212275; 21228233; 21238503; 21242970; 21253589; 21254169; 21255011; 21263216; 21266843; 21276823; 21284870; 21288887; 21289304; 21289308; 21290341; 21294052; 21295396; 21297666; 21308747; 21309701; 21320536; 21321111; 21321378; 21325624; 21333377; 21334199; 21339740; 21343617; 21355052; 21358672; 21365510; 21370247; 21380726; 21385902; 21390332; 21391741; 21394210; 21396404; 21405945; 21406404; 21407808; 21412012; 21423810; 21430300; 21432781; 21436142; 21437936; 21440011; 21440577; 21442372; 21444773; 21445305; 21454528; 21454539; 21454620; 21460223; 21464307; 21464312; 21464729; 21468601; 21474332; 21474915; 21478156; 21480388; 21482133; 21483469; 21487020; 21490677; 21499215; 21501368; 21507933; 21513698; 21521253; 21532145; 21536374; 21539865; 21557211; 21566129; 21570709; 21590431; 21592330; 21592956; 21606541; 21609291; 21621563; 21623170; 21624038; 21632881; 21633372; 21646299; 21646525; 21658387; 21659549; 21660042; 21667138; 21669872; 21670080; 21673026; 21673516; 21680733; 21685937; 21696297; 21697490; 21701506; 21705328; 21707707; 21708191; 21709150; 21713404; 21715568; 21718677; 21720709; 21722267; 21732363; 21741444; 21742779; 21742938; 21750652; 21757645; 21757743; 21763505; 21765914; 21767636; 21775008; 21775054; 21775285; 21775495; 21775978; 21777568; 21777670; 21778238; 21788944; 21793738; 21794903; 21799016; 21819378; 21824802; 21828040; 21828127; 21832049; 21837363; 21837670; 21840940; 21842521; 21849454; 21855541; 21856935; 21859846; 21862580; 21868077; 21869603; 21872252; 21873248; 21873430; 21874010; 21878648; 21878679; 21880746; 21881167; 21884932; 21887250; 21890473; 21890492; 21900206; 21901101; 21906983; 21908613; 21908615; 21908616; 21910869; 21913799; 21914810; 21915031; 21915327; 21925532; 21930127; 21939655; 21945955; 21949775; 21954225; 21959954; 21975932; 21975935; 21978279; 21980128; 21987722; 21991300; 21994334; 22005766; 22014666; 22021428; 22029423; 22031597; 22031698; 22033727; 22045027; 22051934; 22070874; 22072736; 22084251; 22093097; 22094587; 22095135; 22105580; 22107784; 22116552; 22116667; 22117074; 22131882; 22140653; 22146375; 22146979; 22150081; 22169232; 22171994; 22173970; 22174934; 22183914; 22184110; 22185283; 22189542; 22192357; 22198382; 22199277; 22199300; 22199303; 22208359; 22213015; 22213475; 22231444; 22234835; 22235305; 22249415; 22251423; 22268450; 22270359; 22271581; 22277669; 22280833; 22285928; 22297255; 22301279; 22309289; 22314363; 22315412; 22328503; 22328975; 22334668; 22335196; 22336203; 22337773; 22339676; 22340730; 22343475; 22345097; 22351695; 22354785; 22360859; 22363436; 22363598; 22366458; 22375056; 22384056; 22384099; 22384145; 22389405; 22391209; 22391563; 22393424; 22394200; 22394497; 22394561; 22410793; 22417847; 22426999; 22430898; 22445357; 22451658; 22455883; 22457005; 22463491; 22465665; 22471665; 22480519; 22480544; 22487681; 22488590; 22491319; 22494103; 22496232; 22505016; 22508044; 22525159; 22532149; 22535956; 22539090; 22547695; 22552281; 22552284; 22554284; 22562131; 22563025; 22563076; 22567126; 22569334; 22569400; 22571340; 22575839; 22577119; 22588279; 22590527; 22591684; 22607554; 22614013; 22619175; 22626691; 22647853; 22648906; 22674407; 22675553; 22682934; 22685591; 22687243; 22705004; 22706160; 22727668; 22728329; 22740686; 22748472; 22752602; 22760211; 22768179; 22805337; 22808143; 22809628; 22815832; 22831980; 22833150; 22837212; 22840496; 22842582; 22875023; 22876373; 22895070; 22895078; 22896661; 22897592; 22901187; 22904195; 22905202; 22905203; 22907434; 22910909; 22923366; 22928011; 22929028; 22936801; 22938585; 22945510; 22952709; 22954457; 22957045; 22961111; 22964641; 22967500; 22975685; 22990118; 22995914; 23021375; 23035900; 23039130; 23041284; 23043959; 23046567; 23047954; 23060458; 23069661; 23082158; 23092880; 23092893; 23095753; 23097134; 23107319; 23112296; 23125486; 23127761; 23133535; 23134728; 23135917; 23135998; 23138182; 23147115; 23167739; 23169238; 23176396; 23182717; 23185040; 23188060; 23192081; 23192871; 23195959; 23200933; 23205493; 23208492; 23225414; 23227138; 23235274; 23236232; 23237847; 23246288; 23249714; 23255608; 23261389; 23271397; 23272133; 23280503; 23297824; 23300340; 23300741; 23303682; 23314850; 23315288; 23318419; 23319332; 23321169; 23325864; 23334667; 23338526; 23340251; 23340270; 23348505; 23352210; 23354687; 23354912; 23379509; 23380710; 23383273; 23384770; 23386617; 23389849; 23409016; 23409128; 23417403; 23418602; 23419514; 23421998; 23424671; 23429328; 23430973; 23434580; 23437141; 23440515; 23442539; 23444215; 23457304; 23457334; 23459592; 23463506; 23463670; 23474367; 23499907; 23504323; 23507869; 23511556; 23512990; 23521913; 23525579; 23546174; 23546450; 23546602; 23547889; 23553960; 23558942; 23561972; 23563091; 23563706; 23567263; 23574721; 23580656; 23583197; 23603894; 23613227; 23615537; 23615713; 23624506; 23625205; 23626817; 23629924; 23639623; 23640046; 23667466; 23677479; 23684008; 23685151; 23686362; 23708780; 23710442; 23710710; 23711387; 23724143; 23725225; 23726842; 23728071; 23740762; 23741320; 23742646; 23743572; 23754751; 23757022; 23765166; 23786162; 23788636; 23791833; 23792459; 23792604; 23796964; 23811754; 23812726; 23824745; 23832540; 23838801; 23840064; 23841076; 23843462; 23852728; 23863161; 23867821; 23869765; 23876532; 23884311; 23884447; 23884910; 23886157; 23896866; 23898095; 23923067; 23934627; 23996929; 24001613; 24005670; 24015256; 24030155; 24081328; 24095799; 24099783; 24113181; 24120917; 24152492; 24154876; 24157255; 24225136; 24297901; 24314632; 24321521; 24458280; 24600969 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000142208 HGNC:391 HPRD:01261 MIM:164730 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170795 Other designations: PKB alpha|RAC-PK-alpha|RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase|protein kinase B alpha|proto-oncogene c-Akt|rac protein kinase alpha AKT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HIHGHH PKBB PKBBETA PRKBB RAC-BETA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AKT2 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2 208 19q13.1-q13.2 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001934 (EC: ISS); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16540465); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10490823); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16540465); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: ISS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005938 (EC: ISS); GO_0005978 (EC: IEA); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0006464 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1409633); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS); GO_0008286 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008643 (EC: IEA); GO_0010748 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0010907 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0016301 (EC: TAS); GO_0030334 (EC: TAS); GO_0031340 (EC: ISS); GO_0032000 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0032287 (EC: IEA); GO_0032587 (EC: ISS); GO_0032859 (EC: IEA); GO_0032869 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0045444 (EC: TAS); GO_0045725 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0046326 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16814735); GO_0060644 (EC: TAS); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS); GO_0065002 (EC: ISS); GO_0071156 (EC: TAS); GO_0072659 (EC: IEA); GO_0090314 (EC: ISS); GO_2000147 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17332325); GO_2001275 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1409633; 1801921; 3037531; 8622988; 8889548; 9374542; 9394803; 9512493; 9528769; 9736715; 10490823; 10491192; 10869418; 10983986; 11139588; 11156964; 11208609; 11278835; 11313479; 11432835; 11445557; 11500317; 11507039; 11546794; 11707444; 11781143; 11903042; 11948187; 11988487; 11994280; 12048203; 12114503; 12149249; 12167664; 12176337; 12176997; 12181350; 12434148; 12477932; 12480711; 12482965; 12517337; 12517798; 12524439; 12545160; 12663464; 12697749; 12733712; 12791994; 12808085; 14500673; 14504284; 14612499; 14637151; 14645242; 14654898; 14699494; 14702039; 14735903; 14973226; 15010337; 15070827; 15102693; 15111130; 15144186; 15146197; 15166380; 15314020; 15489334; 15531580; 15557754; 15616007; 15678105; 15689238; 15890450; 15987444; 16221682; 16365168; 16402276; 16524887; 16540465; 16814735; 16841089; 16982699; 17012749; 17030088; 17157319; 17276404; 17327441; 17332325; 17349711; 17372934; 17482291; 17535800; 17576055; 17577629; 17804734; 17825284; 17895832; 17908691; 17914025; 17962807; 18048359; 18187620; 18281467; 18300076; 18316591; 18353613; 18660489; 18768676; 18826950; 18842333; 18996102; 19064572; 19074768; 19075230; 19079138; 19110052; 19164214; 19197940; 19261608; 19435822; 19453261; 19479051; 19713527; 19771908; 19797172; 19825827; 19843246; 19875456; 19913121; 19933843; 20012528; 20018949; 20019835; 20041213; 20056178; 20056908; 20059950; 20102399; 20109457; 20116920; 20133737; 20167810; 20186503; 20354455; 20398329; 20409325; 20447721; 20514445; 20602615; 20628086; 20661303; 20687898; 20688159; 20691427; 20818790; 20848774; 20856200; 21029719; 21048031; 21050850; 21092549; 21179235; 21182834; 21297943; 21423810; 21432781; 21483469; 21507933; 21518566; 21590431; 21606541; 21618512; 21636708; 21680733; 21697490; 21722267; 21763505; 21765914; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21932427; 21979934; 21979951; 21988832; 22031698; 22107784; 22158034; 22261254; 22480544; 22556379; 22748472; 22778840; 22809628; 22904195; 22939624; 22952844; 23018889; 23092922; 23250987; 23305873; 23321478; 23444369; 23468863; 23567263; 23777806; 24030155; 24056770; 24250222; 24321521 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000105221 HGNC:392 HPRD:01262 MIM:164731 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137375 Other designations: PKB beta|RAC-PK-beta|RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase|murine thymoma viral (v-akt) homolog-2|protein kinase Akt-2|protein kinase B beta|rac protein kinase beta AKT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALAS ALAS3 ALASH MIG4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ALAS1 aminolevulinate, delta-, synthase 1 211 OK/SW-cl.121 3p21.1 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003870 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006778 (EC: TAS); GO_0006782 (EC: IEA); GO_0006783 (EC: TAS); GO_0030170 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2095458; 2263504; 2347585; 3671094; 7698013; 8424176; 11267664; 11566198; 11929042; 11929048; 12433930; 12477932; 12878157; 15028279; 15123725; 15477213; 15489334; 15547665; 15710391; 15797241; 16234850; 16730941; 16751776; 17628775; 17672918; 18029348; 18719978; 19460752; 19477221; 19656447; 19913121; 20237496; 20628086; 20877624; 21048031; 21659532; 21900206; 21906983; 21926972; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22505724; 23024262; 23974872; 24250222 aminolevulinate, delta-, synthase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000023330 HGNC:396 HPRD:00505 MIM:125290 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158108 Other designations: 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial|5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1|ALAS-H|delta-ALA synthase 1|delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1|migration-inducing protein 4 ALAS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALDC ALDH-E1 ALDH1 ALDH11 HEL-9 HEL-S-53e HEL12 PUMB1 RALDH1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 216 RP11-151D14.2 9q21.13 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001758 (EC: IEA); GO_0004029 (EC: EXP); GO_0005099 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1709013); GO_0005497 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1709013); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2987944); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006069 (EC: TAS); GO_0006081 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1709013); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0032320 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1709013); GO_0042572 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 224930; 730161; 1709013; 2591967; 2776714; 2987944; 3013004; 3397064; 3676276; 4015823; 6427007; 6723659; 8214422; 8493914; 9166904; 9240474; 9723161; 12081471; 12174908; 12477932; 14506398; 14678778; 15489334; 15597079; 15852347; 16189514; 16857736; 16878979; 17175089; 17222227; 17286337; 17502835; 17628022; 18029348; 18082256; 18331377; 18343808; 18371393; 18450747; 18496131; 18644979; 18848913; 18854779; 19018242; 19025616; 19056867; 19129088; 19296407; 19329942; 19343046; 19385968; 19447584; 19450560; 19478994; 19696793; 19703508; 19706361; 19774675; 19808966; 19874574; 19911270; 20010854; 20019840; 20142235; 20228222; 20379614; 20422001; 20516116; 20585849; 20596639; 20606680; 20634891; 20889728; 20959018; 20959469; 21045151; 21098716; 21118965; 21231983; 21282737; 21336637; 21371077; 21399615; 21441790; 21482329; 21695188; 21708005; 21804471; 21827011; 21907803; 21988832; 22005464; 22012766; 22014057; 22080062; 22098156; 22101256; 22115706; 22123295; 22131125; 22195027; 22260461; 22380773; 22417385; 22430847; 22544210; 22581680; 22591209; 22608744; 22617249; 22649953; 22710732; 22725270; 22782852; 22877687; 22878609; 22887839; 22899292; 22928012; 22930220; 22938492; 23084350; 23112116; 23132408; 23220285; 23236537; 23252868; 23267077; 23295229; 23332924; 23434145; 23438482; 23454351; 23465277; 23483187; 23585015; 23759596; 23762304; 23787917; 23799031; 23805041; 23845466; 24043631; 24080087; 24120944; 24289252; 24511023 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 Ensembl:ENSG00000165092 HGNC:402 HPRD:00001 MIM:100640 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020019 Other designations: ALDH class 1|ALHDII|RALDH 1|acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1|aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, soluble|aldehyde dehydrogenase, liver cytosolic|epididymis luminal protein 12|epididymis luminal protein 9|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 53e|retinal dehydrogenase 1|retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALDB ALDO2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ALDOB aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate 229 RP11-490D19.1 9q21.3-q22.2 20140408 9606 9 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004332 (EC: EXP); GO_0004332 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10625657); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18000879); GO_0005815 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18000879); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006000 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3383242); GO_0006001 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: TAS); GO_0006094 (EC: TAS); GO_0006096 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10625657); GO_0006096 (EC: IEA); GO_0006096 (EC: TAS); GO_0006116 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17576770); GO_0008092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9244396); GO_0030388 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10625657); GO_0032781 (EC: IGI, PMID: 17576770); GO_0034451 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18000879); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10625657); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0051117 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17576770); GO_0070061 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10625657); GO_0070072 (EC: IGI, PMID: 17576770) PMID: 1967768; 2336380; 2410860; 2649152; 2830249; 3000275; 3016456; 3383242; 6548561; 6585824; 6689266; 7717389; 8162030; 8299883; 8535439; 9244396; 10024431; 10625657; 10970798; 11241348; 11399750; 11679716; 11752456; 12205126; 12417303; 12464284; 12477932; 14966907; 15063762; 15532022; 15880727; 16406649; 17292585; 17457694; 17576770; 17955389; 18000879; 18029348; 18541450; 18700007; 19817957; 20033295; 20162364; 20848650; 20882353; 21166391; 21832049; 21890473; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22001757; 22505724; 22911800 aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate Ensembl:ENSG00000136872 HGNC:417 HPRD:01972 MIM:612724 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020378 Other designations: aldolase 2|aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphatase|fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B|liver-type aldolase ALDOB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALS9 HEL168 RAA1 RNASE4 RNASE5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANG angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5 283 14q11.1-q11.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8448182); GO_0001525 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17125737); GO_0001525 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16567967); GO_0001541 (EC: NAS, PMID: 12770725); GO_0001556 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11438326); GO_0001666 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10999833); GO_0001666 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15776477); GO_0001890 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11984825); GO_0001938 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9122172); GO_0003677 (EC: IC, PMID: 10649442); GO_0003779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11782452); GO_0004519 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10103013); GO_0004540 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2424496); GO_0005102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9122172); GO_0005507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9245697); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10413501); GO_0005605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15166501); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16461950); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10649442); GO_0005730 (EC: ISS); GO_0006651 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2457905); GO_0007154 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10103013); GO_0007202 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2457905); GO_0008201 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10103013); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0009303 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15735021); GO_0009725 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10999833); GO_0016477 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17125737); GO_0016892 (EC: IEA); GO_0017148 (EC: IEA); GO_0019843 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2457905); GO_0030041 (EC: ISS); GO_0030426 (EC: ISS); GO_0032148 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17125737); GO_0032311 (EC: IPI, PMID: 3470787); GO_0032431 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2646638); GO_0042277 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11782452); GO_0042327 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17125737); GO_0042592 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15166501); GO_0043025 (EC: ISS); GO_0048662 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10103013); GO_0050714 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2646638); GO_0050714 (EC: ISS); GO_0090305 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10103013); GO_0090501 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2424496) PMID: 1400510; 1978563; 2276743; 2424496; 2440105; 2457905; 2479414; 2646638; 2730651; 2742853; 2866794; 2866795; 3470787; 3619929; 3663649; 7679494; 7945327; 8127865; 8159679; 8448182; 9122172; 9245697; 9311977; 9461294; 9707554; 9918722; 10103013; 10413501; 10648935; 10649442; 10999833; 11374889; 11438326; 11468363; 11751393; 11752456; 11782452; 11847008; 11851402; 11919285; 11984825; 12168899; 12209593; 12477932; 12515546; 12705339; 12770725; 12842050; 14593238; 14671622; 14756559; 15064314; 15067362; 15128420; 15166501; 15182336; 15236995; 15489334; 15557516; 15558023; 15735021; 15737636; 15776477; 15979542; 16169070; 16322296; 16461950; 16490744; 16567967; 16712791; 16937522; 17113198; 17125737; 17207965; 17462671; 17703939; 17886298; 17900154; 17991437; 18087731; 18636464; 18808740; 18852347; 18936943; 18955785; 19158252; 19160530; 19253715; 19262607; 19287993; 19332886; 19363631; 19423182; 19625371; 19631914; 20045391; 20105109; 20137109; 20174961; 20301623; 20452482; 20472325; 20484129; 20577002; 20629092; 20673868; 20838751; 20923443; 20952631; 20955379; 21085671; 21091473; 21103661; 21154263; 21209106; 21364907; 21375772; 21439815; 21528671; 21539846; 21621297; 21711968; 21778318; 21800332; 21808991; 21919032; 21988832; 22148849; 22190368; 22194915; 22266868; 22292798; 22292843; 22372545; 22384259; 22438557; 22449478; 22526325; 22633874; 22694909; 22940420; 23229115; 23231972; 23351638; 23379493; 23409128; 23665167; 23989187; 24122807; 24337645 angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000214274 HGNC:483 HPRD:00105 MIM:105850 Vega:OTTHUMG00000029576 Other designations: RNase 5|angiogenin|epididymis luminal protein 168|ribonuclease 5|ribonuclease A A1 ANG Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGP1 AGPT ANG1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPT1 angiopoietin 1 284 8q23.1 9606 8 GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001936 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:8980223); GO_0002040 (EC: IDA, PMID:10218485); GO_0002092 (EC: IDA, PMID:19424712); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:10218485); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID:19424712); GO_0005902 (EC: IDA, PMID:19424712); GO_0007162 (EC: IDA, PMID:19674970); GO_0007171 (EC: IDA, PMID:19424712); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0010595 (EC: IDA, PMID:12958144); GO_0014068 (EC: IEA); GO_0014842 (EC: IDA, PMID:19733541); GO_0030097 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0030210 (EC: IDA, PMID:19297368); GO_0030971 (EC: IPI, PMID:19922791); GO_0031398 (EC: IDA, PMID:19689429); GO_0031589 (EC: IEA); GO_0033138 (EC: IEA); GO_0034394 (EC: IDA, PMID:19615361); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID:10218485); GO_0043116 (EC: IDA, PMID:14978158); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043536 (EC: IDA, PMID:9660821); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA, PMID:19615361); GO_0045785 (EC: IEA); GO_0048014 (EC: IDA, PMID:19689429); GO_0050731 (EC: IDA, PMID:15851516); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0050918 (EC: IDA, PMID:9660821); GO_0051897 (EC: IDA, PMID:18425120); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19199708); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA, PMID:18425120); GO_0072012 (EC: ISS); GO_2000352 (EC: IDA, PMID:19674970) PMID:7584026; 7584028; 7642106; 8980223; 8980224; 9204896; 9525952; 9545648; 9560344; 9660821; 9723709; 10051567; 10218485; 10343124; 10514510; 10706866; 10766762; 10854239; 10944458; 11165944; 11729102; 11776343; 11827452; 11856872; 11870550; 11891175; 11967990; 12138242; 12168954; 12213874; 12239588; 12243755; 12402160; 12427764; 12477932; 12612904; 12649156; 12717391; 12810673; 12816861; 12890486; 12958144; 12958167; 14561809; 14597243; 14665640; 14672554; 14715662; 14749497; 14978158; 14991531; 15001532; 15019820; 15094228; 15161644; 15198927; 15213103; 15242771; 15284220; 15381091; 15453096; 15498854; 15542434; 15562207; 15692086; 15694363; 15746084; 15769741; 15781448; 15823283; 15851516; 15892598; 16000309; 16020388; 16049136; 16229183; 16354591; 16547766; 16614513; 16645159; 16690881; 16723371; 16803467; 16830384; 16917117; 16956819; 17039426; 17168735; 17322632; 17341311; 17466926; 17525262; 17558601; 17562701; 17603084; 17637706; 17724803; 17728252; 17785951; 17803352; 17943167; 18035072; 18080866; 18092380; 18199826; 18269030; 18310225; 18326231; 18330951; 18382887; 18425120; 18664247; 18675456; 18807212; 18823985; 18991494; 18996102; 19010534; 19028450; 19082480; 19082594; 19086654; 19127216; 19148554; 19199708; 19223473; 19297368; 19300530; 19301945; 19322669; 19339077; 19351722; 19424712; 19460752; 19476937; 19478794; 19487284; 19543148; 19567053; 19615361; 19674970; 19689429; 19733541; 19815705; 19875484; 19916173; 19919521; 19922791; 19954476; 20036815; 20056911; 20072144; 20098680; 20099495; 20185425; 20208992; 20346360; 20378606; 20471887; 20554518; 20602615; 20629092; 20696814; 20863203; 21042788; 21140268; 21168819; 21179479; 21212269; 21273558; 21300047; 21380565; 21400522; 21660578; 21672190; 21710361; 21778249; 21849906; 21858121; 21878936; 21884468; 21885850; 21905000; 21905955; 21906428; 21948244; 21963094; 22000910; 22015631; 22033412; 22095586; 22143796; 22205728; 22229541; 22235284; 22334788; 22391155; 22449617; 22483377; 22496856; 22583143; 22642477; 22867989; 22901561; 22949515; 23024612; 23099117; 23123737; 23190105; 23232696; 23288163; 23302768; 23382691; 23504320; 23592718; 23652985; 23686433; 23770419; 23785018; 23835996; 23840065; 24010773 angiopoietin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000154188 HGNC:484 HPRD:03392 MIM:601667 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164812 Other designations: ANG-1|angiopoietin-1 ANGPT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGPT2 ANG2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPT2 angiopoietin 2 285 8p23.1 9606 8 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID:10766762); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:9660821); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:10766762); GO_0007281 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0009314 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009749 (EC: IEA); GO_0010812 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: IEA); GO_0030971 (EC: IPI, PMID:19922791); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0042995 (EC: IEA); GO_0043537 (EC: IDA, PMID:9660821); GO_0045766 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048014 (EC: IDA, PMID:19922791); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0050928 (EC: IDA, PMID:9660821); GO_0060135 (EC: IEA); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_0072012 (EC: ISS) PMID:8125298; 9204896; 9545648; 9660821; 9723709; 9927494; 10051567; 10343124; 10514510; 10766762; 10964717; 11447223; 11578860; 11856872; 11861279; 12138242; 12176040; 12213874; 12427764; 12477932; 12612904; 12717391; 12810677; 12861074; 14507641; 14556828; 14568550; 14702352; 14726409; 14767538; 14768007; 14976056; 14991531; 15002056; 15003510; 15094228; 15112366; 15127326; 15161644; 15198927; 15213103; 15284088; 15284220; 15375511; 15489334; 15498854; 15542434; 15562207; 15642468; 15694966; 15734895; 15743799; 15769741; 15823283; 15893672; 16009172; 16020388; 16129411; 16182107; 16229183; 16242072; 16290311; 16338068; 16344560; 16417407; 16424009; 16458662; 16465407; 16525658; 16538528; 16614513; 16629644; 16690881; 16714355; 16723371; 16790091; 16803467; 16830384; 16877277; 16956819; 16978237; 16978614; 17003480; 17030814; 17141400; 17167981; 17200776; 17258205; 17287278; 17322632; 17341311; 17361220; 17395886; 17409768; 17505039; 17513791; 17558601; 17601353; 17630849; 17673702; 17704802; 17724803; 17785951; 17828495; 17904634; 17928052; 17931370; 17943167; 18006475; 18092380; 18182823; 18269030; 18310225; 18382887; 18483397; 18516587; 18541195; 18564921; 18568888; 18644593; 18664247; 18675456; 18720385; 18727515; 18791490; 18807212; 18952457; 18957536; 18991494; 18996102; 19010534; 19018553; 19082594; 19086654; 19102939; 19112163; 19164323; 19223473; 19226440; 19228739; 19271210; 19300530; 19339208; 19341361; 19351722; 19403561; 19435449; 19438587; 19476937; 19478794; 19499513; 19502452; 19539650; 19543148; 19551369; 19567053; 19616847; 19728062; 19815705; 19875484; 19913849; 19922791; 19954476; 20067780; 20068079; 20072144; 20088942; 20099495; 20179005; 20208992; 20213583; 20348331; 20359117; 20379614; 20382847; 20452482; 20482750; 20501615; 20519501; 20562294; 20583134; 20599737; 20629092; 20670479; 20673868; 20696814; 20806109; 20863203; 21042788; 21081932; 21119365; 21131273; 21143700; 21149250; 21163858; 21168819; 21179479; 21248670; 21257790; 21269615; 21300047; 21337734; 21368233; 21380565; 21400522; 21439064; 21450636; 21565611; 21575447; 21576085; 21603628; 21643812; 21672190; 21680733; 21685330; 21750433; 21762624; 21778249; 21809353; 21849906; 21851472; 21858121; 21884204; 21884468; 21900206; 21948244; 21956768; 21963094; 22000910; 22015631; 22095586; 22142364; 22182412; 22229541; 22279570; 22289349; 22311497; 22327175; 22342979; 22449617; 22483377; 22585576; 22640261; 22642477; 22659681; 22728324; 22730375; 22750392; 22770562; 22777681; 22949515; 22989097; 22995870; 23024612; 23099117; 23123737; 23149917; 23174599; 23190105; 23190218; 23232696; 23284823; 23302768; 23305976; 23409162; 23419030; 23421785; 23467610; 23503679; 23536671; 23587231; 23649549; 23652985; 23758184; 23785018; 23803577; 23826161; 23835996; 23899926; 24106271; 24355874; 24373251; 24421076 angiopoietin 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000091879 HGNC:485 HPRD:03563 MIM:601922 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090365 Other designations: ANG-2|Tie2-ligand|angiopoietin-2|angiopoietin-2B|angiopoietin-2a ANGPT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 1 AAC1 ANT ANT 1 ANT1 MTDPS12 PEO2 PEO3 T1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC25A4 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4 291 4q35 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000002 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10926541); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16507998); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2823266); GO_0006091 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2823266); GO_0006112 (EC: TAS); GO_0006810 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2823266); GO_0008637 (EC: IEA); GO_0015207 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2823266); GO_0015853 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2823266); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050796 (EC: TAS); GO_0060546 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16507998) PMID: 1582253; 2541251; 2547778; 2823266; 2829183; 8103757; 8479824; 8619474; 8644740; 9110174; 9748162; 9874241; 10364542; 10620603; 10926541; 11175251; 11181702; 11193032; 11287411; 11756592; 11756613; 11809823; 12039962; 12112115; 12140186; 12149099; 12450408; 12477932; 12565915; 12663490; 12707443; 12750393; 12750404; 14729611; 15033717; 15142377; 15231833; 15489334; 15551024; 15638722; 15725353; 15792871; 15817944; 15832179; 16020522; 16107323; 16120388; 16155110; 16226712; 16236267; 16354571; 16429131; 16492162; 16507998; 16511342; 16556444; 16887100; 17203973; 17328670; 17331040; 17420318; 17586316; 17586317; 18094160; 18504126; 18575922; 18781797; 18852887; 19149577; 19232058; 19275580; 19275583; 19275588; 19425506; 19840444; 19965780; 20007455; 20012529; 20160640; 20181062; 20186120; 20504995; 20528917; 20698827; 20843780; 20877624; 20972266; 21139048; 21145461; 21196320; 21318276; 21319273; 21586654; 21890473; 21906983; 21918813; 21963094; 22178446; 22187496; 22350218; 22354994; 22797925; 22939629; 23000965; 23246001; 23266187; 23401503; 23464991; 24244333 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000151729 HGNC:10990 HPRD:00058 MIM:103220 Vega:OTTHUMG00000134299 Other designations: ADP,ATP carrier protein 1|ADP,ATP carrier protein, heart/skeletal muscle|ADP/ATP translocase 1|adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (skeletal muscle)|heart/skeletal muscle ATP/ADP translocator|solute carrier family 25 member 4 SLC25A4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APAF-1 CED4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene APAF1 apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 317 12q23 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10383829); GO_0001843 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10206961); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006309 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IDA); GO_0006952 (EC: IEA); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9753320); GO_0008635 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9267021); GO_0008635 (EC: TAS); GO_0008656 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15009102); GO_0030900 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10441496); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0043293 (EC: IDA); GO_0043293 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0043531 (EC: IEA); GO_0051402 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072432 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_2001235 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9267021; 9390557; 9455477; 9488720; 9539746; 9651578; 9753320; 9829980; 9837928; 9878060; 9922454; 10206961; 10322433; 10364241; 10376594; 10383829; 10393175; 10441496; 10486928; 10543941; 10578182; 10702682; 10722681; 10764728; 10934467; 10949025; 11113115; 11230124; 11242052; 11389439; 11457460; 11550094; 11864614; 12021264; 12147322; 12149244; 12168954; 12477932; 12549820; 12615903; 12637514; 12804598; 12963020; 14566819; 14747474; 14993223; 15001356; 15009102; 15026369; 15033720; 15103018; 15262985; 15305193; 15378005; 15590702; 15649154; 15692060; 15703181; 15735003; 15829969; 15832174; 15832175; 15863166; 15972851; 16046141; 16098052; 16231040; 16232302; 16331630; 16420245; 16595687; 16951219; 16979168; 17081983; 17133271; 17274640; 17348858; 17361096; 17418785; 17534194; 17541304; 17603079; 17876870; 17882496; 17885667; 18029348; 18042457; 18093951; 18309324; 18373966; 18439902; 18587251; 18676680; 18719738; 18834886; 19056867; 19058789; 19074885; 19141860; 19170196; 19238172; 19322201; 19455599; 19603830; 19625176; 19662370; 19675677; 19692168; 19698783; 19801675; 19809088; 19913121; 20345447; 20379614; 20453000; 20628086; 20959405; 20977544; 21104989; 21139048; 21297999; 21528061; 21659556; 21890473; 21906983; 21922274; 22101335; 22143029; 22246185; 22335196; 22632162; 22996741; 23085065; 23207240; 23326121; 23521171; 23822711 apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000120868 HGNC:576 HPRD:03755 MIM:602233 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170214 Other designations: apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 APAF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HEL-S-92n PTX2 SAP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene APCS amyloid P component, serum 325 1q21-q23 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10812074); GO_0006953 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2987268); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0043234 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051082 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10812074); GO_0051131 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10972085); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA) PMID: 81686; 1477104; 1602151; 2987268; 3029048; 3172210; 3211159; 3759147; 3915434; 4055725; 7592941; 8114934; 8144569; 8202534; 8417122; 8662978; 8999915; 9217261; 10631319; 10812074; 10972085; 11359830; 11441067; 11984001; 12015594; 12100475; 12126626; 12432394; 12477932; 12528126; 12767937; 14500533; 14519527; 14607961; 14718574; 15031287; 15174148; 15489334; 15649951; 15837583; 16335952; 16380821; 16643876; 16710414; 16784490; 17138933; 17530641; 17630380; 17676666; 18174230; 18624398; 19011614; 19052452; 19056867; 19948975; 20189569; 20237496; 20300636; 20930309; 20932823; 21044893; 21106539; 21223953; 21278351; 21360619; 21900206; 21988832; 22205573; 22396542; 22493081; 22867744; 22939635; 23385359; 23390551; 23423137; 23527487; 23544079; 23600950; 23966633 amyloid P component, serum Ensembl:ENSG00000132703 HGNC:584 HPRD:00101 MIM:104770 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022741 Other designations: 9.5S alpha-1-glycoprotein|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 92n|pentaxin-related|serum amyloid P-component APCS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AD2 LDLCQ5 LPG WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene APOE apolipoprotein E 348 19q13.2 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000302 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11743999); GO_0001523 (EC: TAS); GO_0001540 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11305869); GO_0001937 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685360); GO_0002021 (EC: IEA); GO_0005319 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17305370); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12950167); GO_0005543 (EC: IDA, PMID: 4066713); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8083695); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0005769 (EC: TAS); GO_0005770 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006641 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9649566); GO_0006641 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3771793); GO_0006707 (EC: IEA); GO_0006874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006898 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1917954); GO_0007010 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0007186 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16443932); GO_0007263 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0007271 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0008201 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2745454); GO_0008203 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9649566); GO_0008203 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3771793); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: IDA, PMID: 4066713); GO_0010544 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0010873 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15654758); GO_0010875 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14754908); GO_0010875 (EC: IGI, PMID: 12401887); GO_0014012 (EC: IEA); GO_0016209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685360); GO_0017127 (EC: IEA); GO_0019934 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0030195 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0030425 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8083695); GO_0030516 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0030828 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0031232 (EC: IEA); GO_0032489 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16443932); GO_0032526 (EC: IEA); GO_0032805 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15950758); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0033344 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11162594); GO_0033700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11162594); GO_0034361 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17154273); GO_0034362 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8245722); GO_0034363 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17336988); GO_0034364 (EC: IDA, PMID: 210174); GO_0034372 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15654758); GO_0034372 (EC: IGI, PMID: 12401887); GO_0034374 (EC: IEA); GO_0034375 (EC: IGI, PMID: 12401887); GO_0034380 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17305370); GO_0034382 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7175379); GO_0034384 (EC: IDA, PMID: 210175); GO_0034447 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1917954); GO_0034447 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9649566); GO_0042157 (EC: TAS); GO_0042158 (EC: IEA); GO_0042159 (EC: IEA); GO_0042311 (EC: IEA); GO_0042627 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16935699); GO_0042632 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9649566); GO_0042802 (EC: IDA, PMID: 4066713); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8245722); GO_0043025 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8083695); GO_0043407 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685360); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043537 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685360); GO_0043691 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8127890); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045541 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1917954); GO_0045773 (EC: IEA); GO_0046848 (EC: IEA); GO_0046907 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0046911 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685360); GO_0048156 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7566652); GO_0048168 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9622609); GO_0048709 (EC: IEA); GO_0048844 (EC: IEA); GO_0050728 (EC: IC, PMID: 8995232); GO_0050750 (EC: IDA, PMID: 210175); GO_0050750 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17326667); GO_0051000 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995232); GO_0051044 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15950758); GO_0051651 (EC: IEA); GO_0060228 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15654758); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070326 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1384047); GO_0070326 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12950167); GO_0071347 (EC: IEA); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_0071397 (EC: IEA); GO_0071682 (EC: TAS); GO_0071813 (EC: IEA); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA) PMID: 210174; 210175; 759055; 1356443; 1360898; 1361196; 1384047; 1617762; 1674745; 1713245; 1730728; 1917954; 2063194; 2101409; 2313204; 2341812; 2470732; 2498325; 2539388; 2556398; 2738044; 2745454; 2760009; 2779654; 2851587; 2987927; 2992507; 3038959; 3243553; 3283935; 3771793; 3922972; 3947350; 4066713; 4345202; 6199196; 6289314; 6323533; 6325438; 6327682; 6897404; 7068630; 7175379; 7263700; 7498414; 7566652; 7581381; 7586659; 7635945; 7761390; 7768901; 7797576; 7833947; 7972031; 8063017; 8083695; 8127890; 8245722; 8287539; 8300609; 8346443; 8488843; 8620924; 8624078; 8626535; 8756331; 8995232; 9012418; 9147408; 9218423; 9236223; 9360638; 9512010; 9622609; 9649566; 9685360; 9831625; 9869645; 9931331; 10520737; 10559559; 10662539; 10850798; 10962542; 10993992; 11030801; 11032626; 11033977; 11042151; 11055796; 11058710; 11060506; 11061249; 11063158; 11064931; 11072138; 11074789; 11076057; 11079660; 11095479; 11095526; 11096027; 11099722; 11100124; 11106322; 11109009; 11110974; 11113217; 11118024; 11118260; 11118404; 11118932; 11119301; 11121165; 11125748; 11126401; 11129109; 11129992; 11140838; 11140944; 11141572; 11143490; 11152862; 11153762; 11156623; 11157409; 11160955; 11162594; 11166913; 11166947; 11171287; 11171894; 11172628; 11173876; 11173877; 11173882; 11176958; 11177205; 11182472; 11204323; 11218879; 11229422; 11231028; 11236867; 11244490; 11254923; 11256794; 11257253; 11257255; 11259129; 11269459; 11269753; 11273849; 11273909; 11277566; 11280044; 11281447; 11281508; 11285089; 11295126; 11299424; 11302074; 11303757; 11305732; 11305851; 11305869; 11311499; 11315514; 11320185; 11326299; 11328206; 11332642; 11334266; 11334897; 11340230; 11341749; 11343612; 11343837; 11351136; 11354629; 11355019; 11357958; 11359065; 11360807; 11376902; 11378846; 11383910; 11388660; 11398147; 11401504; 11401610; 11412677; 11420577; 11420784; 11421127; 11421132; 11421580; 11422615; 11431078; 11434425; 11445282; 11445633; 11454010; 11456487; 11458997; 11463413; 11471927; 11472462; 11474482; 11475012; 11477126; 11482130; 11484169; 11484172; 11487204; 11494308; 11495026; 11495633; 11500190; 11501342; 11502364; 11504565; 11509287; 11512679; 11516561; 11526473; 11535238; 11546879; 11552016; 11553047; 11558492; 11559372; 11560764; 11563433; 11568917; 11571342; 11574101; 11580926; 11585357; 11589721; 11592046; 11592592; 11665324; 11673588; 11673590; 11676289; 11676291; 11684342; 11684904; 11698154; 11701639; 11702052; 11711204; 11714857; 11714860; 11720484; 11721184; 11722155; 11723294; 11730829; 11738493; 11739991; 11740190; 11743999; 11748362; 11755017; 11755252; 11756600; 11769625; 11769703; 11769724; 11775232; 11780357; 11780396; 11784357; 11784371; 11788473; 11788960; 11791620; 11793025; 11798896; 11803456; 11804199; 11804704; 11805010; 11807891; 11807900; 11814460; 11820771; 11823668; 11830396; 11834531; 11836653; 11840773; 11840804; 11844848; 11849659; 11849755; 11857554; 11860878; 11860925; 11862316; 11863377; 11873594; 11879722; 11882334; 11882335; 11882522; 11882743; 11882744; 11884656; 11884660; 11885754; 11889238; 11890580; 11893833; 11901276; 11903341; 11903399; 11904138; 11910554; 11912196; 11920850; 11921083; 11922198; 11931575; 11931577; 11936239; 11936240; 11939894; 11939896; 11940690; 11940706; 11949718; 11950276; 11952809; 11954859; 11959333; 11966948; 11971052; 11971084; 11981126; 11983298; 11983299; 11984219; 11987699; 11988589; 11988615; 11990879; 11992263; 11992569; 12000192; 12003251; 12003753; 12006218; 12006397; 12007670; 12009520; 12015813; 12015945; 12019933; 12023414; 12023438; 12028246; 12028507; 12030385; 12032151; 12036962; 12040140; 12042130; 12042142; 12042316; 12042669; 12042894; 12044628; 12049183; 12057992; 12059987; 12061406; 12069854; 12071547; 12074828; 12075916; 12077730; 12082592; 12086087; 12086099; 12086229; 12087994; 12093429; 12094820; 12095653; 12105308; 12107813; 12112161; 12113906; 12116196; 12116231; 12117364; 12118856; 12123486; 12123862; 12128082; 12133811; 12135350; 12138091; 12142731; 12143056; 12145452; 12148096; 12160362; 12164879; 12165926; 12166499; 12167620; 12167762; 12168771; 12175441; 12185156; 12185856; 12192621; 12192623; 12195533; 12196500; 12198535; 12200750; 12205106; 12205649; 12210279; 12213685; 12213863; 12214086; 12220441; 12221169; 12226739; 12231459; 12232782; 12243365; 12269825; 12270650; 12297572; 12325053; 12359980; 12364385; 12370113; 12379839; 12393935; 12394840; 12397634; 12398946; 12401887; 12405546; 12406021; 12411758; 12411763; 12413003; 12414984; 12417285; 12417379; 12417380; 12417381; 12417453; 12419494; 12433268; 12434887; 12438469; 12438664; 12439225; 12439291; 12444925; 12444983; 12454737; 12457072; 12459519; 12461692; 12471457; 12473860; 12475089; 12477932; 12480082; 12480755; 12486288; 12495080; 12495081; 12495082; 12497107; 12497631; 12498968; 12499050; 12500534; 12502505; 12507914; 12512226; 12518038; 12521230; 12527542; 12529167; 12533090; 12535745; 12536572; 12544508; 12552038; 12552039; 12556576; 12558712; 12561220; 12566177; 12567264; 12573381; 12576523; 12579507; 12580702; 12580859; 12581338; 12584430; 12587416; 12588864; 12588928; 12593496; 12593615; 12595762; 12600078; 12604387; 12605101; 12618306; 12624708; 12631135; 12632068; 12634288; 12636937; 12637699; 12638732; 12644914; 12647263; 12648751; 12649507; 12654974; 12656452; 12657090; 12657895; 12658367; 12658375; 12662159; 12666069; 12668918; 12669678; 12675686; 12677480; 12678662; 12682309; 12691171; 12701674; 12706318; 12707932; 12707937; 12707938; 12714797; 12715012; 12719629; 12722493; 12729008; 12736093; 12736801; 12739024; 12742846; 12746397; 12749052; 12753088; 12754278; 12769659; 12771320; 12774036; 12778454; 12778455; 12782148; 12782337; 12782964; 12787320; 12788901; 12794386; 12796755; 12798568; 12799433; 12809979; 12810154; 12810485; 12810796; 12810820; 12811635; 12812866; 12815750; 12817590; 12818409; 12818414; 12821037; 12821754; 12833399; 12833577; 12837283; 12837518; 12841538; 12845379; 12850485; 12857755; 12860263; 12864777; 12871600; 12873586; 12876232; 12876259; 12880539; 12881819; 12882872; 12883119; 12886039; 12889841; 12897404; 12899198; 12901521; 12901781; 12905860; 12915220; 12915699; 12917433; 12919138; 12920078; 12923233; 12923801; 12926843; 12928055; 12928512; 12930057; 12930912; 12935416; 12939405; 12940632; 12940873; 12946561; 12950167; 12951205; 12954489; 12957508; 12959500; 12960780; 12962909; 12963757; 12963763; 12964943; 12966036; 13129656; 13680463; 14500990; 14501969; 14504972; 14506116; 14512205; 14512206; 14512715; 14520543; 14523627; 14523999; 14530190; 14563588; 14566994; 14569045; 14570844; 14572957; 14583365; 14585838; 14587032; 14588111; 14593964; 14594022; 14596852; 14609807; 14612205; 14614898; 14615042; 14615272; 14624406; 14625044; 14638877; 14639046; 14646029; 14650352; 14656220; 14659862; 14672279; 14674716; 14675603; 14677138; 14680604; 14681851; 14681915; 14687732; 14688411; 14688681; 14694215; 14695944; 14695947; 14698449; 14705977; 14706682; 14709760; 14711551; 14718482; 14718574; 14720419; 14726545; 14734213; 14739281; 14739533; 14741429; 14743603; 14746139; 14754908; 14755445; 14757931; 14759632; 14763959; 14763962; 14766005; 14767871; 14769392; 14769603; 14966149; 14982742; 14986172; 14986436; 14989602; 14997020; 15000890; 15003956; 15007140; 15014128; 15018693; 15019539; 15023809; 15026113; 15031162; 15033184; 15034781; 15036621; 15045621; 15048651; 15048896; 15048897; 15050032; 15060087; 15060098; 15060316; 15066991; 15073531; 15076187; 15077085; 15079025; 15079806; 15084782; 15084783; 15090300; 15090562; 15093983; 15096402; 15098180; 15099158; 15102883; 15106838; 15109264; 15111581; 15111582; 15123333; 15123334; 15123497; 15124760; 15129156; 15131109; 15133863; 15135251; 15136700; 15138483; 15142050; 15144588; 15145993; 15146195; 15147594; 15152345; 15157846; 15159498; 15159600; 15159602; 15161645; 15161775; 15165699; 15167692; 15174051; 15174235; 15181244; 15181247; 15181372; 15181744; 15183747; 15184597; 15184600; 15184602; 15184605; 15184629; 15186949; 15186962; 15187200; 15193960; 15201366; 15201477; 15202770; 15202789; 15202933; 15207528; 15207892; 15210882; 15211066; 15211070; 15212826; 15213448; 15217762; 15220465; 15221639; 15222689; 15222690; 15222832; 15223114; 15224026; 15226466; 15227722; 15236771; 15239601; 15245790; 15246985; 15246987; 15247087; 15250257; 15252864; 15256516; 15258198; 15258208; 15258620; 15259389; 15262670; 15264189; 15264223; 15266206; 15266207; 15276243; 15276511; 15277615; 15286151; 15286454; 15286456; 15300423; 15311189; 15312249; 15312696; 15314125; 15319409; 15326233; 15326239; 15326261; 15326295; 15328426; 15331430; 15336915; 15337261; 15337270; 15339912; 15340366; 15345809; 15345810; 15358178; 15359535; 15362374; 15364413; 15364690; 15365129; 15370197; 15370375; 15374124; 15374172; 15375590; 15375600; 15377701; 15377739; 15379569; 15383745; 15448517; 15450205; 15452311; 15455263; 15461196; 15465089; 15465740; 15466371; 15468911; 15469418; 15477512; 15477533; 15477624; 15482730; 15485881; 15487712; 15488782; 15488872; 15489334; 15503099; 15505155; 15514092; 15519745; 15522251; 15523694; 15525904; 15526312; 15530909; 15531082; 15531693; 15534175; 15534246; 15538542; 15540997; 15543563; 15545327; 15548484; 15548496; 15549499; 15549644; 15554031; 15557508; 15559160; 15559755; 15562392; 15563891; 15569012; 15571629; 15571826; 15573849; 15576362; 15579298; 15583000; 15583995; 15584785; 15584908; 15585207; 15585342; 15585780; 15591802; 15592132; 15596614; 15598211; 15600186; 15607989; 15608561; 15611352; 15623696; 15627759; 15627763; 15634227; 15636076; 15636224; 15636592; 15641930; 15642911; 15642920; 15643038; 15644277; 15648787; 15653173; 15653176; 15654758; 15656760; 15657615; 15657798; 15660776; 15663009; 15664112; 15665311; 15668424; 15670698; 15674008; 15678256; 15679697; 15686675; 15689450; 15692115; 15696482; 15696494; 15697227; 15699298; 15699382; 15699383; 15699400; 15699916; 15702779; 15708851; 15713714; 15716154; 15721023; 15725730; 15726267; 15728313; 15730956; 15735320; 15739386; 15746021; 15748778; 15754975; 15754976; 15755832; 15760646; 15764642; 15767511; 15769204; 15769335; 15769795; 15774818; 15781953; 15785096; 15791170; 15793777; 15793794; 15804918; 15805147; 15809232; 15809899; 15817610; 15819712; 15820227; 15824354; 15825968; 15829498; 15830056; 15830139; 15834029; 15838630; 15841787; 15843343; 15852364; 15854776; 15860477; 15861030; 15862889; 15863833; 15867282; 15879922; 15880838; 15882073; 15882786; 15883313; 15895300; 15895461; 15896001; 15903153; 15904995; 15910869; 15919549; 15921030; 15925094; 15931081; 15931608; 15932949; 15935014; 15936307; 15936464; 15936467; 15939044; 15942165; 15942426; 15944651; 15950758; 15952022; 15953853; 15956166; 15956169; 15956634; 15961292; 15964100; 15975088; 15979312; 15983323; 15992403; 15998356; 16005361; 16013355; 16013913; 16015283; 16019571; 16021346; 16023140; 16027737; 16028714; 16030523; 16033781; 16033878; 16038892; 16039291; 16040191; 16043164; 16043796; 16051894; 16055229; 16082716; 16086293; 16092050; 16096813; 16099324; 16099779; 16100021; 16103669; 16103896; 16106048; 16107349; 16110302; 16113584; 16116137; 16116614; 16118069; 16122874; 16123547; 16127101; 16128374; 16131735; 16131797; 16133550; 16136540; 16142021; 16142566; 16143024; 16148883; 16152798; 16153291; 16157450; 16157749; 16161810; 16165272; 16166776; 16169331; 16170092; 16176061; 16176168; 16179831; 16182410; 16183800; 16185081; 16186632; 16188386; 16189709; 16193886; 16195918; 16199552; 16199891; 16201140; 16202217; 16202482; 16204452; 16207619; 16207841; 16210555; 16223550; 16233903; 16242874; 16248984; 16250071; 16251607; 16254254; 16254428; 16257094; 16258842; 16261623; 16266401; 16270124; 16275829; 16275840; 16276010; 16276176; 16278220; 16278853; 16282051; 16282567; 16288198; 16295048; 16298355; 16298992; 16299033; 16306239; 16306248; 16314757; 16317171; 16327942; 16328515; 16332659; 16334787; 16335008; 16337304; 16340087; 16343062; 16344478; 16351773; 16352910; 16358334; 16362800; 16367893; 16368754; 16374834; 16378065; 16380608; 16382017; 16385096; 16387995; 16388493; 16389198; 16389649; 16390369; 16390371; 16391475; 16399213; 16401069; 16401755; 16401842; 16402284; 16406547; 16410051; 16417614; 16418216; 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23079898; 23088986; 23091810; 23096223; 23098561; 23100402; 23100439; 23102119; 23103838; 23110764; 23110818; 23113606; 23118302; 23123227; 23132858; 23134888; 23134962; 23142051; 23142524; 23146133; 23152815; 23159043; 23159296; 23171142; 23175721; 23183136; 23186985; 23204275; 23213264; 23232444; 23238736; 23242296; 23242623; 23247007; 23251595; 23255503; 23255822; 23270420; 23272070; 23273617; 23275593; 23286790; 23288845; 23289212; 23290018; 23291160; 23292450; 23293020; 23296339; 23302659; 23312054; 23317568; 23320904; 23321337; 23324992; 23326517; 23364031; 23371373; 23372804; 23380990; 23382465; 23384034; 23384292; 23385359; 23396426; 23407349; 23407718; 23408335; 23411028; 23413428; 23415434; 23419831; 23424640; 23429815; 23430611; 23430745; 23455636; 23466070; 23492875; 23503772; 23522842; 23525328; 23537987; 23546960; 23553344; 23562540; 23565137; 23571587; 23573206; 23576895; 23581910; 23583468; 23584199; 23587637; 23587689; 23588940; 23590983; 23593485; 23603214; 23612909; 23613766; 23620513; 23624169; 23631810; 23631828; 23642733; 23652625; 23660682; 23663404; 23669301; 23684315; 23687437; 23701536; 23723060; 23726366; 23729930; 23731072; 23737466; 23743349; 23769398; 23771217; 23773371; 23779114; 23786792; 23808899; 23815818; 23826174; 23844046; 23844141; 23855979; 23865355; 23876113; 23883936; 23888546; 23902934; 23902937; 23919842; 23965289; 24009459; 24023260; 24023310; 24023758; 24145446; 24145819; 24163986; 24239320; 24276092; 24291031; 24308640; 24340925; 24448836; 24464001 apolipoprotein E Ensembl:ENSG00000130203 HGNC:613 HPRD:00135 MIM:107741 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128901 Other designations: apo-E|apolipoprotein E3 APOE Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALPS1A APO-1 APT1 CD95 FAS1 FASTM TNFRSF6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FAS Fas cell surface death receptor 355 RP11-399O19.7 10q24.1 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002377 (EC: IEA); GO_0003014 (EC: IEA); GO_0004871 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10875918); GO_0004872 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7533181); GO_0004888 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10918185); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7533181); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IMP); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006461 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10875918); GO_0006915 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9681877); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0006924 (EC: IEA); GO_0006925 (EC: IEA); GO_0006927 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9360929); GO_0008625 (EC: IEA); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019724 (EC: IEA); GO_0019900 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7538908); GO_0031264 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11101870); GO_0031265 (EC: IDA); GO_0032464 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI); GO_0042981 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7533181); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0045060 (EC: IEA); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA); GO_0045619 (EC: IEA); GO_0045637 (EC: IEA); GO_0048536 (EC: IEA); GO_0050869 (EC: IEA); GO_0051260 (EC: IEA); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0071285 (EC: IEA); GO_0071455 (EC: IMP); GO_0097049 (EC: IEA); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IMP); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_0097527 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16507998); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS); GO_2001241 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1375228; 1385299; 1385309; 1713127; 2469768; 2787530; 7510905; 7514572; 7529798; 7530336; 7533181; 7536190; 7536343; 7538907; 7538908; 7539892; 7540117; 7542559; 7543095; 7575433; 7859281; 8521815; 8524870; 8598453; 8626376; 8648105; 8681376; 8780394; 8864141; 8906799; 8929361; 8940097; 8967952; 8976184; 9002959; 9028321; 9028957; 9039262; 9045686; 9079683; 9082980; 9126929; 9159204; 9199966; 9208847; 9215629; 9223324; 9226175; 9228058; 9247148; 9257699; 9263011; 9267021; 9268734; 9322534; 9325248; 9360929; 9427646; 9475352; 9560245; 9681877; 9721089; 9727492; 9740801; 9751072; 9787134; 9821419; 9835052; 9847311; 9857224; 9920849; 9927496; 9971775; 10068040; 10072505; 10090885; 10200300; 10235259; 10340403; 10462485; 10505674; 10506221; 10535980; 10542291; 10620127; 10625668; 10630977; 10671224; 10706119; 10709732; 10713117; 10799864; 10871852; 10875918; 10918185; 10978533; 11003656; 11034606; 11035039; 11036836; 11048727; 11048730; 11101867; 11101870; 11112409; 11129341; 11177389; 11193028; 11208609; 11298454; 11323689; 11418480; 11436125; 11483955; 11495919; 11550967; 11606059; 11692157; 11733515; 11771526; 11773067; 11779855; 11782802; 11786482; 11786908; 11788891; 11790791; 11809905; 11824955; 11830507; 11836578; 11857317; 11861273; 11864613; 11867183; 11877055; 11891278; 11895550; 11909874; 11920253; 11941452; 11949822; 11961305; 11965496; 11975981; 11986289; 11994542; 12021072; 12032668; 12034188; 12037669; 12040174; 12049185; 12060388; 12060768; 12064832; 12067476; 12096347; 12096925; 12098516; 12107169; 12131184; 12137598; 12139945; 12140383; 12150947; 12163388; 12169207; 12177303; 12185583; 12188927; 12196516; 12198154; 12207331; 12207908; 12220552; 12221075; 12234263; 12244143; 12270344; 12324452; 12372427; 12388693; 12393468; 12393649; 12393889; 12397013; 12414525; 12415011; 12419941; 12452031; 12455036; 12466128; 12477932; 12482410; 12482505; 12485855; 12497631; 12507389; 12513829; 12515395; 12515623; 12516573; 12557947; 12581154; 12583439; 12586732; 12587820; 12604424; 12623840; 12629150; 12646947; 12679613; 12698366; 12699879; 12702723; 12706861; 12710855; 12717632; 12724420; 12742662; 12742739; 12753742; 12757469; 12770553; 12783210; 12788915; 12794152; 12803240; 12824926; 12855571; 12855687; 12867600; 12874203; 12880639; 12883671; 12887920; 12907599; 12923319; 12952224; 12963547; 14506242; 14512182; 14514471; 14530312; 14533029; 14534720; 14557654; 14573612; 14585083; 14594800; 14625033; 14625298; 14625471; 14637155; 14638442; 14644092; 14644197; 14644318; 14647422; 14668794; 14672901; 14676203; 14694156; 14698859; 14714559; 14719092; 14719118; 14724564; 14736971; 14739003; 14739535; 14739941; 14745445; 14759258; 14967838; 14977837; 14981943; 14991945; 15016553; 15019807; 15039424; 15042330; 15054468; 15055260; 15078899; 15138553; 15159312; 15159409; 15160902; 15161716; 15183989; 15203866; 15207703; 15214041; 15215233; 15218339; 15220220; 15238425; 15240787; 15251990; 15277733; 15280387; 15287856; 15289903; 15297424; 15301860; 15345718; 15365741; 15383280; 15390286; 15459302; 15465831; 15467462; 15480430; 15489334; 15492869; 15497017; 15500551; 15502938; 15514680; 15542843; 15556626; 15556941; 15557123; 15563545; 15592292; 15617242; 15632129; 15637757; 15641141; 15645122; 15659383; 15665818; 15670977; 15672026; 15680394; 15688389; 15695771; 15704653; 15723707; 15726829; 15748958; 15786554; 15795317; 15803113; 15806311; 15808689; 15816832; 15818415; 15829968; 15833141; 15838728; 15843521; 15855233; 15858021; 15860671; 15894356; 15907374; 15911745; 15917238; 15929764; 15936090; 15937082; 15938782; 15944736; 15962371; 15963548; 15967797; 15968727; 15972662; 15975999; 15996722; 16000573; 16018969; 16081586; 16087126; 16091761; 16124644; 16129703; 16143308; 16148554; 16157125; 16158329; 16163374; 16169070; 16215672; 16215685; 16255757; 16273638; 16304056; 16306044; 16313826; 16343245; 16344560; 16358967; 16364925; 16368755; 16385451; 16393952; 16403915; 16436054; 16438619; 16441482; 16463650; 16469115; 16472594; 16473667; 16474169; 16507928; 16507998; 16515587; 16524887; 16538171; 16538172; 16643620; 16691186; 16723718; 16736614; 16741989; 16750039; 16765090; 16788566; 16808908; 16820946; 16822901; 16895904; 16899302; 16914910; 16917513; 16921240; 16936193; 16937440; 16948902; 16972019; 16987075; 17000697; 17006606; 17009393; 17014078; 17014925; 17053166; 17056024; 17062728; 17130290; 17135269; 17159907; 17159908; 17161551; 17174268; 17183065; 17194564; 17195092; 17198275; 17203787; 17219051; 17336828; 17376892; 17406980; 17465232; 17485109; 17487740; 17493146; 17504511; 17516614; 17544837; 17545588; 17559541; 17561354; 17564320; 17589525; 17597021; 17598974; 17603079; 17622942; 17657164; 17657791; 17667965; 17684774; 17692455; 17704746; 17704785; 17708363; 17724145; 17762757; 17853317; 17878356; 17891455; 17909299; 17912028; 17912957; 17916181; 17932249; 17938571; 17941899; 17962219; 17962369; 17970696; 17978477; 17982483; 17993614; 17997887; 18000680; 18003704; 18029348; 18045865; 18056484; 18057579; 18068525; 18078642; 18078929; 18088463; 18090928; 18162459; 18174230; 18208868; 18217400; 18220834; 18227168; 18234961; 18243739; 18268284; 18292515; 18302883; 18316328; 18324486; 18328427; 18337305; 18342935; 18361934; 18383830; 18411295; 18422813; 18427836; 18439588; 18441236; 18445624; 18463097; 18473402; 18483392; 18488389; 18494554; 18505906; 18508922; 18508927; 18512812; 18548110; 18552209; 18561948; 18582468; 18588573; 18609513; 18614439; 18635548; 18666137; 18676032; 18679533; 18685642; 18718055; 18727868; 18753860; 18754288; 18757527; 18787411; 18796602; 18800686; 18804468; 18813857; 18818748; 18844072; 18844210; 18851835; 18854777; 18923451; 18948840; 18949391; 18949744; 18972838; 19004284; 19009351; 19010354; 19012493; 19015953; 19019335; 19019483; 19020991; 19037097; 19043361; 19047119; 19067240; 19073786; 19076218; 19077906; 19103758; 19112091; 19118384; 19125371; 19141320; 19141860; 19146781; 19155494; 19161534; 19168581; 19170196; 19173804; 19181929; 19219602; 19225810; 19240174; 19241965; 19262492; 19263494; 19266094; 19270351; 19272297; 19293475; 19298528; 19305072; 19332441; 19336370; 19391241; 19404646; 19458913; 19480241; 19487421; 19509307; 19521670; 19527514; 19538867; 19538884; 19542541; 19561642; 19565204; 19572057; 19573080; 19593445; 19615968; 19625176; 19628789; 19634684; 19653342; 19669200; 19680267; 19692168; 19692467; 19698994; 19716115; 19718569; 19723039; 19726736; 19737931; 19751723; 19758996; 19759548; 19766542; 19773279; 19788921; 19789190; 19798106; 19810143; 19811416; 19812265; 19817952; 19826071; 19890662; 19895798; 19911702; 19913121; 19926197; 19927299; 19937732; 19940360; 19941645; 19950259; 19954064; 19966861; 20012528; 20052288; 20064083; 20074157; 20085233; 20101431; 20106900; 20137575; 20140262; 20164160; 20181888; 20187936; 20193111; 20204402; 20205514; 20219325; 20222173; 20237496; 20301287; 20352431; 20353032; 20359312; 20360470; 20378664; 20380574; 20385987; 20393185; 20394629; 20396760; 20396799; 20408337; 20416077; 20438363; 20438666; 20453000; 20470393; 20501759; 20505730; 20534173; 20547950; 20553075; 20558744; 20568250; 20572163; 20618494; 20620960; 20628086; 20629322; 20638642; 20658220; 20666744; 20673483; 20682001; 20694011; 20726226; 20737708; 20800603; 20802294; 20813889; 20819778; 20822933; 20842669; 20876301; 20934723; 20935634; 20936988; 20947025; 20951677; 20953611; 20959405; 20960177; 20981796; 21036138; 21041692; 21048031; 21049406; 21076068; 21081533; 21087335; 21103345; 21107705; 21120501; 21131755; 21145805; 21167737; 21173302; 21196076; 21233219; 21250890; 21257927; 21271302; 21286777; 21317766; 21321117; 21324892; 21354149; 21359408; 21382479; 21390503; 21430781; 21454681; 21466843; 21468569; 21485506; 21490157; 21516345; 21518761; 21526201; 21526501; 21528407; 21530489; 21549565; 21550977; 21557211; 21557277; 21613217; 21619451; 21625619; 21651830; 21691772; 21706480; 21717192; 21729539; 21741956; 21752354; 21757675; 21762074; 21792914; 21793106; 21803845; 21806408; 21808135; 21852034; 21864388; 21864851; 21869830; 21879377; 21885602; 21906983; 21910009; 21912376; 21917312; 21940365; 21961589; 21963094; 21971214; 21988832; 22027769; 22036455; 22042271; 22065776; 22076446; 22084312; 22095627; 22147197; 22173501; 22182632; 22183068; 22186140; 22194871; 22197557; 22199270; 22207003; 22211869; 22237435; 22252758; 22285488; 22299671; 22331638; 22344564; 22352690; 22357491; 22364882; 22386066; 22398398; 22422199; 22425739; 22431000; 22438247; 22492046; 22499988; 22508480; 22609371; 22622132; 22631677; 22645131; 22649200; 22669972; 22670178; 22677152; 22683265; 22698280; 22702044; 22706245; 22726303; 22752343; 22771321; 22805310; 22806078; 22815944; 22821704; 22842170; 22864571; 22891283; 22898262; 22934709; 22946667; 22983578; 22992806; 23033661; 23045958; 23053964; 23065220; 23114924; 23152563; 23153021; 23166734; 23234803; 23235765; 23240581; 23251661; 23269121; 23280017; 23285481; 23322903; 23326385; 23326448; 23326557; 23327061; 23330016; 23333919; 23338968; 23364796; 23372841; 23392773; 23420824; 23430061; 23434371; 23492187; 23499736; 23524443; 23580232; 23582102; 23582741; 23590971; 23618817; 23619472; 23636796; 23662689; 23667901; 23681795; 23697029; 23762329; 23770605; 23792529; 23846229; 23865866; 23880344; 23894399; 23900676; 23923075; 23932896; 23979975; 24014103; 24043286; 24091673; 24178789; 24331540 Fas cell surface death receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000026103 HGNC:11920 HPRD:00609 MIM:134637 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018701 Other designations: APO-1 cell surface antigen|CD95 antigen|Delta Fas/APO-1/CD95|FAS 827dupA|FAS receptor variant 9|FASLG receptor|Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6)|Fas AMA|TNF receptor superfamily member 6|apoptosis antigen 1|apoptosis-mediating surface antigen FAS|tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6|tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 6 FAS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALPS1B APT1LG1 APTL CD178 CD95-L CD95L FASL TNFSF6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FASLG Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) 356 1q23 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17557115); GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7826947); GO_0005125 (EC: IEA); GO_0005164 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12198154); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18835034); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17557115); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7826947); GO_0005901 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IGI, PMID: 19364818); GO_0006919 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18293083); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0006925 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7826947); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7826947); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0008625 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18835034); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18835034); GO_0030644 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14749367); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043202 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0045742 (EC: IEA); GO_0046666 (EC: IEA); GO_0048388 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0060205 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17076679); GO_0070231 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17076679); GO_0070266 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11101870); GO_0070848 (EC: IEA); GO_0097190 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11101870); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IDA); GO_0097527 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11101870); GO_2000353 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18835034); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7505205; 7528780; 7530336; 7536190; 7539892; 7566174; 7589480; 7826947; 7980502; 8521815; 8681376; 8787672; 8906799; 8910274; 9002959; 9022072; 9126929; 9215629; 9226175; 9228058; 9247148; 9261095; 9405425; 9427603; 9475352; 9672636; 9721089; 9801169; 9872321; 9920849; 9971775; 10072505; 10224289; 10318773; 10630977; 10671224; 10799864; 11013215; 11036836; 11048727; 11101870; 11208609; 11276204; 11438180; 11500835; 11559749; 11606059; 11716959; 11739488; 11741599; 11751256; 11786482; 11788891; 11801650; 11809905; 11830480; 11845233; 11856352; 11882326; 11895550; 11908702; 11909874; 11925103; 11961305; 11965496; 11994433; 11994542; 12009596; 12021072; 12021310; 12023017; 12100038; 12113885; 12137598; 12161534; 12198154; 12208869; 12220636; 12372468; 12393889; 12414525; 12414956; 12421989; 12454289; 12464266; 12477932; 12482410; 12482505; 12490654; 12507389; 12513781; 12515623; 12557947; 12559631; 12583439; 12594300; 12618758; 12629150; 12637505; 12651606; 12698366; 12700199; 12707034; 12710855; 12717632; 12742662; 12742739; 12753742; 12761501; 12783210; 12787425; 12794109; 12803240; 12807917; 12849704; 12854132; 12867600; 12884192; 12887920; 12918731; 12923319; 12928375; 12930319; 14514471; 14534535; 14560009; 14602201; 14625471; 14634098; 14642527; 14644197; 14668794; 14669310; 14698859; 14705811; 14739003; 14739407; 14739535; 14749367; 14962292; 14967838; 14977837; 14988839; 14996347; 15019279; 15042330; 15073283; 15078178; 15093732; 15138553; 15173177; 15178561; 15183989; 15195700; 15218339; 15240787; 15272306; 15277733; 15287856; 15302589; 15314293; 15337758; 15339846; 15358139; 15457562; 15480896; 15489334; 15492869; 15542843; 15557763; 15579659; 15653751; 15659383; 15674374; 15686714; 15694838; 15791651; 15795317; 15803113; 15806311; 15814666; 15816832; 15833141; 15843521; 15849828; 15858021; 15870081; 15870181; 15907374; 15928037; 15936090; 15937082; 15938782; 15962391; 15968727; 15975999; 15979995; 15991293; 15996722; 16000573; 16081306; 16087126; 16124644; 16133992; 16155003; 16157125; 16157266; 16158329; 16163374; 16181301; 16186185; 16204241; 16212902; 16273638; 16282344; 16298578; 16306044; 16313826; 16318909; 16332967; 16332972; 16364925; 16441482; 16474169; 16487513; 16498403; 16512757; 16514159; 16538171; 16538172; 16595635; 16595663; 16601838; 16627752; 16691186; 16710414; 16736614; 16767155; 16770006; 16808908; 16858424; 16868256; 16902496; 16972019; 16987075; 16990614; 17000697; 17008914; 17014925; 17053166; 17056762; 17071607; 17076679; 17101499; 17118988; 17123522; 17123604; 17136494; 17164290; 17173971; 17183065; 17198275; 17290285; 17381722; 17465232; 17491259; 17545588; 17557115; 17559541; 17564320; 17598974; 17605793; 17654480; 17667919; 17688234; 17703232; 17704118; 17704746; 17727731; 17762757; 17823283; 17853317; 17912957; 17916181; 17938571; 17941899; 17943461; 17961631; 17962219; 17966039; 17969524; 17997887; 18000680; 18045865; 18050226; 18057579; 18068525; 18069935; 18076022; 18078642; 18162459; 18174230; 18217400; 18220834; 18292515; 18293083; 18302883; 18314443; 18316328; 18324486; 18359029; 18361934; 18374107; 18383830; 18392917; 18422813; 18427836; 18473402; 18483392; 18501631; 18505906; 18509086; 18541195; 18548110; 18561948; 18567840; 18577653; 18666137; 18676680; 18727868; 18757527; 18789888; 18800686; 18813857; 18818748; 18835034; 18844072; 18854777; 19009351; 19010354; 19015953; 19019335; 19041431; 19052714; 19079288; 19124506; 19141860; 19146781; 19155494; 19170196; 19176318; 19181929; 19183163; 19219602; 19240174; 19244619; 19266094; 19305072; 19332441; 19337311; 19364818; 19390575; 19403301; 19434529; 19458913; 19505222; 19527514; 19531476; 19535642; 19538867; 19542541; 19565204; 19572057; 19573080; 19614955; 19625176; 19628789; 19641134; 19692168; 19773279; 19779494; 19789190; 19807924; 19810143; 19812265; 19826071; 19854829; 19890662; 19926197; 19937732; 19941645; 19960225; 20012528; 20013612; 20074157; 20101459; 20106900; 20150914; 20165911; 20190752; 20193111; 20204402; 20219325; 20222173; 20237496; 20301287; 20353032; 20359312; 20371612; 20378615; 20379197; 20379614; 20385987; 20393600; 20394629; 20406899; 20408337; 20438363; 20501759; 20533543; 20568250; 20572163; 20602615; 20618494; 20624652; 20650551; 20673483; 20675370; 20726934; 20842669; 20959405; 21087335; 21102463; 21107701; 21122378; 21152963; 21159039; 21227011; 21270445; 21271302; 21285513; 21286777; 21354149; 21368861; 21466843; 21516345; 21528407; 21605112; 21691772; 21725926; 21729539; 21746966; 21803845; 21806408; 21807637; 21808135; 21864388; 21864851; 21879377; 21909273; 21910009; 21940365; 21955608; 22027769; 22161157; 22172872; 22182632; 22199323; 22207003; 22211869; 22330070; 22331638; 22341864; 22344564; 22449797; 22461695; 22499988; 22535954; 22558309; 22609371; 22631677; 22645131; 22702044; 22706245; 22726303; 22732091; 22763913; 22821704; 22842170; 22860894; 22927007; 22946667; 23045958; 23065018; 23076876; 23128233; 23153021; 23177026; 23184030; 23192951; 23234803; 23269121; 23280017; 23285481; 23330016; 23392773; 23405244; 23420824; 23504349; 23534738; 23582102; 23618817; 23681795; 23682624; 23697029; 23923075; 24072745; 24178789; 24184557; 24265545; 24291222 Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) Ensembl:ENSG00000117560 HGNC:11936 HPRD:00610 MIM:134638 Vega:OTTHUMG00000034841 Other designations: CD95 ligand|apoptosis (APO-1) antigen ligand 1|apoptosis antigen ligand|fas antigen ligand|tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 6|tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 FASLG Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AC ACDase ASAH PHP PHP32 SMAPME WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 427 HSD33 8p22 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003824 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8955159); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006672 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8955159); GO_0006687 (EC: TAS); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0010033 (EC: IEA); GO_0017040 (EC: TAS); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0043202 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 7744740; 8125298; 8889549; 8955159; 9838138; 10610716; 10959093; 10974027; 11241842; 11451951; 12477932; 12638942; 12754519; 12764132; 12815059; 14702039; 15088070; 15210766; 15489334; 16169070; 16263699; 16335952; 16344560; 16500425; 16806233; 17713573; 17881906; 18245333; 18477771; 19056867; 19298866; 19905902; 19913121; 20360068; 20379614; 20520628; 20628086; 20871013; 21139048; 21335555; 21375364; 21493710; 21504271; 21552555; 21700700; 21846728; 21890473; 21893389; 21988832; 22079093; 22261821; 22268729; 22322590; 22515519; 22703880; 22927646; 23423838; 23518908; 23602568; 23707712; 23777806; 24091326 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000104763 HGNC:735 HPRD:01969 MIM:613468 Vega:OTTHUMG00000096997 Other designations: acid CDase|acid ceramidase|acylsphingosine deacylase|putative 32 kDa heart protein ASAH1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACY2 ASP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ASPA aspartoacylase 443 17p13.3 20140408 9606 17 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004046 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8252036); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006533 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8252036); GO_0016788 (EC: IEA); GO_0019807 (EC: IEA); GO_0022010 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048714 (EC: IEA) PMID: 27051; 3116332; 7599639; 7668285; 8023850; 8088831; 8252036; 8659549; 9407392; 10564886; 10837925; 10909858; 12205125; 12477932; 12638939; 12706335; 14699612; 15489334; 16189514; 16437572; 16669630; 16935940; 17027983; 17194761; 17391648; 18029348; 18264947; 18293939; 20201926; 20301412; 22019069; 22219087; 22468686; 22750302; 22878930; 23049088 aspartoacylase HGNC:756 HPRD:02033 MIM:608034 Other designations: ACY-2|aminoacylase 2|aminoacylase-2 ASPA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EWS-ATF1 FUS/ATF-1 TREB36 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF1 activating transcription factor 1 466 12q13 9606 12 GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID:2196176); GO_0003705 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10722738); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0010976 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0032025 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0043623 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045740 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS) PMID:1655749; 2196176; 2516827; 7730336; 8384217; 8401579; 8570175; 8621702; 8663317; 8798441; 8889548; 9016641; 9671480; 9685505; 9824209; 10567391; 10585419; 10722738; 10945975; 11014230; 11018520; 11877423; 11909979; 11992546; 12195699; 12391222; 12444143; 12477932; 12527906; 12631284; 12734209; 12748173; 12760902; 12805554; 14767471; 15041276; 15276183; 15489334; 15806162; 15884099; 16227528; 16327442; 16344560; 16716376; 17565989; 18794154; 18950845; 19561568; 19714462; 19913121; 19950226; 20398657; 20413592; 20453000; 20536573; 20628086; 20945072; 20972440; 21484932; 21658281; 21890473; 21963094; 22052915; 22505724; 22510762; 22631637; 22939629; 23000965; 24051143 activating transcription factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000123268 HGNC:783 HPRD:00440 MIM:123803 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169482 Other designations: cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 ATF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF3 activating transcription factor 3 467 RP11-338C15.1 1q32.3 9606 1 GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003714 (EC: TAS, PMID:7515060); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16291753); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0006094 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0035914 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID:18255255); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045892 (EC: IEA) PMID:1827203; 2516827; 7515060; 7692236; 8152431; 8576171; 8622660; 8649793; 11375399; 11726207; 11792711; 11810028; 12034827; 12161427; 12372430; 12386811; 12392999; 12477932; 12718878; 12805554; 12833146; 12881527; 14667575; 14673171; 14702039; 14759258; 15280448; 15385533; 15489334; 15670751; 15933712; 16079301; 16109718; 16169070; 16263788; 16286461; 16291753; 16306208; 16344560; 16484797; 16613840; 16912181; 16989641; 17014422; 17042743; 17102133; 17178897; 17295236; 17437852; 17599613; 17952119; 18001166; 18029348; 18192274; 18235102; 18255255; 18426833; 18692824; 18755691; 18802113; 18922905; 19050264; 19060337; 19136462; 19164757; 19219066; 19582787; 19647793; 19913121; 19932681; 20002170; 20110283; 20167600; 20180416; 20211142; 20215396; 20304822; 20351107; 20360311; 20398657; 20413626; 20423458; 20485437; 20581861; 20592017; 20628086; 20696134; 20930144; 21061913; 21129190; 21139048; 21191795; 21294679; 21300803; 21315420; 21324310; 21414204; 21421043; 21451046; 21454613; 21467165; 21495874; 21514952; 21554132; 21593605; 21629765; 21645504; 21668942; 21693764; 21801305; 21821004; 21844328; 21900211; 21906983; 21927023; 21986529; 22046379; 22179317; 22347845; 22475484; 22485215; 22665497; 22753726; 22764884; 22768301; 22851689; 22939624; 22978410; 22989952; 22991139; 23002211; 23088992; 23187734; 23269699; 23455924; 23536558; 23560949; 23661758; 23733932; 23868936; 23921126; 24098051 activating transcription factor 3 Other designations: cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 ATF3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CREB-2 CREB2 TAXREB67 TXREB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF4 activating transcription factor 4 468 22q13.1 9606 22 GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID:15788408); GO_0003677 (EC: ISS); GO_0003700 (EC: ISS); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID:12689582); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11238952); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:16682973); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005815 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: ISS); GO_0006355 (EC: ISS); GO_0006366 (EC: ISS); GO_0006520 (EC: TAS, PMID:12689582); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007214 (EC: IEA); GO_0008022 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0032590 (EC: IEA); GO_0034976 (EC: IDA, PMID:19061639); GO_0043267 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: ISS); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID:15775988); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP, PMID:11960987); GO_0045893 (EC: ISS); GO_0045893 (EC: NAS, PMID:9190894); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID:15788408); GO_0045944 (EC: ISS); GO_0070059 (EC: ISS) PMID:1371974; 1534408; 1827203; 1847461; 2516827; 8939898; 9190894; 9295363; 9488481; 10419887; 10591208; 11018027; 11025215; 11087824; 11238952; 11274184; 11564156; 11960987; 12477932; 12689582; 12743605; 12805554; 12812986; 12860379; 14561767; 14623284; 14630807; 14630918; 14695168; 14747470; 15277680; 15314157; 15385533; 15461802; 15475356; 15489334; 15677469; 15775988; 15788408; 16169070; 16189514; 16219772; 16343488; 16682973; 16687408; 16751776; 17042743; 17346882; 17347301; 17369260; 17684156; 17707795; 17726049; 17822787; 17938202; 17996332; 18052253; 18163433; 18171674; 18189280; 18195013; 18255255; 18276110; 18408768; 18451308; 18635891; 18697751; 18940792; 19017641; 19053519; 19061639; 19073601; 19114033; 19164757; 19193809; 19251251; 19417138; 19447967; 19453261; 19509279; 19855386; 19922526; 19946894; 20022965; 20185790; 20211142; 20398657; 20473272; 20514020; 20551969; 20564243; 20592469; 20724472; 20732869; 20873783; 20936779; 21044953; 21087962; 21113145; 21203563; 21244365; 21683813; 21693764; 21706477; 21801305; 21832049; 21866569; 21906983; 21951999; 21963094; 21966512; 21988832; 22007000; 22016052; 22017875; 22050711; 22052162; 22082360; 22233381; 22246806; 22338651; 22363646; 22422769; 22435535; 22485215; 22609407; 22691366; 22813743; 22848420; 22915762; 22955275; 23001845; 23078367; 23090478; 23128233; 23153536; 23205607; 23241898; 23242184; 23339444; 23392669; 23471465; 23661758; 23665047; 23792164; 23908598; 23975372; 24021586 activating transcription factor 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000128272 HGNC:786 HPRD:06817 MIM:604064 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151099 Other designations: DNA-binding protein TAXREB67|cAMP response element-binding protein 2|cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4|cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 2|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4|cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 2|tax-responsive enhancer element B67|tax-responsive enhancer element-binding protein 67 ATF4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FCTCS FRP1 MEC1 SCKL SCKL1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATR ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related 545 3q23 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000077 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14657349); GO_0001741 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0004672 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14657349); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9733515); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14657349); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005694 (EC: ISS); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS); GO_0006974 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15538388); GO_0007049 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9590286); GO_0007275 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9590286); GO_0008156 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14657349); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12814551); GO_0018105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9733515); GO_0032405 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16713580); GO_0032407 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16713580); GO_0034644 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9925639); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043393 (EC: IEA); GO_0043517 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9925639); GO_0046777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9733515); GO_0071480 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9925639); GO_0090399 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15149599) PMID: 8610130; 8843195; 8978690; 9427750; 9590286; 9636169; 9733515; 9765199; 9766667; 9857181; 9925639; 10435622; 10545197; 10597277; 10608806; 10673501; 10747897; 10749680; 10859164; 10889046; 10951572; 10973490; 11016625; 11114888; 11163154; 11252893; 11278964; 11390642; 11393670; 11418864; 11459832; 11470508; 11551930; 11673449; 11688760; 11709713; 11715017; 11721054; 11790298; 11799063; 11865061; 11883897; 11927575; 12011431; 12024051; 12147700; 12446774; 12493754; 12519769; 12526805; 12629512; 12640452; 12679521; 12738771; 12766152; 12773400; 12791699; 12791985; 12814551; 12915485; 12959929; 14657349; 14724280; 14729972; 14729973; 14742437; 14755251; 14871897; 14988723; 15050919; 15149599; 15159397; 15195100; 15210935; 15235112; 15279777; 15282542; 15302935; 15314022; 15374968; 15451423; 15456891; 15466211; 15485898; 15496423; 15527801; 15533933; 15538388; 15539948; 15616588; 15635413; 15640246; 15650165; 15650754; 15680327; 15707391; 15734998; 15743907; 15758953; 15775976; 15854902; 15933716; 15987455; 16009130; 16051665; 16086026; 16122425; 16122426; 16195237; 16260606; 16293623; 16306615; 16354571; 16431910; 16436511; 16461339; 16474843; 16488880; 16530042; 16540648; 16675950; 16705183; 16713580; 16738325; 16741947; 16757521; 16827800; 16872911; 16880517; 16909103; 16943440; 16951182; 16956949; 16968694; 17010193; 17015476; 17030982; 17035231; 17118963; 17124492; 17140287; 17148452; 17157788; 17210576; 17260016; 17272271; 17292679; 17376433; 17384638; 17384681; 17409144; 17478428; 17526493; 17616578; 17616665; 17620599; 17638878; 17686975; 17716975; 17879369; 17934520; 17976513; 18003706; 18025301; 18032786; 18160036; 18162465; 18202016; 18245444; 18283122; 18344416; 18357388; 18381943; 18434539; 18451105; 18451257; 18480045; 18495871; 18514189; 18519640; 18536714; 18550533; 18583959; 18625709; 18642075; 18664457; 18757420; 18931676; 18936170; 18950845; 18985806; 18995830; 19004803; 19064565; 19064572; 19074885; 19097996; 19109555; 19116388; 19119425; 19124506; 19146767; 19154794; 19197236; 19242509; 19244116; 19275579; 19275588; 19285939; 19330022; 19351817; 19372558; 19444312; 19470935; 19477925; 19527713; 19536649; 19570909; 19584262; 19586908; 19633697; 19690177; 19714462; 19798433; 19805520; 19828454; 19889979; 19903823; 20005840; 20008788; 20012529; 20029092; 20048340; 20060399; 20084458; 20103595; 20147462; 20233725; 20301772; 20347598; 20368801; 20424596; 20427275; 20427287; 20453000; 20469721; 20496165; 20513533; 20515729; 20566845; 20616048; 20634891; 20731661; 20798688; 20801936; 20810650; 20818375; 20847938; 20861269; 20930849; 21034966; 21139048; 21144835; 21224401; 21242293; 21270107; 21284603; 21285353; 21294646; 21308861; 21383502; 21502314; 21566061; 21659603; 21680529; 21705319; 21857991; 21859891; 21874023; 21890473; 21906983; 21908846; 21963094; 21976111; 21994772; 21995812; 21998596; 22053931; 22084169; 22123827; 22159421; 22174788; 22179839; 22184063; 22341969; 22435685; 22505724; 22535492; 22556425; 22621920; 22713662; 22735644; 22740051; 22797063; 22807682; 22842784; 22939629; 22948311; 23000965; 23029527; 23085754; 23135710; 23144622; 23176708; 23178497; 23255133; 23272087; 23284306; 23345434; 23401567; 23438602; 23447674; 23447702; 23451157; 23454212; 23548269; 23592782; 23592994; 23600770; 23684611; 23696651; 23698467; 23733185; 23807228; 23844225; 23861882; 23873943; 23874235; 23897887; 23901102; 23956138; 24005565; 24045107; 24267891 ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related Ensembl:ENSG00000175054 HGNC:882 HPRD:08369 MIM:601215 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159234 Other designations: FRAP-related protein 1|FRAP-related protein-1|MEC1, mitosis entry checkpoint 1, homolog|Rad3 related protein|ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein|protein kinase ATR|serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR ATR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BBC2 BCL2L8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BAD BCL2-associated agonist of cell death 572 11q13.1 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10949025); GO_0005543 (EC: IMP); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006007 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19667065); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7834748); GO_0006919 (EC: ISS); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0008289 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19667065); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0008625 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IEA); GO_0008656 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18402937); GO_0009749 (EC: IEA); GO_0010508 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0010918 (EC: ISS); GO_0019050 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17270021); GO_0030346 (EC: IEA); GO_0032024 (EC: ISS); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0033133 (EC: ISS); GO_0033574 (EC: IEA); GO_0034201 (EC: IEA); GO_0035774 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9388232); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0043280 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18402937); GO_0043422 (EC: IEA); GO_0044342 (EC: ISS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045579 (EC: IEA); GO_0045582 (EC: IEA); GO_0045862 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18387192); GO_0046031 (EC: ISS); GO_0046034 (EC: ISS); GO_0046902 (EC: IMP); GO_0046931 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19667065); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0050679 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0051592 (EC: IEA); GO_0060139 (EC: IEA); GO_0060154 (EC: IEA); GO_0071247 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0071316 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18676776); GO_0071396 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP); GO_0090200 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18852119); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18676776); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097202 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18387192); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1901216 (EC: IEA); GO_2000078 (EC: ISS); GO_2001244 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7834748; 8929531; 8929532; 9130713; 9305851; 9369453; 9381178; 9388232; 9389483; 9463381; 9651683; 9824152; 9878060; 9973195; 10195903; 10381646; 10407019; 10521512; 10558990; 10579309; 10611223; 10620799; 10811615; 10837486; 10837489; 10880354; 10949025; 10949026; 11077446; 11206074; 11278245; 11410287; 11483855; 11494146; 11500364; 11544290; 11583631; 11689886; 11697890; 11717309; 11739707; 11742726; 11781193; 11839683; 11878929; 11908866; 11994280; 12084714; 12087097; 12115603; 12137781; 12239175; 12376548; 12477932; 12657644; 12754297; 12787561; 12842996; 12897128; 12931191; 12954615; 12965220; 14702039; 14767529; 14967141; 15033904; 15078178; 15131699; 15183529; 15226424; 15231831; 15280438; 15489334; 15574335; 15694340; 15705582; 15721256; 15731037; 15751984; 15767261; 15784622; 15849194; 15901741; 15978696; 15990872; 15998799; 16148027; 16189514; 16297499; 16403219; 16413544; 16445909; 16484005; 16603546; 16697956; 16710454; 16728406; 16767165; 16785131; 16843435; 16847055; 16908594; 16932738; 16949642; 16978419; 17011751; 17110373; 17270021; 17274640; 17287851; 17289999; 17393317; 17404594; 17420275; 17438366; 17446862; 17457084; 17474147; 17499381; 17541305; 17544220; 17557568; 17670745; 17696955; 17696989; 17900801; 17927446; 17979178; 18006502; 18029348; 18165867; 18246127; 18276761; 18309324; 18387192; 18391004; 18402774; 18402937; 18420586; 18449891; 18508762; 18508827; 18568448; 18593990; 18628207; 18636124; 18651163; 18651222; 18676776; 18775810; 18798227; 18832722; 18852119; 18973553; 19168699; 19171933; 19508210; 19587239; 19593445; 19624871; 19641507; 19667065; 19679565; 19730683; 19773546; 19882362; 19895838; 19913121; 20012528; 20043968; 20339252; 20596645; 20618440; 20628086; 20647330; 20691103; 20700721; 20810912; 20855536; 20877624; 20936779; 21076048; 21081150; 21187157; 21302807; 21317286; 21419810; 21444773; 21674599; 21849418; 21900206; 21918885; 21988832; 22011203; 22057915; 22096607; 22172950; 22214866; 22423221; 22464442; 22805310; 22837380; 23135712; 23383273; 23547889; 24255178 BCL2-associated agonist of cell death Ensembl:ENSG00000002330 HGNC:936 HPRD:04409 MIM:603167 Vega:OTTHUMG00000134302 Other designations: BCL-X/BCL-2 binding protein|BCL2-antagonist of cell death protein|BCL2-binding component 6|BCL2-binding protein|bcl-2-binding component 6|bcl-2-like protein 8|bcl-XL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter|bcl2 antagonist of cell death|bcl2-L-8 BAD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BAK BAK-LIKE BCL2L7 CDN1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BAK1 BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 578 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0001783 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16199525); GO_0001836 (EC: IGI); GO_0001974 (EC: IEA); GO_0002262 (EC: IEA); GO_0002352 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10381623); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0005741 (EC: IBA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008053 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0008635 (EC: IEA); GO_0009620 (EC: IEA); GO_0010046 (EC: IEA); GO_0010225 (EC: IEA); GO_0010248 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0010332 (EC: IEA); GO_0010524 (EC: IEA); GO_0010629 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0031018 (EC: IEA); GO_0031072 (EC: IEA); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0031307 (EC: ISS); GO_0032469 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0032471 (EC: IEA); GO_0033137 (EC: IEA); GO_0034644 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15901672); GO_0034644 (EC: ISS); GO_0035108 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15901672); GO_0042803 (EC: IBA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043497 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9111042); GO_0044346 (EC: IEA); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045862 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18387192); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0046902 (EC: IDA); GO_0046930 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10837489); GO_0048597 (EC: IEA); GO_0051087 (EC: IEA); GO_0051400 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0051881 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0060068 (EC: IEA); GO_0070059 (EC: IEA); GO_0070242 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0090200 (EC: IEA); GO_0097190 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15901672); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097202 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18387192); GO_1900103 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16645094); GO_1901030 (EC: TAS); GO_1902262 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7715729; 7715730; 7715731; 8521816; 8887627; 9020082; 9111042; 9463381; 9573342; 9843949; 9878060; 10085290; 10365962; 10381623; 10381646; 10579309; 10639121; 10837489; 10950869; 11175750; 11206074; 11326099; 11571294; 11728179; 11795669; 11867266; 11908704; 11929871; 11932420; 11940658; 11964315; 12070120; 12137781; 12176904; 12297281; 12454021; 12477932; 12624108; 12624178; 12721291; 12808108; 12847083; 12881569; 14574404; 14596824; 14647456; 14702039; 14980220; 15003505; 15077116; 15124764; 15159409; 15194786; 15248898; 15292519; 15322047; 15351796; 15467752; 15478112; 15489334; 15637055; 15638360; 15638362; 15757910; 15846303; 15846589; 15901672; 16172118; 16199525; 16341674; 16376985; 16410245; 16436379; 16439990; 16529740; 16645094; 16712791; 16794010; 16847458; 16874066; 16978419; 16988840; 17015472; 17074758; 17188240; 17227835; 17235284; 17289999; 17353931; 17513609; 17686864; 17698840; 17699158; 17724463; 17879944; 17880809; 17927446; 17991745; 18056640; 18178565; 18251703; 18299329; 18309324; 18349538; 18362892; 18387192; 18413764; 18471982; 18472157; 18524770; 18593893; 18636124; 18665919; 18676680; 18715924; 18927073; 19041633; 19056676; 19060904; 19074885; 19135534; 19148187; 19168699; 19170196; 19255499; 19282307; 19343496; 19351886; 19381065; 19463775; 19481066; 19483681; 19514060; 19587033; 19593445; 19625176; 19692168; 19820697; 19875445; 19898928; 19913121; 19955184; 20034877; 20139978; 20308427; 20428767; 20453000; 20460378; 20503275; 20561923; 20618440; 20628086; 20629644; 20836993; 20855536; 20877624; 20930068; 20959805; 20978950; 21036904; 21041309; 21148306; 21158936; 21159883; 21196599; 21233848; 21613222; 21617256; 21656147; 21658363; 21712378; 21726118; 21727192; 21852253; 21900206; 21988832; 22024133; 22056880; 22065578; 22072546; 22139419; 22188816; 22253918; 22257632; 22297299; 22354970; 22378505; 22423221; 22440942; 22479585; 22493436; 22504646; 22515821; 22526391; 22686245; 22700719; 22719244; 22939629; 23140172; 23189150; 23192964; 23217248; 23229512; 23242420; 23251661; 23263863; 23283967; 23303126; 23389372; 23404709; 23480852; 23604079; 23666239; 23666240; 23770605; 23798675; 23928699; 23954442; 23954445; 23966164; 24026423; 24074954; 24097825; 24100034; 24265320 BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000030110 HGNC:949 HPRD:02744 MIM:600516 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014530 Other designations: BCL2-like 7 protein|apoptosis regulator BAK|bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer|bcl-2-like protein 7|bcl2-L-7|pro-apoptotic protein BAK BAK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCL2L4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BAX BCL2-associated X protein 581 19q13.3-q13.4 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001101 (EC: IEA); GO_0001541 (EC: IEA); GO_0001764 (EC: IEA); GO_0001777 (EC: IEA); GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0001783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15214043); GO_0001822 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16199525); GO_0001844 (EC: IEA); GO_0001974 (EC: IEA); GO_0002262 (EC: IEA); GO_0002352 (EC: IEA); GO_0002358 (EC: IEA); GO_0002904 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10753914); GO_0005634 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15102863); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11912183); GO_0005741 (EC: IBA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005757 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16424160); GO_0005789 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16424160); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11912183); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006687 (EC: IEA); GO_0006808 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9920818); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11912183); GO_0006919 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11350920); GO_0006927 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10739008); GO_0007281 (EC: IEA); GO_0008053 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14769861); GO_0008289 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14522999); GO_0008625 (EC: IC, PMID: 16199525); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0008635 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15214043); GO_0008637 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0009566 (EC: IEA); GO_0009636 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16307838); GO_0009651 (EC: IEA); GO_0010248 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0010332 (EC: IEA); GO_0015267 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0021854 (EC: IEA); GO_0021987 (EC: IEA); GO_0030264 (EC: IEA); GO_0032091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9388232); GO_0032461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19805544); GO_0032469 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0032471 (EC: IEA); GO_0032976 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0033137 (EC: IEA); GO_0033599 (EC: IEA); GO_0034644 (EC: IEA); GO_0035234 (EC: IEA); GO_0042475 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10620504); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16608847); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043497 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15637643); GO_0043653 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12499352); GO_0045136 (EC: IEA); GO_0046666 (EC: IEA); GO_0046930 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0048087 (EC: IEA); GO_0048147 (EC: IEA); GO_0048515 (EC: IEA); GO_0048597 (EC: IEA); GO_0048678 (EC: IEA); GO_0048873 (EC: IEA); GO_0051259 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19074440); GO_0051260 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14522999); GO_0051281 (EC: IEA); GO_0051402 (EC: IEA); GO_0051434 (EC: IDA); GO_0051434 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15705586); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0051881 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9843949); GO_0060011 (EC: IEA); GO_0060041 (EC: IEA); GO_0060058 (EC: IEA); GO_0060068 (EC: IEA); GO_0070059 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16645094); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA); GO_0070242 (EC: IEA); GO_0071310 (EC: IEA); GO_0072332 (EC: IEA); GO_0090200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14963330); GO_0097136 (EC: IDA); GO_0097144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19767770); GO_0097190 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16424160); GO_0097191 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15214043); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA); GO_0097193 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16462759); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097296 (EC: IEA); GO_1900103 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16645094); GO_1901030 (EC: TAS); GO_1902262 (EC: IEA); GO_1902263 (EC: IEA); GO_1902512 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11350920); GO_1990009 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10702418); GO_1990117 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15214043); GO_2001234 (EC: IEA); GO_2001241 (EC: IEA); GO_2001244 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14963330) PMID: 7566098; 7607685; 7834749; 8358790; 8521816; 8580080; 8760290; 8889548; 8961277; 9020077; 9027312; 9111042; 9130713; 9153240; 9219694; 9372935; 9388232; 9449720; 9463381; 9531611; 9565621; 9742125; 9748162; 9824152; 9843949; 9920818; 9988273; 10200447; 10365962; 10381646; 10437917; 10620504; 10620603; 10620799; 10629050; 10702418; 10716992; 10739008; 10753914; 10772918; 10837489; 10854321; 10908576; 10942389; 11060313; 11106734; 11136736; 11161816; 11175251; 11175336; 11251969; 11259440; 11278245; 11283018; 11350920; 11437653; 11571294; 11574543; 11602639; 11642719; 11742726; 11759059; 11759062; 11782443; 11787859; 11839668; 11839683; 11842081; 11850803; 11850816; 11852106; 11867266; 11869962; 11875499; 11894116; 11899739; 11909872; 11911971; 11912124; 11912183; 11922616; 11929871; 11932420; 11943780; 11949842; 11992551; 11994280; 11997495; 12023951; 12025227; 12032841; 12036888; 12058280; 12070030; 12070120; 12082629; 12137781; 12151395; 12161031; 12165421; 12169275; 12176904; 12189556; 12193163; 12214154; 12215338; 12215842; 12270344; 12359369; 12388688; 12389125; 12393866; 12393884; 12408758; 12419244; 12426317; 12439925; 12445631; 12454021; 12477729; 12477932; 12481899; 12490315; 12496485; 12499352; 12510156; 12575534; 12579342; 12583439; 12592374; 12606781; 12732850; 12737446; 12743423; 12749011; 12767928; 12782632; 12808108; 12816867; 12837286; 12839682; 12853473; 12901880; 12907654; 12917444; 12963997; 12970744; 14522999; 14550297; 14559989; 14596892; 14606101; 14612448; 14612938; 14628086; 14631373; 14634023; 14647416; 14647455; 14661970; 14681224; 14698203; 14704000; 14714449; 14716828; 14719078; 14730312; 14752512; 14766748; 14767525; 14769861; 14963330; 14971737; 14980220; 15024076; 15033690; 15037603; 15073604; 15077116; 15096513; 15102863; 15131699; 15148411; 15149158; 15158440; 15214043; 15231068; 15254227; 15258908; 15262986; 15292938; 15298965; 15302859; 15304079; 15314639; 15322047; 15351796; 15375594; 15375604; 15383280; 15388581; 15459197; 15467752; 15484294; 15489334; 15516208; 15555592; 15574335; 15607964; 15613549; 15637055; 15637643; 15638363; 15642728; 15655830; 15657356; 15688029; 15694358; 15705586; 15710329; 15735127; 15735709; 15743033; 15743760; 15757910; 15764647; 15767261; 15770735; 15773546; 15782132; 15806163; 15830715; 15832769; 15843890; 15846375; 15889622; 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23777485; 23788040; 23824909; 23900080; 23900644; 23907458; 23907941; 23908591; 23966164; 24055994; 24074954; 24100034; 24113173; 24161344; 24200861; 24379070 BCL2-associated X protein Ensembl:ENSG00000087088 HGNC:959 HPRD:02498 MIM:600040 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160476 Other designations: BCL2-associated X protein omega|BCL2-associated X protein transcript variant delta2|apoptosis regulator BAX|bcl-2-like protein 4|bcl2-L-4 BAX Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCL1 D11S287E PRAD1 U21B31 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCND1 cyclin D1 595 11q13 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19412162); GO_0000082 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18483258); GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16569215); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000307 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17420273); GO_0000320 (EC: IEA); GO_0001889 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8114739); GO_0003714 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16569215); GO_0004672 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15232106); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005923 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19412162); GO_0007219 (EC: TAS); GO_0007595 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16569215); GO_0010039 (EC: IEA); GO_0010165 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0010971 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19124461); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0016538 (EC: IEA); GO_0017053 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16569215); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19412162); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19124461); GO_0030178 (EC: IEA); GO_0030857 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0031571 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19412162); GO_0032026 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0033197 (EC: IEA); GO_0033327 (EC: IEA); GO_0033598 (EC: IEA); GO_0033601 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEP, PMID: 18291362); GO_0042826 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18417529); GO_0043627 (EC: IEA); GO_0045444 (EC: IEA); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8114739); GO_0051301 (EC: IEA); GO_0051412 (EC: IEA); GO_0051592 (EC: IEA); GO_0060070 (EC: IEA); GO_0060749 (EC: IEA); GO_0070064 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19124461); GO_0070141 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18483258); GO_0071157 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19124461) PMID: 1386335; 1532244; 1535701; 1682919; 1826542; 1827756; 1833066; 1833629; 6610211; 7478582; 7568034; 7665234; 7687458; 7733934; 7739547; 7903056; 7908906; 8058338; 8058751; 8101826; 8114739; 8134134; 8136159; 8159685; 8204893; 8208539; 8259215; 8302605; 8490963; 8643455; 8647086; 8657154; 8662825; 8756624; 8826947; 8867812; 8887674; 8978686; 8999999; 9003781; 9039267; 9050835; 9106657; 9139732; 9150368; 9178893; 9190208; 9228064; 9244350; 9311993; 9372967; 9380698; 9426067; 9626345; 9632134; 9661876; 9736735; 9832502; 9832503; 9837900; 9926939; 10066798; 10202152; 10318892; 10344732; 10353443; 10371345; 10486249; 10491434; 10500095; 10580009; 10581175; 10645009; 10764802; 10766840; 10801854; 10850422; 10908655; 10910956; 10952989; 11042687; 11073968; 11076863; 11126356; 11256614; 11279133; 11311237; 11360184; 11470749; 11593423; 11642719; 11696452; 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21946890; 21952639; 21955753; 21956468; 21963094; 21965784; 21972713; 21987572; 21988832; 21989330; 21989926; 22002566; 22024187; 22037875; 22050898; 22052559; 22065993; 22072615; 22100494; 22102309; 22133292; 22135025; 22150974; 22158041; 22204713; 22231956; 22234583; 22260073; 22261253; 22266466; 22289525; 22296356; 22304571; 22306268; 22307325; 22318732; 22321253; 22322158; 22336657; 22357515; 22369110; 22387541; 22391566; 22399638; 22406359; 22406644; 22451658; 22456513; 22460364; 22467101; 22467868; 22475046; 22484283; 22490843; 22528945; 22534667; 22553812; 22565393; 22581837; 22590809; 22606291; 22629227; 22640743; 22647349; 22647378; 22706868; 22707287; 22711989; 22722256; 22747683; 22760121; 22770229; 22776845; 22790016; 22801439; 22812184; 22814742; 22819905; 22833568; 22853846; 22864797; 22884659; 22884800; 22893700; 22901215; 22905217; 22905260; 22922827; 22926658; 22967707; 22976805; 22982899; 23000965; 23001925; 23020291; 23031786; 23044415; 23060014; 23108396; 23111452; 23125009; 23126531; 23135283; 23144465; 23161911; 23163571; 23201130; 23217712; 23222716; 23226276; 23244103; 23255553; 23261678; 23270726; 23292829; 23300886; 23311506; 23315417; 23322406; 23327593; 23354584; 23383003; 23383271; 23388457; 23390492; 23396251; 23400686; 23455922; 23502783; 23515614; 23525507; 23529990; 23540573; 23543735; 23562784; 23566410; 23568005; 23568006; 23613410; 23625206; 23625573; 23648671; 23653001; 23661346; 23664541; 23670132; 23674142; 23696923; 23707388; 23718855; 23720779; 23731275; 23733133; 23737530; 23741361; 23795354; 23804702; 23852369; 23861098; 23864650; 23873109; 23893383; 23897809; 23898488; 23920145; 23936312; 23949314; 23975835; 23985254; 23991960; 23991964; 24019069; 24060591; 24085301; 24088803; 24119401; 24134204; 24145651; 24282282; 24324055; 24403468 cyclin D1 Ensembl:ENSG00000110092 HGNC:1582 HPRD:01346 MIM:168461 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167877 Other designations: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 1|B-cell lymphoma 1 protein|BCL-1 oncogene|G1/S-specific cyclin-D1|PRAD1 oncogene CCND1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Bcl-2 PPP1R50 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BCL2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 596 18q21.3 9606 18 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16717086); GO_0001101 (EC: IEA); GO_0001503 (EC: IEA); GO_0001541 (EC: IEA); GO_0001656 (EC: IEA); GO_0001658 (EC: IEA); GO_0001662 (EC: IEA); GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9843949); GO_0001836 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9027314); GO_0001952 (EC: IEA); GO_0002020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10620603); GO_0002320 (EC: IEA); GO_0002326 (EC: IEA); GO_0002931 (EC: IEA); GO_0003014 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10837489); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7546744); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11530860); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7896880); GO_0005741 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8402648); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8402648); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006470 (EC: IEA); GO_0006582 (EC: IEA); GO_0006808 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006959 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1908951); GO_0006974 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17875758); GO_0007015 (EC: IEA); GO_0007409 (EC: IEA); GO_0007565 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11530860); GO_0007569 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IEA); GO_0008219 (EC: IDA, PMID: 36599); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008625 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10597216); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0008631 (EC: IEA); GO_0009314 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15799693); GO_0009636 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16307838); GO_0009791 (EC: IEA); GO_0010039 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11264898); GO_0010224 (EC: IEA); GO_0010332 (EC: IEA); GO_0010507 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0010523 (EC: IEA); GO_0010559 (EC: IEA); GO_0014031 (EC: IEA); GO_0014042 (EC: IEA); GO_0014911 (EC: IEA); GO_0015267 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7896880); GO_0016049 (EC: IEA); GO_0016248 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0016337 (EC: IEA); GO_0018105 (EC: IEA); GO_0018107 (EC: IEA); GO_0021747 (EC: IEA); GO_0022612 (EC: IEA); GO_0022898 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0030279 (EC: IEA); GO_0030307 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8022822); GO_0030308 (EC: IEA); GO_0030318 (EC: IEA); GO_0030336 (EC: IEA); GO_0030890 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17875758); GO_0031069 (EC: IEA); GO_0031103 (EC: IEA); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI); GO_0031647 (EC: IEA); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1502141); GO_0032469 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0032835 (EC: IEA); GO_0032848 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10506221); GO_0033033 (EC: IEA); GO_0033077 (EC: IEA); GO_0033138 (EC: IEA); GO_0033689 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9184696); GO_0035094 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12421819); GO_0035265 (EC: IEA); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0040018 (EC: IEA); GO_0042100 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1373874); GO_0042149 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IDA, PMID: 36599); GO_0042493 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17875758); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18835031); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043029 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10506221); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043085 (EC: IEA); GO_0043209 (EC: IEA); GO_0043375 (EC: IEA); GO_0043496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043497 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9111042); GO_0043524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7546744); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12086670); GO_0043583 (EC: IEA); GO_0045069 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045636 (EC: IEA); GO_0045930 (EC: IEA); GO_0046671 (EC: IEA); GO_0046902 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9843949); GO_0046930 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0048041 (EC: IEA); GO_0048536 (EC: IEA); GO_0048538 (EC: IEA); GO_0048546 (EC: IEA); GO_0048589 (EC: IEA); GO_0048599 (EC: IEA); GO_0048743 (EC: IEA); GO_0048753 (EC: IEA); GO_0048873 (EC: IEA); GO_0050853 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17875758); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0051402 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16167175); GO_0051434 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9111042); GO_0051607 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10620603); GO_0051721 (EC: IEA); GO_0051881 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9843949); GO_0051902 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9027314); GO_0051924 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8022822); GO_0055085 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9219694); GO_0070059 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15776018); GO_0071310 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEA); GO_0072593 (EC: IEA); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_2000134 (EC: IEA); GO_2000811 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15006356); GO_2001234 (EC: IMP); GO_2001240 (EC: IGI, PMID: 8358790); GO_2001243 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11684014); GO_2001244 (EC: TAS) PMID: 36599; 1339299; 1373874; 1453000; 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19676105; 19706527; 19717648; 19723039; 19723066; 19724860; 19725224; 19730103; 19737931; 19752028; 19762066; 19773279; 19774677; 19774948; 19783718; 19786087; 19789190; 19797069; 19798108; 19805519; 19813621; 19818125; 19823588; 19834492; 19838163; 19846939; 19854241; 19883311; 19890377; 19890662; 19895735; 19908860; 19913121; 19925052; 19931389; 19937732; 19938012; 19938958; 19940548; 19956635; 19968497; 19996270; 20001236; 20010526; 20010695; 20012528; 20023428; 20025478; 20032416; 20034411; 20036222; 20042890; 20045442; 20048149; 20068093; 20072652; 20082279; 20087644; 20090905; 20118770; 20128283; 20132430; 20139069; 20140889; 20142237; 20146885; 20157331; 20160358; 20177797; 20178647; 20180421; 20181625; 20189848; 20189983; 20193114; 20198332; 20200776; 20223826; 20233885; 20237496; 20307495; 20340172; 20350212; 20352431; 20352700; 20368071; 20368567; 20382751; 20392693; 20399529; 20400521; 20401641; 20404322; 20409521; 20411301; 20415745; 20416158; 20423464; 20423844; 20434805; 20442586; 20448381; 20453000; 20459572; 20459695; 20460269; 20468060; 20495005; 20503275; 20504155; 20514538; 20518070; 20530713; 20564216; 20571027; 20584903; 20594261; 20608924; 20610805; 20627094; 20628086; 20631638; 20644561; 20648653; 20652449; 20658730; 20664977; 20668314; 20668552; 20668868; 20683843; 20691103; 20699221; 20716276; 20716950; 20723294; 20723300; 20732674; 20822926; 20836993; 20841355; 20855536; 20865015; 20869096; 20877624; 20885445; 20889974; 20890735; 20929126; 20929130; 20929131; 20936988; 20951945; 20952062; 20959405; 20962079; 20969490; 20976415; 20981461; 21029589; 21060336; 21061795; 21067292; 21068757; 21072044; 21076048; 21090097; 21104343; 21107291; 21108607; 21110823; 21115898; 21117871; 21122152; 21130495; 21131755; 21148306; 21148799; 21151158; 21159314; 21167476; 21171016; 21174060; 21199860; 21203533; 21207420; 21212266; 21223758; 21233846; 21250804; 21258880; 21289092; 21317312; 21320251; 21320534; 21336967; 21358617; 21376256; 21380782; 21385902; 21388911; 21393866; 21412927; 21424069; 21434524; 21442307; 21444675; 21448217; 21454712; 21455217; 21457555; 21463514; 21474673; 21483469; 21506333; 21508398; 21518495; 21543763; 21556123; 21560251; 21560252; 21589877; 21597459; 21618512; 21621926; 21622563; 21624464; 21624955; 21628855; 21640157; 21640710; 21658611; 21659544; 21669575; 21674599; 21680733; 21682651; 21704150; 21706237; 21708043; 21713707; 21717192; 21729540; 21738398; 21748337; 21748764; 21753125; 21771706; 21772052; 21777944; 21778226; 21785112; 21793937; 21808961; 21819468; 21841772; 21850486; 21855110; 21861179; 21868312; 21878650; 21890444; 21901143; 21907236; 21914345; 21933893; 21936874; 21940310; 21949016; 21956116; 21971866; 21971985; 21978692; 21979585; 21988644; 21989054; 22002575; 22014978; 22020994; 22022968; 22024950; 22037714; 22038216; 22038727; 22054286; 22059351; 22065578; 22072615; 22081075; 22097606; 22109662; 22120515; 22121083; 22138435; 22139839; 22143931; 22143957; 22152474; 22160209; 22171982; 22174682; 22174832; 22187149; 22189900; 22194596; 22194861; 22198673; 22199279; 22207524; 22219597; 22252757; 22262057; 22275372; 22275374; 22277792; 22278385; 22285729; 22293115; 22309998; 22320961; 22322190; 22366560; 22366766; 22367371; 22372356; 22393362; 22395507; 22395508; 22395515; 22406486; 22414090; 22418857; 22433870; 22446832; 22462654; 22464442; 22484426; 22504301; 22504646; 22506026; 22517702; 22523079; 22524261; 22532139; 22562364; 22562824; 22563025; 22582499; 22591684; 22619347; 22622204; 22623155; 22629415; 22647378; 22650021; 22666341; 22668011; 22675938; 22684875; 22710204; 22727345; 22732796; 22739157; 22748563; 22749322; 22797576; 22804688; 22842544; 22848417; 22851565; 22855608; 22895528; 22896703; 22926545; 22929980; 22933114; 22936014; 22949148; 22951829; 22953646; 22965228; 22967897; 22968395; 22971934; 22976527; 22990545; 22995373; 23018213; 23030583; 23038985; 23064052; 23065465; 23072837; 23076250; 23091012; 23095743; 23115005; 23119114; 23126236; 23135964; 23138847; 23151078; 23152059; 23153525; 23160675; 23170075; 23174100; 23207618; 23216071; 23235765; 23243017; 23245210; 23247143; 23261425; 23263985; 23272207; 23283967; 23295106; 23301386; 23316052; 23316280; 23324193; 23334076; 23335369; 23341456; 23352961; 23355004; 23358890; 23359021; 23359184; 23363601; 23364242; 23364875; 23369735; 23403511; 23417836; 23421973; 23422486; 23437205; 23449635; 23463292; 23471820; 23479508; 23479509; 23480852; 23494176; 23497522; 23504944; 23509938; 23511489; 23514940; 23527542; 23553948; 23564079; 23568006; 23573235; 23588221; 23610963; 23612742; 23613399; 23613627; 23624503; 23628417; 23637776; 23671559; 23673452; 23673926; 23674504; 23688426; 23708869; 23719266; 23722017; 23724505; 23733877; 23770605; 23784204; 23802633; 23812727; 23818364; 23822101; 23832737; 23846229; 23850692; 23851330; 23861345; 23880928; 23900644; 23906301; 23907579; 23939148; 23960074; 23975374; 23991978; 23991993; 23994555; 24048795; 24091677; 24097825; 24127568; 24141421; 24157866; 24240096; 24256571; 24288815; 24293274; 24299314; 24314632; 24395794 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000171791 HGNC:990 HPRD:01045 MIM:151430 Other designations: apoptosis regulator Bcl-2|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 50 BCL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACC-1 ACC-2 BCL2L5 BFL1 GRS HBPA1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BCL2A1 BCL2-related protein A1 597 15q24.3 20140408 9606 15 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10753914); GO_0005741 (EC: IBA); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0042803 (EC: IBA); GO_0043066 (EC: IBA); GO_0046982 (EC: IBA); GO_0051400 (EC: IEA); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA); GO_2001243 (EC: IBA) PMID: 7478596; 8345191; 8589678; 8605321; 8910286; 8952545; 9050999; 9321477; 9356461; 9670936; 9731710; 10049353; 10198631; 10381646; 10430908; 10454539; 10545479; 10753914; 10849436; 11329013; 11483855; 11696595; 11929871; 12477932; 12665576; 12692420; 12771180; 14747545; 14966372; 14981542; 15489334; 15499630; 15501771; 15592513; 15617521; 15694340; 15696550; 16164629; 16551634; 16572199; 16697956; 16873269; 17121585; 17666431; 17724464; 17726463; 17907802; 17942758; 18093280; 18206119; 18414982; 18512730; 18812174; 18835031; 19336552; 19573080; 19759007; 19773279; 19913121; 20185581; 20353833; 20628086; 20800603; 20855536; 21167304; 21491422; 21832049; 21843371; 22231730; 22292048; 22510878; 22553204; 22615379; 22720045; 22745672; 22865454; 23118966; 23152563; 23447565 BCL2-related protein A1 Ensembl:ENSG00000140379 HGNC:991 HPRD:03034 MIM:601056 Vega:OTTHUMG00000144173 Other designations: bcl-2-like protein 5|bcl-2-related protein A1|bcl2-L-5|hematopoietic BCL2-related protein A1|hemopoietic-specific early response protein|protein BFL-1 BCL2A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCL4 D19S37 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BCL3 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 602 19q13.1-q13.2 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000060 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16280327); GO_0002268 (EC: IEA); GO_0002315 (EC: IEA); GO_0002455 (EC: IEA); GO_0002467 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10362352); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16306601); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384933); GO_0007249 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8196632); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11387332); GO_0009615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16306601); GO_0010225 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384933); GO_0019730 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0030330 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16384933); GO_0030674 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16306601); GO_0032729 (EC: IEA); GO_0032996 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16280327); GO_0033257 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9407099); GO_0042088 (EC: IEA); GO_0042345 (EC: IEP, PMID: 8196632); GO_0042536 (EC: IEA); GO_0042742 (EC: IEA); GO_0042771 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16384933); GO_0042832 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16732314); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384933); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16280327); GO_0045064 (EC: IEA); GO_0045082 (EC: IEA); GO_0045171 (EC: IDA); GO_0045415 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16306601); GO_0045727 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16384933); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16306601); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384933); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0048536 (EC: IEA); GO_0051101 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9407099); GO_0051457 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8196632) PMID: 1406939; 1501714; 1923524; 2124350; 2180580; 7691160; 7896265; 8196632; 8330739; 8428580; 8453667; 8497270; 9218802; 9407099; 9576921; 9812988; 10362352; 10469655; 10497212; 10607713; 11387332; 11485202; 11707390; 12456498; 12477932; 12730195; 12808109; 14678988; 15105810; 15469820; 15489334; 15634875; 15829968; 16099425; 16108830; 16123212; 16280327; 16306601; 16311697; 16331275; 16384933; 16732314; 16940298; 17272867; 17495977; 17644518; 17881446; 17923499; 17962807; 17963943; 18025803; 18796561; 18940474; 19191868; 19229118; 19282837; 19383626; 19451226; 19494302; 19617629; 19806201; 19893491; 19913121; 20226764; 20414006; 20471052; 20547759; 20558726; 20572854; 20601676; 20634891; 20658525; 20672350; 20731879; 20737317; 20800578; 20974051; 21048031; 21912613; 21988832; 22580608; 22782967; 23115114; 23149915; 23494744; 23534762; 23565137; 23607276; 23669365; 23794716 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000069399 HGNC:998 HPRD:00179 MIM:109560 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151517 Other designations: B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 3|B-cell lymphoma 3 protein|B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein|BCL-3|chronic lymphatic leukemia protein|proto-oncogene BCL3 BCL3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BHMT1 HEL-S-61p WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BHMT betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 635 5q14.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000096 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006479 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10075673); GO_0006579 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0008898 (EC: IEA); GO_0009086 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0034641 (EC: TAS); GO_0043234 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047150 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10075673); GO_0047150 (EC: TAS); GO_0050666 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10075673) PMID: 1657504; 8798461; 8889548; 9281325; 9681996; 10075673; 10529246; 11223523; 11516176; 11883905; 12071701; 12220488; 12475213; 12477932; 12749058; 12818402; 15122900; 15489334; 16189514; 16344560; 16816108; 16953798; 17035141; 17119116; 17376725; 17436311; 17705221; 17993766; 18000879; 18029348; 18230680; 18262489; 18427977; 18457970; 18498552; 18635682; 18676680; 18708404; 18830263; 18988749; 19048631; 19161160; 19170196; 19336437; 19493349; 19625176; 19635752; 19683694; 19692168; 19737740; 19777601; 19913121; 19936946; 19948975; 20031554; 20346360; 20453000; 20458436; 20628086; 20634891; 20662904; 20664391; 20737570; 21093336; 21349258; 21564312; 21565678; 21630102; 21988832; 22138536; 22339686; 22339736; 23378610; 23645037; 23720494 betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase Ensembl:ENSG00000145692 HGNC:1047 HPRD:04200 MIM:602888 Vega:OTTHUMG00000108157 Other designations: betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 61p BHMT Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FP497 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BID BH3 interacting domain death agonist 637 22q11.1 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001836 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17052454); GO_0005123 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8918887); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12624108); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9727491); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006626 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0008625 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9727491); GO_0008637 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9727492); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8918887); GO_0031625 (EC: IEA); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19074440); GO_0032464 (EC: IDA); GO_0032592 (EC: IEA); GO_0034349 (EC: IEA); GO_0042127 (EC: IEA); GO_0042770 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0051260 (EC: IEA); GO_0051402 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16167175); GO_0090150 (EC: IDA); GO_0090200 (EC: IGI); GO_0090200 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1901030 (EC: TAS); GO_1902108 (EC: IEA); GO_2000045 (EC: IEA); GO_2001238 (EC: IMP); GO_2001244 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7774948; 7929347; 8918887; 9463381; 9721221; 9727491; 9727492; 9790773; 10089877; 10364179; 10629050; 10950869; 11085743; 11099414; 11114298; 11399776; 11544326; 11583622; 11583631; 11585909; 11741882; 11790791; 11805084; 11832478; 11929871; 11940658; 11971973; 12000759; 12061801; 12097160; 12193163; 12196516; 12404116; 12419244; 12477932; 12598529; 12624108; 12754217; 12766488; 12804595; 12808108; 12871587; 12934063; 14581476; 14583606; 14702039; 14716828; 14769944; 15024076; 15117953; 15123718; 15146197; 15173176; 15231831; 15323553; 15353804; 15461802; 15489334; 15501827; 15520201; 15574335; 15592455; 15615731; 15637055; 15659383; 15692567; 15694340; 15721256; 15772077; 15809076; 16077201; 16167175; 16172118; 16341674; 16344560; 16380381; 16475813; 16485030; 16697956; 16908521; 16964285; 16987815; 17052454; 17200714; 17226776; 17283187; 17289999; 17308307; 17431792; 17488272; 17534194; 17549073; 17635912; 17666167; 17762183; 17765974; 17855051; 18029348; 18089817; 18165867; 18166654; 18173728; 18195012; 18297401; 18309324; 18317451; 18373075; 18469004; 18593990; 18648372; 18665919; 18723680; 18838202; 18925930; 19029793; 19046991; 19052714; 19074440; 19074885; 19219602; 19233849; 19246452; 19381674; 19423537; 19454696; 19640637; 19641510; 19670908; 19711428; 19820711; 19890662; 19913121; 19918914; 19929986; 20140092; 20187936; 20356928; 20379614; 20392206; 20404718; 20453000; 20628086; 20801175; 20802294; 20855536; 20877624; 21041309; 21060336; 21072056; 21113148; 21139048; 21148306; 21178828; 21223573; 21367852; 21382479; 21613222; 21642428; 21751259; 21856753; 21859891; 21900206; 21906983; 22052011; 22115752; 22130162; 22189507; 22213163; 22246181; 22339673; 22354970; 22393005; 22416135; 22464442; 22860893; 22939629; 22964611; 23019260; 23192964; 23333919; 23352961; 23383273; 23418437; 23604079; 23744079; 23824909; 24074954; 24158446 BH3 interacting domain death agonist Ensembl:ENSG00000015475 HGNC:1050 HPRD:03590 MIM:601997 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150087 Other designations: BH3-interacting domain death agonist|BID isoform ES(1b)|BID isoform L(2)|BID isoform Si6|Human BID coding sequence|apoptic death agonist|desmocollin type 4|p22 BID BID Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BLIMP1 PRDI-BF1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRDM1 PR domain containing 1, with ZNF domain 639 RP1-134E15.1 6q21 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0001893 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1851123); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0007281 (EC: IEA); GO_0008168 (EC: IEA); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0030889 (EC: IEA); GO_0031665 (EC: IEA); GO_0042462 (EC: IEA); GO_0042826 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0045165 (EC: IEA); GO_0045579 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0060707 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1851123; 8033216; 8168136; 8921366; 9887105; 10713181; 11067898; 11342629; 11877292; 12150891; 12165517; 12453881; 12477932; 12626569; 14985713; 16002735; 16424392; 16492805; 16547239; 16585013; 16699504; 16713569; 16765445; 16849320; 17043021; 17213024; 17264218; 17379744; 17682124; 17877160; 18071884; 18089822; 18192112; 18235046; 18256039; 18354204; 18370921; 18400362; 18552212; 18583325; 18596541; 18604866; 18845144; 18992153; 19047678; 19124609; 19194464; 19234190; 19269192; 19322201; 19433448; 19460752; 19530237; 19563034; 19717648; 19735688; 19760754; 19788443; 19828629; 19828640; 19838193; 19838195; 19898481; 19915048; 20047096; 20379614; 20530581; 20800019; 20859709; 20944005; 20966935; 21102463; 21103670; 21216962; 21411757; 21622776; 21690554; 21722313; 21722636; 21785431; 22020966; 22040493; 22143801; 22278826; 22438909; 22555612; 22580854; 22585398; 22593617; 22634616; 22939624; 23028907; 23129528; 23273568; 23348703; 23624108; 23648065; 23911415; 24004669; 24009228 PR domain containing 1, with ZNF domain Ensembl:ENSG00000057657 HGNC:9346 HPRD:04572 MIM:603423 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015299 Other designations: B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1|BLIMP-1|PR domain zinc finger protein 1|PRDI-binding factor-1|beta-interferon gene positive-regulatory domain I binding factor PRDM1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CA-II CAC CAII Car2 HEL-76 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CA2 carbonic anhydrase II 760 8q22 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001822 (EC: IEA); GO_0002009 (EC: IEA); GO_0004089 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15990874); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 114507); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15990874); GO_0005902 (EC: IEA); GO_0006730 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3151020); GO_0009268 (EC: IEA); GO_0010043 (EC: IEA); GO_0015670 (EC: IEA); GO_0015701 (EC: TAS); GO_0016323 (EC: IEA); GO_0030424 (EC: IEA); GO_0032849 (EC: IEA); GO_0038166 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15990874); GO_0042475 (EC: IEA); GO_0043627 (EC: IEA); GO_0044070 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15990874); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045177 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14675051); GO_0045672 (EC: IEA); GO_0045780 (EC: IEA); GO_0046903 (EC: IEA); GO_0051453 (EC: ISS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_2001150 (EC: ISS) PMID: 114507; 823150; 1301935; 1542674; 1602151; 1925679; 1928091; 1977133; 2117271; 2121671; 2123360; 2850697; 3000449; 3081869; 3107918; 3108857; 3121496; 3151019; 3151020; 3221988; 3925334; 4207120; 4621826; 4624444; 6407977; 6817747; 7574487; 7627193; 7930522; 8127074; 8128957; 8460098; 8834238; 9143915; 9150731; 9205766; 9336790; 9453381; 9541386; 9774471; 9890926; 10231836; 10333352; 10423017; 10811634; 10820026; 10821857; 11063570; 11076507; 11264157; 11457932; 11606574; 11956656; 12056894; 12138085; 12171926; 12411514; 12477932; 12501217; 12566520; 12826902; 12933803; 14567693; 14578124; 14675051; 14675565; 14718574; 14736710; 14760703; 15049705; 15062553; 15218065; 15300855; 15453828; 15489334; 15667203; 15836783; 15837316; 15837325; 15952740; 15990874; 16106378; 16169070; 16196087; 16265785; 16344560; 16475831; 16687407; 16825953; 16996812; 17202139; 17319692; 17319695; 17363915; 17631639; 17881426; 18029348; 18060825; 18083150; 18189416; 18247480; 18323598; 18539591; 18580434; 18942852; 18976975; 19012038; 19034380; 19056867; 19269136; 19371798; 19407386; 19415900; 19520834; 19583303; 19615732; 19634894; 19686046; 20000378; 20025241; 20081808; 20170095; 20297840; 20360068; 20398423; 20445237; 20445238; 20509747; 20578724; 20634585; 20637176; 20693695; 20849852; 21139048; 21145461; 21145876; 21243755; 21282642; 21543742; 21680735; 21890473; 21988105; 22001224; 22192857; 22386980; 22416960; 22732064; 22878862; 23030313; 23098192; 23181366; 23215152; 23360090; 23674848; 23720494; 23727877; 23953824; 24036123 carbonic anhydrase II Ensembl:ENSG00000104267 HGNC:1373 HPRD:02023 MIM:611492 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164944 Other designations: carbonate dehydratase II|carbonic anhydrase 2|carbonic anhydrase B|carbonic anhydrase C|carbonic dehydratase|epididymis luminal protein 76 CA2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAXII HsT18816 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CA12 carbonic anhydrase XII 771 15q22 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004089 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006730 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0015701 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8524854; 9636197; 9770531; 10512682; 10611263; 10666387; 11083462; 11101628; 11238049; 11420383; 11493685; 11680594; 12477932; 12676895; 12854129; 12923247; 14578124; 14702039; 15489334; 15849821; 16169070; 16416108; 18029348; 18322268; 18336315; 18451179; 19291313; 20132413; 20215053; 20398423; 20434230; 20509747; 21035102; 21040567; 21139048; 21184099; 21278619; 21900206; 22172588; 22439015; 22944692; 23348702 carbonic anhydrase XII HGNC:1371 HPRD:04464 MIM:603263 Other designations: CA-XII|carbonate dehydratase XII|carbonic anhydrase 12|carbonic dehydratase|tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3 CA12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAB1 CACNLB1 CCHLB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CACNB1 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 1 subunit 782 17q21-q22 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005245 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1385409); GO_0005891 (EC: IEA); GO_0006612 (EC: IEA); GO_0006810 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1385409); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0008331 (EC: IEA); GO_0016529 (EC: IEA); GO_0030315 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1309651; 1370480; 1385409; 1657644; 7916667; 8381767; 8395940; 8905728; 8943043; 10066897; 10465427; 10624822; 12477932; 14623965; 14760703; 14762176; 15342556; 16713569; 17081983; 19821165; 19953087; 21098446; 21832049; 21906983; 23382691; 23602568 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 1 subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000067191 HGNC:1401 HPRD:11743 MIM:114207 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133217 Other designations: calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1|calcium channel, L type, beta 1 polypeptide|dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type, calcium channel beta-1 subunit|voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAC CACT WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC25A20 solute carrier family 25 (carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase), member 20 788 3p21.31 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0006853 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1598097; 9399886; 9533014; 9686371; 9733094; 9837782; 10384384; 10697964; 11257506; 11592821; 12477932; 12859414; 15057979; 15365988; 15489334; 15515015; 16054041; 16169070; 17508264; 18029348; 18307102; 19748481; 20877624; 21130740; 21890473; 22560224; 23178685; 23266187; 23322164 solute carrier family 25 (carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase), member 20 Ensembl:ENSG00000178537 HGNC:1421 HPRD:01953 MIM:613698 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133538 Other designations: mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein SLC25A20 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ICE IL1BC P45 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP1 caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 834 11q23 9606 11 GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0004197 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11374873); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID:12888622); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID:7876192); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS, PMID:10799503); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:1373520); GO_0008656 (EC: TAS, PMID:10799503); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0032611 (EC: IEA); GO_0033198 (EC: IEA); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID:12761501); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0050717 (EC: IEA); GO_0050718 (EC: IEA); GO_0050727 (EC: IBA); GO_0051882 (EC: IEA); GO_0060081 (EC: IEA); GO_0070269 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0071310 (EC: IDA, PMID:19158679); GO_0072557 (EC: IBA); GO_0072557 (EC: ISS); GO_0072558 (EC: IDA, PMID:12191486); GO_0072559 (EC: IDA, PMID:15030775); GO_0097169 (EC: IDA, PMID:19158676); GO_0097194 (EC: IBA) PMID:1321594; 1373520; 1574116; 1919001; 7642516; 7721861; 7797510; 7876192; 8034320; 8035875; 8044845; 8125298; 8861900; 8962078; 8978814; 8999548; 9002959; 9070648; 9115219; 9190289; 9219695; 9250871; 9334240; 9334338; 9435230; 9535906; 9548463; 9593687; 9632733; 9705209; 9705938; 9727491; 9792675; 9804161; 9830039; 9875225; 9894612; 9987822; 9990034; 10069390; 10329646; 10353249; 10438581; 10477277; 10510468; 10660263; 10708425; 10799503; 11085743; 11226410; 11374873; 11390368; 11432859; 11437653; 11438643; 11472070; 11536016; 11684016; 11821383; 11953316; 11967258; 11997061; 12019269; 12096920; 12170183; 12191486; 12215842; 12387869; 12459189; 12459463; 12477932; 12628757; 12692130; 12761501; 12888622; 14584052; 14669344; 15030775; 15039421; 15107016; 15296730; 15326478; 15383541; 15471361; 15489334; 15498465; 15561713; 15749123; 15809717; 16037825; 16087165; 16123779; 16260731; 16286016; 16405550; 16428475; 16575408; 16621994; 16778130; 16780720; 16785446; 16817903; 16903774; 16920334; 17036048; 17173859; 17196042; 17207965; 17303764; 17360653; 17418785; 17477815; 17597823; 17623017; 17703412; 17959595; 18029348; 18209072; 18263705; 18263805; 18304957; 18329368; 18523309; 18550243; 18577712; 18590738; 18799371; 18828051; 18981155; 19013323; 19074885; 19117953; 19141860; 19158676; 19158679; 19258923; 19269008; 19275586; 19382257; 19414860; 19439663; 19573080; 19593445; 19648107; 19737897; 19773279; 19779610; 19825518; 19833722; 19913121; 20038581; 20048342; 20060974; 20170165; 20184726; 20197547; 20402676; 20485444; 20503287; 20628086; 20808838; 20852925; 20855536; 20959405; 21037509; 21048031; 21052690; 21311905; 21320026; 21463955; 21757759; 21792841; 21832064; 21862576; 21862623; 22046355; 22046441; 22195745; 22227487; 22491736; 22537218; 22833538; 22837397; 23021143; 23209292; 23226468; 23236067; 23278288; 23386603; 23508996; 23590971; 23637985; 23703390; 23793845; 23839215; 23884363; 24022484; 24356306 caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000137752 HGNC:1499 HPRD:00977 MIM:147678 Vega:OTTHUMG00000048072 Other designations: CASP1 nirs variant 1|IL-1 beta-converting enzyme|IL1B-convertase|caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase)|caspase-1|interleukin 1, beta, convertase|interleukin 1-B converting enzyme CASP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CASP-2 ICH1 NEDD-2 NEDD2 PPP1R57 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP2 caspase 2, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 835 7q34-q35 9606 7 GO_0001554 (EC: IEA); GO_0003407 (EC: IEA); GO_0004197 (EC: IDA, PMID:10980123); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11076957); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: NAS, PMID:11156409); GO_0006977 (EC: IMP); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0008630 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0016485 (EC: IDA, PMID:9044836); GO_0019899 (EC: ISS, PMID:11076957); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID:9044836); GO_0035234 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID:10980123); GO_0043281 (EC: TAS); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0097153 (EC: IEA); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA); GO_0097194 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_2001235 (EC: IEA) PMID:7789948; 8044845; 8087842; 8780721; 8962078; 8985253; 9044836; 9228018; 9261102; 9560245; 9695946; 9792675; 9847074; 10079193; 10329646; 10791974; 10980123; 11076957; 11156409; 11278287; 11313953; 11350957; 11399776; 11425872; 11823470; 11830582; 11832478; 11972030; 12011445; 12065594; 12107826; 12145703; 12193789; 12477715; 12477932; 12584573; 12598307; 12787561; 12837286; 12853948; 12920126; 14584591; 14623896; 14647455; 14701762; 14702039; 14713958; 14716300; 15073321; 15173176; 15262979; 15297885; 15489334; 15500642; 15511269; 15555560; 15590671; 15735701; 15817479; 15843892; 15882978; 16172118; 16193064; 16227610; 16344560; 16360037; 16387548; 16652156; 16701639; 16777994; 16822901; 16843824; 17079734; 17159900; 17195089; 17627033; 17637755; 17902043; 17945178; 18166155; 18238895; 18309324; 18375382; 18413747; 18418048; 18723680; 18840686; 19074885; 19269008; 19322201; 19347032; 19414860; 19453261; 19573080; 19593445; 19604093; 19715609; 19730412; 19738422; 19773279; 19935698; 20143425; 20158568; 20187765; 20208132; 20402676; 20453000; 20819778; 20855536; 20978129; 21051981; 21332795; 21415862; 21475302; 21726810; 21828056; 21900206; 21903589; 21906983; 21940110; 21988832; 22002103; 22077397; 22174370; 22201672; 22396545; 22486813; 22505724; 22531785; 22825847; 23042294; 23404198; 23469978; 23553630; 23568547; 24250222; 24321384 caspase 2, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000106144 HGNC:1503 HPRD:02800 MIM:600639 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023641 Other designations: caspase-2|neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 2|protease ICH-1|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 57 CASP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPP32 CPP32B SCA-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP3 caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 836 4q34 9606 4 GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0004190 (EC: EXP); GO_0004197 (EC: IDA, PMID:19240112); GO_0004197 (EC: TAS); GO_0004861 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16501604); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006309 (EC: TAS); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID:12888622); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0006974 (EC: IEA); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0007605 (EC: IEA); GO_0008233 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0008625 (EC: IEA); GO_0008631 (EC: IEA); GO_0008635 (EC: TAS); GO_0009411 (EC: IEA); GO_0009611 (EC: IEA); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030182 (EC: IBA); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030216 (EC: IBA); GO_0030218 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0030218 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0030220 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0030889 (EC: IEA); GO_0034349 (EC: IEA); GO_0034612 (EC: TAS, PMID:10521396); GO_0035329 (EC: TAS); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS); GO_0043029 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043066 (EC: IGI, PMID:9353287); GO_0043281 (EC: TAS); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0045165 (EC: IEA); GO_0045736 (EC: IEA); GO_0046007 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0051402 (EC: IEA); GO_0097153 (EC: IMP, PMID:10921886); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS, PMID:10521396); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097194 (EC: IDA, PMID:8689682); GO_0097194 (EC: IMP, PMID:11350920); GO_0097200 (EC: IMP, PMID:17559062) PMID:1067155; 7596430; 7774019; 7983002; 8044845; 8605870; 8626669; 8673606; 8689682; 8696339; 8755496; 8780721; 8804412; 8812467; 8900201; 8943232; 8962078; 8976194; 9021152; 9045680; 9108473; 9115219; 9206994; 9208847; 9219695; 9230442; 9233763; 9235961; 9252332; 9267021; 9278461; 9298992; 9323209; 9326610; 9334214; 9334240; 9334338; 9337844; 9348292; 9351817; 9353287; 9361003; 9367996; 9368003; 9384571; 9395403; 9422780; 9452471; 9525868; 9535906; 9545236; 9548463; 9593687; 9618490; 9624143; 9632733; 9660939; 9671712; 9685336; 9694885; 9705209; 9708895; 9736630; 9751706; 9786869; 9799125; 9811849; 9840926; 9850056; 9857079; 9875225; 9878167; 9894612; 9933635; 9990034; 10022118; 10066732; 10069390; 10082566; 10103059; 10200531; 10205158; 10205159; 10319819; 10364179; 10409750; 10430052; 10432301; 10435619; 10438581; 10454555; 10469173; 10479680; 10490026; 10510468; 10521396; 10556977; 10564664; 10579725; 10602493; 10602513; 10608812; 10611247; 10629060; 10671544; 10672017; 10675528; 10704341; 10708425; 10712510; 10713703; 10734073; 10748026; 10770929; 10777594; 10791974; 10799874; 10821855; 10823823; 10862606; 10896157; 10899937; 10921886; 10926122; 10942389; 10998058; 11002417; 11016947; 11024045; 11042212; 11053413; 11058115; 11076937; 11084335; 11098060; 11106668; 11123279; 11141237; 11149901; 11162250; 11162351; 11170436; 11175261; 11177389; 11222676; 11230124; 11242052; 11248093; 11257230; 11257232; 11261798; 11274152; 11278283; 11278287; 11278424; 11278572; 11278782; 11278797; 11283607; 11313965; 11331419; 11345898; 11350920; 11356849; 11359776; 11387340; 11399776; 11420704; 11423904; 11425872; 11437602; 11438643; 11447297; 11462036; 11470874; 11478781; 11479289; 11500511; 11509621; 11514563; 11517310; 11526478; 11550094; 11551979; 11555640; 11602184; 11675509; 11689006; 11696595; 11741893; 11748221; 11752060; 11752215; 11787859; 11788610; 11795487; 11802788; 11815631; 11825902; 11830582; 11832478; 11840332; 11854437; 11859414; 11866986; 11875078; 11901153; 11904443; 11927604; 11948397; 11960384; 11972398; 11981455; 11988074; 11989976; 11992386; 12004072; 12019321; 12032677; 12036886; 12044963; 12055227; 12070005; 12070657; 12080079; 12095993; 12107159; 12112012; 12118383; 12124386; 12145703; 12149654; 12150947; 12151338; 12169388; 12181128; 12181742; 12186978; 12190962; 12207967; 12210761; 12228224; 12235123; 12297281; 12390838; 12393901; 12397210; 12401855; 12404116; 12425945; 12438416; 12444137; 12477932; 12483536; 12490308; 12511568; 12515825; 12566444; 12576296; 12576443; 12579342; 12581734; 12598529; 12605885; 12606589; 12611892; 12621124; 12624662; 12643601; 12657644; 12677451; 12686427; 12700630; 12700660; 12707329; 12750393; 12750404; 12760639; 12787561; 12788227; 12788938; 12792782; 12804035; 12809603; 12821118; 12824190; 12833566; 12837287; 12854132; 12867600; 12874324; 12888622; 12897143; 14555204; 14570914; 14572611; 14612448; 14623896; 14657946; 14674699; 14678329; 14684629; 14710359; 14764700; 14960581; 14970175; 14971566; 14976035; 14982947; 14991812; 14993250; 15014070; 15015772; 15033720; 15033815; 15041704; 15087450; 15098015; 15153940; 15156398; 15178331; 15179054; 15186778; 15187159; 15200957; 15204919; 15205454; 15220451; 15241180; 15246206; 15254227; 15258591; 15280469; 15345747; 15375594; 15473998; 15489334; 15505416; 15507451; 15542841; 15564512; 15569669; 15569672; 15569692; 15578977; 15599395; 15617521; 15637055; 15638357; 15650747; 15657349; 15657356; 15670787; 15705385; 15706351; 15716280; 15725353; 15735701; 15748158; 15748808; 15767427; 15803189; 15806167; 15843892; 15848173; 15869582; 15935070; 15996160; 16009347; 16080782; 16083554; 16111829; 16120388; 16121124; 16179347; 16203739; 16204230; 16213496; 16227597; 16242324; 16286477; 16300929; 16320828; 16330530; 16337360; 16338743; 16344560; 16382148; 16455648; 16463650; 16480911; 16498457; 16501604; 16505307; 16511342; 16516911; 16520893; 16526059; 16529748; 16530181; 16530191; 16543147; 16567804; 16651613; 16689860; 16716256; 16781734; 16787777; 16791842; 16802364; 16808908; 16835231; 16869888; 16882668; 16884727; 16894574; 16897667; 16931214; 16935258; 16948902; 16949642; 16955788; 16977583; 16979168; 16983089; 17008916; 17013756; 17013758; 17023557; 17038954; 17065568; 17069460; 17071630; 17080552; 17114647; 17118559; 17121821; 17123522; 17124493; 17130234; 17140287; 17141888; 17143787; 17167422; 17172814; 17198755; 17217622; 17219053; 17235653; 17245643; 17261582; 17272816; 17283187; 17291493; 17301822; 17321792; 17324936; 17337451; 17340613; 17364171; 17379327; 17412564; 17413988; 17430778; 17436592; 17437405; 17462862; 17488272; 17495975; 17498346; 17505517; 17525639; 17534194; 17544405; 17559062; 17597071; 17606719; 17606900; 17616526; 17645689; 17653867; 17689858; 17698513; 17721932; 17724022; 17805550; 17823127; 17880920; 17908973; 17928446; 17936584; 17950632; 17967742; 17978580; 17981569; 17983802; 17989718; 18000616; 18029348; 18047842; 18054197; 18055116; 18058802; 18060501; 18074388; 18083346; 18086147; 18088367; 18092356; 18155705; 18155731; 18164959; 18171980; 18209072; 18211414; 18227733; 18256758; 18256791; 18266005; 18296636; 18297401; 18298948; 18300076; 18309324; 18330265; 18379198; 18381704; 18384375; 18415681; 18415689; 18427836; 18439040; 18441516; 18450750; 18473402; 18476631; 18521960; 18551626; 18561948; 18577580; 18585351; 18586680; 18623086; 18652315; 18658137; 18669646; 18676680; 18708163; 18712678; 18723680; 18727869; 18754867; 18759060; 18763039; 18768468; 18814044; 18818379; 18820371; 18821563; 18829519; 18838202; 18844072; 18946722; 18986328; 19013323; 19035131; 19043361; 19046417; 19052714; 19058789; 19074885; 19132366; 19141860; 19157504; 19157506; 19159073; 19170196; 19178812; 19200347; 19204086; 19219602; 19223905; 19236754; 19240112; 19241192; 19244543; 19258326; 19266703; 19269008; 19270727; 19272183; 19275584; 19275586; 19275587; 19281794; 19283487; 19289465; 19299722; 19319745; 19322201; 19351510; 19355923; 19379562; 19404232; 19414860; 19453261; 19458171; 19513559; 19519609; 19531679; 19544333; 19549685; 19550122; 19553679; 19557639; 19559790; 19567200; 19570417; 19573080; 19585117; 19598027; 19604093; 19610261; 19625176; 19626422; 19636556; 19655253; 19655254; 19655415; 19665028; 19692168; 19692467; 19698783; 19698994; 19715609; 19723039; 19724860; 19724907; 19730442; 19738422; 19759058; 19770576; 19770581; 19773279; 19774677; 19784808; 19788069; 19788411; 19807657; 19812265; 19826114; 19838207; 19840460; 19854241; 19878567; 19895210; 19913121; 19925402; 19937139; 19942343; 19956888; 19996122; 19996272; 19996275; 19996278; 20001963; 20012528; 20025478; 20038816; 20041182; 20042134; 20045442; 20060927; 20063052; 20068062; 20072652; 20085765; 20087649; 20101263; 20103643; 20104682; 20142237; 20150439; 20180022; 20198319; 20227371; 20299368; 20307198; 20340172; 20346214; 20383567; 20402676; 20404718; 20423928; 20424172; 20450729; 20453000; 20492341; 20512574; 20530714; 20566630; 20580881; 20598358; 20619728; 20628086; 20628645; 20632819; 20644561; 20661084; 20665667; 20667824; 20683021; 20683843; 20702410; 20722551; 20723300; 20738749; 20801175; 20814064; 20839416; 20855536; 20856198; 20862799; 20919853; 20929126; 20947770; 20950443; 20959405; 20962079; 20966960; 20981869; 21029675; 21048031; 21081164; 21098975; 21099290; 21099299; 21123175; 21123558; 21139048; 21142842; 21148072; 21151026; 21160486; 21178828; 21203962; 21216952; 21223758; 21237154; 21248767; 21255440; 21270757; 21307660; 21317880; 21319273; 21382445; 21441410; 21479362; 21483469; 21483669; 21484410; 21504623; 21506333; 21548803; 21555338; 21561870; 21624464; 21644054; 21644232; 21667042; 21668377; 21671484; 21682651; 21700414; 21706480; 21724551; 21725926; 21729540; 21756903; 21775054; 21785112; 21802116; 21819468; 21827945; 21859712; 21869592; 21875325; 21880013; 21890473; 21914347; 21926353; 21944661; 21959934; 21963094; 21987091; 21988832; 22013052; 22072751; 22094081; 22121772; 22136337; 22147199; 22184067; 22191568; 22216281; 22238643; 22242595; 22298410; 22302483; 22309278; 22320973; 22429811; 22429842; 22482362; 22496955; 22504224; 22541080; 22552851; 22568453; 22607239; 22629415; 22678593; 22683311; 22764223; 22796265; 22815893; 22832123; 22837201; 22844442; 22872644; 22885173; 22912727; 22926545; 22931643; 22939953; 22944165; 22949938; 22951837; 22952982; 22964638; 23000965; 23054082; 23103707; 23122728; 23152053; 23156805; 23170075; 23170789; 23220614; 23221544; 23271051; 23271418; 23295106; 23326121; 23345589; 23384723; 23386603; 23416147; 23421973; 23519117; 23531593; 23545262; 23555267; 23568731; 23591201; 23599180; 23650375; 23658722; 23686572; 23703388; 23708668; 23724505; 23765963; 23775301; 23781587; 23791066; 23846227; 23867824; 23892923; 23894522; 23900644; 23907941; 23949910; 23979166; 24009453; 24129493; 24161344; 24553140 caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000164305 HGNC:1504 HPRD:02799 MIM:600636 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133681 Other designations: CASP-3|CPP-32|PARP cleavage protease|SREBP cleavage activity 1|apopain|caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-3|cysteine protease CPP32|procaspase3|protein Yama CASP3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ICE(rel)II ICEREL-II ICH-2 Mih1/TX TX WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP4 caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 837 11q22.2-q22.3 9606 11 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006508 (EC: TAS, PMID:7797510); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID:7743998); GO_0042981 (EC: IEA); GO_0050727 (EC: IBA); GO_0072557 (EC: IBA); GO_0072559 (EC: IBA); GO_0097169 (EC: IBA); GO_0097194 (EC: IBA) PMID:1919001; 7743998; 7797510; 7797592; 8125298; 8962078; 9233763; 9250871; 9539746; 9694885; 9792675; 9875225; 10069390; 10329646; 10477277; 10872455; 11927604; 12096920; 12477932; 14702039; 15123740; 15146197; 15326478; 15489334; 15500642; 15975932; 16920334; 17353931; 17942194; 18029041; 18056395; 19269008; 19414860; 19573080; 19705160; 19773279; 20237496; 20402676; 20453000; 20514521; 20816908; 20855536; 21282934; 21317160; 21479362; 21781452; 21832049; 21984918; 21988832; 22246630; 22733992; 23661706; 23684308 caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000196954 HGNC:1505 HPRD:04047 MIM:602664 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166078 Other designations: CASP-4|ICE(rel)-II|apoptotic cysteine protease Mih1/TX|caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-4|protease ICH-2|protease TX CASP4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ICE(rel)III ICEREL-III ICH-3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP5 caspase 5, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 838 11q22.2-q22.3 9606 11 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0006508 (EC: TAS, PMID:7797592); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID:7797592); GO_0008234 (EC: TAS, PMID:7797592); GO_0021762 (EC: IEP); GO_0042981 (EC: IEA); GO_0050727 (EC: IBA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0072557 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0072558 (EC: IDA, PMID:12191486); GO_0072559 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0097169 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0097194 (EC: IBA) PMID:7797592; 8617266; 9250871; 9298992; 9894612; 10872455; 10986288; 11356849; 11535131; 12191486; 12477932; 12479849; 12853457; 12964016; 15886296; 16886895; 16893518; 17418785; 17676485; 18430458; 19074885; 19203830; 19269008; 19270026; 19414860; 19573080; 19593445; 19604093; 19773279; 20237496; 20379614; 20402676; 20434535; 20635389; 20855536; 21051981; 21191419; 21454616; 21668377; 21700414; 21969293; 22906436 caspase 5, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000137757 HGNC:1506 HPRD:04048 MIM:602665 Vega:OTTHUMG00000048073 Other designations: CASP-5|ICE(rel)-III|TY protease|caspase 5, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-5|protease ICH-3|protease TY CASP5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MCH2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP6 caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 839 4q25 9606 4 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0004197 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12888622); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID:12888622); GO_0006915 (EC: IBA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0008234 (EC: TAS, PMID:7796396); GO_0030855 (EC: IEP); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI) PMID:7796396; 7983002; 8710882; 8780721; 8812467; 8900201; 8962078; 8978814; 9219695; 9228018; 9298992; 9337844; 9463409; 9593687; 9857079; 9933635; 9990034; 10069390; 10103059; 10205159; 10409650; 10432301; 10438520; 10469173; 10481058; 10655504; 10734073; 10770929; 11016947; 11098060; 11246070; 11262188; 11331782; 11356849; 11387340; 11423904; 11438643; 11463840; 11514563; 11802788; 11832478; 11859414; 11901153; 11953316; 12052891; 12089322; 12145703; 12232792; 12477932; 12888622; 14713958; 15103018; 15200957; 15273717; 15280469; 15321985; 15356202; 15489334; 15500642; 15511269; 15654952; 15735701; 16123779; 16135563; 16169070; 16341674; 16518869; 16948818; 16977583; 17167422; 17337451; 17392160; 18029348; 18155731; 18408014; 18497562; 18723680; 18762957; 18820706; 18946722; 19022247; 19052714; 19219602; 19269008; 19414860; 19573080; 19694615; 19773279; 19897582; 19915487; 20097875; 20332099; 20402676; 20427671; 20437871; 20606168; 20661084; 20682790; 20702410; 20801175; 20855536; 20890311; 21098228; 21111746; 21139048; 21317160; 21621544; 21900206; 21906983; 21918813; 21936563; 21963094; 21988832; 22094081; 22433863; 22505724; 22683611; 22858542; 22891250; 23402898 caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000138794 HGNC:1507 HPRD:03321 MIM:601532 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131914 Other designations: apoptotic protease MCH-2|caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-6 CASP6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CASP-7 CMH-1 ICE-LAP3 LICE2 MCH3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP7 caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 840 RP11-211N11.6 10q25 9606 10 GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0004190 (EC: IEA); GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0004197 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11084335); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID:8576161); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID:12888622); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008234 (EC: TAS, PMID:8567622); GO_0008635 (EC: TAS); GO_0009411 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0097153 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097194 (EC: IBA) PMID:1056466; 7983002; 8125298; 8521391; 8567622; 8576161; 8631895; 8755496; 8780721; 8812467; 8889548; 8962078; 9070923; 9219695; 9228018; 9230442; 9298992; 9323209; 9325343; 9337844; 9384571; 9525868; 9535906; 9593687; 9607320; 9671712; 9850056; 9875225; 9894612; 9922454; 9990034; 10069390; 10082581; 10103059; 10200531; 10318789; 10469173; 10564664; 10675528; 10731697; 10791974; 10862606; 10998058; 11016947; 11024045; 11058599; 11084335; 11170436; 11257230; 11257231; 11257232; 11278572; 11356849; 11359776; 11387340; 11399776; 11420704; 11423904; 11425872; 11448953; 11514563; 11535131; 11555640; 11752425; 11755217; 11802788; 11815631; 11829465; 11832478; 11859414; 11875078; 11904443; 11943137; 12107159; 12145703; 12181742; 12477932; 12586738; 12665508; 12804035; 12824163; 12888622; 12951057; 12970753; 14512414; 14583630; 14584591; 14623896; 14713958; 15033720; 15200957; 15254227; 15489334; 15500642; 15507451; 15511269; 15580265; 15650747; 15735701; 16123041; 16213496; 16339151; 16344560; 16385451; 16498457; 16918502; 17023557; 17094969; 17167422; 17283187; 17337451; 17504820; 17532763; 17697120; 17880920; 17978580; 18072206; 18086147; 18459962; 18521960; 18596415; 18708163; 18723680; 18785314; 19022247; 19052714; 19058873; 19141860; 19219602; 19241192; 19258326; 19269008; 19323650; 19414860; 19531679; 19573080; 19581639; 19604093; 19605487; 19617626; 19655253; 19655254; 19692467; 19698783; 19738422; 19759058; 19770576; 19773279; 19782763; 19826114; 19913121; 19996278; 20159985; 20379614; 20402676; 20404718; 20453000; 20468060; 20566630; 20567846; 20628086; 20661084; 20800603; 20819778; 20855536; 20950443; 20959405; 21044950; 21142842; 21157428; 21484410; 21555521; 21936563; 22184066; 22441531; 22451931; 22548721; 22561518; 22584050; 22863883; 22986525; 23000965; 23190606; 23383273; 23650375; 23765963; 23979166 caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000165806 HGNC:1508 HPRD:03457 MIM:601761 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019076 Other designations: ICE-like apoptotic protease 3|apoptotic protease MCH-3|caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-7 CASP7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALPS2B CAP4 Casp-8 FLICE MACH MCH5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP8 caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 841 2q33-q34 9606 2 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001841 (EC: IEA); GO_0002020 (EC: IPI); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004197 (EC: IDA, PMID:19240112); GO_0004197 (EC: TAS); GO_0005164 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10442631); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005815 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005856 (EC: TAS, PMID:10891503); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID:12888622); GO_0006915 (EC: IGI, PMID:17599062); GO_0006915 (EC: IMP); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0008233 (EC: IMP, PMID:17047155); GO_0008234 (EC: TAS, PMID:8681376); GO_0008625 (EC: IBA); GO_0009409 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0030101 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0030225 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0030690 (EC: IEA); GO_0031264 (EC: IDA, PMID:11101870); GO_0031265 (EC: IDA, PMID:11717445); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID:15069192); GO_0032025 (EC: IEA); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034612 (EC: IMP, PMID:10521396); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0035877 (EC: IPI, PMID:11717445); GO_0042110 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0042113 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0043005 (EC: IEA); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID:12761501); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID:12884866); GO_0043124 (EC: IMP, PMID:17047155); GO_0044297 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045121 (EC: IEA); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045651 (EC: IMP, PMID:17047155); GO_0045862 (EC: IDA, PMID:18387192); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0051291 (EC: IEA); GO_0051603 (EC: IMP, PMID:10521396); GO_0060715 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0070243 (EC: IEA); GO_0070423 (EC: TAS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0071407 (EC: IEA); GO_0097153 (EC: IMP); GO_0097190 (EC: IMP, PMID:11101870); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IDA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_0097194 (EC: IMP); GO_0097199 (EC: IMP, PMID:11717445); GO_0097202 (EC: IDA, PMID:18387192); GO_0097284 (EC: IEA); GO_0097342 (EC: IDA); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_2001238 (EC: IEA); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID:170210; 3031469; 7983002; 8521391; 8681376; 8681377; 8755496; 8962078; 9006941; 9027312; 9184224; 9208847; 9219695; 9228018; 9271594; 9289491; 9325248; 9326610; 9334338; 9337844; 9380701; 9535906; 9539746; 9560245; 9575181; 9624166; 9632733; 9721089; 9727491; 9727492; 9763668; 9774341; 9792675; 9804161; 9875225; 9878167; 9931493; 9971775; 9990034; 10069390; 10235259; 10329646; 10432301; 10435619; 10438581; 10442631; 10469173; 10493725; 10508784; 10521396; 10616217; 10708425; 10716992; 10734073; 10860845; 10891503; 10894160; 10911620; 10926122; 10964557; 11000244; 11002417; 11016947; 11048727; 11085743; 11098060; 11101867; 11101870; 11102441; 11161814; 11177389; 11181075; 11260720; 11264300; 11340079; 11387340; 11395500; 11406564; 11420686; 11423904; 11431480; 11437602; 11479289; 11514563; 11555640; 11583996; 11683038; 11684016; 11717445; 11733517; 11734564; 11735112; 11741396; 11741985; 11751056; 11751897; 11752160; 11772515; 11788820; 11832478; 11865194; 11877293; 11917123; 11933563; 11940602; 11965497; 11992615; 12010809; 12021264; 12037669; 12041673; 12052891; 12065591; 12095993; 12096338; 12097160; 12107159; 12107169; 12122017; 12131184; 12170765; 12189238; 12191471; 12196516; 12198154; 12215447; 12218097; 12220669; 12232792; 12353035; 12393901; 12404116; 12438416; 12477932; 12496481; 12496482; 12507932; 12527898; 12598529; 12620239; 12646168; 12668660; 12692130; 12700635; 12700660; 12702723; 12707329; 12721308; 12738800; 12748179; 12750393; 12750404; 12753742; 12754217; 12761501; 12765336; 12804595; 12841868; 12884866; 12887920; 12888622; 12911633; 12912912; 12960156; 13679856; 14522966; 14560027; 14584591; 14625033; 14644092; 14644197; 14684825; 14688019; 14701762; 14713958; 14759258; 14970175; 14982875; 14982947; 14991747; 14993214; 15015772; 15024054; 15034549; 15067048; 15069192; 15111130; 15142380; 15159409; 15205454; 15210716; 15254227; 15262979; 15280356; 15289853; 15369772; 15383280; 15388581; 15389560; 15390286; 15473998; 15476874; 15489334; 15492869; 15507451; 15507484; 15509781; 15531912; 15578977; 15592455; 15592525; 15601643; 15611097; 15637055; 15640164; 15645452; 15650242; 15659383; 15701651; 15717329; 15735701; 15735742; 15746428; 15760909; 15782135; 15815621; 15849201; 15906362; 15956881; 15976052; 16036110; 16135563; 16169070; 16179347; 16179941; 16183855; 16186808; 16193064; 16225956; 16227629; 16242324; 16251207; 16344560; 16374545; 16397500; 16436380; 16446372; 16478725; 16497673; 16528386; 16538383; 16541419; 16556893; 16607283; 16619028; 16633737; 16636047; 16722146; 16733806; 16762833; 16886176; 16920630; 16936772; 16938569; 16951203; 17018785; 17030903; 17047155; 17064406; 17071630; 17159907; 17167422; 17170703; 17182797; 17224200; 17272309; 17283187; 17290218; 17293864; 17314102; 17337451; 17378240; 17436592; 17442709; 17450141; 17488272; 17525260; 17532763; 17534194; 17545522; 17572490; 17585337; 17599062; 17616526; 17623017; 17626072; 17627287; 17653867; 17666167; 17684142; 17726263; 17891485; 17911615; 17932347; 17940865; 18029348; 18045865; 18054197; 18076022; 18086677; 18089778; 18089800; 18097748; 18158779; 18161513; 18216014; 18245485; 18305469; 18309324; 18324486; 18328427; 18343995; 18362937; 18381704; 18387192; 18398042; 18431743; 18455983; 18458084; 18473402; 18483392; 18485876; 18516683; 18563783; 18570872; 18596409; 18603835; 18617900; 18625728; 18632964; 18675369; 18676680; 18676836; 18684943; 18691973; 18716417; 18725521; 18728974; 18776134; 18796435; 18823309; 18823701; 18840411; 18974049; 19001123; 19013323; 19048023; 19048627; 19060883; 19074885; 19094228; 19111387; 19112091; 19115040; 19122169; 19124506; 19125371; 19141860; 19152111; 19160091; 19166881; 19170196; 19176810; 19203830; 19214542; 19214744; 19219602; 19239323; 19240112; 19258216; 19260109; 19269008; 19275584; 19275586; 19276244; 19289465; 19318553; 19343040; 19345995; 19372376; 19373245; 19412632; 19414860; 19427028; 19432816; 19453261; 19470771; 19492233; 19493480; 19521670; 19528225; 19531679; 19542541; 19543235; 19550122; 19573080; 19593445; 19597472; 19617217; 19625176; 19629679; 19644511; 19665028; 19684859; 19692168; 19692467; 19698994; 19710364; 19738422; 19770581; 19773279; 19773432; 19778795; 19795398; 19801665; 19807657; 19812265; 19826114; 19843670; 19852930; 19854135; 19902255; 19913121; 19923319; 19954364; 19996275; 20005201; 20012528; 20013803; 20033750; 20033885; 20044137; 20080300; 20085538; 20086182; 20087649; 20132554; 20143425; 20145138; 20150972; 20176653; 20198319; 20237344; 20301425; 20308068; 20353946; 20356928; 20363033; 20379197; 20398055; 20402676; 20403046; 20404718; 20443055; 20448643; 20453000; 20471133; 20502973; 20554749; 20564345; 20565257; 20572163; 20605201; 20606168; 20613771; 20616437; 20628086; 20644561; 20652397; 20661084; 20671745; 20677014; 20702410; 20724831; 20799830; 20800603; 20802294; 20804486; 20808443; 20811726; 20817393; 20819778; 20825417; 20829884; 20855536; 20870287; 20877624; 20937773; 20951133; 20959405; 20972266; 20978129; 20978178; 21048031; 21072056; 21104989; 21107701; 21135236; 21139048; 21153367; 21157428; 21166494; 21178828; 21183680; 21183955; 21248767; 21282461; 21328377; 21380726; 21396853; 21419663; 21426305; 21436691; 21444671; 21454681; 21458669; 21461653; 21483669; 21487429; 21524651; 21525013; 21538054; 21548803; 21554547; 21569377; 21576355; 21620750; 21628531; 21633787; 21667042; 21669575; 21697465; 21704196; 21714991; 21724551; 21737329; 21751259; 21785112; 21785459; 21801448; 21803845; 21816816; 21819468; 21822306; 21865223; 21868312; 21900206; 21906983; 21979465; 21983787; 21988832; 22010212; 22027693; 22037414; 22056502; 22094081; 22120515; 22160860; 22179575; 22211869; 22253841; 22266862; 22267217; 22274400; 22297296; 22322857; 22339913; 22357491; 22383778; 22408249; 22421964; 22508042; 22513478; 22528489; 22585859; 22588838; 22632162; 22644571; 22659694; 22672670; 22683265; 22683266; 22691345; 22801217; 22806078; 22815944; 22820578; 22843554; 22860893; 22864571; 22922291; 22949938; 22971934; 23071110; 23081800; 23096115; 23142077; 23185580; 23230268; 23244104; 23255602; 23289213; 23306557; 23313206; 23418437; 23434145; 23618862; 23659359; 23751956; 23770605; 23844036; 23921907; 23972990; 23982205; 24021263; 24121507; 24391214 caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000064012 HGNC:1509 HPRD:03459 MIM:601763 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132821 Other designations: FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease|FADD-like ICE|ICE-like apoptotic protease 5|MACH-alpha-1/2/3 protein|MACH-beta-1/2/3/4 protein|MORT1-associated ced-3 homolog|apoptotic cysteine protease|apoptotic protease Mch-5|caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-8 CASP8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APAF-3 APAF3 ICE-LAP6 MCH6 PPP1R56 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP9 caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 842 RP11-265F14.3 1p36.21 9606 1 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10206961); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:17167422); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663294); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID:15657060); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008047 (EC: TAS, PMID:9390557); GO_0008233 (EC: IDA); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0008630 (EC: IMP, PMID:15657060); GO_0008635 (EC: TAS); GO_0017124 (EC: IDA, PMID:15657060); GO_0019901 (EC: IDA, PMID:15657060); GO_0030220 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0032025 (EC: IEA); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0034349 (EC: IEA); GO_0034644 (EC: IDA, PMID:15657060); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042770 (EC: IDA, PMID:15657060); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043293 (EC: IDA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0071549 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_2001020 (EC: IMP, PMID:15657060) PMID:1067155; 7983002; 8663294; 8900201; 8962078; 9323209; 9337844; 9390557; 9488720; 9539746; 9545235; 9651578; 9671712; 9812896; 9837928; 9878060; 9890966; 9922454; 9990849; 10070954; 10085063; 10187815; 10206961; 10329646; 10376594; 10384055; 10438581; 10469173; 10671558; 10708425; 11024045; 11069302; 11076957; 11084335; 11113115; 11230124; 11242052; 11248093; 11350957; 11387340; 11390657; 11393657; 11408476; 11423904; 11462036; 11514563; 11734640; 11801602; 11801603; 11803376; 11832478; 11870543; 11905052; 11919192; 11927604; 11948397; 12021264; 12055227; 12095993; 12096338; 12145703; 12147322; 12372609; 12393263; 12393884; 12404116; 12477932; 12566444; 12586738; 12620238; 12620239; 12637514; 12732844; 12749848; 12782307; 12792650; 12804035; 12914932; 12954616; 14512414; 14523016; 14566819; 14634335; 14684629; 14701803; 14747474; 14982875; 14991812; 14993223; 15200957; 15214043; 15220451; 15254227; 15262985; 15273730; 15280366; 15300255; 15473998; 15485395; 15485396; 15489334; 15500642; 15507451; 15578977; 15629764; 15657060; 15657349; 15674327; 15703181; 15725353; 15735701; 15749826; 15767427; 15811855; 15829969; 15935070; 16038259; 16120388; 16181301; 16242324; 16260615; 16287866; 16300929; 16322207; 16337360; 16339151; 16344560; 16480911; 16497673; 16505307; 16505493; 16511342; 16520893; 16687442; 16689829; 16701639; 16710414; 16716256; 16780893; 16895904; 16936772; 16979168; 17030903; 17071630; 17079734; 17140287; 17167422; 17179183; 17207965; 17285546; 17291493; 17299206; 17379327; 17409234; 17437405; 17466630; 17534194; 17626072; 17653867; 17893147; 17899380; 17967742; 18022362; 18054197; 18083711; 18086147; 18202770; 18297401; 18309324; 18381704; 18415681; 18632964; 18676680; 18723680; 18813792; 18814044; 18840411; 19013323; 19016842; 19052714; 19058789; 19074885; 19081073; 19141860; 19153467; 19159073; 19170196; 19183163; 19219602; 19238172; 19269008; 19275583; 19275584; 19275586; 19275587; 19359048; 19412632; 19414860; 19458171; 19465923; 19493480; 19550122; 19573080; 19625176; 19626422; 19655415; 19674438; 19692168; 19692467; 19698783; 19724860; 19741144; 19758996; 19770581; 19773279; 19789190; 19807657; 19826114; 19895210; 19906200; 19913121; 20012528; 20013803; 20022954; 20042134; 20060927; 20071584; 20227371; 20227384; 20340172; 20357690; 20379614; 20402676; 20404718; 20453000; 20490276; 20628086; 20644561; 20650551; 20661084; 20667824; 20800603; 20804486; 20855536; 20887385; 20959405; 20978129; 21045158; 21048031; 21091209; 21117896; 21142842; 21178828; 21266831; 21282934; 21284734; 21297999; 21382445; 21396853; 21461653; 21483669; 21538054; 21555338; 21565459; 21612408; 21622622; 21644232; 21659556; 21724551; 21757755; 21785112; 21827945; 21868008; 21869827; 21944661; 21957492; 21988832; 22086301; 22120515; 22191568; 22219640; 22306364; 22339913; 22552851; 22573662; 22616010; 22629415; 22679284; 22683311; 22926545; 22944165; 22974165; 22981751; 23038270; 23303631; 23383273; 23396972; 23424205; 23430060; 23443079; 23539542; 23566959; 23572523; 23615977; 23637769; 23645041; 23652278; 23678002; 23725396; 23867824; 24121507; 24161344; 24346702 caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000132906 HGNC:1511 HPRD:03756 MIM:602234 Vega:OTTHUMG00000002256 Other designations: ICE-like apoptotic protease 6|apoptotic protease MCH-6|apoptotic protease activating factor 3|caspase-9|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 56 CASP9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALPS2 FLICE2 MCH4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP10 caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 843 2q33-q34 9606 2 GO_0004197 (EC: TAS, PMID:10412980); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12884866); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: IBA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0031265 (EC: IDA, PMID:11717445); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID:15069192); GO_0035877 (EC: IPI, PMID:11717445); GO_0042981 (EC: IEA); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID:12884866); GO_0043123 (EC: RCA, PMID:19641626); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097199 (EC: IMP, PMID:11717445); GO_0097342 (EC: IDA) PMID:170210; 1171445; 3031469; 8125298; 8521391; 8755496; 8962078; 9045686; 9153302; 9208847; 9228018; 9289491; 9325248; 9337844; 9792675; 10187817; 10412980; 10432301; 10716992; 10734073; 11002417; 11048727; 11098060; 11161814; 11395500; 11583996; 11717445; 11832478; 11973654; 12010812; 12037669; 12198154; 12388546; 12477932; 12527898; 12884866; 12887920; 14687710; 14688482; 14759258; 14761933; 15069192; 15280356; 15452117; 15500642; 15659383; 15735701; 15767684; 15772077; 16186808; 16251207; 16344560; 16446975; 16767158; 17071630; 17085968; 17159907; 17450141; 17479112; 17534194; 17623017; 17822854; 17999750; 18381704; 18563783; 18676680; 18716417; 18823309; 19074885; 19141860; 19166881; 19170196; 19219602; 19269008; 19380486; 19414860; 19423537; 19550122; 19604093; 19625176; 19641626; 19692168; 19773279; 19784808; 19826114; 19861680; 19900088; 19902255; 20025484; 20301287; 20402676; 20453000; 20467438; 20644561; 20661084; 20800603; 20802294; 20829884; 20855536; 20959405; 20978178; 21048031; 21139048; 21368896; 21454616; 21559821; 21911414; 21988832; 22683265; 22782902; 22843554; 22864571; 23212337; 23303631; 23541952; 23770605; 23921907 caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Ensembl:ENSG00000003400 HGNC:1500 HPRD:03458 MIM:601762 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132818 Other designations: CASP-10|FADD-like ICE2|FAS-associated death domain protein interleukin-1B-converting enzyme 2|ICE-like apoptotic protease 4|apoptotic protease MCH-4|caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-10|interleukin-1B-converting enzyme 2 CASP10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAR EIG8 FHH FIH GPRC2A HHC HHC1 HYPOC1 NSHPT PCAR1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASR calcium-sensing receptor 846 3q13 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001503 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7874174); GO_0004435 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7874174); GO_0004930 (EC: IEA); GO_0005513 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7759551); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7759551); GO_0006874 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7874174); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7759551); GO_0007635 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7759551); GO_0008152 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7874174); GO_0009653 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7916660); GO_0070509 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7673400; 7677761; 7726161; 7759551; 7874174; 7916660; 8597637; 8613532; 8675635; 8702647; 8733126; 8756555; 9168937; 9217223; 9298824; 9677383; 9694886; 9722601; 9852126; 9920108; 9920407; 10405337; 10487661; 11013439; 11095989; 11108243; 11161843; 11248745; 11390379; 11390380; 11589681; 11668634; 11762699; 11863123; 11889154; 11889203; 11907035; 11979955; 11984699; 12018449; 12036954; 12040821; 12050233; 12052452; 12095982; 12150336; 12239240; 12241879; 12356761; 12399473; 12409307; 12459170; 12469911; 12477932; 12517779; 12544508; 12574201; 12605346; 12656660; 12700051; 12773131; 12783889; 12890593; 12899245; 12914574; 14508624; 14660633; 14713274; 14729680; 14976203; 14985373; 15201280; 15219850; 15472173; 15489334; 15501733; 15531522; 15551332; 15572418; 15579475; 15591042; 15598778; 15613438; 15637145; 15657061; 15684428; 15718278; 15781005; 15805541; 15837785; 15864123; 15879434; 15888439; 15960151; 16109841; 16117875; 16147994; 16218047; 16278666; 16472767; 16497624; 16509534; 16513638; 16596260; 16598859; 16616098; 16622736; 16642557; 16735501; 16738533; 16740430; 16754659; 16854379; 16938272; 17018660; 17046587; 17054460; 17062884; 17097611; 17110864; 17122384; 17124506; 17132283; 17138967; 17284438; 17309124; 17310098; 17320849; 17331389; 17332735; 17372216; 17374704; 17374709; 17426287; 17463182; 17473068; 17478419; 17482347; 17513419; 17537980; 17555508; 17591780; 17623778; 17698911; 17853337; 17932932; 17962359; 17974568; 17979873; 18065418; 18240029; 18296474; 18322048; 18328986; 18348986; 18393231; 18410554; 18443236; 18497443; 18525093; 18577758; 18621740; 18622738; 18676680; 18680227; 18703641; 18712808; 18751724; 18756473; 18796518; 18843020; 18852253; 18938753; 18980667; 19011996; 19035514; 19038444; 19058262; 19066294; 19073830; 19088423; 19133942; 19151705; 19157541; 19170196; 19179454; 19237714; 19257819; 19285978; 19328421; 19350667; 19389809; 19397786; 19423559; 19432691; 19453261; 19471101; 19474519; 19580466; 19621386; 19625176; 19640368; 19690432; 19692168; 19695239; 19706842; 19716891; 19789209; 19839774; 19887834; 19912241; 19913121; 19915295; 20034274; 20067903; 20130845; 20164288; 20237496; 20361938; 20364112; 20421307; 20424473; 20457124; 20558521; 20558539; 20595056; 20602573; 20628086; 20631026; 20634891; 20648625; 20654748; 20661308; 20668040; 20697181; 20705733; 20798521; 20826781; 20846291; 21048031; 21082232; 21084311; 21130730; 21183554; 21187282; 21209619; 21240254; 21317879; 21340433; 21369680; 21393549; 21414629; 21441391; 21532883; 21566074; 21645025; 21667241; 21843504; 21965686; 21966463; 22010828; 22024717; 22094462; 22107799; 22144504; 22158862; 22187299; 22192860; 22210744; 22278364; 22315359; 22403735; 22422767; 22424352; 22449852; 22577108; 22730443; 22789683; 22798347; 23009664; 23103379; 23108190; 23125333; 23169696; 23228129; 23247143; 23269116; 23271661; 23287098; 23300272; 23334987; 23372019; 23533647; 23552627; 23555732; 23569134; 23639611; 23674327; 23756480; 23764372; 23817301; 23856265; 23860708; 23864702; 23913941; 23917029; 23946278; 24068962; 24120622; 24238055; 24336654; 24455835 calcium-sensing receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000036828 HGNC:1514 HPRD:03122 MIM:601199 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159491 Other designations: extracellular calcium-sensing receptor|parathyroid Ca(2+)-sensing receptor 1|parathyroid cell calcium-sensing receptor 1 CASR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CCNG WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCNG1 cyclin G1 900 5q32-q34 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8626390); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006949 (EC: IEA); GO_0007067 (EC: IEA); GO_0007095 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0016049 (EC: IEA); GO_0019904 (EC: IEA); GO_0030425 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8626390; 8806701; 8887688; 8954786; 9013862; 10194136; 10196184; 11956189; 12214116; 12477932; 12556559; 12634633; 12642871; 12684677; 15077171; 15489334; 16322753; 17616664; 17868090; 18408012; 18632610; 18981217; 19584283; 19698214; 19738611; 21688120; 21832049; 21988832; 22105316; 22271581; 22649121; 22835824; 23589924 cyclin G1 Ensembl:ENSG00000113328 HGNC:1592 HPRD:03345 MIM:601578 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130380 Other designations: cyclin-G|cyclin-G1 CCNG1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CDW44 CSPG8 ECMR-III HCELL HUTCH-I IN LHR MC56 MDU2 MDU3 MIC4 Pgp1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CD44 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) 960 AL133330.1 11p13 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001658 (EC: IEA); GO_0002246 (EC: IEA); GO_0004415 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17170110); GO_0004888 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 17045821); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11207560); GO_0005518 (EC: NAS, PMID: 2471973); GO_0005540 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17170110); GO_0005540 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1991450); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1991450); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0007160 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1922057); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16809613); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0016055 (EC: IEA); GO_0016323 (EC: IEA); GO_0016337 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1922057); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030203 (EC: TAS); GO_0030212 (EC: TAS); GO_0030214 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17170110); GO_0030214 (EC: TAS); GO_0033138 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17045821); GO_0034116 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15100360); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19047049); GO_0043154 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19047049); GO_0043518 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17045821); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044344 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19577615); GO_0050731 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17045821); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0051216 (EC: IEP, PMID: 11944887); GO_0060333 (EC: TAS); GO_0060442 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17045821); GO_0070487 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15100360); GO_1900625 (EC: IMP); GO_1902166 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17045821) PMID: 1281868; 1465456; 1496383; 1537855; 1694723; 1717145; 1730778; 1734871; 1840487; 1922057; 1991450; 2007624; 2056274; 2454887; 2466575; 2466576; 2471973; 2474557; 7499241; 7505012; 7508842; 7516819; 7529574; 7532176; 7539755; 7542116; 7557500; 7591309; 7699015; 7821789; 7908632; 8148709; 8343954; 8352881; 8576267; 8599448; 8636151; 8640758; 8649806; 8858161; 8871928; 8986622; 9058761; 9334256; 9472040; 9519902; 9573028; 9580567; 9794764; 10636882; 10652271; 10657301; 10737800; 10933060; 10950950; 11084024; 11095749; 11129651; 11207560; 11381077; 11402070; 11463356; 11466334; 11606575; 11716065; 11727257; 11740562; 11759056; 11792412; 11825873; 11825898; 11839564; 11840273; 11935029; 11944887; 12032545; 12090473; 12093135; 12127836; 12145196; 12145287; 12168806; 12183053; 12198147; 12223485; 12226094; 12235127; 12297287; 12356905; 12370738; 12371152; 12377945; 12392323; 12393872; 12407110; 12411303; 12421945; 12439723; 12444143; 12452061; 12477932; 12479099; 12485845; 12506143; 12508241; 12511569; 12511867; 12574156; 12629514; 12635659; 12650924; 12702150; 12711360; 12714503; 12727228; 12730955; 12748184; 12767055; 12779084; 12801931; 12820426; 12826680; 12842543; 12883358; 12893366; 12901833; 12908752; 12909589; 12911725; 12928429; 12939665; 12949055; 14504094; 14525786; 14534711; 14534719; 14614016; 14623895; 14644158; 14669354; 14702039; 14981907; 14992719; 15009704; 15013310; 15017146; 15023889; 15040016; 15048167; 15051494; 15060082; 15070674; 15100360; 15123640; 15239258; 15292257; 15313120; 15361838; 15452148; 15489334; 15509527; 15516973; 15531362; 15558018; 15578568; 15638368; 15638386; 15641486; 15645378; 15652352; 15655247; 15688033; 15728517; 15736104; 15783086; 15809746; 15816636; 15851553; 15867228; 15923644; 15943035; 15962382; 15990174; 16002044; 16085055; 16166750; 16177123; 16208414; 16219515; 16229685; 16234326; 16248506; 16311123; 16325770; 16335952; 16352650; 16354706; 16390331; 16407205; 16415175; 16419149; 16478744; 16494036; 16504370; 16530165; 16533775; 16554035; 16565089; 16565092; 16620830; 16636662; 16652145; 16702221; 16713680; 16809345; 16809613; 16848180; 16868940; 16969488; 16998483; 16998484; 17045821; 17081983; 17085435; 17092940; 17135256; 17136494; 17170110; 17237445; 17265493; 17324121; 17332338; 17343740; 17381240; 17383158; 17392272; 17464868; 17479111; 17482182; 17516109; 17540049; 17579117; 17581168; 17589956; 17599831; 17611661; 17611662; 17627000; 17638891; 17657222; 17679465; 17702746; 17708612; 17726647; 17846873; 17849363; 17891137; 17911438; 17914409; 17919613; 17940137; 17945212; 17945213; 17975002; 17987038; 18005092; 18029348; 18048043; 18077444; 18092951; 18094716; 18155656; 18160820; 18162778; 18193058; 18199543; 18214619; 18227732; 18234849; 18246799; 18265895; 18276068; 18279620; 18326820; 18350162; 18372518; 18375392; 18387829; 18396641; 18414895; 18415803; 18438684; 18441325; 18450428; 18450824; 18476625; 18476632; 18495204; 18502033; 18502153; 18513329; 18516325; 18559090; 18577517; 18608209; 18612220; 18614011; 18632604; 18644869; 18651220; 18654930; 18662989; 18753140; 18757307; 18787423; 18804101; 18804988; 18835619; 18852874; 18952835; 18971959; 18980968; 18981124; 18997126; 19004834; 19009655; 19010227; 19017033; 19017937; 19023892; 19047049; 19073595; 19077409; 19088176; 19097357; 19100415; 19141242; 19148550; 19167378; 19176383; 19199708; 19200980; 19243022; 19254252; 19275586; 19277703; 19322201; 19331807; 19350388; 19351367; 19360323; 19385591; 19396460; 19415765; 19416960; 19432801; 19434087; 19488035; 19506034; 19563418; 19577615; 19580891; 19582779; 19598259; 19621595; 19626493; 19633292; 19635906; 19638429; 19698232; 19703720; 19724852; 19764564; 19773544; 19787202; 19787231; 19794081; 19794958; 19794964; 19799609; 19816074; 19826051; 19857547; 19906290; 19912362; 19913121; 19914206; 19937401; 19952968; 19955840; 19965872; 19996285; 20019840; 20042890; 20083228; 20093404; 20093489; 20098615; 20121756; 20127679; 20142144; 20157733; 20178130; 20193563; 20199686; 20200161; 20211062; 20212041; 20228222; 20237496; 20306693; 20357818; 20361869; 20374021; 20382854; 20403620; 20405247; 20416163; 20454640; 20491779; 20525896; 20526812; 20530438; 20552237; 20562647; 20588206; 20605145; 20606680; 20606732; 20628086; 20628624; 20663864; 20663884; 20670691; 20696077; 20698358; 20799279; 20806065; 20809185; 20819778; 20837694; 20843027; 20851866; 20856229; 20920234; 20956971; 20962267; 20969572; 20971508; 20974992; 21055388; 21078678; 21087933; 21098716; 21105049; 21124918; 21136024; 21139048; 21151997; 21179550; 21194677; 21215700; 21254647; 21257828; 21257905; 21258793; 21278261; 21279958; 21294926; 21299347; 21331451; 21356346; 21374592; 21376257; 21393860; 21397861; 21411116; 21424816; 21454519; 21471214; 21471434; 21473743; 21482826; 21489997; 21493336; 21546273; 21570715; 21617876; 21618131; 21618132; 21630198; 21632186; 21633165; 21645921; 21649540; 21668410; 21678082; 21680714; 21685938; 21694464; 21701559; 21708929; 21718681; 21731740; 21743962; 21749678; 21764578; 21768115; 21768350; 21802218; 21804359; 21813394; 21819617; 21824412; 21827751; 21829201; 21830016; 21833756; 21835433; 21849440; 21895545; 21898409; 21906983; 21912471; 21933023; 21935375; 21935404; 21953074; 21957977; 21963094; 21987572; 21993315; 22014860; 22021370; 22024057; 22048598; 22068886; 22069487; 22072421; 22076958; 22119814; 22119938; 22125838; 22130902; 22135720; 22152097; 22205660; 22213301; 22216242; 22218639; 22234250; 22237177; 22242150; 22266115; 22270319; 22271686; 22272243; 22278305; 22293754; 22304920; 22307465; 22321833; 22322379; 22335271; 22363471; 22386367; 22389315; 22429811; 22433859; 22437554; 22449225; 22456539; 22473523; 22491449; 22493711; 22499789; 22514625; 22525501; 22552294; 22552741; 22559040; 22561518; 22610405; 22610780; 22621373; 22637644; 22654106; 22673507; 22673910; 22706704; 22711991; 22726066; 22733437; 22740085; 22740326; 22753277; 22770970; 22784357; 22804494; 22807608; 22836803; 22839505; 22842095; 22843930; 22847005; 22855175; 22863883; 22865879; 22870202; 22895075; 22901285; 22922740; 22923071; 22923171; 22932199; 22939629; 22947857; 22966907; 22967445; 22969228; 22972620; 23000965; 23002207; 23028444; 23031255; 23039365; 23049743; 23056168; 23071680; 23089492; 23098472; 23112116; 23118219; 23138176; 23143465; 23151220; 23160198; 23170789; 23171677; 23182705; 23220849; 23221384; 23226410; 23238743; 23251004; 23252868; 23263849; 23265944; 23273568; 23326564; 23334333; 23342032; 23373240; 23400010; 23404221; 23419168; 23422486; 23426175; 23435135; 23444222; 23445749; 23449937; 23457460; 23476138; 23547049; 23549458; 23565227; 23589287; 23589310; 23600676; 23603511; 23609373; 23633482; 23645762; 23664487; 23667174; 23679813; 23685894; 23736812; 23744486; 23764310; 23768762; 23778530; 23797812; 23800986; 23848514; 23856463; 23883608; 23884413; 23888049; 23940692; 24005673; 24064218; 24084461; 24091662; 24099991; 24194636; 24333422; 24434386 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) Ensembl:ENSG00000026508 HGNC:1681 HPRD:00115 MIM:107269 Vega:OTTHUMG00000044388 Other designations: CD44 antigen|GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor|Hermes antigen|cell surface glycoprotein CD44|chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 8|epican|extracellular matrix receptor III|hematopoietic cell E- and L-selectin ligand|heparan sulfate proteoglycan|homing function and Indian blood group system|hyaluronate receptor|phagocytic glycoprotein 1 CD44 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CDC2 CDC28A P34CDC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CDK1 cyclin-dependent kinase 1 983 10q21.1 20140408 9606 10 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: TAS); GO_0000083 (EC: TAS); GO_0000086 (EC: TAS); GO_0000165 (EC: TAS); GO_0000186 (EC: TAS); GO_0000187 (EC: TAS); GO_0000226 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004672 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9001210); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19879842); GO_0004693 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11069302); GO_0004693 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10373560); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19917720); GO_0005815 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005876 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11069302); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS); GO_0006461 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007067 (EC: IEA); GO_0007077 (EC: TAS); GO_0007095 (EC: IEA); GO_0007098 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19364923); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007264 (EC: TAS); GO_0007265 (EC: TAS); GO_0007344 (EC: TAS); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007569 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008353 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12721286); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0014038 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17200138); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0014075 (EC: IEA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0016477 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17200138); GO_0018105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19879842); GO_0030261 (EC: IEA); GO_0030332 (EC: IEA); GO_0030496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11069302); GO_0030544 (EC: IEA); GO_0030855 (EC: IEP); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0031145 (EC: TAS); GO_0033160 (EC: IEA); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0034501 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18195732); GO_0035173 (EC: IEA); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11069302); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045740 (EC: IEA); GO_0045931 (EC: IEA); GO_0045995 (EC: TAS); GO_0046686 (EC: IEA); GO_0046688 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048678 (EC: IEA); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0051437 (EC: TAS); GO_0051439 (EC: TAS); GO_0055015 (EC: IEA); GO_0060045 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070301 (EC: IEA) PMID: 914146; 1310466; 1318195; 1384126; 1388288; 1400350; 1406653; 1425574; 1628647; 1717476; 1748630; 1756735; 1828290; 1916766; 1939057; 2013279; 2183353; 2227411; 2344612; 2473839; 2538242; 2541912; 2570636; 2686978; 3289755; 3553962; 7474080; 7474100; 7494303; 7499230; 7578274; 7590285; 7592773; 7635160; 7666531; 7673335; 7716549; 7724583; 7737117; 7769006; 7790358; 7799941; 7822264; 7876309; 7902715; 7903056; 7925482; 7944411; 7949095; 7969176; 7983050; 8034666; 8051108; 8051175; 8070405; 8084605; 8087847; 8119945; 8125092; 8127873; 8242750; 8325880; 8376365; 8397206; 8397207; 8404858; 8423786; 8428596; 8440392; 8463339; 8475101; 8491187; 8524869; 8548803; 8565853; 8626512; 8626527; 8631817; 8652557; 8662825; 8663071; 8672508; 8806671; 8910336; 9001210; 9053846; 9069267; 9094673; 9109675; 9126608; 9130708; 9141461; 9188632; 9199321; 9235942; 9242535; 9244350; 9247342; 9258347; 9268380; 9271440; 9295339; 9315091; 9315635; 9398320; 9467962; 9515786; 9520381; 9524113; 9525956; 9560267; 9575153; 9585407; 9600099; 9614189; 9668078; 9725910; 9733650; 9753325; 9774639; 9885575; 9891079; 9926943; 9988268; 9990288; 10077596; 10339564; 10359664; 10362260; 10373560; 10383391; 10395539; 10403367; 10497277; 10502411; 10504341; 10524633; 10564259; 10602502; 10636877; 10656688; 10712923; 10716937; 10747892; 10764745; 10766737; 10767298; 10769027; 10793135; 10825186; 10864927; 10884347; 10924145; 10938080; 10958988; 10973963; 11034995; 11069302; 11076863; 11076968; 11113134; 11113184; 11135364; 11136719; 11259605; 11278541; 11278991; 11285280; 11310559; 11326318; 11327730; 11331587; 11395479; 11444800; 11470801; 11504921; 11516829; 11520933; 11531413; 11549262; 11559705; 11574543; 11584018; 11598127; 11683421; 11687586; 11774038; 11779217; 11782384; 11836499; 11861764; 11878934; 11895447; 11901153; 11953320; 11980914; 11986303; 12058066; 12077309; 12107172; 12124778; 12145207; 12151413; 12177195; 12186947; 12190313; 12200623; 12221128; 12361598; 12372621; 12397081; 12407107; 12411508; 12450396; 12468530; 12477932; 12525641; 12551973; 12556484; 12569090; 12569365; 12586835; 12604359; 12612056; 12612082; 12613668; 12648761; 12676926; 12721286; 12742823; 12771130; 12775724; 12791267; 12810701; 12832492; 12839990; 12852856; 12853968; 12881709; 12884029; 12912980; 14499622; 14551205; 14635192; 14645578; 14654553; 14697231; 14993212; 15014043; 15016823; 15024056; 15030318; 15050687; 15070733; 15073847; 15082718; 15125835; 15142377; 15145941; 15147269; 15175024; 15181148; 15215233; 15265780; 15276183; 15311285; 15317660; 15345747; 15367677; 15368451; 15474478; 15489334; 15489336; 15525513; 15525677; 15531913; 15541388; 15578977; 15582998; 15591787; 15592455; 15604258; 15635413; 15662526; 15674323; 15678101; 15725353; 15735702; 15735705; 15767402; 15780175; 15782160; 15790566; 15800651; 15817944; 15888452; 15951569; 15989971; 16009130; 16036217; 16109376; 16118207; 16142332; 16159883; 16192727; 16196087; 16198290; 16205633; 16226712; 16237118; 16247472; 16258277; 16344560; 16354571; 16371510; 16377132; 16381901; 16385451; 16407259; 16427064; 16458891; 16462731; 16465393; 16474839; 16478538; 16519687; 16533053; 16565220; 16629900; 16682949; 16760428; 16784539; 16807237; 16880735; 16880739; 16888198; 16998479; 17011204; 17012222; 17013563; 17043241; 17098733; 17159347; 17171635; 17172867; 17192257; 17200138; 17242184; 17274640; 17327911; 17349584; 17351640; 17359356; 17373700; 17386261; 17419986; 17431037; 17433108; 17466630; 17472438; 17474786; 17488622; 17498878; 17525531; 17540176; 17586317; 17636382; 17679094; 17681274; 17725712; 17906618; 17960875; 18003885; 18025303; 18029348; 18056802; 18069625; 18195732; 18201571; 18230152; 18245089; 18247328; 18271526; 18272572; 18272575; 18329369; 18337751; 18347064; 18356527; 18372919; 18408765; 18434602; 18445273; 18450493; 18457437; 18471975; 18477460; 18480403; 18490441; 18514189; 18550795; 18560763; 18568422; 18593881; 18615582; 18635963; 18655026; 18781797; 18799590; 18950845; 19048596; 19056867; 19061641; 19066288; 19134343; 19158392; 19162005; 19223178; 19275580; 19275583; 19275586; 19275588; 19303298; 19344781; 19364923; 19369249; 19375851; 19454010; 19458171; 19471022; 19473963; 19483727; 19509060; 19615732; 19664338; 19683496; 19687009; 19723060; 19725879; 19737929; 19738201; 19786724; 19789190; 19815027; 19837665; 19879842; 19884882; 19917720; 20062077; 20068230; 20068231; 20126263; 20169205; 20171170; 20181698; 20228808; 20360007; 20360068; 20367638; 20368335; 20368358; 20379221; 20395957; 20404109; 20412769; 20439461; 20444701; 20508983; 20526282; 20581839; 20711190; 20733055; 20739936; 20808790; 20810654; 20890132; 20935635; 20937773; 20956543; 20974803; 20974812; 21041660; 21059642; 21081492; 21081666; 21120602; 21123648; 21131960; 21135039; 21139048; 21148318; 21262764; 21308745; 21319273; 21325631; 21379580; 21406398; 21454540; 21488187; 21489275; 21498573; 21504622; 21522128; 21525341; 21569376; 21659531; 21693764; 21712819; 21743465; 21767532; 21813648; 21840486; 21871177; 21871181; 21875946; 21878504; 21878640; 21887332; 21890473; 21900237; 21900495; 21906983; 21907836; 21918813; 21924351; 21925791; 21951856; 21952639; 21963094; 21987572; 21987589; 21988832; 21998300; 22024133; 22053931; 22071694; 22101338; 22137483; 22158041; 22163316; 22266860; 22268729; 22407595; 22482362; 22496227; 22505724; 22552942; 22580043; 22623428; 22689984; 22718829; 22726437; 22768111; 22784093; 22814604; 22848730; 22863883; 22871736; 22907750; 22939629; 22949227; 22962268; 22965228; 23000965; 23045552; 23264621; 23330000; 23355470; 23383273; 23455152; 23471882; 23518499; 23525902; 23532886; 23543736; 23602568; 23619525; 23667531; 23720738; 23738518; 23775624; 23776131; 23814058; 23824909; 23901111; 23908594; 23921553; 23933584; 23956138; 23958962; 23966160; 23990466; 24101154; 24137814; 24248602; 24250222; 24457600 cyclin-dependent kinase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000170312 HGNC:1722 HPRD:00302 MIM:116940 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018290 Other designations: cell cycle controller CDC2|cell division control protein 2 homolog|cell division cycle 2, G1 to S and G2 to M|cell division protein kinase 1|p34 protein kinase CDK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He E2-CDC34 UBC3 UBCH3 UBE2R1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CDC34 cell division cycle 34 997 19p13.3 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0000209 (EC: IDA); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10373550); GO_0004842 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10373550); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006270 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0006464 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0016567 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10373550); GO_0016567 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8248134); GO_0043161 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10373550); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0043951 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10373550); GO_0070848 (EC: IEA); GO_0070936 (EC: IDA); GO_0090261 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8248134; 8576261; 8939846; 9367342; 9430629; 9710583; 10329681; 10373550; 10385629; 10531035; 10713156; 10748083; 10769200; 10871850; 10918611; 11032804; 11054541; 11245432; 11463388; 11546811; 11566883; 11675391; 11689688; 12037680; 12060736; 12435635; 12477932; 12565873; 12813041; 12840033; 14532120; 14578910; 14645576; 14671314; 14690596; 14980219; 15327770; 15489334; 15611064; 15652359; 16123592; 16210246; 16322693; 16338364; 16472766; 16774918; 16861890; 16874460; 17274640; 17461777; 17597759; 17698585; 17785450; 17965458; 18029348; 18239684; 18458088; 18851830; 18950845; 19073596; 19084516; 19112177; 19123975; 19126550; 19240061; 19256485; 19471022; 19549727; 19581926; 19615732; 19875449; 19933270; 19945379; 20081843; 20160477; 20347421; 20353940; 20378537; 20379614; 20596027; 20638939; 20639865; 20663873; 20864041; 21098119; 21130766; 21139048; 21220517; 21296085; 21841822; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22017877; 22053931; 22069333; 22087249; 22113614; 22145905; 22190037; 22210895; 22286100; 22334663; 22496338; 22669845; 22711876; 22748924; 22863883; 22959436; 23000965; 23250430; 23261596; 23297342; 23465077; 23478441; 23589337; 23604317; 23624912; 23910095; 23972993; 24129577; 24250222 cell division cycle 34 Ensembl:ENSG00000099804 HGNC:1734 HPRD:00306 MIM:116948 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180558 Other designations: cell division cycle 34 homolog|ubiquitin carrier protein|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R1|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-32 KDA complementing|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-CDC34|ubiquitin-protein ligase R1 CDC34 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAP20 CDKN1 CIP1 MDA-6 P21 SDI1 WAF1 p21CIP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CDKN1A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) 1026 6p21.2 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8242751); GO_0000082 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10208428); GO_0000082 (EC: TAS); GO_0000086 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17553787); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000307 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17420273); GO_0004861 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7958916); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15232106); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9106657); GO_0006974 (EC: IMP); GO_0006977 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15149599); GO_0006977 (EC: TAS); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15149599); GO_0007050 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17553787); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007265 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9054499); GO_0008285 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10208428); GO_0008285 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17553787); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009411 (EC: IEA); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0010629 (EC: IEA); GO_0019912 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9106657); GO_0030308 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10208428); GO_0030332 (EC: IEA); GO_0030890 (EC: IEA); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0031668 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17553787); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0033158 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042326 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10208428); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042771 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043068 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045736 (EC: IEA); GO_0045860 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9106657); GO_0046685 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0048146 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17420273); GO_0051412 (EC: IEA); GO_0055093 (EC: IEA); GO_0070557 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18794347); GO_0071479 (EC: IMP); GO_0071850 (EC: IEA); GO_0090398 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15149599); GO_0090400 (EC: TAS); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9660939); GO_2000278 (EC: IEA); GO_2000379 (EC: IMP) PMID: 7478582; 7478594; 7655464; 7698009; 7753561; 7780738; 7911228; 7958916; 8084608; 8101826; 8125163; 8242751; 8242752; 8259214; 8560263; 8622677; 8641969; 8647134; 8657154; 8662825; 8700517; 8756624; 8807325; 8861913; 8861969; 8891332; 8999999; 9054499; 9106657; 9178907; 9190208; 9218599; 9372966; 9380407; 9396813; 9464540; 9465025; 9467962; 9472014; 9515786; 9545252; 9546435; 9632134; 9658399; 9660939; 9705499; 9716181; 9716736; 9736735; 9798959; 9799125; 9811456; 9822382; 9837900; 9840927; 9840943; 9858585; 9858587; 10022118; 10022926; 10208428; 10323868; 10337545; 10455148; 10486249; 10529385; 10581175; 10679299; 10692450; 10698951; 10710306; 10753973; 10764767; 10828884; 10837373; 10848585; 10858286; 10873631; 10874474; 10878006; 10891505; 10912791; 10918595; 10973963; 11022036; 11076863; 11084299; 11132966; 11175348; 11179504; 11231585; 11254741; 11255227; 11302688; 11313979; 11343236; 11350925; 11389691; 11463845; 11477082; 11498536; 11559705; 11642719; 11684722; 11695244; 11700040; 11733969; 11741909; 11748297; 11751405; 11751903; 11756412; 11762751; 11781193; 11809712; 11815410; 11842244; 11860939; 11872638; 11877274; 11877298; 11877436; 11882322; 11893252; 11896572; 11908736; 11911463; 11931757; 11943869; 11953864; 11956602; 11968052; 11989975; 12015083; 12025230; 12036888; 12046058; 12052868; 12054510; 12054572; 12054658; 12055678; 12058028; 12111504; 12123335; 12138103; 12145325; 12151346; 12151347; 12151395; 12168821; 12204872; 12205674; 12354776; 12359245; 12361598; 12370305; 12379120; 12383116; 12384701; 12388558; 12392301; 12393707; 12396717; 12400017; 12407107; 12412576; 12417334; 12417722; 12429910; 12431783; 12431987; 12434183; 12441075; 12457968; 12459877; 12474524; 12477932; 12485998; 12513833; 12517948; 12519780; 12522211; 12527941; 12531694; 12545156; 12573582; 12599217; 12612054; 12642873; 12644083; 12651158; 12665570; 12665584; 12680256; 12681289; 12690110; 12698196; 12699883; 12705898; 12706118; 12716906; 12727210; 12727815; 12748190; 12771291; 12781424; 12782595; 12800980; 12809883; 12810668; 12820963; 12825853; 12839982; 12841870; 12847090; 12853982; 12855666; 12867429; 12884030; 12885947; 12890637; 12897156; 12930830; 12930846; 12931225; 12936910; 12947099; 12949733; 12963997; 12964161; 12970742; 13678583; 14504476; 14572899; 14574404; 14580260; 14592451; 14597617; 14607331; 14607337; 14628083; 14633995; 14637149; 14642618; 14647439; 14677632; 14702288; 14712207; 14715257; 14719078; 14726710; 14738489; 14744793; 14751560; 14759525; 14761977; 14762439; 14764039; 14981901; 15001356; 15003515; 15014036; 15016552; 15024057; 15033443; 15036662; 15059516; 15060836; 15069711; 15081425; 15082782; 15084259; 15094066; 15107488; 15111320; 15122333; 15142382; 15149599; 15161699; 15169570; 15171713; 15173090; 15179054; 15181148; 15184045; 15184659; 15190207; 15201954; 15201979; 15226418; 15232106; 15240512; 15251435; 15286705; 15291355; 15297421; 15302882; 15309711; 15317660; 15321712; 15340083; 15342418; 15347670; 15367606; 15371422; 15371446; 15378017; 15386430; 15389598; 15456784; 15474507; 15475071; 15489334; 15489336; 15492264; 15497017; 15509808; 15510615; 15528212; 15546622; 15555546; 15557281; 15574338; 15576034; 15580267; 15582998; 15592362; 15598783; 15606307; 15609309; 15616584; 15623356; 15645120; 15647383; 15660129; 15664193; 15665589; 15665816; 15671036; 15674334; 15674341; 15690394; 15694358; 15694838; 15695403; 15708847; 15709169; 15710329; 15716956; 15735102; 15736438; 15738655; 15743033; 15743834; 15746092; 15750619; 15752352; 15753078; 15756520; 15763542; 15764647; 15765097; 15767448; 15776189; 15780936; 15780937; 15798220; 15807891; 15817070; 15819981; 15839202; 15840769; 15856024; 15866118; 15878916; 15880444; 15880942; 15890360; 15893728; 15905168; 15936816; 15942645; 15944261; 15960923; 15964852; 15964998; 15965232; 15972853; 15975933; 15989967; 16009130; 16012716; 16014176; 16054204; 16078010; 16080520; 16081043; 16082198; 16082224; 16091736; 16111738; 16122475; 16135801; 16142303; 16142340; 16149052; 16150942; 16169070; 16182613; 16189514; 16191374; 16199872; 16200730; 16214366; 16226712; 16243918; 16248979; 16254341; 16256947; 16262255; 16276353; 16280359; 16283431; 16287849; 16288006; 16289646; 16343435; 16344056; 16344560; 16364249; 16381901; 16394138; 16432835; 16434701; 16464125; 16474839; 16479163; 16480585; 16507767; 16510448; 16514663; 16533812; 16551699; 16554660; 16580634; 16581770; 16616141; 16678112; 16705171; 16712793; 16718778; 16723699; 16735508; 16765349; 16775840; 16777994; 16782892; 16803887; 16804724; 16804901; 16818630; 16831599; 16835890; 16837471; 16867219; 16951143; 16952553; 16953367; 16964243; 16982699; 17008550; 17014852; 17016640; 17050675; 17054950; 17055654; 17059853; 17062672; 17072949; 17074759; 17079232; 17079872; 17080297; 17080554; 17108107; 17109628; 17115032; 17130157; 17158927; 17172426; 17172832; 17188136; 17203174; 17214516; 17239344; 17273559; 17283049; 17284535; 17286201; 17292858; 17293600; 17293864; 17294043; 17300726; 17303651; 17317670; 17325029; 17337084; 17339230; 17351341; 17371838; 17373842; 17388661; 17409409; 17420273; 17431791; 17438369; 17443496; 17448597; 17460193; 17460194; 17465503; 17477906; 17498252; 17502456; 17513615; 17517622; 17536310; 17553787; 17556661; 17560543; 17585201; 17588519; 17592292; 17595776; 17606716; 17611661; 17616661; 17617120; 17619016; 17627285; 17634558; 17638911; 17641414; 17656367; 17662641; 17671089; 17671689; 17671727; 17679094; 17682292; 17684142; 17686574; 17692879; 17700068; 17721438; 17804869; 17855660; 17873065; 17885207; 17894409; 17911387; 17920036; 17925548; 17937105; 17941827; 17952758; 17972508; 18004740; 18024214; 18025091; 18035504; 18046503; 18049450; 18057010; 18067855; 18071305; 18086887; 18097575; 18156402; 18162471; 18162533; 18166158; 18172194; 18174230; 18174243; 18181833; 18202757; 18203777; 18205772; 18212054; 18215742; 18226366; 18230337; 18243530; 18251939; 18263614; 18278446; 18281511; 18281541; 18292944; 18298387; 18316600; 18334933; 18339845; 18348176; 18353898; 18358634; 18361427; 18374497; 18385383; 18385759; 18386236; 18400748; 18413741; 18427550; 18441278; 18451802; 18456456; 18458079; 18459109; 18463164; 18498065; 18507837; 18508827; 18509005; 18546941; 18559599; 18562088; 18563330; 18583941; 18593937; 18619950; 18632985; 18644983; 18655775; 18664350; 18694622; 18698027; 18703516; 18710616; 18713757; 18719376; 18765563; 18766473; 18782865; 18788572; 18790797; 18791688; 18794347; 18794348; 18798266; 18806827; 18818310; 18823025; 18829543; 18842998; 18850004; 18850315; 18852884; 18923142; 18941111; 18948188; 18949380; 18950845; 18979138; 18981726; 19001415; 19002614; 19033664; 19041685; 19058005; 19064572; 19091404; 19096232; 19102934; 19106607; 19122196; 19124506; 19125693; 19129183; 19134409; 19141585; 19159630; 19161984; 19176223; 19176530; 19177004; 19211566; 19211842; 19221506; 19223555; 19224585; 19237173; 19243472; 19249676; 19258477; 19262578; 19263441; 19269967; 19273588; 19275888; 19276188; 19276356; 19305381; 19321391; 19322021; 19322654; 19329556; 19330811; 19332548; 19339270; 19356250; 19364816; 19367277; 19383287; 19384944; 19407849; 19409758; 19435914; 19452712; 19453261; 19458054; 19465901; 19465904; 19481339; 19487575; 19491257; 19491398; 19502805; 19505915; 19513497; 19528229; 19536092; 19536131; 19538940; 19541625; 19550124; 19557639; 19560419; 19572978; 19578553; 19581932; 19609363; 19626602; 19628749; 19629483; 19635457; 19638413; 19643983; 19657064; 19657726; 19664338; 19667069; 19668373; 19670700; 19672706; 19686092; 19686743; 19692168; 19693773; 19704162; 19713748; 19723065; 19723093; 19723627; 19730150; 19732026; 19738611; 19750108; 19773351; 19789190; 19795398; 19798054; 19802676; 19818775; 19819988; 19820361; 19822666; 19840446; 19855935; 19860623; 19895794; 19910837; 19913121; 19914103; 19921577; 19923826; 19931389; 19935879; 19950226; 19955391; 19956635; 19956888; 19958256; 20006705; 20012529; 20018861; 20025780; 20039273; 20054616; 20062013; 20062063; 20067556; 20071335; 20079711; 20084294; 20086099; 20101223; 20102411; 20112071; 20126416; 20127253; 20139077; 20144199; 20154723; 20160708; 20164022; 20169278; 20179200; 20190802; 20190813; 20190815; 20193371; 20203690; 20204299; 20204303; 20211058; 20219912; 20301197; 20302655; 20303835; 20308078; 20331843; 20347598; 20349127; 20350217; 20351180; 20357201; 20363991; 20369488; 20370687; 20383190; 20388787; 20419447; 20428774; 20433229; 20444901; 20452353; 20453000; 20458559; 20466633; 20495378; 20504375; 20508865; 20510020; 20510146; 20524403; 20544840; 20583115; 20587660; 20598695; 20600642; 20605778; 20606006; 20622899; 20628086; 20644561; 20668328; 20701798; 20702488; 20732856; 20803550; 20813048; 20814747; 20818156; 20844987; 20858736; 20878079; 20890119; 20954283; 20955243; 20966541; 20979563; 21040707; 21046779; 21048031; 21054888; 21076409; 21087528; 21088000; 21098705; 21115898; 21124069; 21127431; 21139048; 21148311; 21165952; 21242961; 21245169; 21262772; 21288367; 21292770; 21308745; 21311948; 21325273; 21325288; 21325480; 21336720; 21342417; 21358637; 21368573; 21383005; 21402054; 21415438; 21415862; 21417953; 21419318; 21430453; 21437722; 21439247; 21443127; 21460037; 21475302; 21478095; 21511729; 21515331; 21526487; 21532626; 21546904; 21552210; 21554918; 21559393; 21561680; 21565979; 21567397; 21575583; 21608063; 21616632; 21628527; 21637851; 21637966; 21642427; 21652709; 21666704; 21677879; 21685936; 21704589; 21709715; 21725088; 21726628; 21729169; 21768776; 21769863; 21780161; 21791360; 21804532; 21820300; 21832049; 21858171; 21870644; 21875573; 21877955; 21887277; 21890473; 21900206; 21903579; 21906983; 21907315; 21918011; 21933447; 21933903; 21938741; 21956786; 21963094; 21976111; 21988832; 22001409; 22002313; 22009857; 22032898; 22101335; 22110135; 22117196; 22135025; 22147197; 22160829; 22172947; 22173494; 22190353; 22199295; 22206000; 22211246; 22214381; 22216119; 22217266; 22227369; 22244827; 22249270; 22262409; 22266309; 22277651; 22291954; 22296117; 22311974; 22320961; 22321971; 22371483; 22383522; 22392074; 22401965; 22427654; 22428663; 22446964; 22449259; 22469187; 22490020; 22503977; 22510560; 22511267; 22511763; 22514271; 22521293; 22547059; 22547681; 22555846; 22615960; 22634755; 22650359; 22662213; 22673765; 22675167; 22683204; 22684370; 22698403; 22711822; 22713239; 22732402; 22735451; 22751124; 22771799; 22797886; 22814028; 22814742; 22820403; 22828875; 22858377; 22859066; 22869584; 22956625; 22964432; 22980580; 22988851; 22995373; 22997714; 23000965; 23007394; 23007395; 23013131; 23026136; 23034899; 23037503; 23066038; 23085750; 23085987; 23128396; 23133524; 23146670; 23153928; 23158659; 23159636; 23160381; 23167335; 23167427; 23169665; 23178572; 23184467; 23187802; 23208500; 23210340; 23211592; 23213251; 23215027; 23219618; 23224600; 23231583; 23236067; 23238566; 23253087; 23255119; 23261596; 23261678; 23271730; 23275116; 23292332; 23306062; 23306186; 23318451; 23324739; 23329847; 23333058; 23349794; 23349842; 23359201; 23375502; 23376845; 23382584; 23383273; 23388456; 23399735; 23449391; 23455922; 23457546; 23458879; 23463857; 23536437; 23555284; 23577194; 23582783; 23590292; 23601845; 23602568; 23603558; 23618860; 23639631; 23645206; 23652278; 23665236; 23684928; 23715767; 23737759; 23745637; 23759594; 23780339; 23807750; 23832541; 23832542; 23856463; 23928864; 23949224; 24027428; 24074410; 24076166; 24082141; 24119401; 24123000; 24134839; 24217248; 24225749; 24244542; 24277930; 24291038; 24379070 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) Ensembl:ENSG00000124762 HGNC:1784 HPRD:00298 MIM:116899 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014603 Other designations: CDK-interacting protein 1|CDK-interaction protein 1|DNA synthesis inhibitor|cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1|melanoma differentiation associated protein 6|wild-type p53-activated fragment 1 CDKN1A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C/EBP-delta CELF CRP3 NF-IL6-beta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CEBPD CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), delta 1052 8p11.2-p11.1 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8314590); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1638120; 1741402; 1840554; 1884998; 7594592; 7789168; 8314590; 8946919; 9570146; 11741938; 11851384; 12177065; 12477932; 12524424; 12554732; 12825852; 12857754; 12937035; 15212823; 15389878; 15389879; 15486993; 15588942; 15674331; 15718495; 15901830; 16195339; 16322893; 16397300; 16914534; 16997058; 17098861; 17234736; 17373909; 17562792; 17903252; 17910034; 18370833; 18477566; 18619497; 18660489; 18753137; 19471022; 19800021; 19806320; 19811452; 20385105; 20460359; 20467438; 20805509; 20829351; 20971808; 21072181; 21076392; 21112127; 21612582; 21666710; 21693764; 21980073; 22037769; 23028973; 23575666; 23603433; 23861541; 24128855; 24155666 CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), delta HGNC:1835 HPRD:00297 MIM:116898 Other designations: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta|c/EBP delta|nuclear factor NF-IL6-beta CEBPD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CENP-E KIF10 PPP1R61 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CENPE centromere protein E, 312kDa 1062 4q24-q25 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000089 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2022189); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000775 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11084331); GO_0000776 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11682612); GO_0000778 (EC: IEA); GO_0000779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19465021); GO_0000940 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 9763420); GO_0003777 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7889940); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17535814); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9763420); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005819 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005874 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7889940); GO_0007018 (EC: TAS); GO_0007079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1406971); GO_0007080 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9363944); GO_0007275 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008017 (EC: IEA); GO_0008152 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7889940); GO_0015630 (EC: IDA); GO_0019886 (EC: TAS); GO_0043515 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9763420); GO_0045860 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12925705); GO_0051382 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9763420) PMID: 1406971; 2022189; 7851898; 7889940; 9363944; 9391217; 9744883; 9763420; 9914370; 10477750; 10852915; 11084331; 11337467; 11682612; 12686615; 12925705; 12938929; 14684825; 15146197; 15159587; 15181147; 15236970; 15297875; 16144904; 16196087; 16565220; 16682006; 16926026; 17081983; 17268814; 17370265; 17535814; 18029348; 18342609; 18374647; 18460473; 19389623; 19465021; 19525938; 19553660; 19625775; 19723035; 19733075; 19779646; 20021663; 20085233; 20237434; 20332099; 20354862; 20360068; 20691903; 21139048; 21282530; 22110139; 22307330; 22637578; 22801780; 22974711; 23236152; 23314748; 23666240; 23955301 centromere protein E, 312kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000138778 HGNC:1856 HPRD:00316 MIM:117143 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160980 Other designations: Centromere autoantigen E (312kD)|centromere-associated protein E|kinesin family member 10|kinesin-related protein CENPE|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 61 CENPE Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP19 CLAPS1 EKV3 MEDNIK SIGMA1A WUGSC:H_DJ0747G18.2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AP1S1 adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 1 subunit 1174 7q22.1 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0005765 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005905 (EC: IEA); GO_0006886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006892 (EC: TAS); GO_0006898 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9733768); GO_0008565 (EC: IEA); GO_0009615 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16548883); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0019886 (EC: TAS); GO_0030121 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9733768); GO_0030659 (EC: TAS); GO_0032588 (EC: TAS); GO_0050690 (EC: TAS); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2040623; 7593184; 9653655; 9733768; 9736718; 9811606; 9811611; 9847074; 9882340; 10535737; 10747088; 10966473; 11031247; 11222723; 11252894; 11463741; 11694590; 11707398; 12215646; 12477932; 12486136; 12836198; 12853948; 15469849; 15489334; 15569716; 15681409; 16253302; 16548883; 17353931; 18336259; 18781797; 19057675; 19149577; 19895210; 20594957; 21139048; 21762802; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22103831; 22939629; 23000965; 23423674; 23956138; 24250222 adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 1 subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000106367 HGNC:559 HPRD:04635 MIM:603531 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157103 Other designations: AP-1 complex subunit sigma-1A|HA1 19 kDa subunit|adapter-related protein complex 1 sigma-1A subunit|adapter-related protein complex 1 subunit sigma-1A|adaptor protein complex AP-1 subunit sigma-1A|clathrin assembly protein complex 1 sigma-1A small chain|clathrin coat assembly protein AP19|clathrin-associated/assembly/adaptor protein, small 1 (19kD)|erythrokeratodermia variabilis 3 (Kamouraska type)|golgi adaptor HA1/AP1 adaptin sigma-1A subunit|sigma1A subunit of AP-1 clathrin adaptor complex|sigma1A-adaptin AP1S1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APO-J APOJ CLI CLU1 CLU2 KUB1 NA1/NA2 SGP-2 SGP2 SP-40 TRPM-2 TRPM2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CLU clusterin 1191 AAG4 8p21-p12 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001836 (EC: IC, PMID: 16113678); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16113678); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11123922); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16113678); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006629 (EC: NAS, PMID: 2387851); GO_0006956 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1585460); GO_0006958 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0009615 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16548883); GO_0016887 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 11123922); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031093 (EC: TAS); GO_0031625 (EC: IDA); GO_0031966 (EC: IEA); GO_0032436 (EC: IMP); GO_0032463 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16113678); GO_0034366 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16682745); GO_0042583 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP); GO_0043691 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16682745); GO_0045087 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA); GO_0050821 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11123922); GO_0051092 (EC: IMP); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11123922); GO_0051787 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19996109); GO_0051788 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19996109); GO_0061077 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11123922); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA); GO_0097193 (EC: IDA); GO_1902230 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16113678); GO_2000060 (EC: IMP); GO_2001244 (EC: IMP) PMID: 1424805; 1491011; 1551440; 1585460; 1903064; 1924317; 1974459; 2185274; 2387851; 2454950; 2601725; 2721499; 2780565; 2780570; 3154963; 3167096; 7615015; 7626703; 7768901; 8181474; 8292612; 8314591; 8328966; 8345200; 8387101; 8555189; 8634259; 8752142; 8759347; 8843912; 8889548; 9228033; 9336835; 9537999; 10066740; 10219089; 10329371; 10694874; 11123922; 11186422; 11570883; 11714447; 11795992; 11813210; 11892985; 11904161; 11906815; 12082621; 12172907; 12176985; 12200037; 12393179; 12427144; 12429802; 12470829; 12477932; 12551933; 12679903; 12754519; 12824284; 12860995; 12867999; 12882985; 14618611; 14630798; 14702039; 14718574; 14760718; 15033782; 15133840; 15146195; 15158456; 15174051; 15247015; 15252304; 15304052; 15342556; 15389725; 15480429; 15489334; 15492264; 15499376; 15538973; 15591223; 15649646; 15689620; 15791650; 15809754; 15883054; 15925890; 15929184; 15955107; 16113678; 16179938; 16263699; 16331665; 16335952; 16421571; 16464517; 16490286; 16548883; 16675913; 16682745; 16709604; 16709934; 16740002; 16775601; 16806233; 16955214; 17043677; 17048076; 17056579; 17080454; 17148459; 17170699; 17203891; 17224269; 17260971; 17322305; 17407782; 17412999; 17420006; 17451556; 17512083; 17534116; 17535098; 17689225; 17855704; 17872975; 17974975; 18079682; 18082619; 18097679; 18239862; 18378577; 18458059; 18514801; 18542050; 18612545; 18624398; 18649357; 18709641; 18712185; 18714397; 18786636; 18806885; 18813793; 18842294; 19056867; 19118032; 19137541; 19165232; 19166932; 19177010; 19182256; 19220628; 19264665; 19289586; 19344414; 19353783; 19357365; 19391138; 19413638; 19446882; 19535339; 19542874; 19651157; 19664600; 19734902; 19734903; 19757199; 19793084; 19814590; 19878569; 19878770; 19878774; 19879420; 19879421; 19879422; 19879423; 19903339; 19903745; 19935703; 19940549; 19996109; 20000738; 20007348; 20009887; 20019877; 20028970; 20057494; 20058210; 20068069; 20096688; 20195357; 20209083; 20353268; 20360068; 20410100; 20460622; 20497247; 20534741; 20554627; 20570404; 20599866; 20603455; 20614220; 20674675; 20697030; 20738160; 20739100; 20842452; 20847305; 20850846; 20855565; 20873220; 20930273; 21042904; 21043527; 21059989; 21135756; 21163940; 21224044; 21240462; 21242307; 21280673; 21300948; 21347408; 21379329; 21397462; 21422520; 21447104; 21460841; 21460853; 21467232; 21467285; 21505792; 21508640; 21525168; 21527247; 21543606; 21567405; 21573492; 21627779; 21630085; 21633299; 21732348; 21761117; 21824521; 21892414; 21899841; 21900379; 21912625; 21953030; 21953454; 21980627; 21987172; 21988832; 21998749; 22012253; 22013110; 22015308; 22016805; 22068036; 22082661; 22122982; 22130675; 22145905; 22159129; 22166956; 22179788; 22232000; 22234156; 22236192; 22248099; 22258514; 22266332; 22268729; 22274961; 22296908; 22391565; 22402018; 22465014; 22506010; 22532874; 22539578; 22545109; 22569264; 22613415; 22617144; 22647452; 22689054; 22701550; 22795969; 22832520; 22863883; 22889670; 22896337; 22902018; 22906254; 22952074; 22975582; 22981431; 22990118; 23010347; 23051594; 23099883; 23174100; 23201481; 23208459; 23209684; 23276503; 23279642; 23411014; 23416242; 23455922; 23457489; 23538443; 23573206; 23589125; 23602568; 23621580; 23650005; 23673647; 23702390; 23769013; 23770713; 23786771; 23956692; 24073260 clusterin Ensembl:ENSG00000120885 HGNC:2095 HPRD:01706 MIM:185430 Vega:OTTHUMG00000102114 Other designations: aging-associated protein 4|apolipoprotein J|complement cytolysis inhibitor|complement lysis inhibitor|complement-associated protein SP-40,40|ku70-binding protein 1|sulfated glycoprotein 2|testosterone-repressed prostate message 2 CLU Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD191 CKR-1 CKR1 CMKBR1 HM145 MIP1aR SCYAR1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR1 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 1230 3p21 9606 3 GO_0002407 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0004435 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0004950 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660125); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15001559); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660125); GO_0005886 (EC: IMP, PMID:15001559); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:7505609); GO_0006816 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0006874 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0006887 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0006935 (EC: NAS, PMID:15474493); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID:10910894); GO_0007166 (EC: TAS, PMID:10770925); GO_0007187 (EC: TAS, PMID:7505609); GO_0007204 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0007267 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0008152 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0009611 (EC: TAS, PMID:7505609); GO_0009897 (EC: IDA, PMID:10706735); GO_0010629 (EC: IMP); GO_0016493 (EC: IDA, PMID:10734056); GO_0019221 (EC: NAS, PMID:15474493); GO_0019957 (EC: IPI, PMID:10660125); GO_0030502 (EC: IMP); GO_0035717 (EC: IPI, PMID:10660125); GO_0045672 (EC: IMP); GO_0051928 (EC: IDA, PMID:15764707); GO_0070098 (EC: IDA); GO_0070374 (EC: IMP); GO_0071791 (EC: IPI, PMID:10660125); GO_0090026 (EC: IDA, PMID:18587271) PMID:2834384; 7505609; 7545673; 7594543; 7679328; 7683036; 8011297; 8530354; 8626727; 8631787; 8699119; 9115216; 9143512; 9289016; 9346309; 9558365; 9886417; 10094132; 10202040; 10583963; 10660125; 10702689; 10706735; 10734056; 10770925; 10910894; 11085751; 11110672; 11116158; 11449371; 11470772; 11804551; 11832479; 11920567; 12070001; 12085329; 12270118; 12477932; 12651617; 12763925; 12794150; 14530297; 14595653; 14637022; 14674010; 15001559; 15039444; 15053339; 15103513; 15265234; 15337751; 15474493; 15489334; 15548526; 15764707; 15927850; 15950672; 16182378; 16226254; 16323127; 16621978; 16837468; 16969502; 17135764; 17192849; 17298994; 17336272; 17389578; 17464174; 17558413; 17914560; 18178867; 18240029; 18311140; 18559339; 18577758; 18587271; 18972130; 19017998; 19423540; 19553544; 19603542; 19664396; 19687291; 19693089; 19913121; 20015385; 20056178; 20086017; 20154287; 20190752; 20406964; 20429924; 20438785; 20628086; 20634891; 20802378; 20921899; 21148810; 21942940; 22007486; 22104149; 22650026; 22727097; 22829007; 22842622; 23054685; 23125416; 23217400; 23219091; 23233369; 23276697; 23291587; 24056371 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000163823 HGNC:1602 HPRD:03101 MIM:601159 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133451 Other designations: C-C CKR-1|C-C chemokine receptor type 1|CC-CKR-1|CCR-1|LD78 receptor|MIP-1alpha-R|RANTES receptor|RANTES-R|macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor CCR1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-3 CD193 CKR3 CMKBR3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR3 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 1232 3p21.3 9606 3 GO_0001938 (EC: IEA); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:10415069); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:9302298); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID:10713092); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201960); GO_0007188 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201960); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:9302298); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0045766 (EC: IMP, PMID:19525930); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:10415069) PMID:7594543; 7622448; 8609214; 8631813; 8631926; 8642344; 8674119; 8676064; 8884276; 9005985; 9024664; 9143512; 9182688; 9252350; 9289016; 9302298; 9346309; 9359702; 9419219; 9573273; 9636210; 9653051; 9712872; 9736741; 9765440; 9789057; 10094132; 10201960; 10415069; 10488147; 10514402; 10527858; 10590105; 10642580; 10666479; 10713092; 10877489; 10900353; 10975800; 11001881; 11085751; 11110785; 11115360; 11120849; 11149986; 11196669; 11307756; 11396683; 11449371; 11832479; 11920572; 11991282; 11994538; 12023397; 12079287; 12149192; 12218106; 12393570; 12397598; 12477932; 12654630; 12794150; 12884299; 12902471; 14581140; 14647058; 14702039; 14733956; 15053339; 15086398; 15194768; 15219825; 15476879; 15489334; 15507393; 15580493; 15607028; 15807893; 15857508; 15992849; 16081847; 16174786; 16470129; 16631222; 16712896; 16904155; 16920975; 17041228; 17135764; 17146638; 17672867; 17703412; 17845580; 17983872; 18240029; 18244953; 18311140; 18379861; 18577758; 18636124; 18676680; 18805825; 18974840; 19017998; 19028820; 19131662; 19170196; 19218218; 19247692; 19258923; 19414538; 19423540; 19525930; 19526283; 19542083; 19553323; 19559392; 19625176; 19692168; 19693089; 19714638; 19731977; 20022477; 20056178; 20144207; 20190752; 20220260; 20237496; 20306659; 20364559; 20380698; 20406964; 20438785; 20503287; 20505746; 20603037; 20647273; 20659406; 20726325; 20734064; 20921899; 20923436; 21041734; 21077277; 21143381; 21280323; 21406396; 21660963; 21735070; 21917937; 22086059; 22217447; 22702503; 22829007; 22842622; 23017229; 23054685; 23183094; 23251661; 23291587; 23566847; 23636060; 23643185; 23702389; 23742077; 23955446 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000183625 HGNC:1604 HPRD:03167 MIM:601268 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133484 Other designations: C-C CKR-3|C-C chemokine receptor type 3|CC chemokine receptor 3|CCR-3|b-chemokine receptor|eosinophil CC chemokine receptor 3|eosinophil eotaxin receptor CCR3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-4 CD194 CKR4 CMKBR4 ChemR13 HGCN:14099 K5-5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR4 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 1233 3p24 9606 3 GO_0001764 (EC: IEA); GO_0002507 (EC: IEA); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:7642634); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:7642634); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:7642634); GO_0009314 (EC: IEA); GO_0009617 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0050927 (EC: IEA); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:7642634) PMID:7642634; 8573157; 8884276; 9169480; 9430724; 9743322; 9933589; 10036181; 10466728; 10754297; 11196669; 11861261; 12070001; 12270118; 12406880; 12429730; 12456591; 12477932; 12485447; 12778466; 14657875; 15187160; 15202833; 15328188; 15489334; 15569983; 15621800; 15857508; 15955100; 17071491; 17117949; 17546636; 18071306; 18240029; 18577758; 18782672; 19106589; 19239991; 19244125; 19261691; 19374191; 19423540; 19903885; 19913121; 19942450; 20148806; 20164417; 20190752; 20237293; 20237496; 20334681; 20364559; 20406964; 20412707; 20438785; 20628086; 20963786; 21443538; 21525208; 21739422; 22490506; 22842622; 23180648; 23644599; 23731651; 24127572 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 HGNC:1605 HPRD:05324 MIM:604836 Other designations: C-C CKR-4|C-C chemokine receptor type 4|CCR-4|chemokine (C-C) receptor 4 CCR4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-5 CCCKR5 CCR-5 CD195 CKR-5 CKR5 CMKBR5 IDDM22 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR5 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (gene/pseudogene) 1234 3p21.31 9606 3 GO_0000165 (EC: IEP, PMID:12032188); GO_0001974 (EC: IEA); GO_0002407 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0003779 (EC: IDA, PMID:12421915); GO_0004435 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663314); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201901); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12421915); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID:10415069); GO_0005768 (EC: IDA, PMID:10679098); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:10393923); GO_0006816 (EC: IDA, PMID:8699119); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID:10741397); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201901); GO_0007166 (EC: TAS, PMID:8639485); GO_0007186 (EC: IMP, PMID:19523456); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201901); GO_0007267 (EC: IDA, PMID:10679098); GO_0009897 (EC: IDA, PMID:10679098); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID:10521508); GO_0014808 (EC: IDA, PMID:19523456); GO_0015026 (EC: TAS, PMID:10469138); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0016493 (EC: IDA, PMID:11278962); GO_0016493 (EC: NAS, PMID:8639485); GO_0019722 (EC: IDA, PMID:10679098); GO_0019957 (EC: IPI, PMID:10679098); GO_0023052 (EC: IEP, PMID:12032188); GO_0030260 (EC: TAS); GO_0070098 (EC: IDA, PMID:11278962); GO_0070098 (EC: NAS, PMID:8639485); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201901); GO_0070723 (EC: IMP, PMID:19523456); GO_0071222 (EC: IEP, PMID:10679098); GO_0071791 (EC: IPI, PMID:8699119); GO_0090026 (EC: IEA) PMID:2183196; 2564392; 2569467; 2834384; 3346208; 3512269; 3960725; 8639485; 8649511; 8649512; 8663314; 8674119; 8699119; 8751444; 8756719; 8805353; 8898753; 8906795; 8906796; 8976200; 8995603; 9020356; 9031325; 9143512; 9184207; 9188565; 9207783; 9256481; 9261346; 9261451; 9289016; 9334377; 9343222; 9353123; 9359654; 9359702; 9362541; 9388201; 9399903; 9420225; 9420238; 9445013; 9446638; 9468473; 9525683; 9576751; 9576954; 9632396; 9636210; 9653051; 9653130; 9765440; 9870313; 9882290; 9882373; 9890944; 9971818; 10029247; 10037796; 10085131; 10089882; 10200301; 10201901; 10229873; 10339592; 10357469; 10364178; 10370370; 10384144; 10393923; 10393974; 10413516; 10415069; 10438703; 10438870; 10446313; 10449282; 10453044; 10465086; 10469138; 10477567; 10477718; 10482561; 10482572; 10487781; 10497246; 10505675; 10521508; 10527688; 10544150; 10555208; 10559284; 10562492; 10574939; 10585143; 10590105; 10590121; 10602038; 10602409; 10606089; 10623731; 10640778; 10644351; 10679098; 10702689; 10725362; 10738970; 10741397; 10751368; 10758170; 10775626; 10801487; 10807185; 10816381; 10820198; 10823934; 10826481; 10872839; 10877489; 10882583; 10888615; 10888639; 10917742; 10938094; 10961858; 10970739; 10985308; 11005830; 11023492; 11023526; 11024154; 11069996; 11072599; 11085751; 11086073; 11115360; 11116158; 11118070; 11125885; 11125899; 11134270; 11141322; 11153675; 11162839; 11175286; 11177400; 11181160; 11188946; 11196681; 11196706; 11238869; 11263244; 11264152; 11264346; 11264367; 11265761; 11274729; 11278567; 11278738; 11278962; 11290759; 11312658; 11313374; 11334429; 11335892; 11336643; 11342415; 11350939; 11354628; 11356952; 11356961; 11356967; 11369664; 11377705; 11385319; 11390601; 11393656; 11397808; 11398114; 11403814; 11413305; 11414813; 11427892; 11429110; 11447384; 11448957; 11449371; 11464139; 11468147; 11470772; 11477473; 11484163; 11485305; 11485615; 11489906; 11500196; 11504955; 11511825; 11517394; 11529558; 11543895; 11559423; 11591716; 11595595; 11596075; 11602715; 11679153; 11679916; 11689632; 11693435; 11694103; 11696224; 11698270; 11698699; 11700073; 11703822; 11709091; 11709782; 11711617; 11727771; 11729511; 11733580; 11734558; 11751947; 11752157; 11756347; 11781692; 11803051; 11809184; 11856781; 11859127; 11860793; 11860823; 11861850; 11861874; 11873082; 11876757; 11877445; 11878912; 11901272; 11920312; 11920324; 11937056; 11958683; 11964548; 11966764; 11966770; 11988632; 11994442; 11994538; 12001056; 12010355; 12023175; 12032188; 12032878; 12036855; 12055576; 12056598; 12065593; 12070001; 12082592; 12085329; 12091904; 12093918; 12131184; 12136242; 12140749; 12163044; 12163614; 12166499; 12169668; 12176010; 12183462; 12200385; 12201365; 12202222; 12215252; 12239139; 12271718; 12355376; 12356205; 12368322; 12377943; 12378793; 12403355; 12403770; 12408990; 12412204; 12413885; 12421915; 12426392; 12426393; 12426633; 12427015; 12429730; 12437612; 12445801; 12447757; 12451219; 12461425; 12462338; 12477875; 12477932; 12490404; 12496074; 12509908; 12514416; 12522035; 12531905; 12532229; 12551992; 12552446; 12555203; 12556692; 12557141; 12571248; 12571520; 12579509; 12584049; 12586555; 12587636; 12599073; 12610055; 12610158; 12612298; 12612937; 12619446; 12634405; 12651900; 12667818; 12680626; 12688247; 12689409; 12692222; 12726730; 12745546; 12751031; 12767984; 12788308; 12798016; 12815099; 12819030; 12829440; 12837756; 12846056; 12853745; 12857973; 12858455; 12865070; 12871111; 12873764; 12873765; 12874407; 12882661; 12884524; 12887913; 12887918; 12913933; 12915585; 12925765; 12960231; 12960247; 12963807; 12964123; 14501804; 14505910; 14517611; 14533004; 14533983; 14576050; 14581567; 14583186; 14597737; 14616291; 14624371; 14636691; 14637022; 14644028; 14645006; 14647058; 14672331; 14673528; 14674010; 14694113; 14697747; 14715575; 14716309; 14742283; 14963124; 14981141; 14982745; 14990703; 15000812; 15001559; 15004773; 15009175; 15016843; 15039132; 15047829; 15076247; 15080861; 15086346; 15086398; 15113926; 15117454; 15124759; 15125257; 15135805; 15140377; 15169555; 15180829; 15181567; 15192272; 15192276; 15215889; 15230854; 15236615; 15242539; 15251452; 15258189; 15279544; 15280786; 15288441; 15301862; 15302103; 15307921; 15308751; 15319853; 15321703; 15331395; 15354329; 15362666; 15385740; 15458467; 15465089; 15479838; 15488313; 15489334; 15500552; 15548261; 15557916; 15566517; 15575507; 15577536; 15585333; 15586413; 15588345; 15591779; 15592455; 15596839; 15602133; 15610230; 15629079; 15639953; 15650194; 15651660; 15708547; 15725749; 15737629; 15754978; 15757671; 15767435; 15767436; 15769362; 15787642; 15793360; 15793370; 15802968; 15807900; 15821335; 15851912; 15854903; 15856455; 15857992; 15863470; 15882964; 15885315; 15890935; 15902300; 15916792; 15932625; 15950936; 15958832; 15962231; 15964018; 15964389; 15972662; 15976369; 15980670; 15980693; 15981170; 15983047; 15985194; 15992849; 16015368; 16034118; 16055130; 16100775; 16118671; 16140745; 16144840; 16157597; 16161154; 16174786; 16179731; 16182378; 16196460; 16206074; 16233918; 16248677; 16249462; 16249700; 16261210; 16270124; 16284527; 16286055; 16300985; 16305685; 16312181; 16314800; 16323127; 16335661; 16344560; 16358723; 16375941; 16378977; 16395252; 16405836; 16418398; 16442182; 16461193; 16476734; 16476981; 16478397; 16480760; 16481131; 16485782; 16501811; 16512757; 16513874; 16524739; 16529059; 16541097; 16545485; 16547971; 16598837; 16614115; 16621960; 16621978; 16631222; 16633049; 16641997; 16672419; 16672549; 16702010; 16703416; 16721228; 16721558; 16764352; 16774544; 16775617; 16807236; 16817962; 16841089; 16847113; 16855620; 16865553; 16872485; 16879946; 16887960; 16888899; 16909455; 16916647; 16937446; 16943294; 16960780; 16963439; 16966601; 16999868; 16999983; 17030448; 17053144; 17053352; 17060059; 17063508; 17067435; 17079285; 17091019; 17094383; 17101151; 17101166; 17112859; 17121788; 17135764; 17145599; 17147503; 17148969; 17166523; 17169533; 17202224; 17207111; 17210123; 17214851; 17237417; 17240189; 17255952; 17257590; 17261788; 17273779; 17301575; 17305874; 17306322; 17328229; 17329448; 17331026; 17331851; 17346133; 17351762; 17355643; 17361671; 17383752; 17411375; 17413295; 17417600; 17426779; 17428349; 17442950; 17445875; 17460174; 17462514; 17465678; 17507467; 17507486; 17511851; 17522201; 17530006; 17560067; 17564248; 17565662; 17582634; 17585540; 17596666; 17604289; 17607321; 17620369; 17625759; 17627030; 17633563; 17640964; 17644519; 17645788; 17653092; 17671738; 17672867; 17675516; 17686153; 17691823; 17703412; 17713445; 17722977; 17786209; 17845302; 17855336; 17855654; 17884183; 17901336; 17909797; 17920529; 17929678; 17952079; 17963165; 17971448; 17971457; 17977968; 17984846; 17989610; 18036244; 18060801; 18076768; 18094161; 18096812; 18097239; 18160142; 18162443; 18179388; 18179389; 18182569; 18189189; 18191728; 18194353; 18195571; 18197127; 18203956; 18205260; 18205925; 18218038; 18230715; 18240029; 18242797; 18255039; 18295459; 18296630; 18311470; 18346864; 18353949; 18353956; 18361062; 18379014; 18386165; 18391751; 18405329; 18436884; 18453587; 18462992; 18468560; 18480458; 18480460; 18490657; 18498240; 18500445; 18511806; 18524826; 18543610; 18577758; 18588983; 18590744; 18611987; 18619974; 18623133; 18629619; 18632580; 18633131; 18648518; 18673537; 18676680; 18689270; 18691022; 18692212; 18706447; 18753930; 18763111; 18776933; 18781860; 18786994; 18814951; 18815295; 18820725; 18845960; 18846999; 18855658; 18923649; 18925934; 18928397; 18941536; 18949389; 18952441; 18972295; 18974840; 18977142; 18989363; 18991615; 19005677; 19017985; 19017998; 19018669; 19028820; 19032065; 19037908; 19050382; 19064579; 19064722; 19098363; 19116725; 19124913; 19129082; 19129457; 19131662; 19143484; 19149577; 19155524; 19170196; 19170639; 19172482; 19196047; 19200444; 19201454; 19212663; 19218218; 19225544; 19247692; 19250219; 19258923; 19260142; 19263529; 19289833; 19297481; 19321618; 19334035; 19339951; 19339953; 19357773; 19389855; 19402700; 19420105; 19433914; 19460331; 19474452; 19476483; 19479237; 19479371; 19506371; 19520154; 19523456; 19535121; 19538721; 19553544; 19559392; 19561149; 19578796; 19585516; 19603542; 19625176; 19625411; 19644155; 19644158; 19669591; 19679608; 19680536; 19692168; 19692476; 19692480; 19700905; 19706316; 19722264; 19729379; 19740335; 19744036; 19744740; 19769961; 19811270; 19811439; 19816596; 19841162; 19864932; 19874552; 19886839; 19894308; 19913121; 19917679; 19950235; 19956635; 19958843; 20018238; 20025530; 20025985; 20038229; 20050936; 20053336; 20068218; 20075058; 20087947; 20107582; 20130232; 20153665; 20169157; 20174557; 20182805; 20190752; 20203694; 20206716; 20220260; 20237496; 20331378; 20334567; 20364409; 20377425; 20378664; 20381825; 20411675; 20420684; 20442634; 20442662; 20453841; 20463745; 20465832; 20503287; 20507591; 20518834; 20530467; 20531015; 20536507; 20570309; 20594957; 20598754; 20603037; 20608170; 20628086; 20628649; 20682662; 20710056; 20729133; 20801883; 20811274; 20842205; 20855251; 20856130; 20861743; 20865789; 20875295; 20921899; 20923564; 20932773; 20969781; 21041313; 21068438; 21084992; 21091093; 21118814; 21132346; 21134114; 21148810; 21152581; 21155586; 21156032; 21188555; 21248683; 21258050; 21280323; 21284403; 21288812; 21288824; 21288827; 21295814; 21325401; 21330910; 21345957; 21349294; 21354457; 21356539; 21362450; 21381021; 21388649; 21396623; 21429204; 21454526; 21465943; 21473821; 21513481; 21525208; 21555814; 21569409; 21573951; 21592988; 21602126; 21634220; 21637819; 21647388; 21655330; 21663455; 21667221; 21671175; 21676905; 21680525; 21696586; 21703201; 21709449; 21715437; 21723943; 21731496; 21739422; 21741662; 21744265; 21760891; 21763489; 21775441; 21789236; 21814863; 21819370; 21820915; 21835796; 21846359; 21859712; 21860345; 21878623; 21886032; 21890375; 21926353; 21926633; 21944757; 21984373; 21984929; 21988832; 22011385; 22024519; 22026334; 22028271; 22044225; 22047989; 22050776; 22069466; 22079021; 22083068; 22085486; 22102307; 22103833; 22103834; 22157596; 22175768; 22218121; 22264071; 22265023; 22282138; 22285384; 22286874; 22292949; 22297516; 22313935; 22314435; 22325341; 22342838; 22348061; 22374185; 22380870; 22392992; 22403408; 22404213; 22416573; 22424737; 22479344; 22496149; 22496885; 22506069; 22537745; 22547820; 22554649; 22554651; 22583417; 22612293; 22637726; 22638733; 22657741; 22665517; 22701041; 22727097; 22728273; 22732432; 22787219; 22808111; 22811524; 22815758; 22818666; 22830600; 22852142; 22862553; 22875513; 22893032; 22908191; 22918850; 22924548; 22933279; 22954962; 22957026; 22957692; 22966075; 22988032; 22994752; 23041556; 23057571; 23077246; 23115275; 23152559; 23185351; 23217182; 23217400; 23235831; 23250822; 23289212; 23298254; 23312573; 23355876; 23454776; 23480650; 23490419; 23493400; 23515570; 23588722; 23594959; 23632061; 23632983; 23643185; 23691059; 23696662; 23753295; 23773920; 23852305; 23856897; 23880174; 23888779; 23903010; 23936229; 23954573; 24030490; 24078580; 24090135; 24128342; 24129241; 24405814 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (gene/pseudogene) Ensembl:ENSG00000160791 HGNC:1606 HPRD:03223 MIM:601373 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133481 Other designations: C-C chemokine receptor type 5|C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 A159A|HIV-1 fusion coreceptor|chemokine receptor CCR5|chemr13 CCR5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BN-1 C-C CKR-6 CC-CKR-6 CCR-6 CD196 CKR-L3 CKRL3 CMKBR6 DCR2 DRY6 GPR29 GPRCY4 STRL22 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR6 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 1235 6q27 9606 6 GO_0002407 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0004872 (EC: TAS, PMID:9186513); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:11001880); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:9186513); GO_0006928 (EC: TAS, PMID:9186513); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID:11001880); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:9223454); GO_0006959 (EC: TAS, PMID:11001880); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID:10521347); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:9186513); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:9223454); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:11001880) PMID:2834384; 8125298; 8886020; 9070937; 9169459; 9186513; 9223454; 9294137; 9294138; 10521347; 11001880; 11164896; 11714836; 11751947; 11994436; 12067311; 12070001; 12081481; 12149255; 12193700; 12477932; 12514792; 12642342; 14574404; 15483227; 15489334; 15591779; 15701269; 15972662; 16095490; 16215992; 16344560; 16621978; 16622267; 16641550; 17075975; 17133360; 17171755; 17562763; 17615381; 18097022; 18218038; 18240029; 18465142; 18577758; 18587394; 18703490; 19233848; 19249008; 19305396; 19324905; 19423540; 19492413; 19539215; 19760754; 19811428; 20022113; 20023216; 20056178; 20068036; 20194631; 20220766; 20334681; 20379614; 20406964; 20438785; 20439195; 20453841; 20453842; 20459729; 20483750; 20511548; 20526339; 20526340; 20570966; 20634891; 20720211; 20872189; 21072187; 21092675; 21102463; 21228329; 21261017; 21300824; 21398606; 21624121; 21724701; 21763254; 21873313; 21912453; 21935436; 21937703; 21949768; 21984702; 22079021; 22092173; 22269120; 22490506; 22732549; 22796894; 22842622; 22859539; 22926920; 23128233; 23306142; 23599932; 23681234; 23758411; 23765988; 23790181; 23850713; 23935994; 23983073 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000112486 HGNC:1607 HPRD:03498 MIM:601835 Vega:OTTHUMG00000016015 Other designations: C-C chemokine receptor type 6|G protein-coupled receptor 29|G-protein coupled receptor 29|LARC receptor|chemokine (C-C) receptor 6|chemokine receptor-like 3|seven-transmembrane receptor, lymphocyte, 22 CCR6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BLR2 CD197 CDw197 CMKBR7 EBI1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR7 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 1236 17q12-q21.2 9606 17 GO_0001768 (EC: IC, PMID:12729902); GO_0001954 (EC: IC, PMID:15569314); GO_0002407 (EC: IC, PMID:15778365); GO_0002408 (EC: IC, PMID:14592837); GO_0002606 (EC: ISS); GO_0002885 (EC: ISS); GO_0002922 (EC: ISS); GO_0004930 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006954 (EC: NAS, PMID:14592837); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:9153236); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016493 (EC: ISS); GO_0030838 (EC: IC, PMID:11242036); GO_0031274 (EC: IC, PMID:11242036); GO_0031529 (EC: IC, PMID:15569314); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0032649 (EC: ISS); GO_0032735 (EC: ISS); GO_0032862 (EC: IC, PMID:15778365); GO_0034695 (EC: IC, PMID:14592837); GO_0035757 (EC: IPI, PMID:9507024); GO_0035758 (EC: IPI, PMID:9507024); GO_0038115 (EC: IDA, PMID:9507024); GO_0038116 (EC: IDA, PMID:9507024); GO_0038117 (EC: IDA, PMID:9507024); GO_0038121 (EC: IDA, PMID:9507024); GO_0043123 (EC: IC, PMID:15059845); GO_0043552 (EC: IC, PMID:15059845); GO_0045060 (EC: IEA); GO_0045785 (EC: IC, PMID:15569314); GO_0045860 (EC: IC, PMID:14592837); GO_0046330 (EC: IC, PMID:15778365); GO_0050706 (EC: ISS); GO_0050862 (EC: IEA); GO_0051209 (EC: IC, PMID:14592837); GO_0051491 (EC: IC, PMID:15569314); GO_0051897 (EC: IC, PMID:15059845); GO_0070098 (EC: ISS); GO_0070374 (EC: IC, PMID:12729902); GO_0071731 (EC: IC, PMID:16249377); GO_0072610 (EC: ISS); GO_0090023 (EC: IDA); GO_0097022 (EC: TAS, PMID:18379575); GO_0097029 (EC: ISS); GO_2000107 (EC: IC, PMID:15059845); GO_2000147 (EC: IC, PMID:15778365); GO_2000510 (EC: ISS); GO_2000522 (EC: ISS); GO_2000525 (EC: ISS); GO_2000526 (EC: ISS); GO_2000547 (EC: ISS) PMID:2834384; 7488016; 7851893; 8383238; 8889548; 9153236; 9507024; 9585422; 9725259; 9743376; 10607681; 10706668; 10741397; 10861057; 11145663; 11242036; 11359797; 11507220; 11830455; 11861876; 11929789; 11970971; 12023337; 12070001; 12149218; 12477932; 12486098; 12642342; 12673677; 12729902; 12799021; 12851649; 14592837; 14990723; 15034011; 15040017; 15059845; 15073111; 15122702; 15247147; 15265234; 15284247; 15304089; 15489334; 15569314; 15674360; 15743472; 15753377; 15778365; 15867478; 15950936; 15972662; 16115904; 16223574; 16225771; 16249377; 16272303; 16278001; 16278374; 16278415; 16344560; 16494043; 16500130; 16621978; 16690519; 16786131; 16802356; 16857986; 16887149; 17006331; 17032700; 17178876; 17192395; 17431094; 17440035; 17587445; 17687340; 17890452; 18065728; 18166500; 18235009; 18240029; 18310327; 18319253; 18379575; 18437055; 18497951; 18544997; 18577758; 18623114; 18664492; 18696160; 18802075; 19068542; 19074885; 19087620; 19136936; 19196101; 19287948; 19423540; 19513547; 19536265; 19536742; 19540558; 19585516; 19615795; 19731977; 19749090; 19862774; 20029460; 20036791; 20056178; 20150960; 20237496; 20406964; 20438785; 20439195; 20651394; 20811680; 20855251; 20889506; 20889923; 21048031; 21071608; 21081040; 21092675; 21165563; 21165582; 21261017; 21347514; 21464944; 21548969; 21624121; 21680174; 21698152; 21731495; 21735098; 21739164; 21739671; 21953548; 22020953; 22043010; 22158872; 22163030; 22221265; 22251626; 22334704; 22350183; 22438908; 22498742; 22533989; 22619482; 22634622; 22659045; 22718198; 22797918; 22821963; 22842622; 22923218; 22990666; 23028633; 23290307; 23363813; 23449735; 23469143; 23498789; 23519840; 23747721; 23888080; 23922113; 24052640; 24136650; 24138884; 24311382 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000126353 HGNC:1608 HPRD:02588 MIM:600242 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133375 Other designations: C-C CKR-7|C-C chemokine receptor type 7|CC chemokine receptor 7|CC-CKR-7|CCR-7|EBV-induced G protein-coupled receptor 1|EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1|Epstein-Barr virus induced G-protein coupled receptor|Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 1|MIP-3 beta receptor|chemokine (C-C) receptor 7|epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1|lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled peptide receptor CCR7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-8 CCR-8 CDw198 CKRL1 CMKBR8 CMKBRL2 CY6 GPRCY6 TER1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR8 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 1237 3p22 9606 3 GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:9417093); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:8816377); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID:10910894); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID:8816377); GO_0007204 (EC: IEA); GO_0015026 (EC: TAS, PMID:9417093); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:9417093) PMID:8816377; 8886020; 8977299; 9207005; 9211859; 9417093; 9469461; 9480837; 9521068; 9670926; 10469138; 10540332; 10888633; 10910894; 11007922; 11804551; 12163566; 12477932; 12525579; 12547701; 12551893; 12645948; 12832759; 12967681; 14576057; 15053339; 15489334; 15814739; 15992849; 16631222; 17023422; 17082609; 17558413; 17641040; 17693327; 18240029; 18577758; 19074885; 19423540; 20237496; 20406964; 20438785; 20455898; 21976223; 22479563; 22842622; 23043070; 23363815; 23999500 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000179934 HGNC:1609 HPRD:03497 MIM:601834 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131290 Other designations: C-C chemokine receptor type 8|CC chemokine receptor 8|CC chemokine receptor CHEMR1|CC-chemokine receptor chemr1|chemokine (C-C) receptor 8|chemokine (C-C) receptor-like 2|chemokine receptor-like 1 CCR8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ICH POREN2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene COL4A2 collagen, type IV, alpha 2 1284 RP11-90L1.2 13q34 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005201 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8317999); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12011424); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005587 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2846280); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0016525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10625665); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8317999); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030574 (EC: TAS); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0071560 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1377218; 1724753; 2211625; 2426947; 2439508; 2844531; 2846280; 3025878; 3089234; 3182844; 3198637; 3345760; 3582677; 3692475; 3997552; 6389236; 6811420; 6988303; 7495302; 7500359; 7827955; 8006028; 8317999; 8995276; 9136074; 9334230; 9409248; 9506531; 9673377; 9878537; 10382266; 10416788; 10625665; 10926178; 11259413; 11683410; 11711546; 11867580; 12011424; 12021518; 12180907; 12477932; 12878203; 15057823; 15146197; 15231748; 15489334; 15522229; 15743801; 16368877; 16712791; 17216253; 17339318; 17554254; 17557121; 18050191; 18706356; 19481338; 19913121; 20067797; 20080650; 20201926; 20452482; 20628086; 20673868; 20805453; 20889312; 21378990; 21527998; 21900206; 21942715; 22144573; 22209246; 22209247; 22268729; 22333902; 23818951 collagen, type IV, alpha 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000134871 HGNC:2203 HPRD:00355 MIM:120090 Vega:OTTHUMG00000017344 Other designations: canstatin|collagen alpha-2(IV) chain COL4A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCD1 CBA1 COPEB CPBP GBF PAC1 ST12 ZF9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene KLF6 Kruppel-like factor 6 1316 RP11-184A2.1 10p15 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9689109); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: IEA); GO_0030183 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9000136); GO_0045893 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9083102); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 9000136; 9083102; 9503030; 9685731; 9689109; 10802067; 11752579; 12433697; 12477932; 12508640; 12590140; 12651597; 12651626; 12740910; 12794452; 15057748; 15064720; 15067324; 15131018; 15164054; 15172998; 15247715; 15342556; 15378003; 15486921; 15489334; 15735005; 15824733; 15917248; 15937668; 16044160; 16054710; 16169070; 16189514; 16385451; 16431954; 16500425; 16598737; 16702959; 16778100; 16856969; 16872311; 16972326; 16988269; 17071613; 17113081; 17125911; 17143513; 17207965; 17223258; 17347589; 17347668; 17514651; 17621627; 17636026; 17663506; 17893646; 18053161; 18174288; 18190240; 18250346; 18471523; 18515091; 18521079; 18596922; 18691883; 18719336; 18753303; 18755691; 18822210; 19020536; 19097929; 19101139; 19328586; 19333010; 19435908; 19808645; 19967571; 20014424; 20116377; 20126619; 20237496; 20453000; 20545576; 20660366; 20714872; 20801538; 20844588; 21056892; 21109018; 21154818; 21282102; 21309496; 21443094; 21470678; 21538018; 21799854; 21832049; 21849067; 21906983; 21928351; 21940380; 22095588; 22169644; 22277651; 22486562; 22535637; 22581522; 22653055; 22711891; 22782870; 22855058; 23048070; 23085750; 23219426; 23322324; 23345610; 23353867; 23508266; 23512538; 23831683; 23870195; 24130502 Kruppel-like factor 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000067082 HGNC:2235 HPRD:03632 MIM:602053 Vega:OTTHUMG00000017567 Other designations: B-cell-derived protein 1|GC-rich binding factor|GC-rich sites-binding factor GBF|Krueppel-like factor 6|Kruppel-like zinc finger protein Zf9|core promoter element binding protein|core promoter element-binding protein|proto-oncogene BCD1|protooncogene B-cell derived 1|suppression of tumorigenicity 12 (prostate)|suppressor of tumorigenicity 12 protein|transcription factor Zf9 KLF6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He COX6B COXG COXVIb1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene COX6B1 cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb polypeptide 1 (ubiquitous) 1340 19q13.1 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004129 (EC: NAS, PMID: 2172092); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0005758 (EC: IEA); GO_0021762 (EC: IEP); GO_0022904 (EC: TAS); GO_0044237 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_1902600 (EC: NAS, PMID: 2172092) PMID: 1647217; 1650756; 1651883; 2172092; 2537962; 7821789; 11943455; 12477932; 15057824; 15489334; 17353931; 17500595; 17516841; 18029348; 18499082; 19843159; 20877624; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22190034; 22419111; 22505724; 22939629; 23000965 cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb polypeptide 1 (ubiquitous) Ensembl:ENSG00000126267 HGNC:2280 HPRD:00493 MIM:124089 Vega:OTTHUMG00000048112 Other designations: COX VIb-1|cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 COX6B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPT1-L CPTI L-CPT1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CPT1A carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) 1374 11q13.2 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004095 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0006853 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7892212; 9070836; 9070950; 9691089; 10408760; 11001805; 11095714; 11257506; 11350182; 11441142; 12111367; 12189492; 12464674; 12477932; 14517221; 14711372; 15489334; 15647998; 15669684; 15846373; 16054041; 16246309; 16271724; 16344560; 16697732; 16806233; 17089095; 17445541; 17452323; 18029348; 18253084; 18385088; 18996102; 19181627; 19217814; 19460752; 19913121; 20124555; 20301700; 20562859; 20602615; 20628086; 20638986; 20691246; 20696606; 20843525; 20877624; 20937660; 21139048; 21252943 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000110090 HGNC:2328 HPRD:02755 MIM:600528 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167892 CPT1A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPT1 CPTASE IIAE4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CPT2 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 1376 1p32 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004095 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1988962); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1988962); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0006853 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1528846; 1961767; 1988962; 2174799; 7711730; 7892212; 7896283; 8086471; 8125298; 8358442; 8499929; 8651281; 9600456; 9758712; 10090476; 10607472; 11001805; 11095714; 11257506; 11477613; 11855939; 11994355; 12408750; 12410208; 12477932; 12707442; 12971426; 14605500; 14615409; 15489334; 15622536; 15642848; 15647998; 15754283; 16054041; 16168441; 16670153; 16671104; 16710414; 16996287; 17179390; 17651973; 17709715; 17936304; 18024217; 18029348; 18306170; 18363739; 18550408; 18645163; 18996102; 19362304; 19762733; 19913121; 20186120; 20301431; 20370797; 20538056; 20602615; 20628086; 20810031; 20877624; 20934285; 20952238; 21277129; 21641254; 21697855; 21913903; 22493507; 23322164; 23475205; 23566841 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000157184 HGNC:2330 HPRD:02802 MIM:600650 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008942 Other designations: CPT II|carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial|carnitine palmitoyltransferase II CPT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CRE-BP1 CREB-2 CREB2 HB16 TREB7 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF2 activating transcription factor 2 1386 2q32 9606 2 GO_0000980 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0001076 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0001102 (EC: IPI, PMID:19861239); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0003151 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID:8798441); GO_0003705 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID:2529117); GO_0004402 (EC: IDA, PMID:10821277); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10327051); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: IDA); GO_0006325 (EC: TAS); GO_0006355 (EC: IMP); GO_0006357 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0006366 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0006970 (EC: IDA); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA); GO_0006974 (EC: IMP, PMID:15916964); GO_0008140 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0016573 (EC: IDA, PMID:10821277); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI); GO_0031573 (EC: IMP, PMID:15916964); GO_0032915 (EC: IEA); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0035861 (EC: IDA, PMID:15916964); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045444 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0051090 (EC: TAS); GO_0051091 (EC: IMP, PMID:10821277); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0060612 (EC: IEA); GO_1902110 (EC: IMP) PMID:602896; 1641004; 1827203; 1828107; 1833307; 1838349; 2320002; 2521922; 2529117; 7535770; 7737129; 7737130; 7769693; 7774816; 8027667; 8440710; 8628277; 8654373; 8798441; 9030721; 9058782; 9110174; 9139739; 9155018; 9162092; 9207092; 9207191; 9235954; 9399639; 9405416; 9445037; 9488727; 9524124; 9628874; 9659924; 9671405; 9685505; 9748258; 9786917; 9873047; 9920921; 10066798; 10085140; 10207054; 10327051; 10357819; 10393177; 10567391; 10708586; 10821277; 10878576; 10909971; 11231009; 11259586; 11279118; 11302752; 11564156; 11566021; 11713276; 11836564; 11839738; 11932306; 12110590; 12200150; 12244047; 12270648; 12477932; 12592382; 12663670; 12697749; 12761180; 12788955; 12804775; 12805554; 12833146; 12874243; 12958075; 14499342; 14630918; 14678960; 14734562; 14988408; 15105425; 15276183; 15302935; 15304344; 15546613; 15691875; 15692053; 15878807; 15916964; 16049073; 16179804; 16303757; 16344560; 16418168; 16456540; 16511568; 16533805; 16869889; 16896160; 17036053; 17054722; 17081983; 17082618; 17244683; 17254968; 17258390; 17296604; 17337306; 17626013; 17681939; 17869487; 17875713; 18029348; 18077426; 18307971; 18348191; 18396163; 18397884; 18547788; 18671972; 18677098; 18700251; 19082758; 19135240; 19176525; 19184334; 19278424; 19331149; 19453261; 19487697; 19712049; 19822663; 19861239; 19913121; 19923798; 19944700; 20051382; 20068037; 20116378; 20195357; 20211142; 20213747; 20379614; 20398657; 20498639; 20507983; 20581861; 20619956; 20628086; 20675274; 20956942; 21098032; 21203491; 21278380; 21384452; 21444723; 21565167; 21832049; 21858082; 21890473; 21901137; 21988832; 21990224; 22275354; 22304920; 22351776; 22439931; 22685333; 22843696; 23000965; 23589174; 23591579; 23656735; 23661758; 23966864; 24289970 activating transcription factor 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000115966 HGNC:784 HPRD:00443 MIM:123811 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132424 Other designations: activating transcription factor 2 splice variant ATF2-var2|cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1|cAMP responsive element binding protein 2, formerly|cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2|cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 2|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2|cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 2|histone acetyltransferase ATF2 ATF2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CREB-RP CREBL1 G13 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF6B activating transcription factor 6 beta 1388 DADB-220I18.4 6p21.3 9606 6 GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12445808); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA, PMID:8870652); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:8586413); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA) PMID:7686164; 8586413; 8870652; 8923003; 10644760; 11158310; 11163209; 11256944; 12445808; 12477932; 12782636; 14574404; 14656967; 14702039; 14973138; 18029348; 19693772; 19851445; 19913121; 20628086; 21139048; 21693764; 22094256; 23535732; 23577725; 23661758; 23886662; 24250222 activating transcription factor 6 beta Ensembl:ENSG00000213676 HGNC:2349 HPRD:02992 MIM:600984 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031296 Other designations: Creb-related protein|cAMP response element-binding protein-related protein|cAMP responsive element binding protein-like 1|cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta|cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-like 1|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta|protein G13 ATF6B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PTX1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CRP C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related 1401 RP11-419N10.4 1q23.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17785206); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006953 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2477488); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10408362); GO_0006958 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008228 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2477488); GO_0010288 (EC: IEA); GO_0010745 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18322245); GO_0010888 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18322245); GO_0015485 (EC: IEA); GO_0030169 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18322245); GO_0030175 (EC: IEA); GO_0030426 (EC: IEA); GO_0033265 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2477488); GO_0042060 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0050830 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2477488); GO_0051258 (EC: IEA); GO_0071277 (EC: IEA); GO_1900006 (EC: IEA) PMID: 265538; 403526; 762075; 1477104; 1989977; 2477447; 2477488; 2997165; 3759147; 3840479; 6427230; 6685157; 6693419; 6857266; 7881902; 8144569; 8482924; 8599761; 8613143; 10368284; 10408362; 10490997; 10675363; 11027634; 11739301; 11801683; 11857055; 11947917; 11964845; 11991668; 12033985; 12037301; 12055255; 12102655; 12104096; 12151853; 12186793; 12198121; 12213988; 12218140; 12234944; 12244213; 12351483; 12390313; 12393563; 12426217; 12426218; 12460042; 12471137; 12477932; 12529491; 12552583; 12563060; 12594844; 12616974; 12618085; 12637157; 12654086; 12663465; 12701054; 12716818; 12783932; 12819031; 12821545; 12835213; 12835218; 12842840; 12850811; 12869354; 12892901; 12934049; 12975260; 14500938; 14506615; 14508181; 14592848; 14634117; 14718574; 14744975; 14967730; 14967837; 14983228; 15044210; 15047644; 15078802; 15136507; 15271790; 15277326; 15286457; 15304023; 15306744; 15308783; 15337754; 15358216; 15380464; 15448085; 15456743; 15469865; 15472120; 15489334; 15517131; 15565375; 15579759; 15585208; 15585211; 15585215; 15585218; 15591095; 15653107; 15692104; 15735209; 15746456; 15766555; 15772777; 15777561; 15778807; 15795363; 15797975; 15798948; 15798966; 15808312; 15853546; 15859024; 15860734; 15866055; 15867284; 15878871; 15887860; 15894122; 15894827; 15897982; 15919817; 15920036; 15920065; 15920074; 15950309; 15955385; 15955391; 15993896; 15996056; 15997206; 16005364; 16005367; 16026589; 16051899; 16061741; 16087790; 16087807; 16109328; 16123325; 16131811; 16148535; 16151032; 16153429; 16170833; 16189249; 16213874; 16221209; 16257408; 16266402; 16306468; 16344720; 16352308; 16380821; 16405882; 16409458; 16417933; 16500582; 16501036; 16511556; 16534007; 16549465; 16550411; 16565153; 16580524; 16582918; 16603696; 16618976; 16643876; 16681424; 16682383; 16685271; 16698114; 16710414; 16719793; 16723442; 16731635; 16733231; 16751408; 16764962; 16765355; 16778366; 16803998; 16809555; 16809564; 16832147; 16832152; 16840032; 16847147; 16854501; 16858645; 16864904; 16879213; 16881737; 16908949; 16916777; 16963054; 16984505; 17003778; 17011566; 17044846; 17079491; 17082472; 17101857; 17110595; 17113035; 17113059; 17114654; 17126343; 17138933; 17141244; 17143564; 17148079; 17149558; 17157301; 17164456; 17185152; 17202380; 17211240; 17219082; 17220790; 17234298; 17261875; 17264952; 17279354; 17289011; 17292342; 17293598; 17325687; 17327459; 17335789; 17335903; 17343862; 17347578; 17350021; 17351284; 17355554; 17355643; 17369452; 17372148; 17380191; 17382928; 17383146; 17395501; 17400881; 17433639; 17449131; 17449922; 17452737; 17456635; 17459567; 17460724; 17477779; 17477815; 17498578; 17499233; 17511977; 17513778; 17519779; 17530289; 17531242; 17561469; 17573060; 17575367; 17581635; 17584642; 17588586; 17596285; 17597836; 17598370; 17600233; 17613401; 17615382; 17623721; 17623828; 17635239; 17641153; 17650829; 17652082; 17652155; 17653654; 17673235; 17676666; 17693973; 17697822; 17700210; 17702862; 17702963; 17706955; 17714716; 17714718; 17722225; 17763921; 17765290; 17785206; 17785926; 17806085; 17827818; 17845537; 17851127; 17851695; 17852082; 17852826; 17873311; 17878721; 17878753; 17880812; 17885262; 17888441; 17891599; 17900590; 17903293; 17909163; 17917609; 17920229; 17925606; 17934713; 17942113; 17943468; 17952446; 17956875; 17957146; 17981284; 17991470; 18000615; 18005189; 18023360; 18036188; 18054331; 18055473; 18055714; 18056120; 18060926; 18063701; 18071779; 18075240; 18078625; 18083122; 18096828; 18165866; 18167554; 18171282; 18172744; 18178503; 18182444; 18200582; 18206145; 18214695; 18216376; 18217154; 18218989; 18219371; 18219765; 18226363; 18226879; 18235049; 18241613; 18245530; 18250134; 18262272; 18263601; 18266777; 18279706; 18280482; 18285551; 18285696; 18288276; 18289549; 18296838; 18297417; 18305316; 18312679; 18316365; 18322245; 18327405; 18328265; 18332893; 18333373; 18344622; 18347271; 18347963; 18356846; 18359028; 18362454; 18365276; 18369665; 18372435; 18373721; 18378435; 18379563; 18383516; 18385179; 18385676; 18385743; 18385816; 18386294; 18388036; 18388037; 18389332; 18393253; 18394761; 18401567; 18403728; 18404970; 18412163; 18413218; 18414778; 18415802; 18418236; 18421029; 18422436; 18425592; 18428198; 18433460; 18436879; 18436884; 18439548; 18439552; 18443549; 18450770; 18458051; 18464913; 18476570; 18486609; 18489822; 18491455; 18493116; 18499652; 18500540; 18505467; 18508060; 18513241; 18513823; 18523031; 18541797; 18551710; 18556380; 18562472; 18566104; 18573122; 18573197; 18573495; 18577830; 18591402; 18605934; 18607165; 18609082; 18609102; 18616717; 18621860; 18622582; 18624398; 18632424; 18636307; 18650775; 18654020; 18654021; 18667998; 18675273; 18676680; 18685607; 18688084; 18695743; 18700811; 18702945; 18704199; 18704713; 18708524; 18710885; 18714381; 18714384; 18753723; 18753952; 18755462; 18757054; 18759279; 18764931; 18784972; 18785307; 18786923; 18790479; 18791482; 18793001; 18801352; 18805107; 18805592; 18810599; 18810717; 18818748; 18823889; 18829218; 18835219; 18836266; 18840622; 18841009; 18842294; 18842390; 18845301; 18852001; 18853099; 18853133; 18924263; 18937150; 18948966; 18952164; 18953261; 18957790; 18971492; 18974842; 18983663; 18996288; 18997194; 19004040; 19008293; 19010993; 19011614; 19019335; 19023151; 19025443; 19026696; 19029268; 19034331; 19040303; 19055599; 19060910; 19067532; 19072030; 19073362; 19074515; 19074985; 19075099; 19076828; 19077177; 19077918; 19078972; 19081678; 19084272; 19095725; 19096002; 19100387; 19101671; 19111610; 19117239; 19118119; 19122170; 19125286; 19128923; 19130414; 19136614; 19136826; 19138871; 19139603; 19139754; 19147740; 19155486; 19160050; 19168253; 19170196; 19170684; 19172699; 19178964; 19179966; 19188531; 19191811; 19193941; 19201044; 19201207; 19202332; 19203753; 19225207; 19228486; 19238141; 19240794; 19244088; 19248087; 19251259; 19252093; 19255512; 19262552; 19267250; 19267370; 19268605; 19268941; 19270348; 19272152; 19276622; 19281089; 19282426; 19282606; 19282863; 19297430; 19297456; 19322079; 19323703; 19328934; 19337791; 19343415; 19351632; 19358836; 19359657; 19360108; 19362308; 19369869; 19375128; 19377212; 19377253; 19387251; 19390179; 19394732; 19403254; 19410251; 19415164; 19415283; 19423540; 19426506; 19428053; 19433520; 19436122; 19436291; 19436676; 19436686; 19437230; 19439300; 19439303; 19461040; 19469014; 19473152; 19480860; 19482283; 19492468; 19494488; 19495883; 19499327; 19501581; 19501644; 19520972; 19521085; 19522741; 19523464; 19525580; 19527514; 19533498; 19534672; 19538326; 19545442; 19560102; 19565490; 19567438; 19568166; 19571581; 19576194; 19577754; 19578796; 19584180; 19594772; 19595394; 19602903; 19609738; 19614793; 19615354; 19617288; 19619902; 19620133; 19624831; 19625176; 19626399; 19631649; 19642908; 19643839; 19643942; 19644070; 19645035; 19667982; 19670170; 19680263; 19692124; 19692168; 19695857; 19706826; 19715516; 19719987; 19719993; 19728551; 19729797; 19736474; 19736479; 19751919; 19755616; 19760027; 19762396; 19762397; 19766699; 19783155; 19796676; 19800416; 19801321; 19806245; 19808368; 19816865; 19816870; 19818961; 19821022; 19833744; 19834334; 19850242; 19850925; 19851048; 19853918; 19855269; 19857655; 19857676; 19864399; 19874580; 19879773; 19900432; 19903811; 19906786; 19913121; 19914996; 19923014; 19929715; 19931932; 19942863; 19944144; 19946607; 19947988; 19948975; 19954777; 19956729; 19962488; 19965533; 20004425; 20005739; 20006362; 20017311; 20024640; 20031768; 20034371; 20036017; 20042240; 20047081; 20056225; 20056955; 20060752; 20068351; 20074254; 20075180; 20075509; 20075574; 20078870; 20078877; 20083961; 20131075; 20136960; 20138378; 20142117; 20145391; 20145925; 20170291; 20173307; 20179497; 20184510; 20184533; 20184536; 20186934; 20190687; 20200626; 20200627; 20211068; 20214668; 20215002; 20219150; 20220110; 20227257; 20227921; 20233980; 20237496; 20306065; 20333461; 20339115; 20339904; 20346360; 20346514; 20348053; 20359087; 20371432; 20386340; 20403997; 20406964; 20423474; 20423919; 20437055; 20438785; 20443669; 20453000; 20453690; 20465852; 20466978; 20485444; 20489166; 20494358; 20494378; 20502295; 20511616; 20522534; 20531240; 20537668; 20538124; 20538278; 20538960; 20539018; 20546810; 20552244; 20556836; 20573938; 20581772; 20587599; 20592333; 20596037; 20596713; 20599197; 20605213; 20610232; 20614004; 20618287; 20623261; 20626020; 20626239; 20626701; 20628086; 20638228; 20640440; 20651278; 20669343; 20670634; 20676960; 20679960; 20680929; 20683147; 20686879; 20690093; 20691829; 20703235; 20704541; 20706769; 20709501; 20722986; 20727736; 20730440; 20733302; 20734449; 20797493; 20805569; 20813565; 20819268; 20836727; 20843812; 20846522; 20846939; 20850446; 20852043; 20855282; 20855565; 20856253; 20874781; 20877716; 20881941; 20883364; 20929576; 20929699; 20930309; 20939118; 20949557; 20952358; 20967757; 20972697; 20974458; 20978825; 20979755; 21029360; 21029457; 21033124; 21034294; 21037097; 21037509; 21043803; 21044752; 21044781; 21054666; 21054877; 21059738; 21062467; 21067752; 21071964; 21080913; 21081932; 21086905; 21089116; 21094359; 21105323; 21108561; 21135979; 21136015; 21143859; 21143879; 21146168; 21149504; 21161711; 21162890; 21167068; 21172733; 21173097; 21173540; 21182750; 21190868; 21194909; 21195701; 21196492; 21203342; 21204606; 21215477; 21218608; 21226995; 21258804; 21270838; 21284020; 21287288; 21293934; 21294915; 21296145; 21296900; 21300955; 21305296; 21309051; 21309632; 21315565; 21323571; 21324310; 21325005; 21325757; 21357282; 21357824; 21360619; 21383176; 21402418; 21404895; 21406102; 21413847; 21414621; 21415385; 21444086; 21447704; 21455669; 21458205; 21465964; 21468168; 21476028; 21493089; 21508123; 21516340; 21519150; 21526633; 21536287; 21546857; 21553357; 21565862; 21570260; 21575917; 21592994; 21602602; 21617097; 21624120; 21625240; 21630214; 21640994; 21645137; 21647738; 21655904; 21658317; 21679689; 21685272; 21696613; 21697747; 21700090; 21714897; 21716910; 21719129; 21720757; 21729568; 21729973; 21730823; 21737650; 21740772; 21741099; 21757662; 21773944; 21794939; 21801245; 21804277; 21814873; 21816845; 21819975; 21821037; 21831326; 21832113; 21839826; 21843630; 21845926; 21856781; 21859817; 21868617; 21872279; 21883780; 21890096; 21901123; 21915265; 21923250; 21928234; 21931794; 21933586; 21934067; 21937998; 21951717; 21958326; 21970447; 21988832; 21993388; 22004660; 22014839; 22018511; 22019947; 22019953; 22025173; 22025360; 22038335; 22048011; 22055258; 22056216; 22079264; 22082888; 22095223; 22103876; 22104116; 22119118; 22134501; 22153152; 22158621; 22166506; 22178353; 22190020; 22192441; 22196954; 22203929; 22205174; 22208681; 22222005; 22241816; 22257305; 22260948; 22267327; 22267750; 22267767; 22277294; 22284830; 22291609; 22296194; 22297435; 22306563; 22311704; 22316266; 22316276; 22328138; 22329434; 22330622; 22357713; 22365588; 22392590; 22418747; 22418989; 22428468; 22430136; 22435454; 22437883; 22444955; 22446726; 22449109; 22457095; 22459389; 22464286; 22467322; 22474034; 22490475; 22492993; 22497530; 22529527; 22533665; 22545649; 22547903; 22552174; 22554299; 22556030; 22558327; 22562290; 22569431; 22569435; 22570140; 22576068; 22580582; 22588996; 22607374; 22614460; 22617158; 22641545; 22642594; 22645408; 22672862; 22676422; 22681496; 22683644; 22685243; 22685586; 22732721; 22748017; 22750226; 22763479; 22780440; 22783580; 22783989; 22796263; 22801596; 22813435; 22813921; 22816656; 22821639; 22828776; 22832641; 22836155; 22843654; 22847196; 22857740; 22867744; 22869540; 22875408; 22875596; 22884413; 22901456; 22906275; 22906998; 22911253; 22912790; 22914173; 22918393; 22939635; 22949303; 22957001; 22976070; 22982460; 22989605; 23013513; 23026925; 23046580; 23049543; 23066418; 23078984; 23087143; 23087294; 23104422; 23111890; 23116190; 23116196; 23124693; 23125484; 23126320; 23132698; 23139417; 23151748; 23158132; 23159256; 23166385; 23170819; 23182717; 23197238; 23197841; 23206444; 23212397; 23212764; 23220502; 23221172; 23224322; 23225486; 23228375; 23241067; 23254637; 23254959; 23257175; 23257395; 23263911; 23266263; 23270673; 23272049; 23274882; 23277135; 23285029; 23288467; 23306163; 23343124; 23361365; 23367494; 23375121; 23375154; 23379491; 23383155; 23393371; 23399387; 23401350; 23409097; 23425215; 23434327; 23440541; 23450030; 23463453; 23468212; 23484158; 23492986; 23516493; 23518675; 23527487; 23535585; 23547018; 23575330; 23576062; 23578742; 23579782; 23591413; 23592000; 23604041; 23618082; 23627410; 23635436; 23674518; 23692330; 23697277; 23702388; 23724031; 23724977; 23742758; 23766379; 23773138; 23784529; 23803251; 23808014; 23813138; 23813850; 23828261; 23835994; 23844046; 23852903; 23888317; 23910616; 23911413; 23935961; 23941472; 23968978; 24055729; 24072695; 24084772; 24097561; 24163955; 24206243; 24222149; 24222151; 24262327; 24347428; 24379064; 24403485; 24434384; 24440351 C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related Ensembl:ENSG00000132693 HGNC:2367 HPRD:00422 MIM:123260 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035344 Other designations: C-reactive protein|pentraxin 1 CRP Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APPS CPSB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CTSB cathepsin B 1508 8p22 20140408 9606 8 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0004197 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16364318); GO_0005518 (EC: IDA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005615 (EC: ISS); GO_0005622 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1645961); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005764 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1837142); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7890620); GO_0008233 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7890620); GO_0008234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8811434); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030574 (EC: IDA); GO_0030574 (EC: TAS); GO_0030855 (EC: IEP); GO_0036021 (EC: TAS); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0043394 (EC: IPI); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15614436); GO_0050790 (EC: IEA); GO_0051603 (EC: IDA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0097067 (EC: IEP) PMID: 417724; 1326552; 1577456; 1597471; 1637335; 1645961; 1837142; 1868826; 1900515; 1984484; 1996959; 2061332; 2476070; 3010323; 3463996; 3542996; 3972105; 6203523; 6351842; 7509303; 7622042; 7718586; 7890620; 8014475; 8083219; 8112600; 8617355; 8635854; 8811434; 9076588; 9295331; 9299326; 9360997; 9412840; 9539769; 9582368; 9585570; 9632704; 9733783; 9770500; 9776083; 9928950; 10353845; 10395917; 10512713; 10777578; 10849756; 10876156; 11016923; 11115496; 11134363; 11139332; 11162551; 11228542; 11241311; 11435427; 11513559; 11514663; 11536009; 11746262; 11815600; 11932257; 12057992; 12072442; 12086583; 12102727; 12185082; 12186841; 12189154; 12201820; 12437117; 12437120; 12477932; 12581740; 12589965; 12643545; 12677446; 12726991; 12887051; 12893746; 12926111; 14503883; 14702039; 14729603; 14730346; 14984956; 15016552; 15100281; 15122332; 15231747; 15255544; 15262981; 15274632; 15489334; 15512772; 15614436; 15679122; 15710602; 15799821; 15807897; 15816632; 15831716; 15832773; 16034129; 16051222; 16077201; 16130169; 16169070; 16303743; 16315320; 16364318; 16381007; 16492714; 16534247; 16709808; 16733801; 16894574; 16913838; 16914553; 17064696; 17081065; 17504810; 17507477; 17519890; 17724614; 17726009; 17982689; 17990360; 17991740; 18029348; 18163891; 18296264; 18314113; 18472965; 18515357; 18543249; 18566385; 18566436; 18598236; 18616803; 18706099; 18714186; 18718938; 18760860; 18949742; 19004543; 19040356; 19199708; 19331819; 19414800; 19434518; 19454696; 19615732; 19661440; 19692168; 19700239; 19774387; 19811804; 19913121; 19915865; 19930869; 20008285; 20042316; 20180636; 20302512; 20424577; 20536394; 20563251; 20567828; 20584670; 20627011; 20628086; 20661471; 20699092; 20706999; 20833970; 20880494; 20930303; 21060833; 21092200; 21112096; 21139048; 21199580; 21250859; 21323990; 21508263; 21541353; 21562164; 21585286; 21600167; 21742978; 21832049; 21835790; 21840777; 21850018; 21880013; 21890473; 21900206; 21925292; 21945151; 21948970; 21967108; 22066471; 22118674; 22127599; 22138708; 22190034; 22209964; 22222211; 22262857; 22266111; 22268729; 22278224; 22287159; 22322590; 22384200; 22464443; 22467319; 22571763; 22693552; 22695494; 22732093; 22745374; 22782900; 22851129; 22939629; 22949512; 23024364; 23063511; 23189279; 23195957; 23219593; 23222509; 23222817; 23292187; 23349634; 23362198; 23466190; 23591598; 23602568; 23603447; 23633927; 23667900; 23677785; 23708264; 23867824 cathepsin B Ensembl:ENSG00000164733 HGNC:2527 HPRD:00287 MIM:116810 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090799 Other designations: APP secretase|amyloid precursor protein secretase|cathepsin B1|cysteine protease CTSB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AHH AHRR CP11 CYP1 P1-450 P450-C P450DX WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP1A1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1543 15q24.1 9606 15 GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006778 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: IEA); GO_0008395 (EC: IEA); GO_0009308 (EC: IEA); GO_0009611 (EC: IEA); GO_0009615 (EC: IEA); GO_0009624 (EC: IEA); GO_0009635 (EC: IEA); GO_0009792 (EC: IEA); GO_0009804 (EC: IEA); GO_0009812 (EC: IEA); GO_0010041 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0016679 (EC: IEA); GO_0016711 (EC: IEA); GO_0017143 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0019341 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:1691986); GO_0019899 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0032094 (EC: IEA); GO_0032451 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0033189 (EC: IEA); GO_0042359 (EC: IC, PMID:15546903); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042904 (EC: IEA); GO_0043010 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0046685 (EC: IEA); GO_0048565 (EC: IEA); GO_0050665 (EC: IEA); GO_0055093 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0060137 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0070365 (EC: IEA); GO_0070576 (EC: IDA, PMID:15546903); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS); GO_1900087 (EC: IEA) PMID:1691986; 1722803; 1761516; 2989797; 3000715; 3019683; 3714481; 3838385; 4000952; 6102994; 8095225; 8125298; 8313840; 8442765; 8548778; 8895751; 9500998; 9890157; 10493257; 10612842; 10739168; 11037802; 11037803; 11045797; 11052546; 11124296; 11159735; 11162685; 11172643; 11191882; 11207026; 11236859; 11246217; 11259393; 11275366; 11279306; 11291049; 11295132; 11295847; 11325850; 11330960; 11389067; 11393538; 11396202; 11406420; 11406608; 11408349; 11408954; 11410321; 11418090; 11422615; 11434510; 11436564; 11459424; 11470760; 11470992; 11470996; 11471167; 11484167; 11485833; 11487538; 11488937; 11500195; 11501853; 11503278; 11507974; 11511301; 11520401; 11525595; 11535253; 11551408; 11564581; 11641039; 11675150; 11675474; 11689007; 11698341; 11719088; 11751440; 11752233; 11779261; 11792676; 11793160; 11798822; 11833070; 11854392; 11859435; 11860825; 11860900; 11872636; 11895912; 11934439; 11952781; 11955671; 11967624; 11996959; 12018173; 12030651; 12034316; 12036913; 12063626; 12071517; 12100112; 12110344; 12139735; 12144816; 12147246; 12163326; 12170467; 12171760; 12175533; 12183419; 12189551; 12210502; 12210751; 12237110; 12269988; 12297440; 12351530; 12354067; 12365037; 12378791; 12397416; 12419832; 12435115; 12464257; 12468438; 12477932; 12484238; 12490585; 12496044; 12527337; 12548461; 12569554; 12574216; 12579334; 12590982; 12594823; 12602902; 12620480; 12631667; 12646505; 12670526; 12680328; 12690010; 12713578; 12718576; 12729704; 12732844; 12738724; 12746631; 12748560; 12760253; 12767509; 12767526; 12771031; 12772461; 12777964; 12824892; 12827651; 12845676; 12846365; 12854128; 12879168; 12880680; 12883749; 12903034; 12919721; 12925969; 12934333; 12949934; 14510941; 14534704; 14560034; 14582397; 14602139; 14602525; 14611903; 14634838; 14639127; 14646291; 14656945; 14665706; 14675315; 14687717; 14693745; 14695173; 14719475; 14724908; 14734460; 14758730; 14991750; 15013696; 15037607; 15039299; 15052670; 15059326; 15061915; 15064998; 15069692; 15088300; 15093273; 15111988; 15124938; 15127181; 15127559; 15128046; 15136237; 15152552; 15176217; 15177667; 15180167; 15184245; 15185560; 15194533; 15195126; 15206494; 15215328; 15217514; 15241822; 15279831; 15298956; 15298960; 15299091; 15319333; 15327835; 15333250; 15333597; 15341023; 15352038; 15355699; 15363546; 15375499; 15376230; 15381379; 15382051; 15382273; 15386428; 15459023; 15469410; 15478298; 15489334; 15491310; 15496536; 15521013; 15526353; 15528152; 15546903; 15547760; 15552037; 15579657; 15583370; 15591802; 15596250; 15605089; 15618738; 15640066; 15642161; 15643613; 15646021; 15647817; 15648054; 15653213; 15671210; 15712341; 15725614; 15731166; 15734083; 15734958; 15756908; 15764294; 15765281; 15769360; 15774541; 15774926; 15801491; 15849806; 15856430; 15861041; 15867368; 15870154; 15914211; 15914277; 15920291; 15928955; 15931768; 15938845; 15941966; 15952134; 15953982; 15981231; 15986113; 15991278; 16009381; 16012082; 16037119; 16043197; 16051642; 16084889; 16099114; 16103451; 16130011; 16142442; 16153604; 16202920; 16227674; 16228113; 16235998; 16254684; 16260521; 16270381; 16273625; 16284375; 16284498; 16318816; 16319265; 16337337; 16357593; 16357600; 16360200; 16367916; 16393248; 16402077; 16402549; 16403567; 16407087; 16414014; 16416283; 16424825; 16426572; 16466991; 16471212; 16481407; 16484137; 16488179; 16492926; 16493615; 16505155; 16527884; 16580705; 16598069; 16599372; 16608396; 16609368; 16614107; 16614120; 16620591; 16625286; 16638864; 16676594; 16697254; 16721740; 16763966; 16767678; 16771603; 16788090; 16792888; 16803538; 16807674; 16823842; 16834659; 16835796; 16837240; 16864595; 16882880; 16914185; 16926176; 16947004; 16949388; 16956909; 16971197; 16977255; 16985026; 16985033; 16985250; 16998606; 17022435; 17035385; 17053541; 17063266; 17078101; 17081983; 17083362; 17113562; 17118447; 17119063; 17158763; 17160265; 17160896; 17164366; 17167268; 17171211; 17174438; 17191090; 17192049; 17220347; 17307802; 17307803; 17311112; 17316563; 17361553; 17363580; 17367411; 17372239; 17372243; 17372252; 17403528; 17408703; 17412371; 17427032; 17428572; 17429172; 17429315; 17449539; 17461521; 17477782; 17479406; 17496311; 17498780; 17507624; 17512722; 17512776; 17526865; 17531965; 17548691; 17549424; 17566695; 17577786; 17588204; 17589376; 17590289; 17603290; 17610937; 17611777; 17620151; 17623765; 17630984; 17640999; 17642299; 17646057; 17651397; 17695473; 17706398; 17711714; 17717632; 17728147; 17786624; 17823232; 17852022; 17873299; 17896209; 17900751; 17908297; 17919073; 17919675; 17959138; 17980001; 17980933; 17981384; 17982751; 17996038; 18061941; 18065768; 18070799; 18074679; 18078203; 18082227; 18090121; 18159984; 18180754; 18200441; 18203021; 18203634; 18224491; 18241825; 18247309; 18261353; 18268125; 18285692; 18287863; 18287869; 18304461; 18317771; 18318428; 18320229; 18339256; 18351133; 18389617; 18409146; 18409147; 18414197; 18415690; 18415801; 18437510; 18447907; 18449058; 18463401; 18493746; 18495522; 18496222; 18497059; 18507050; 18507060; 18510611; 18550589; 18569591; 18577398; 18589596; 18590468; 18593984; 18601742; 18618215; 18628428; 18632753; 18636124; 18642288; 18676680; 18691756; 18698632; 18700132; 18706519; 18763031; 18767181; 18768509; 18774560; 18779756; 18784359; 18798002; 18800292; 18818748; 18819424; 18824009; 18849443; 18936436; 18941913; 18979064; 18980759; 18990008; 18990750; 18992263; 19009239; 19012698; 19013013; 19019335; 19022366; 19024313; 19031960; 19064581; 19070657; 19074885; 19110417; 19126602; 19127255; 19138996; 19143007; 19147266; 19160101; 19170196; 19174490; 19178087; 19219744; 19222528; 19229255; 19246429; 19252926; 19264525; 19267064; 19276377; 19285097; 19287966; 19290787; 19303595; 19307236; 19317600; 19336370; 19338043; 19339270; 19343046; 19346634; 19351467; 19356113; 19387820; 19412423; 19414505; 19415745; 19424633; 19424794; 19427967; 19430483; 19443378; 19452301; 19453261; 19456854; 19469619; 19472123; 19479063; 19505920; 19507017; 19507064; 19521675; 19526463; 19527514; 19537956; 19538838; 19561157; 19563927; 19574343; 19575027; 19576320; 19582785; 19598235; 19608585; 19625176; 19627379; 19630952; 19632247; 19639480; 19643819; 19650794; 19666078; 19679043; 19682433; 19692168; 19718946; 19750329; 19751749; 19776291; 19786002; 19789190; 19789301; 19797843; 19799358; 19822571; 19826048; 19827888; 19860743; 19863350; 19892789; 19899130; 19903800; 19913121; 19947517; 19948975; 19954068; 19954069; 19963114; 19963139; 19995559; 20009880; 20012094; 20027111; 20029944; 20032816; 20035380; 20047124; 20052535; 20054510; 20080081; 20088379; 20088394; 20094781; 20095411; 20131310; 20136364; 20177288; 20193595; 20214802; 20226777; 20297661; 20345875; 20373852; 20375710; 20377136; 20381444; 20428802; 20437850; 20453000; 20462615; 20491576; 20511665; 20529763; 20534171; 20544687; 20554493; 20559649; 20579990; 20584197; 20596254; 20602615; 20628086; 20628863; 20634197; 20634891; 20638923; 20644561; 20661821; 20664892; 20700368; 20701904; 20704749; 20723587; 20734064; 20734807; 20804547; 20817259; 20845989; 20846153; 20850372; 20855412; 20878561; 20878621; 20883830; 20884258; 20886582; 20887941; 20937634; 20957336; 20962519; 20965504; 20970553; 21081473; 21086258; 21130723; 21211368; 21246002; 21254355; 21254556; 21262253; 21270613; 21304969; 21329749; 21357676; 21385088; 21402622; 21418988; 21438753; 21490707; 21508386; 21545198; 21545219; 21586621; 21590276; 21709011; 21710246; 21718208; 21775774; 21848428; 21859547; 21869479; 21870186; 21876539; 21909115; 21977969; 22000673; 22018952; 22025136; 22086975; 22088806; 22109568; 22154617; 22183307; 22213191; 22217397; 22236719; 22273851; 22277800; 22292665; 22294106; 22296350; 22297691; 22304463; 22311486; 22312901; 22359202; 22365406; 22374940; 22384629; 22392998; 22395499; 22422552; 22442665; 22448487; 22470100; 22579698; 22594779; 22611936; 22660220; 22664944; 22707145; 22733497; 22752755; 22754477; 22782580; 22837390; 22846179; 22847262; 22854411; 22855999; 22876118; 22893352; 22901117; 22909097; 22918668; 22948778; 22949628; 22951721; 22952673; 22964275; 22994769; 22997752; 23000097; 23013535; 23033491; 23046808; 23055196; 23056546; 23065259; 23065291; 23098461; 23111888; 23124075; 23152866; 23174221; 23178447; 23229202; 23259321; 23288144; 23293967; 23350368; 23353840; 23369756; 23381648; 23411129; 23419638; 23424205; 23471717; 23475304; 23492908; 23508959; 23528250; 23548414; 23619522; 23661361; 23707957; 23785672; 23816456; 23832578; 23840148; 23842721; 23860774; 23870476; 23886179; 23918309; 24091107; 24316127; 24355420 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000140465 HGNC:2595 HPRD:00148 MIM:108330 Vega:OTTHUMG00000142812 Other designations: CYPIA1|aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase|cytochrome P1-450, dioxin-inducible|cytochrome P450 1A1|cytochrome P450 form 6|cytochrome P450, subfamily I (aromatic compound-inducible), polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450-C|cytochrome P450-P1|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP1A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP12 P3-450 P450(PA) WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP1A2 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 1544 15q24.1 9606 15 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006706 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0006778 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0009055 (EC: TAS, PMID:2813353); GO_0009403 (EC: IDA, PMID:11511187); GO_0009791 (EC: IEA); GO_0009820 (EC: IDA, PMID:11511187); GO_0010468 (EC: IEA); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016712 (EC: IMP, PMID:2813353); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0018894 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:15680923); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:17311915); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0032259 (EC: TAS); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032451 (EC: IDA, PMID:2813353); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0032787 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0034875 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0042737 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID:2813353); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045333 (EC: IEA); GO_0046483 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0050665 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0071276 (EC: IEA); GO_0071615 (EC: IDA, PMID:19029318); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:2575218; 2813353; 3000715; 3462722; 3517618; 3681487; 3755823; 8095225; 8287062; 8553685; 8573198; 8694864; 9398194; 9598815; 9797707; 9884316; 9890157; 10463577; 10493258; 10791558; 11153915; 11186132; 11207026; 11275366; 11393588; 11470995; 11496364; 11501059; 11507974; 11511187; 11749050; 11763009; 11782366; 11791895; 11817502; 11943609; 12067576; 12147246; 12181774; 12419832; 12445029; 12445035; 12477932; 12484238; 12534642; 12566081; 12569554; 12618594; 12630986; 12663508; 12692107; 12732846; 12790158; 12851801; 12900870; 12920202; 12925300; 12943470; 14563787; 14640293; 14648207; 14695651; 14714565; 14723376; 14976127; 15039299; 15110095; 15128046; 15241822; 15299091; 15319333; 15327587; 15349722; 15363478; 15382051; 15387446; 15466009; 15469410; 15489334; 15505641; 15519301; 15564895; 15643613; 15680923; 15734958; 15763632; 15770072; 15774926; 15849225; 15890241; 15901993; 15941966; 15949157; 15987714; 15996939; 16006997; 16048566; 16103451; 16130011; 16153396; 16157215; 16172230; 16188490; 16204462; 16307269; 16324277; 16385402; 16401082; 16402077; 16402549; 16406813; 16426572; 16471212; 16495781; 16505155; 16522833; 16538170; 16538176; 16609368; 16636061; 16740387; 16772608; 16775389; 16782969; 16800822; 16864595; 16882880; 16933202; 16969362; 16985026; 16985250; 17065585; 17164366; 17178267; 17191090; 17259654; 17295924; 17311915; 17345072; 17363580; 17370067; 17372239; 17418993; 17429315; 17477782; 17498780; 17503978; 17507615; 17507624; 17509724; 17564586; 17603224; 17603900; 17611010; 17615053; 17616786; 17627011; 17635176; 17688403; 17695473; 17823232; 17823234; 17852022; 17900275; 18052847; 18075470; 18077912; 18159984; 18180754; 18187423; 18200441; 18223460; 18231117; 18268115; 18318428; 18356043; 18389617; 18398030; 18455494; 18466106; 18490497; 18493746; 18496682; 18497059; 18499698; 18510611; 18544563; 18551037; 18569587; 18619574; 18628519; 18632753; 18690546; 18703023; 18751408; 18759349; 18784359; 18798002; 18801337; 18813311; 18825963; 18840375; 18850169; 18936436; 18941913; 18990750; 18992148; 18996102; 19000940; 19026171; 19029318; 19095219; 19106084; 19219744; 19229255; 19273964; 19274061; 19276377; 19285097; 19290787; 19307236; 19332078; 19336370; 19338043; 19339270; 19343046; 19356113; 19414633; 19415745; 19424794; 19430483; 19442564; 19450128; 19451835; 19452301; 19453261; 19479063; 19507017; 19534587; 19569730; 19571439; 19574343; 19575027; 19576320; 19583676; 19593158; 19593168; 19605743; 19636338; 19643819; 19651758; 19666078; 19682433; 19692168; 19751749; 19776291; 19789190; 19806921; 19822571; 19823875; 19843669; 19860743; 19913121; 19926050; 19956635; 19961320; 20029944; 20043572; 20047124; 20054636; 20080081; 20118554; 20125119; 20131310; 20136364; 20147896; 20163457; 20173083; 20175915; 20213484; 20214802; 20218903; 20304699; 20375710; 20381444; 20389299; 20390257; 20403997; 20437850; 20453000; 20505544; 20529763; 20559687; 20583967; 20602612; 20602615; 20628086; 20634197; 20634891; 20641098; 20652353; 20656072; 20663043; 20691427; 20701904; 20734064; 20797314; 20806393; 20829355; 20853468; 20881513; 20930417; 20933493; 20957336; 20970553; 21071160; 21072184; 21081473; 21086794; 21148426; 21210738; 21262253; 21281405; 21329464; 21357676; 21480221; 21490707; 21505853; 21598960; 21825116; 21876539; 21929532; 21977969; 22072123; 22086975; 22141270; 22228482; 22246422; 22258279; 22336631; 22426036; 22448362; 22466345; 22492992; 22628494; 22648710; 22673010; 22749033; 22785257; 22854411; 22855999; 22948892; 22949628; 23081704; 23128882; 23133610; 23138776; 23157985; 23167834; 23278694; 23292087; 23353840; 23492908; 23492909; 23601795; 23603339; 23628800; 23859573 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000140505 HGNC:2596 HPRD:00489 MIM:124060 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172901 Other designations: CYPIA2|P450 form 4|aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase|cytochrome P(3)450|cytochrome P450 1A2|cytochrome P450 4|cytochrome P450, subfamily I (aromatic compound-inducible), polypeptide 2|cytochrome P450-P3|dioxin-inducible P3-450|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP1A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP1B CYPIB1 GLC3A P4501B1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP1B1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 1545 2p22.2 9606 2 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0004497 (EC: TAS, PMID:9097971); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006725 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: IDA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007601 (EC: TAS, PMID:9097971); GO_0008202 (EC: IDA); GO_0009404 (EC: IEA); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0016712 (EC: IDA, PMID:10871058); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:9097971); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0020037 (EC: TAS, PMID:9097971); GO_0043542 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: TAS, PMID:9097971); GO_0061298 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0071603 (EC: IEA); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1925598; 8175734; 8910454; 9097971; 9463332; 9497261; 9823305; 9890157; 10227395; 10614688; 10871058; 11221602; 11303589; 11389067; 11403040; 11452143; 11555828; 11558822; 11749050; 11774072; 11854439; 11955671; 12010864; 12183407; 12200121; 12372064; 12385014; 12415427; 12419832; 12477932; 12520071; 12525557; 12567107; 12598442; 12602902; 12618873; 12692107; 12718576; 12770747; 12807732; 12837283; 12844487; 12873984; 14507861; 14520706; 14562027; 14634838; 14656940; 14729846; 14734460; 14744739; 14961553; 15041720; 15072827; 15075793; 15102677; 15122594; 15128046; 15177664; 15199113; 15255109; 15255550; 15285606; 15297370; 15299091; 15333708; 15342454; 15342556; 15342693; 15382051; 15386537; 15475877; 15489334; 15596250; 15636228; 15654505; 15723004; 15733270; 15734954; 15734958; 15774541; 15777990; 15808404; 15861043; 15896461; 15905203; 15941966; 15958554; 15987428; 16006997; 16051642; 16103451; 16115918; 16172228; 16172230; 16202920; 16207128; 16260521; 16284375; 16319265; 16319821; 16344560; 16384942; 16490498; 16569655; 16598069; 16638984; 16688110; 16716118; 16730930; 16735991; 16735994; 16766147; 16808847; 16847423; 16850246; 16862072; 16864595; 16896040; 16949388; 16963504; 16977255; 16978616; 16985026; 16985250; 17035385; 17053044; 17063266; 17077994; 17157584; 17164573; 17174438; 17187946; 17200336; 17220347; 17224759; 17224914; 17301257; 17311112; 17321191; 17353931; 17363580; 17372239; 17372243; 17403528; 17429315; 17449539; 17449559; 17458695; 17496311; 17498780; 17507616; 17507624; 17548691; 17562158; 17563717; 17575219; 17588204; 17589376; 17591938; 17603900; 17615053; 17627011; 17642299; 17687619; 17704407; 17718864; 17893647; 17914928; 17919675; 17922187; 17925548; 17980933; 18055790; 18059014; 18067928; 18070520; 18187806; 18227148; 18258609; 18268125; 18318428; 18347981; 18385784; 18414103; 18415014; 18425393; 18470941; 18483560; 18486761; 18497059; 18510611; 18537981; 18544568; 18569579; 18569591; 18573508; 18575334; 18616618; 18622259; 18628428; 18632753; 18676680; 18763031; 18779756; 18784359; 18794456; 18820009; 18829176; 18841557; 18852424; 18922394; 18936436; 18977467; 18980759; 18989382; 18990750; 18992148; 19015200; 19031960; 19064581; 19074885; 19083124; 19094228; 19096718; 19116217; 19126602; 19127255; 19138946; 19138996; 19170196; 19174490; 19179758; 19195637; 19199255; 19208203; 19214745; 19229255; 19234632; 19247456; 19274671; 19287966; 19290787; 19293312; 19324859; 19331196; 19338043; 19343046; 19349377; 19357154; 19383894; 19414505; 19415745; 19424633; 19424794; 19443378; 19453261; 19479063; 19505920; 19514368; 19528825; 19536304; 19574343; 19575027; 19582785; 19597567; 19598235; 19622003; 19625176; 19630952; 19643970; 19666078; 19668563; 19668597; 19690133; 19692168; 19730035; 19736056; 19744731; 19751749; 19754948; 19776291; 19789190; 19789301; 19793111; 19820397; 19822571; 19857456; 19860743; 19895167; 19898482; 19908239; 19913121; 19956635; 19963139; 19995559; 20027111; 20029944; 20033481; 20037207; 20051892; 20054638; 20057908; 20088394; 20131310; 20137445; 20151268; 20184498; 20198857; 20198978; 20212917; 20214802; 20301314; 20357201; 20375710; 20391138; 20395011; 20403997; 20453000; 20461808; 20462226; 20492382; 20505544; 20529763; 20559649; 20568895; 20628086; 20632082; 20634197; 20634891; 20660114; 20664688; 20678202; 20683028; 20701755; 20734064; 20830506; 20845989; 20875115; 20878130; 20884258; 20887769; 21072184; 21081473; 21081970; 21139974; 21147782; 21168818; 21191305; 21303932; 21306220; 21409489; 21438753; 21458313; 21596299; 21600657; 21614911; 21655360; 21674184; 21683070; 21707071; 21742528; 21850185; 21854771; 21890473; 21963094; 21987572; 22004014; 22011756; 22114726; 22128238; 22138065; 22177211; 22190224; 22232929; 22272893; 22296381; 22327650; 22374940; 22459615; 22466345; 22504876; 22509109; 22594779; 22840970; 22859684; 22878448; 22942166; 23028769; 23032576; 23087145; 23215915; 23218183; 23218701; 23283740; 23325794; 23350153; 23350368; 23353840; 23370603; 23757320; 23785672; 23794133; 23861929; 23922489; 24227805 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000138061 HGNC:2597 HPRD:03464 MIM:601771 Vega:OTTHUMG00000100970 Other designations: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 1B1|cytochrome P450, subfamily I (dioxin-inducible), polypeptide 1 (glaucoma 3, primary infantile)|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP1B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPA6 CYP2A CYP2A3 CYPIIA6 P450C2A P450PB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2A6 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6 1548 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005881 (EC: IDA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0008389 (EC: IDA, PMID:16086027); GO_0009804 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0016712 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:15680923); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:16086027); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:15680923); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046226 (EC: IDA, PMID:19029318) PMID:1889415; 1944238; 2322567; 2726448; 2748347; 3856261; 4011450; 7581481; 7668294; 7864805; 8587134; 9409631; 9827545; 9890157; 10544257; 10781881; 11054771; 11207029; 11237731; 11241319; 11259349; 11278503; 11434509; 11684323; 11725533; 11805739; 11927498; 11927840; 11960911; 11960914; 12115524; 12162851; 12164325; 12172220; 12223434; 12325023; 12406643; 12419832; 12445030; 12477932; 12708602; 12721789; 12749606; 12844137; 12883749; 14568264; 14583682; 14981342; 15039299; 15128046; 15203795; 15225612; 15308589; 15327835; 15370155; 15454735; 15469410; 15475735; 15489334; 15534625; 15564629; 15592323; 15618701; 15660270; 15665333; 15671201; 15680923; 15861035; 15861044; 15900015; 15940289; 15993850; 16006997; 16041240; 16048566; 16086027; 16126166; 16176798; 16207711; 16272956; 16344560; 16372023; 16377082; 16378601; 16402086; 16402128; 16452582; 16470306; 16636685; 16720336; 16758265; 16857725; 16891249; 16952495; 17015050; 17036930; 17112802; 17130279; 17156750; 17207267; 17220563; 17259654; 17267622; 17454707; 17522595; 17540336; 17549345; 17646279; 17683511; 17916905; 17927692; 17934923; 17979512; 18004205; 18188752; 18212800; 18216723; 18356043; 18360915; 18380793; 18425152; 18510611; 18666753; 18698229; 18715882; 18936436; 18941913; 18976031; 18979093; 19012698; 19029318; 19040121; 19082995; 19104915; 19225447; 19251454; 19279561; 19290787; 19300303; 19303722; 19339270; 19343046; 19361454; 19365400; 19371316; 19387893; 19406142; 19415821; 19454817; 19479063; 19533856; 19537956; 19604090; 19643819; 19651758; 19659438; 19702528; 19703308; 19751749; 19779319; 19789190; 19845430; 19921195; 19956635; 20012030; 20061389; 20089352; 20136358; 20139165; 20155256; 20173083; 20177288; 20336063; 20418888; 20418890; 20437850; 20438369; 20506136; 20596643; 20647221; 20656072; 20701904; 20717551; 20719908; 20734048; 20734064; 20860463; 20887713; 21205058; 21265876; 21326246; 21410749; 21418183; 21473878; 21521021; 21685187; 21745589; 21747048; 21765098; 21791872; 21964962; 22073590; 22080838; 22160797; 22217675; 22271297; 22322240; 22342802; 22465937; 22497566; 22498344; 22547082; 22614024; 22696418; 22706231; 22847926; 22854688; 22890016; 23049750; 23178447; 23203414; 23292114; 23371292; 23462429; 23471717; 23528144; 23585826; 23649654; 23733493; 23813797 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000255974 HGNC:2610 HPRD:00420 MIM:122720 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182713 Other designations: 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase|coumarin 7-hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 2A6|cytochrome P450 IIA3|cytochrome P450(I)|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIA (phenobarbital-inducible), polypeptide 6|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2A6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPA7 CPAD CYP2A CYPIIA7 P450-IIA4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2A7 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 7 1549 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:7864805); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:2322567; 7668294; 7864805; 8043031; 8587134; 9890157; 10353262; 10493259; 11960914; 12325023; 12477932; 15128046; 16636685; 22890016 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000198077 HGNC:2611 HPRD:07453 MIM:608054 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182715 Other designations: cytochrome P450 2A7|cytochrome P450 IIA4|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIA (phenobarbital-inducible), polypeptide 7|cytochrome P450IIA4 CYP2A7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP37 CYPIIIA7 P450-HFLA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP3A7 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 7 1551 7q21-q22.1 9606 7 GO_0004497 (EC: ISS); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2722762); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:1562592; 2492179; 2722762; 2786707; 7894497; 8694864; 9644715; 9890157; 10950848; 11093772; 11137287; 11266076; 11940601; 12406645; 12477932; 12485945; 12690205; 12865317; 14569421; 15128046; 15319333; 15489334; 15698577; 15937338; 15985487; 16041241; 16314882; 16430309; 16635807; 17334880; 17559345; 17582393; 17604264; 17885626; 17936930; 18406467; 18445661; 18537580; 18676680; 18978522; 19064572; 19170196; 19275551; 19343046; 19424794; 19585271; 19593168; 19625176; 19692168; 19801957; 19842932; 20118548; 20147896; 20345875; 20529763; 20615193; 20621111; 20634891; 20637317; 22253426; 22277676; 23143891 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000160870 HGNC:2640 HPRD:05630 MIM:605340 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156726 Other designations: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 3A7|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA, polypeptide 7|cytochrome P450-HFLA|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP3A7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPAD CYP2A CYPIIA13 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2A13 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 13 1553 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:17428784); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:7581481; 7668294; 8587134; 8889548; 9890157; 10353262; 11016631; 12130698; 12721789; 12920161; 14633739; 15063809; 15115698; 15128046; 15196988; 15222883; 15333516; 15618722; 16316926; 16835796; 17428784; 18669584; 19290787; 19303722; 19343046; 19414505; 19789190; 19812523; 20431511; 20534012; 20568895; 20798279; 20846153; 21473878; 22315333; 22397853; 22696418; 22700965; 22798551; 22890016; 23463547; 23583631; 23602888; 23752126; 23917075 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000197838 HGNC:2608 HPRD:07454 MIM:608055 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182762 Other designations: cytochrome P450 2A13|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIA (phenobarbital-inducible), polypeptide 13 CYP2A13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPB6 CYP2B CYP2B7 CYP2B7P CYPIIB6 EFVM IIB1 P450 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2B6 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily B, polypeptide 6 1555 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: IDA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0016712 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0042180 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:19029318); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758) PMID:2308828; 2573390; 2813061; 2899870; 7668294; 8432525; 8587134; 9179987; 9890157; 10037683; 10471061; 10768437; 11243870; 11298076; 11353758; 11470993; 11602525; 11991950; 12207635; 12242601; 12439223; 12477932; 12490624; 12571232; 12629583; 12642465; 12721789; 12738724; 12814665; 14515060; 14977870; 15039299; 15057824; 15128046; 15178651; 15190123; 15194512; 15248218; 15284537; 15319333; 15383491; 15469410; 15563456; 15572372; 15622315; 15825040; 15864119; 16116487; 16125881; 16183265; 16267764; 16338275; 16392089; 16433869; 16495778; 16506047; 16538176; 16623664; 16772608; 16815693; 16912957; 16951995; 17015050; 17047492; 17054410; 17178267; 17223085; 17235330; 17329992; 17352764; 17356468; 17391322; 17407229; 17455229; 17465455; 17502835; 17559344; 17638512; 17654295; 17682072; 17885627; 17900275; 17918089; 18004205; 18024866; 18057928; 18090046; 18171905; 18223457; 18281305; 18287571; 18303024; 18332083; 18356043; 18496131; 18621926; 18728241; 18784455; 18839779; 18854779; 18978480; 18979093; 18989234; 19005482; 19029318; 19074885; 19076156; 19106084; 19124658; 19144407; 19218571; 19225447; 19228205; 19239339; 19282874; 19290787; 19343046; 19371316; 19376514; 19414633; 19425200; 19433561; 19464434; 19467232; 19474465; 19474786; 19486190; 19531981; 19593168; 19651758; 19659438; 19682083; 19693007; 19696793; 19702527; 19704172; 19779319; 19797611; 19812066; 19833192; 19916993; 19926050; 19944064; 20017669; 20079471; 20089352; 20096935; 20136364; 20137387; 20173083; 20179710; 20307138; 20338069; 20350955; 20361990; 20418888; 20459744; 20517174; 20529763; 20583967; 20602615; 20610889; 20622021; 20624854; 20625352; 20639527; 20642445; 20662624; 20668445; 20677014; 20696882; 20720517; 20723261; 20734064; 20841522; 20860463; 20861742; 20876786; 20878158; 20881953; 20952238; 20952418; 20966044; 20970553; 21108329; 21156812; 21158011; 21169260; 21486104; 21694616; 21715435; 21741706; 21746968; 21790905; 21821736; 21886015; 22232427; 22281205; 22397853; 22462748; 22471906; 22519658; 22680342; 22685215; 22815312; 22909231; 22936314; 22942317; 22950382; 23238783; 23249875; 23254426; 23288240; 23298916; 23344581; 23418033; 23524664; 23539296; 23550066; 23615745; 23687222; 23746185; 23837472; 24128861 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily B, polypeptide 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000197408 HGNC:2615 HPRD:00477 MIM:123930 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182714 Other designations: 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase|cytochrome P450 2B6|cytochrome P450 IIB1|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIB (phenobarbital-inducible), polypeptide 6 CYP2B6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPCJ CYP2C P450C2C P450IIC19 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2C19 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19 1557 RP11-400G3.4 10q24 9606 10 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0008395 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0018675 (EC: IEA); GO_0018676 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:3442670); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:15680923); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:19029318); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID:3442670); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046483 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0052741 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:2009263; 3442670; 7704034; 7969038; 8095407; 8110777; 8195181; 8530044; 8647857; 8894508; 9103550; 9398194; 9435198; 9732415; 9890157; 10022751; 10233205; 10411572; 11037802; 11076863; 11207032; 11240980; 11263781; 11372584; 11474773; 11686476; 11713950; 11763000; 11773867; 11785712; 11791894; 11829201; 11836688; 11865668; 11908757; 11927837; 11950794; 11956668; 12047484; 12121503; 12130704; 12142727; 12171978; 12172336; 12222750; 12235924; 12360109; 12386647; 12419832; 12445035; 12464799; 12468438; 12477932; 12496751; 12534411; 12623762; 12642692; 12656699; 12698310; 12732844; 12809821; 12823155; 12835613; 12879168; 12900870; 12900872; 12919183; 12950145; 12963435; 12975335; 13680037; 14520122; 14583683; 14616425; 14634042; 14634838; 14636465; 14653835; 14659971; 14695703; 14990013; 14998561; 15017629; 15025747; 15039299; 15068562; 15090156; 15119530; 15128046; 15145965; 15164054; 15171646; 15177309; 15205367; 15222046; 15248218; 15284537; 15285851; 15301728; 15319333; 15327595; 15349706; 15371981; 15385836; 15385837; 15447734; 15448955; 15469410; 15496639; 15499191; 15569425; 15590749; 15608563; 15612662; 15639978; 15651900; 15660966; 15662508; 15680923; 15691303; 15691505; 15715938; 15752376; 15776277; 15813658; 15842554; 15855721; 15856433; 15903128; 15932363; 15952098; 15963082; 15963095; 15976989; 16006997; 16012079; 16021435; 16024198; 16025294; 16048566; 16116487; 16133961; 16141610; 16183265; 16198656; 16220110; 16231968; 16232205; 16236141; 16239354; 16261363; 16267764; 16268979; 16307177; 16338275; 16338278; 16338280; 16401082; 16413245; 16487224; 16487225; 16595916; 16638864; 16641871; 16740190; 16771603; 16772608; 16783561; 16789993; 16812949; 16815315; 16815316; 16855453; 16862439; 16863547; 16873909; 16890574; 16890578; 16908943; 16911688; 16912869; 16924387; 16937451; 16946555; 16960452; 17003844; 17047431; 17047492; 17048007; 17052843; 17112810; 17178267; 17201743; 17203292; 17215846; 17269966; 17279092; 17290075; 17295875; 17298483; 17304159; 17357148; 17358097; 17377957; 17407229; 17410461; 17417917; 17418993; 17424941; 17433262; 17439410; 17450472; 17455109; 17487889; 17502835; 17504998; 17559380; 17562299; 17623107; 17625515; 17635176; 17635181; 17666363; 17667801; 17667959; 17680025; 17681590; 17697139; 17697203; 17827141; 17868191; 17875119; 17900275; 17909762; 17922881; 17924835; 17934830; 17966194; 17978853; 17992535; 18004210; 18021343; 18024866; 18057705; 18061941; 18154472; 18205890; 18211619; 18214455; 18223462; 18224311; 18231117; 18240903; 18240905; 18241283; 18241287; 18294333; 18312490; 18319058; 18323861; 18346178; 18356043; 18382661; 18394438; 18399167; 18423013; 18425152; 18466100; 18482659; 18496131; 18496682; 18510611; 18511451; 18518848; 18520596; 18520598; 18521743; 18532997; 18551037; 18577829; 18581106; 18637061; 18641551; 18644391; 18654768; 18676680; 18677622; 18702650; 18751689; 18765869; 18781853; 18823430; 18854779; 18854824; 18936436; 18957504; 18979093; 18982321; 18996102; 19002442; 19025845; 19029318; 19033450; 19038035; 19069365; 19074885; 19102714; 19106083; 19106084; 19108880; 19129087; 19136640; 19139162; 19151603; 19156902; 19164093; 19166419; 19169185; 19170196; 19172254; 19176055; 19192051; 19193675; 19193970; 19199010; 19219744; 19220726; 19236548; 19238367; 19246508; 19259653; 19261446; 19268736; 19290787; 19299322; 19336370; 19337788; 19343046; 19348299; 19350405; 19398604; 19404631; 19407662; 19414633; 19415745; 19415824; 19424794; 19429918; 19430176; 19474452; 19496924; 19499406; 19516253; 19531897; 19534586; 19546880; 19552744; 19576320; 19578179; 19583677; 19593158; 19593168; 19617466; 19621685; 19624462; 19625176; 19636337; 19638460; 19651758; 19661214; 19692168; 19693007; 19696793; 19702490; 19706858; 19712984; 19745563; 19751749; 19761366; 19773541; 19817997; 19821196; 19823875; 19840783; 19841156; 19847408; 19881258; 19884907; 19890215; 19891553; 19904250; 19907421; 19926050; 19928008; 19932784; 19933691; 19934793; 19940233; 19942749; 19954515; 19954746; 19956635; 19961004; 19968574; 20002085; 20015960; 20040040; 20064729; 20078610; 20083681; 20088379; 20113968; 20147896; 20163283; 20173083; 20179710; 20206639; 20207952; 20223877; 20235787; 20236133; 20297661; 20309015; 20349052; 20350051; 20350136; 20351750; 20356512; 20358205; 20360782; 20373852; 20376628; 20390258; 20414645; 20430047; 20457439; 20460345; 20468063; 20492431; 20492467; 20492469; 20499227; 20510210; 20528170; 20529763; 20531370; 20533108; 20549256; 20549497; 20559522; 20565970; 20573087; 20581929; 20602612; 20602615; 20620727; 20633187; 20637959; 20650435; 20665013; 20669013; 20673183; 20679960; 20684753; 20708365; 20716239; 20716514; 20724801; 20801494; 20801498; 20804307; 20823393; 20826260; 20831535; 20831536; 20831548; 20833683; 20838991; 20845077; 20845310; 20857895; 20863179; 20885015; 20890775; 20924183; 20926021; 20941486; 20965456; 20970553; 20976881; 20978260; 20979470; 21038076; 21047200; 21054462; 21054464; 21071160; 21075428; 21079055; 21099121; 21108329; 21108610; 21132257; 21152987; 21160212; 21173785; 21192344; 21212520; 21215696; 21237322; 21247447; 21299635; 21302482; 21315147; 21332417; 21358751; 21380557; 21473286; 21497341; 21507170; 21511217; 21511219; 21527445; 21627593; 21628721; 21689142; 21692828; 21741706; 21766908; 21777277; 21778720; 21786436; 21794898; 21795468; 21798861; 21803320; 21806387; 21826689; 21831410; 21861665; 21862109; 21887904; 21913914; 21913948; 21916910; 21971440; 21972404; 21977947; 22007612; 22028352; 22030270; 22045970; 22070512; 22071359; 22088240; 22116003; 22118006; 22122271; 22123356; 22154242; 22180071; 22183943; 22228204; 22281205; 22304323; 22318618; 22324425; 22374717; 22377481; 22418828; 22425806; 22450429; 22469723; 22476388; 22491019; 22552318; 22585284; 22589111; 22591668; 22612904; 22624833; 22641027; 22648560; 22704413; 22747643; 22785462; 22839512; 22855348; 22873740; 22875498; 22875511; 22913530; 22929815; 22955794; 22971905; 22974728; 22984423; 23001453; 23016454; 23074110; 23081704; 23118231; 23148634; 23175667; 23179471; 23193974; 23257377; 23267857; 23337798; 23340030; 23364775; 23412869; 23413279; 23429358; 23469989; 23470885; 23474843; 23506580; 23517020; 23551241; 23555019; 23556336; 23588332; 23607088; 23618682; 23623526; 23640828; 23645039; 23646118; 23700873; 23736997; 23754447; 23755828; 23793025; 23872648; 23874401; 23886632; 23895809; 24015291; 24088005; 24169346; 24501942 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 19 HGNC:2621 HPRD:00486 MIM:124020 Other designations: (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase|(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase|(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase|CYPIIC17|CYPIIC19|S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase|cytochrome P-450 II C|cytochrome P450 2C19|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC (mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 19|cytochrome P450-11A|cytochrome P450-254C|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase|mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2C19 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPC8 CYPIIC8 MP-12/MP-20 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2C8 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 8 1558 10q23.33 9606 10 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006082 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0034875 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1707679; 2009263; 2216732; 2729895; 3196692; 3500169; 3697070; 7574697; 7704034; 7841444; 8530044; 8870687; 9586955; 9797707; 9842986; 9890157; 10487415; 10704292; 10768437; 10874126; 11668219; 12429347; 12435384; 12477932; 12756196; 12756206; 12920163; 12936704; 14534525; 14646690; 14676196; 15028279; 15039299; 15074466; 15128046; 15289789; 15319333; 15469410; 15469873; 15606441; 15716363; 15785959; 15864120; 15901749; 15933212; 15961978; 16025294; 16141797; 16164496; 16202848; 16253141; 16299241; 16359408; 16372821; 16385451; 16390351; 16475901; 16538176; 16646575; 16856883; 16957870; 17048007; 17175891; 17178266; 17224914; 17241877; 17373732; 17429317; 17558302; 17627038; 17635176; 17670841; 17701008; 17913794; 17923851; 17925548; 17975119; 18216720; 18303964; 18413310; 18496133; 18548238; 18574320; 18594024; 18619574; 18694831; 18769365; 18779360; 18992346; 19023099; 19064572; 19074885; 19129086; 19143748; 19290787; 19339270; 19343046; 19381162; 19415824; 19460752; 19470925; 19480553; 19504558; 19651758; 19706858; 19761371; 19773535; 19833260; 19913121; 19935798; 19954515; 20013305; 20031551; 20136364; 20173083; 20190184; 20212519; 20214592; 20368717; 20375710; 20379614; 20389299; 20436375; 20437850; 20523106; 20529763; 20602612; 20602615; 20628086; 20665013; 20808793; 20848147; 20857895; 20890775; 20970553; 21047199; 21054465; 21059750; 21081644; 21163940; 21173785; 21214863; 21245287; 21270106; 21375401; 21685474; 21697463; 21697548; 21778352; 21791871; 21798861; 21838784; 21977947; 22027337; 22028317; 22028915; 22242967; 22313047; 22339777; 22491019; 22527101; 22542470; 22625877; 22723340; 23118231; 23171856; 23307233; 23336573; 23413280; 23426382; 23755828 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000138115 HGNC:2622 HPRD:03083 MIM:601129 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018804 Other designations: P450 form 1|cytochrome P450 2C8|cytochrome P450 IIC2|cytochrome P450 MP-12|cytochrome P450 MP-20|cytochrome P450 form 1|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC (mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 8|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|s-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2C8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPC9 CYP2C CYP2C10 CYPIIC9 P450IIC9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2C9 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9 1559 RP11-208C17.6 10q24 9606 10 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0004497 (EC: NAS, PMID:2827463); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19448135); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0008395 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP); GO_0018675 (EC: IEA); GO_0018676 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0019627 (EC: IDA, PMID:19029318); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0032787 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0034875 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0042737 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID:9618440); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID:2827463); GO_0043603 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0052741 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1445376; 1857342; 2009263; 2025243; 2827463; 2963808; 3032244; 3079764; 3196692; 3243766; 3697070; 7704034; 7841444; 8095407; 8215449; 8333835; 8530044; 8809086; 8946475; 9110362; 9398194; 9618440; 9663807; 9890157; 10073515; 10704292; 10739176; 11127854; 11186133; 11298075; 11325819; 11372590; 11397381; 11422024; 11434505; 11455026; 11503012; 11588061; 11678789; 11697742; 11740344; 11833786; 11876753; 11893129; 11908757; 11911968; 11926893; 11950794; 11956512; 11960920; 11991950; 12010835; 12047484; 12152005; 12181452; 12207635; 12235454; 12359989; 12360109; 12406644; 12414349; 12419832; 12426520; 12435384; 12445031; 12451434; 12464247; 12477932; 12496751; 12509498; 12534640; 12559973; 12603175; 12621390; 12634980; 12668916; 12682803; 12698304; 12728288; 12732844; 12734606; 12800253; 12803577; 12805007; 12844136; 12861225; 12879168; 12891229; 12900870; 12913403; 12950145; 14500040; 14504850; 14520122; 14583800; 14614357; 14616425; 14634042; 14634838; 14646690; 14656880; 14661864; 14676821; 14691573; 14691574; 14707031; 14726986; 14739630; 15001971; 15001972; 15005635; 15024534; 15039299; 15048614; 15050794; 15061384; 15066644; 15070684; 15090156; 15100169; 15102864; 15116052; 15116053; 15128046; 15128048; 15145963; 15175798; 15177309; 15197523; 15199455; 15213846; 15222661; 15226678; 15229460; 15248218; 15260906; 15284535; 15284536; 15289788; 15290664; 15369736; 15370961; 15371982; 15385837; 15452553; 15469410; 15536456; 15569425; 15569819; 15588114; 15592327; 15606435; 15606441; 15608560; 15617742; 15632378; 15660966; 15691505; 15714076; 15742978; 15776277; 15790782; 15795654; 15813658; 15824753; 15841315; 15842554; 15855721; 15888487; 15889670; 15896241; 15900281; 15900282; 15919766; 15924351; 15940194; 15947090; 15961979; 15963101; 15970795; 16006997; 16025294; 16082538; 16094537; 16099926; 16111713; 16116487; 16141794; 16141797; 16160068; 16183265; 16187974; 16198655; 16198656; 16202848; 16220110; 16232205; 16236141; 16253141; 16268502; 16297214; 16303885; 16305586; 16305587; 16321620; 16325295; 16338275; 16342679; 16372821; 16385451; 16401082; 16413010; 16424822; 16432637; 16538176; 16541193; 16552506; 16580898; 16595916; 16611750; 16627267; 16630605; 16635054; 16638864; 16639745; 16646575; 16676068; 16699986; 16708125; 16740353; 16749864; 16771603; 16784736; 16797247; 16815313; 16847429; 16847664; 16863464; 16873909; 16878445; 16882880; 16890578; 16924387; 16957870; 16969365; 16985026; 16985032; 17015052; 17048007; 17049586; 17085674; 17110455; 17111199; 17157122; 17167248; 17178267; 17192772; 17201743; 17226852; 17269966; 17279092; 17298483; 17301738; 17304159; 17324110; 17325732; 17329986; 17332144; 17368604; 17391071; 17397249; 17413769; 17418993; 17419358; 17446262; 17460547; 17479200; 17504998; 17510308; 17558303; 17562299; 17572144; 17577464; 17596133; 17596671; 17597710; 17603219; 17627011; 17627038; 17635176; 17635181; 17635185; 17653141; 17681167; 17686967; 17721328; 17764537; 17827141; 17827526; 17849045; 17851566; 17868191; 17895500; 17899045; 17900275; 17955230; 17989110; 18021343; 18024866; 18030307; 18034618; 18034619; 18061941; 18154472; 18183038; 18204476; 18211048; 18216720; 18231117; 18240903; 18240905; 18252229; 18281915; 18303964; 18305455; 18310303; 18315785; 18322281; 18340006; 18356043; 18370846; 18375260; 18378563; 18399713; 18419640; 18425152; 18429757; 18466099; 18480003; 18485885; 18496131; 18496133; 18496682; 18510611; 18511451; 18516070; 18535201; 18542936; 18548238; 18552123; 18559094; 18570163; 18574025; 18597650; 18619574; 18629445; 18662264; 18669935; 18680736; 18681789; 18690342; 18694831; 18698879; 18754001; 18754597; 18756910; 18781852; 18793590; 18816302; 18836275; 18854779; 18855533; 18922023; 18936436; 18950464; 18971529; 18990750; 18992148; 18992263; 18992346; 18996102; 19005461; 19010418; 19018719; 19026171; 19029318; 19031075; 19053752; 19064572; 19074728; 19074885; 19077919; 19082874; 19099951; 19106084; 19117406; 19135231; 19136640; 19139476; 19151603; 19164093; 19177029; 19181737; 19192051; 19199010; 19202563; 19207028; 19219744; 19221727; 19223558; 19225451; 19233181; 19233910; 19258521; 19280158; 19290787; 19297219; 19300499; 19319511; 19324988; 19336370; 19337788; 19339270; 19343046; 19350405; 19369937; 19381162; 19381164; 19387626; 19414633; 19415745; 19415824; 19420105; 19424794; 19448135; 19450127; 19474452; 19480553; 19495518; 19534586; 19538716; 19538885; 19541511; 19541829; 19545555; 19546880; 19567378; 19578179; 19581657; 19593158; 19593168; 19593208; 19604036; 19605743; 19615687; 19617466; 19651758; 19652664; 19663669; 19663817; 19669737; 19692168; 19696793; 19706858; 19736056; 19745563; 19761366; 19794411; 19822571; 19823875; 19833260; 19847408; 19874474; 19881396; 19891553; 19891554; 19899329; 19903527; 19913121; 19925388; 19926050; 19934028; 19934793; 19935798; 19941044; 19942260; 19952982; 19954515; 19956635; 19958090; 19995889; 20020283; 20029944; 20031551; 20043560; 20064729; 20072124; 20073138; 20075209; 20088379; 20089352; 20102361; 20117066; 20121287; 20131310; 20136364; 20147896; 20149073; 20150829; 20167002; 20173083; 20179710; 20204461; 20207952; 20210733; 20226775; 20228265; 20235787; 20297661; 20339191; 20339978; 20351714; 20354686; 20359257; 20373852; 20375710; 20375999; 20376629; 20381283; 20386359; 20390258; 20403997; 20421126; 20430047; 20434758; 20436375; 20437850; 20442691; 20445534; 20453000; 20458343; 20459419; 20459744; 20488169; 20499136; 20504253; 20529763; 20553802; 20555338; 20569971; 20585445; 20585834; 20597268; 20602612; 20602615; 20602621; 20615525; 20628086; 20637959; 20653674; 20653676; 20656072; 20665013; 20677151; 20679960; 20709439; 20716240; 20722625; 20733952; 20808793; 20811787; 20815369; 20831047; 20831536; 20833655; 20833683; 20833980; 20842355; 20845310; 20852447; 20854800; 20857895; 20884456; 20885015; 20930419; 20937634; 20941486; 20946155; 20962433; 20970553; 21044367; 21047199; 21057703; 21063236; 21068649; 21071160; 21108610; 21110192; 21148049; 21160360; 21163940; 21167292; 21173785; 21213107; 21215088; 21248432; 21292004; 21334530; 21371265; 21375401; 21451434; 21493749; 21533175; 21537551; 21544933; 21597400; 21605066; 21638223; 21639946; 21651319; 21691805; 21692828; 21725053; 21757329; 21766908; 21768671; 21786578; 21798861; 21852944; 21861665; 21883387; 21977947; 21985811; 21988832; 22023024; 22075408; 22075505; 22108774; 22188360; 22198820; 22252093; 22272893; 22288731; 22289258; 22290467; 22294058; 22378156; 22393834; 22409277; 22452429; 22528326; 22533669; 22534826; 22542470; 22547083; 22571356; 22589111; 22641027; 22735459; 22808915; 22842957; 22854539; 22855348; 22918969; 22941809; 22952875; 23065265; 23081681; 23081704; 23089473; 23099353; 23113310; 23118231; 23145098; 23159358; 23159639; 23171336; 23183958; 23201087; 23279643; 23376925; 23446815; 23469989; 23473641; 23481074; 23556337; 23563037; 23577132; 23582453; 23586031; 23615745; 23651023; 23726967; 23732294; 23755828; 23774101; 23863877; 23930675 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000138109 HGNC:2623 HPRD:03084 MIM:601130 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018805 Other designations: cytochrome P-450 S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase|cytochrome P-450MP|cytochrome P450 2C9|cytochrome P450 PB-1|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2C9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPCI CYP2C CYP2C17 P450-6B/29C P450IIC17 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2C18 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 18 1562 RP11-466J14.4 10q24 9606 10 GO_0004497 (EC: TAS, PMID:8110777); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:8110777); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:1306110; 1896026; 2009263; 7704034; 8095407; 8110777; 8125298; 8333835; 9028867; 9154796; 9797707; 9890157; 10487415; 10704292; 10768437; 11093772; 12378636; 12477932; 12694732; 15128046; 15164054; 15302935; 15319333; 15489334; 16359177; 16385451; 17048007; 17207965; 19038035; 19074885; 19204726; 19290787; 19578179; 19706858; 19751749; 19958090; 20045989; 20453000; 20529763; 21163940; 21798861; 21988832; 23755828 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 18 Ensembl:ENSG00000108242 HGNC:2620 HPRD:03085 MIM:601131 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018796 Other designations: (S)-mephenytoin hydroxylase associated cytochrome P450|CYPIIC18|cytochrome P450 2C18|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC (mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 17|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC (mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 18|cytochrome P450-6B/29C|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|unspecific monooxygenase CYP2C18 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPD6 CYP2D CYP2D7AP CYP2D7BP CYP2D7P2 CYP2D8P2 CYP2DL1 CYPIID6 P450-DB1 P450C2D P450DB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2D6 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 1565 RP4-669P10.2 22q13.1 9606 22 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:19438707); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID:19438707); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS, PMID:19438707); GO_0008144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19448135); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0009804 (EC: IDA, PMID:19438707); GO_0009820 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0009822 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:16352597); GO_0033076 (EC: IDA, PMID:19448135); GO_0042737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046483 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0051100 (EC: IDA, PMID:19448135); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0090350 (EC: IDA, PMID:19448135) PMID:1673290; 1844820; 1978251; 1978565; 2211621; 2466049; 2574001; 3123997; 3410476; 7845481; 7868129; 7903454; 7927337; 7951238; 8287064; 8449513; 8530011; 8634695; 8655150; 8971426; 9241659; 9264312; 9890157; 10064570; 10233205; 10493260; 10675100; 11037800; 11037802; 11055624; 11097351; 11097352; 11147929; 11204351; 11207030; 11207032; 11214775; 11266079; 11285084; 11291049; 11294012; 11295783; 11303596; 11372584; 11376189; 11422605; 11422615; 11442888; 11470994; 11477317; 11505218; 11505219; 11520401; 11549206; 11560558; 11668217; 11682257; 11702057; 11735606; 11741249; 11750286; 11751440; 11753271; 11753272; 11763000; 11778144; 11791895; 11809184; 11816009; 11829201; 11895912; 11901361; 11927839; 11940091; 12006905; 12063626; 12065557; 12077255; 12089164; 12106691; 12107620; 12142727; 12152006; 12171760; 12171978; 12172215; 12172336; 12175908; 12177686; 12187002; 12191703; 12206675; 12207635; 12210290; 12360109; 12386645; 12386646; 12392820; 12404686; 12419832; 12421483; 12422998; 12426523; 12438554; 12439227; 12446689; 12459840; 12468438; 12477932; 12486288; 12490310; 12503836; 12536989; 12548461; 12569554; 12579870; 12589966; 12610741; 12616663; 12622923; 12629505; 12651805; 12657030; 12691769; 12728976; 12734765; 12743673; 12748560; 12756206; 12756210; 12766554; 12782969; 12784098; 12861292; 12879168; 12879776; 12883230; 12893130; 12900870; 12900872; 12911679; 12915955; 12919180; 12942225; 12950145; 12960748; 12963435; 13680033; 14499311; 14499440; 14514498; 14515061; 14520122; 14557687; 14571354; 14602525; 14624403; 14635107; 14639062; 14640293; 14652703; 14653957; 14658041; 14716707; 14726620; 14726986; 14748763; 14985156; 14991823; 15005635; 15039299; 15048614; 15051713; 15061826; 15068562; 15090156; 15108188; 15115913; 15116051; 15118351; 15128046; 15149890; 15177309; 15205367; 15237854; 15256524; 15260906; 15289790; 15313161; 15319333; 15327587; 15330195; 15349705; 15349706; 15382273; 15461802; 15469410; 15469888; 15470329; 15484318; 15489334; 15499201; 15538128; 15584944; 15588859; 15590749; 15592325; 15618665; 15625333; 15632378; 15646732; 15648054; 15651900; 15669884; 15680923; 15690482; 15691505; 15708542; 15726636; 15729081; 15731591; 15764408; 15768052; 15769360; 15770075; 15774926; 15813658; 15817819; 15820320; 15843230; 15855722; 15861039; 15914211; 15932952; 15952058; 15970126; 15987423; 16006997; 16024198; 16025294; 16037945; 16048566; 16079496; 16130179; 16141609; 16160620; 16162505; 16189709; 16198657; 16205777; 16220080; 16236141; 16239355; 16249913; 16272752; 16283274; 16294366; 16315032; 16337409; 16352597; 16361630; 16401082; 16415111; 16423440; 16459354; 16466686; 16476126; 16478753; 16490169; 16493615; 16534507; 16537246; 16544144; 16550211; 16551910; 16584388; 16595916; 16611538; 16633140; 16633141; 16638736; 16638864; 16642541; 16679388; 16712791; 16716118; 16771603; 16775389; 16778723; 16812949; 16815318; 16819548; 16833023; 16835697; 16845507; 16849011; 16855473; 16858124; 16864175; 16880622; 16924387; 16960721; 17038884; 17089107; 17102541; 17113562; 17115111; 17178267; 17186005; 17194620; 17224713; 17225875; 17234366; 17241532; 17242628; 17244352; 17250723; 17259947; 17270484; 17289397; 17297618; 17301689; 17304721; 17311358; 17324244; 17325735; 17329852; 17361124; 17374963; 17392730; 17418993; 17431033; 17442289; 17449559; 17450472; 17454842; 17460029; 17470523; 17479406; 17503978; 17517247; 17530572; 17536768; 17541883; 17547692; 17554527; 17568504; 17570739; 17573783; 17581325; 17609736; 17610534; 17624022; 17635181; 17635183; 17667795; 17667959; 17697394; 17700359; 17701031; 17713466; 17714084; 17715206; 17725248; 17761971; 17764479; 17803873; 17828532; 17882159; 17908053; 17909762; 17921051; 17947222; 17957765; 17965519; 17965522; 17966194; 17971818; 17992535; 18024866; 18034624; 18048313; 18061941; 18070221; 18075468; 18086475; 18165569; 18167502; 18183034; 18197300; 18202841; 18204346; 18211048; 18214456; 18214849; 18223460; 18231117; 18240905; 18258609; 18261353; 18280655; 18287869; 18294285; 18300942; 18304900; 18317231; 18327668; 18346175; 18346782; 18356043; 18372530; 18382661; 18384443; 18401578; 18407954; 18414197; 18423013; 18425152; 18425996; 18429752; 18433425; 18445827; 18474629; 18474679; 18480698; 18520596; 18520597; 18543297; 18545991; 18547414; 18551040; 18553077; 18583979; 18597648; 18618215; 18625943; 18632250; 18641553; 18648788; 18663559; 18666237; 18676680; 18681789; 18690546; 18698000; 18708991; 18713907; 18719619; 18725510; 18728242; 18754843; 18784265; 18784654; 18794098; 18794105; 18797858; 18818748; 18827765; 18834373; 18840375; 18927241; 18958918; 18978520; 18979093; 18996102; 19000552; 19000940; 19001559; 19019335; 19024387; 19025845; 19032724; 19033450; 19037197; 19047159; 19071885; 19082882; 19094446; 19095219; 19142106; 19151603; 19153830; 19156902; 19162321; 19164093; 19169185; 19170196; 19189210; 19189212; 19192051; 19194367; 19219744; 19219857; 19225771; 19242697; 19284319; 19290787; 19296901; 19303860; 19308365; 19320528; 19330589; 19336370; 19343046; 19350405; 19356055; 19357842; 19364831; 19365402; 19374513; 19387424; 19387994; 19395173; 19405050; 19421167; 19429471; 19437119; 19438707; 19444434; 19448135; 19470220; 19474452; 19512959; 19521114; 19523031; 19527514; 19537956; 19575027; 19593158; 19593168; 19593180; 19593802; 19596663; 19597703; 19604081; 19604084; 19604091; 19625176; 19636337; 19651758; 19652678; 19656108; 19660006; 19692168; 19694742; 19702490; 19710640; 19710642; 19715474; 19719813; 19738170; 19761369; 19781968; 19797609; 19809024; 19823875; 19833260; 19840783; 19866496; 19887477; 19891553; 19892789; 19902987; 19907421; 19910717; 19937844; 19940985; 19946748; 19947517; 19953095; 19954080; 19954746; 19956635; 19995332; 19997080; 20007670; 20009880; 20031551; 20041956; 20075642; 20081063; 20118554; 20124171; 20133509; 20136364; 20137387; 20147896; 20173083; 20174590; 20185366; 20195825; 20201714; 20205348; 20206139; 20225176; 20297661; 20305604; 20309015; 20332423; 20335142; 20350136; 20364044; 20368706; 20373852; 20375710; 20385997; 20421845; 20430047; 20432045; 20435235; 20454926; 20456744; 20459744; 20461808; 20467479; 20473659; 20489028; 20492431; 20515869; 20520586; 20530222; 20531370; 20547595; 20563569; 20565970; 20574415; 20588073; 20590587; 20590588; 20597905; 20599499; 20602615; 20628863; 20634891; 20643254; 20656020; 20656072; 20679960; 20684753; 20686235; 20700584; 20701904; 20727252; 20731819; 20799519; 20809362; 20814331; 20827267; 20828547; 20846929; 20849243; 20851451; 20857895; 20859244; 20863179; 20877299; 20877302; 20878561; 20881950; 20925579; 20970553; 21063774; 21071160; 21072184; 21108610; 21135868; 21140323; 21173786; 21241245; 21248727; 21321564; 21391885; 21430657; 21433154; 21437611; 21449914; 21456632; 21485696; 21486104; 21518482; 21527579; 21543662; 21589866; 21596874; 21599570; 21605066; 21631295; 21677335; 21728792; 21743374; 21749835; 21787170; 21797939; 21803659; 21821735; 21823108; 21826689; 21835244; 21840870; 21860550; 21861665; 21880792; 21907728; 21913948; 21918425; 21956465; 21958961; 21971440; 21989258; 22039821; 22092298; 22109568; 22141351; 22159753; 22180068; 22180372; 22198443; 22216145; 22245658; 22277677; 22281720; 22301406; 22303032; 22308038; 22324840; 22355045; 22398969; 22399238; 22428763; 22459173; 22497725; 22531512; 22623212; 22623266; 22661184; 22688624; 22700965; 22735900; 22775532; 22777153; 22803153; 22905959; 22913530; 22929407; 22948856; 22986607; 22994728; 23167378; 23207012; 23212934; 23213055; 23258538; 23277250; 23280482; 23289191; 23292115; 23350374; 23357843; 23394389; 23469064; 23471717; 23503455; 23552177; 23555934; 23558964; 23570465; 23609392; 23644254; 23664723; 23686417; 23691026; 23700791; 23712329; 23733622; 23734807; 23737191; 23781139; 23803265; 23809878; 23842856; 23851570; 23855716; 23870808; 23872830; 23893861 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000100197 HGNC:2625 HPRD:00487 MIM:124030 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150918 Other designations: cytochrome P450 2D6|cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 7 pseudogene 2|cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 8 pseudogene 2|cytochrome P450, subfamily II (debrisoquine, sparteine, etc., -metabolising), polypeptide 7 pseudogene 2|cytochrome P450, subfamily IID (debrisoquine, sparteine, etc., -metabolising), polypeptide 8 pseudogene 2|cytochrome P450, subfamily IID (debrisoquine, sparteine, etc., -metabolizing), polypeptide 6|cytochrome P450, subfamily IID (debrisoquine, sparteine, etc., -metabolizing)-like 1|cytochrome P450-DB1|debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2D6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPE1 CYP2E P450-J P450C2E WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2E1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 1571 10q26.3 9606 10 GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006641 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0010193 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016709 (EC: TAS, PMID:18818195); GO_0016712 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:19219744); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:3233219); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:15680923); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:18818195); GO_0031227 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0046483 (EC: IDA, PMID:19651758); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082) PMID:1719479; 1778977; 2587619; 3233219; 3675576; 3782137; 7529759; 7733943; 7773503; 8031147; 8307581; 8809087; 9058590; 9129165; 9398194; 9834965; 9890157; 9918138; 10620320; 10731522; 10741631; 11051375; 11104220; 11191882; 11198676; 11207032; 11236836; 11259352; 11263781; 11275366; 11305777; 11331106; 11377232; 11389775; 11406608; 11410713; 11422615; 11503278; 11520401; 11535247; 11535253; 11641039; 11675150; 11696658; 11697456; 11700262; 11701230; 11719088; 11746208; 11748356; 11751440; 11756225; 11766168; 11774269; 11776598; 11782477; 11798822; 11802217; 11815398; 11854903; 11869835; 11895912; 11907164; 11911601; 11960914; 11964928; 11966948; 12010862; 12047484; 12055050; 12063626; 12080432; 12115524; 12172927; 12198369; 12211622; 12351530; 12355548; 12365037; 12376502; 12376511; 12397416; 12403788; 12452057; 12454736; 12460800; 12469218; 12477932; 12490624; 12540498; 12548461; 12552594; 12554615; 12561466; 12563175; 12569554; 12579334; 12601351; 12668988; 12705718; 12707490; 12710951; 12718576; 12718671; 12721789; 12732844; 12738724; 12739102; 12759747; 12760253; 12767509; 12771559; 12774019; 12777398; 12777962; 12777965; 12813050; 12824748; 12824892; 12851035; 12860273; 12883487; 12883749; 12915519; 12939804; 12940444; 12960506; 14499622; 14500779; 14510941; 14527082; 14535982; 14578150; 14606109; 14634838; 14646291; 14661969; 14669323; 14681495; 14691069; 14695651; 14695664; 14696128; 14751678; 14757192; 14991750; 15036355; 15039299; 15061915; 15064998; 15066574; 15112335; 15125228; 15128046; 15138035; 15162526; 15177663; 15182482; 15215328; 15220553; 15226677; 15289170; 15318112; 15327835; 15349722; 15355699; 15370874; 15469410; 15491310; 15519646; 15532721; 15536330; 15632182; 15633127; 15640066; 15646021; 15660387; 15680923; 15712341; 15714076; 15734972; 15753073; 15763499; 15769360; 15774926; 15780023; 15793883; 15849806; 15899651; 15902904; 15914211; 15914277; 15928955; 15938845; 15952134; 15961886; 15968714; 15991278; 16006997; 16019049; 16039674; 16043197; 16052683; 16125881; 16126235; 16137184; 16142352; 16172237; 16235983; 16235992; 16253141; 16311924; 16324524; 16337880; 16365683; 16372174; 16380384; 16385451; 16393248; 16401082; 16424825; 16425414; 16440362; 16459354; 16470306; 16471212; 16484137; 16488179; 16497268; 16535827; 16551616; 16600530; 16634857; 16679316; 16720291; 16721740; 16758119; 16770646; 16834659; 16837478; 16841220; 16962935; 16985026; 16985032; 17007050; 17016589; 17022435; 17034788; 17059334; 17078101; 17118447; 17119198; 17119944; 17134659; 17146594; 17156750; 17176083; 17178637; 17219769; 17264406; 17284772; 17292341; 17331164; 17361553; 17367411; 17373732; 17380320; 17384900; 17427487; 17440116; 17442289; 17486761; 17498780; 17559142; 17564586; 17577619; 17584020; 17603900; 17611777; 17617119; 17627011; 17659824; 17695473; 17885617; 17916905; 17935737; 17950035; 17963298; 17996038; 18025800; 18028774; 18034693; 18056994; 18211048; 18218609; 18231117; 18258609; 18261353; 18304215; 18322963; 18327668; 18356043; 18369917; 18418580; 18420361; 18423013; 18446064; 18460770; 18466102; 18472009; 18473182; 18497573; 18507060; 18510611; 18544910; 18550589; 18569579; 18569587; 18569591; 18628434; 18636124; 18642288; 18645668; 18663376; 18676680; 18698632; 18713495; 18715838; 18726416; 18769766; 18773092; 18798002; 18798003; 18801337; 18818195; 18936436; 18990750; 18992148; 19012698; 19058336; 19064572; 19074885; 19096130; 19115622; 19124503; 19131562; 19157621; 19157724; 19170196; 19190172; 19219744; 19230487; 19250143; 19267064; 19288740; 19290787; 19334053; 19336370; 19339548; 19343046; 19351467; 19357030; 19381774; 19382518; 19390575; 19428381; 19442564; 19481674; 19484729; 19489076; 19492240; 19506726; 19521675; 19528831; 19537956; 19575027; 19625176; 19643819; 19651758; 19655364; 19686770; 19692168; 19706845; 19751749; 19761367; 19786980; 19789190; 19796841; 19805575; 19822571; 19826048; 19860798; 19874574; 19887496; 19891553; 19913121; 19927646; 19948975; 19956635; 19958676; 19963114; 19963139; 20026093; 20029944; 20031389; 20093049; 20095411; 20100563; 20100738; 20101753; 20102722; 20117323; 20131310; 20171022; 20173083; 20180013; 20195803; 20364586; 20392357; 20394984; 20401433; 20404016; 20406102; 20426969; 20437058; 20453000; 20463018; 20511665; 20529763; 20554493; 20556843; 20576306; 20598484; 20602615; 20628086; 20634891; 20637790; 20661821; 20663217; 20675267; 20692331; 20715111; 20819434; 20932821; 20939108; 20941486; 20957336; 20958328; 20969746; 21072184; 21076874; 21209460; 21228414; 21261721; 21265876; 21281483; 21295098; 21360299; 21385088; 21553050; 21557999; 21590276; 21705789; 21729529; 21745589; 21856753; 21869556; 21895718; 21988832; 22012226; 22077825; 22088806; 22109568; 22126492; 22155602; 22156006; 22222162; 22228187; 22230367; 22238121; 22249978; 22251540; 22335459; 22342293; 22384697; 22392284; 22436864; 22442693; 22485222; 22506592; 22589738; 22591346; 22606226; 22613106; 22614694; 22761909; 22788240; 22807108; 22815852; 22954124; 22957075; 22997752; 23007992; 23066397; 23077626; 23104821; 23124075; 23131254; 23139769; 23186213; 23193974; 23193996; 23244081; 23251661; 23335995; 23355335; 23363738; 23394127; 23404349; 23418369; 23454624; 23460870; 23471973; 23530020; 23534720; 23583009; 23595220; 23628324; 23632049; 23636797; 23660503; 23707663; 23875638; 23886179; 23934444; 24113184; 24333271 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000130649 HGNC:2631 HPRD:11813 MIM:124040 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019322 Other designations: 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase|CYPIIE1|cytochrome P450 2E1|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIE (ethanol-inducible), polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450-J|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2E1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C2F1 CYP2F WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2F1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily F, polypeptide 1 1572 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0004497 (EC: TAS, PMID:1974816); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0016712 (EC: IDA, PMID:10383923); GO_0018931 (EC: IDA, PMID:10383923); GO_0018979 (EC: IEA); GO_0019825 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID:10383923); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:1974816; 2045106; 8432525; 8587134; 8619884; 9539103; 10383923; 11827709; 12477932; 12598524; 15128046; 16883522; 17327131; 17943660; 19343046; 20198857; 22232929; 22397853 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily F, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000197446 HGNC:2632 HPRD:00490 MIM:124070 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167412 Other designations: CYPIIF1|cytochrome P450 2F1|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIF, polypeptide 1|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP2F1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPJ2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2J2 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily J, polypeptide 2 1573 1p31.3-p31.2 9606 1 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006690 (EC: TAS, PMID:8631948); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS, PMID:11901223); GO_0008016 (EC: TAS, PMID:8631948); GO_0008392 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223); GO_0008404 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223); GO_0008405 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223); GO_0019373 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0043651 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0071614 (EC: IDA, PMID:11901223) PMID:8631948; 8913342; 9048644; 9187259; 9570962; 10065373; 10405341; 10681399; 10828211; 11901223; 12386130; 12477932; 12737630; 14575523; 14702039; 15128046; 15256482; 15361551; 15466638; 15489334; 15861034; 15864120; 16008525; 16182271; 16202848; 16842392; 16957870; 17126841; 17162467; 17286575; 17327508; 17429317; 17470359; 17475630; 17638876; 17705402; 17979511; 18004755; 18216721; 18219097; 18303964; 18496133; 18675280; 18729130; 18769365; 19105833; 19290787; 19420105; 19448409; 19550113; 19576320; 19578796; 19615687; 19823578; 19851119; 19913121; 19923256; 20140850; 20173083; 20379614; 20480811; 20597138; 20628086; 21030485; 21059750; 21642892; 21988832; 22028915; 22232929; 22731644; 22761738; 23155181; 23647230; 23661295; 23684773; 23696562 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily J, polypeptide 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000134716 HGNC:2634 HPRD:03159 MIM:601258 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008991 Other designations: CYPIIJ2|arachidonic acid epoxygenase|cytochrome P450 2J2|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIJ (arachidonic acid epoxygenase) polypeptide 2|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase CYP2J2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP33 CP34 CYP3A CYP3A3 CYPIIIA3 CYPIIIA4 HLP NF-25 P450C3 P450PCN1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP3A4 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 1576 7q21.1 9606 7 GO_0004497 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0004497 (EC: ISS); GO_0005496 (EC: IDA, PMID:15256616); GO_0005506 (EC: IDA, PMID:15256616); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:18446064); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID:2492107); GO_0006706 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: IMP, PMID:3259858); GO_0008209 (EC: TAS, PMID:19651758); GO_0008395 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0009822 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016098 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0016712 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2492107); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:15680923); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030343 (EC: IDA, PMID:15546903); GO_0033780 (EC: IEA); GO_0034875 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0036378 (EC: IDA, PMID:15546903); GO_0042359 (EC: IC, PMID:15546903); GO_0042737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0042737 (EC: IMP, PMID:18356043); GO_0042738 (EC: IDA, PMID:18619574); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID:3460094); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046483 (EC: IDA, PMID:15327587); GO_0047638 (EC: IEA); GO_0050591 (EC: IEA); GO_0050649 (EC: IMP, PMID:3259858); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:16401082); GO_0070576 (EC: IDA, PMID:15546903); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299) PMID:1391968; 2463251; 2492107; 3243766; 3259858; 3267210; 3460094; 3464943; 3898085; 8269949; 9088578; 9394023; 9456308; 9890157; 10222036; 10322772; 10668853; 10933049; 11051261; 11067821; 11137287; 11161840; 11181494; 11266076; 11470997; 11549683; 11714865; 11726664; 11745731; 11749050; 11782366; 11809184; 11875366; 11876753; 11890939; 11907494; 11940601; 11956645; 11991950; 12072427; 12107441; 12130689; 12142725; 12147248; 12151999; 12202670; 12419838; 12439220; 12446983; 12464248; 12477932; 12485945; 12493773; 12532467; 12569554; 12623762; 12644831; 12690205; 12692107; 12695546; 12732844; 12738724; 12747609; 12756206; 12756210; 12809821; 12867495; 12900870; 12900872; 12960109; 12966368; 12969965; 12975335; 14504207; 14515058; 14515059; 14580164; 14640293; 14643022; 14660173; 14681232; 14690448; 14693733; 14697480; 14742674; 15039299; 15114431; 15128046; 15256616; 15258162; 15260917; 15277015; 15307840; 15319333; 15327587; 15334674; 15365656; 15370963; 15379787; 15454728; 15459178; 15462611; 15469410; 15475069; 15496535; 15496639; 15523087; 15540736; 15546903; 15548719; 15592326; 15611481; 15618745; 15622315; 15634941; 15650881; 15680923; 15684873; 15698606; 15707415; 15708356; 15708542; 15713537; 15731117; 15770073; 15770075; 15778453; 15801936; 15817670; 15820320; 15882469; 15896485; 15900215; 15900284; 15901749; 15931768; 15932952; 15981231; 16004554; 16006997; 16059671; 16079101; 16103451; 16109480; 16130011; 16146556; 16172230; 16207150; 16243813; 16267764; 16299241; 16306861; 16314882; 16321621; 16324277; 16338276; 16344560; 16401082; 16414488; 16434211; 16467307; 16507515; 16538176; 16580902; 16608838; 16633141; 16645157; 16684709; 16711396; 16758258; 16765145; 16771603; 16842392; 16862439; 16890574; 16890579; 16906020; 16909599; 16924387; 16954191; 16981844; 16985250; 17007050; 17014074; 17015051; 17042920; 17047492; 17065585; 17083953; 17118447; 17119944; 17162468; 17178267; 17200113; 17220347; 17224914; 17270371; 17279585; 17296590; 17352764; 17357589; 17363580; 17364054; 17367411; 17372239; 17373732; 17392393; 17409981; 17418993; 17429319; 17433262; 17434921; 17460031; 17460547; 17465708; 17495874; 17495878; 17495880; 17498886; 17502835; 17526062; 17526937; 17545536; 17548528; 17548691; 17555301; 17582393; 17601520; 17605821; 17609736; 17615053; 17622974; 17624028; 17634410; 17635182; 17691855; 17697139; 17701008; 17704997; 17724065; 17764444; 17766366; 17827338; 17827444; 17854673; 17880367; 17900275; 17912464; 17918187; 17919092; 17919884; 17922881; 17925385; 17925548; 17952011; 17965521; 17974099; 17985934; 17992531; 18004209; 18004210; 18021343; 18028890; 18052847; 18058330; 18092806; 18097620; 18163429; 18192894; 18211048; 18217151; 18223457; 18231117; 18240903; 18258609; 18268015; 18294295; 18294936; 18309947; 18332045; 18348473; 18356043; 18364084; 18382661; 18385010; 18394438; 18408564; 18431572; 18433425; 18446064; 18496131; 18509327; 18518855; 18528690; 18551040; 18566991; 18569587; 18619574; 18632753; 18636247; 18669585; 18688081; 18704002; 18768784; 18781853; 18784074; 18794335; 18825162; 18854779; 18936436; 18957504; 18976975; 18978522; 18979093; 18981009; 18981011; 18989234; 18996102; 19005401; 19020497; 19027952; 19064572; 19070657; 19074750; 19076156; 19077426; 19103148; 19127255; 19143748; 19206087; 19214745; 19219744; 19225447; 19228205; 19228751; 19232333; 19239339; 19242060; 19258929; 19282874; 19332043; 19337788; 19339270; 19343046; 19343062; 19343327; 19349540; 19350405; 19356113; 19376514; 19395426; 19406954; 19414505; 19420105; 19424794; 19433561; 19451401; 19453261; 19460945; 19470925; 19474452; 19480557; 19505920; 19506580; 19538885; 19546880; 19560436; 19571438; 19574343; 19575027; 19576320; 19591893; 19626470; 19636001; 19651758; 19659438; 19667110; 19692168; 19696793; 19712670; 19727863; 19752211; 19761365; 19762492; 19773538; 19784640; 19797609; 19801957; 19802823; 19812066; 19823875; 19833260; 19842932; 19846565; 19865079; 19907160; 19913121; 19921206; 19926050; 19934400; 19934793; 19937844; 19956635; 19963139; 20007670; 20012430; 20017669; 20027111; 20031551; 20038391; 20068078; 20088394; 20118548; 20136364; 20147837; 20147896; 20171174; 20173083; 20212519; 20213484; 20214802; 20218903; 20235787; 20338069; 20350051; 20350136; 20354687; 20361990; 20386561; 20389299; 20395213; 20403997; 20437850; 20453000; 20459744; 20490798; 20505544; 20523106; 20526235; 20529763; 20530282; 20538049; 20538721; 20578904; 20583967; 20588308; 20602612; 20602615; 20604570; 20615193; 20617557; 20621111; 20625352; 20628086; 20630055; 20634197; 20642445; 20654748; 20656072; 20679960; 20682687; 20697309; 20715157; 20734064; 20809279; 20812728; 20833683; 20841961; 20847137; 20849814; 20861742; 20863320; 20879989; 20884258; 20931330; 20951982; 20959500; 20970553; 21047202; 21063236; 21071160; 21072155; 21072184; 21081028; 21081644; 21114969; 21169260; 21177853; 21186373; 21199372; 21207936; 21209460; 21223952; 21292004; 21342487; 21380731; 21402137; 21402692; 21412247; 21433154; 21471209; 21493872; 21513075; 21566342; 21605066; 21692828; 21750466; 21767526; 21798277; 21835977; 21838784; 21863748; 21886157; 21902501; 21902502; 21903774; 21916909; 21925256; 21940338; 21952236; 21963990; 21964586; 21988832; 21992114; 21996064; 21998292; 22050110; 22076448; 22094027; 22096084; 22101235; 22106171; 22108774; 22157006; 22194603; 22277676; 22292071; 22333269; 22369694; 22388796; 22472546; 22510778; 22517972; 22562045; 22617232; 22621802; 22645092; 22677141; 22696420; 22699155; 22728071; 22741198; 22763214; 22773874; 22885098; 22906825; 22945461; 22971138; 22985909; 22990330; 22993851; 23090875; 23107770; 23129512; 23143891; 23146479; 23160340; 23162896; 23179402; 23212742; 23217392; 23223499; 23252948; 23264496; 23277250; 23290512; 23295386; 23313934; 23320986; 23334403; 23361102; 23400261; 23436703; 23459029; 23469989; 23491640; 23510058; 23527115; 23530020; 23557865; 23574760; 23640974; 23665933; 23715232; 23732298; 23746300; 23780963; 23837477; 23965431; 23977680; 24256945; 24273886 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 HGNC:2637 HPRD:00484 MIM:124010 Other designations: 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase|P450-III, steroid inducible|albendazole monooxygenase|albendazole sulfoxidase|cytochrome P450 3A3|cytochrome P450 3A4|cytochrome P450 HLp|cytochrome P450 NF-25|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA (niphedipine oxidase), polypeptide 3|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA (niphedipine oxidase), polypeptide 4|cytochrome P450-PCN1|glucocorticoid-inducible P450|nifedipine oxidase|quinine 3-monooxygenase|taurochenodeoxycholate 6-alpha-hydroxylase CYP3A4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP35 CYPIIIA5 P450PCN3 PCN3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP3A5 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 1577 7q21.1 9606 7 GO_0004497 (EC: ISS); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS, PMID:2732228); GO_0009822 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0016491 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2732228); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0042737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID:2732228); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0070989 (EC: IDA, PMID:15039299) PMID:2732228; 2802615; 7750548; 7811260; 7883227; 7894497; 7895614; 8004129; 8125298; 8569713; 8619878; 8619884; 8694864; 8869826; 8877031; 8889549; 8946469; 9070608; 9364212; 9797707; 9890157; 10069460; 10403825; 11137287; 11266076; 11279519; 11502729; 11726664; 11740341; 11809184; 11836601; 12042671; 12202670; 12242601; 12324482; 12433824; 12439220; 12477932; 12690205; 12692107; 12694732; 12754175; 12756511; 12814460; 12822676; 12853948; 12893984; 12960109; 12966368; 12969965; 12975492; 14504207; 14515058; 14515059; 14647405; 14676821; 14702039; 14747421; 14961555; 15039299; 15114431; 15116055; 15128046; 15167702; 15226679; 15248218; 15252010; 15284534; 15289787; 15319333; 15385835; 15454734; 15469410; 15489334; 15502717; 15548719; 15592326; 15596297; 15596575; 15622315; 15632378; 15634941; 15698606; 15707415; 15708542; 15729180; 15801936; 15808586; 15814280; 15833928; 15876487; 15882469; 15900215; 15900284; 15919447; 15931768; 15952872; 15961978; 15978331; 15981231; 16004554; 16024008; 16086282; 16116487; 16141800; 16160620; 16168193; 16172230; 16188140; 16207150; 16243813; 16249748; 16253141; 16267764; 16272171; 16272955; 16299241; 16306861; 16314882; 16321621; 16338276; 16361630; 16421475; 16424824; 16442753; 16513443; 16584389; 16595916; 16612255; 16612333; 16614106; 16628701; 16638864; 16684709; 16765145; 16765147; 16769602; 16771603; 16772608; 16791115; 16815317; 16822233; 16827636; 16842392; 16847425; 16906018; 16906020; 17015051; 17032130; 17042920; 17047492; 17048977; 17049058; 17049128; 17162466; 17178265; 17178267; 17192506; 17192769; 17198275; 17224914; 17244352; 17264302; 17286792; 17296590; 17329995; 17339868; 17352764; 17358097; 17363580; 17372036; 17373732; 17377957; 17391324; 17395652; 17425754; 17430486; 17443134; 17450472; 17460031; 17495880; 17495881; 17502835; 17510208; 17517050; 17545536; 17554244; 17568575; 17582393; 17605821; 17615053; 17635176; 17635181; 17635182; 17691921; 17700595; 17701008; 17761709; 17827141; 17851225; 17875118; 17885626; 17900275; 17914095; 17922881; 17925548; 17941052; 17979504; 17979523; 17992026; 18021343; 18024866; 18028890; 18058330; 18192894; 18211618; 18212618; 18214455; 18221820; 18223457; 18240903; 18248681; 18294295; 18300941; 18306354; 18309947; 18315786; 18315894; 18319058; 18322448; 18334918; 18382661; 18385010; 18385991; 18394438; 18408564; 18414696; 18429967; 18443548; 18490434; 18496128; 18496131; 18502461; 18509327; 18509328; 18509645; 18518855; 18551040; 18566991; 18582803; 18587567; 18589174; 18597650; 18603015; 18628519; 18636247; 18641551; 18650247; 18688081; 18704002; 18708991; 18727922; 18752284; 18930278; 18936931; 18978522; 18979093; 18981009; 18989234; 18996102; 19005401; 19005461; 19010156; 19033450; 19034006; 19040121; 19064572; 19067682; 19074750; 19076156; 19106083; 19106084; 19114346; 19125240; 19139162; 19141860; 19205682; 19225447; 19228205; 19228751; 19229255; 19239339; 19258929; 19289993; 19290787; 19290795; 19332043; 19337788; 19343046; 19343327; 19349540; 19350405; 19376366; 19376514; 19384171; 19384264; 19414505; 19414633; 19424794; 19470925; 19474452; 19506580; 19516253; 19523815; 19538885; 19545678; 19546880; 19576320; 19584153; 19591893; 19593168; 19636001; 19644155; 19650988; 19659438; 19663817; 19667110; 19693007; 19696793; 19710077; 19730841; 19744012; 19761365; 19762492; 19801957; 19812606; 19817997; 19823770; 19842932; 19855314; 19865079; 19881258; 19904021; 19907160; 19913121; 19916993; 19925383; 19934793; 19946748; 20010459; 20017669; 20030680; 20031551; 20038391; 20040338; 20041908; 20118548; 20133509; 20136364; 20147896; 20160155; 20172323; 20173083; 20179710; 20207952; 20212519; 20214802; 20218903; 20231858; 20235787; 20332423; 20345875; 20354687; 20357698; 20368718; 20383212; 20389299; 20393454; 20395213; 20403997; 20415563; 20430047; 20453000; 20459744; 20479955; 20490798; 20514078; 20526235; 20529763; 20530282; 20565970; 20588203; 20596503; 20602615; 20615193; 20617557; 20621111; 20625352; 20628086; 20630055; 20662624; 20679960; 20696882; 20716514; 20720558; 20818295; 20833683; 20846929; 20860463; 20873239; 20881953; 20931330; 20959405; 20959500; 20970553; 20970601; 20970628; 20970643; 21039054; 21047202; 21072155; 21072184; 21076384; 21081028; 21094057; 21094796; 21094797; 21148251; 21153923; 21165655; 21173786; 21206424; 21209234; 21225912; 21237140; 21265876; 21380731; 21389905; 21418106; 21434577; 21436775; 21493872; 21513075; 21519338; 21544031; 21644845; 21677300; 21698374; 21711429; 21743379; 21770725; 21806386; 21814220; 21839244; 21851254; 21896346; 21916909; 21950641; 21988832; 22007612; 22022918; 22096084; 22210422; 22214815; 22277678; 22292071; 22304537; 22369694; 22511346; 22610055; 22645092; 22696420; 22704849; 22819265; 22875663; 22889968; 22923690; 22993851; 23023417; 23073208; 23107770; 23131698; 23143606; 23143891; 23146466; 23146479; 23149441; 23223499; 23320986; 23354298; 23364483; 23385102; 23432535; 23459029; 23491640; 23557865; 23584898; 23633119; 23700791; 23715232; 23723360; 23734777; 23780963; 23837476; 23845965; 23873120; 23984379 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000106258 HGNC:2638 HPRD:05617 MIM:605325 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156724 Other designations: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 3A5|cytochrome P450 HLp2|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA (niphedipine oxidase), polypeptide 5|cytochrome P450-PCN3|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase|xenobiotic monooxygenase CYP3A5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP4Y CYP4A2 CYP4AII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4A11 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 11 1579 1p33 9606 1 GO_0001676 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0003091 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0003095 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006631 (EC: TAS, PMID:7679927); GO_0006691 (EC: IDA, PMID:9799565); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008392 (EC: IDA, PMID:9618440); GO_0016324 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0018685 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0019369 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: IDA, PMID:9618440); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0032305 (EC: IMP, PMID:18391101); GO_0036101 (EC: IDA, PMID:9799565); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050051 (EC: IDA, PMID:9799565); GO_0052869 (EC: IEA); GO_0055078 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1739747; 7679927; 7798189; 8274222; 8363569; 8914854; 9618440; 9799565; 10024026; 10660572; 10860550; 11139583; 11736898; 11821421; 12464261; 12464262; 12477932; 15028279; 15128046; 15319333; 15611369; 16144986; 16957555; 18227405; 18300855; 18385420; 18391101; 18433732; 18484194; 18574070; 18624398; 18660489; 18936345; 19343046; 19366684; 19615687; 19898482; 20130494; 21326303; 21617944; 21820496; 21873888; 21886157; 21912424; 22327816; 22804341; 23085321 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000187048 HGNC:2642 HPRD:03201 MIM:601310 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008020 Other designations: 20-HETE synthase|20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase|CYPIVA11|P450HL-omega|alkane-1 monooxygenase|cytochrome P-450HK-omega|cytochrome P450 4A11|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVA, polypeptide 11|cytochrome P450HL-omega|fatty acid omega-hydroxylase|lauric acid omega-hydroxylase CYP4A11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYPIVB1 P-450HP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4B1 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 1580 RP4-732G19.1 1p33 9606 1 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008144 (EC: IEA); GO_0018585 (EC: IEA); GO_0018879 (EC: IEA); GO_0018917 (EC: IEA); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2574990); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0042738 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:2298205; 2574990; 7894498; 8125298; 8313365; 8694864; 8889548; 9202751; 9364212; 9493761; 9498238; 10768437; 11062028; 11669629; 11737226; 11767004; 12142726; 12477932; 12837283; 15006160; 15128046; 15499177; 16344560; 18660489; 18713828; 19040121; 19074885; 19343046; 19898482; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 22675492 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000142973 HGNC:2644 HPRD:00491 MIM:124075 Vega:OTTHUMG00000007984 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4B1|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVB, polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450-HP|microsomal monooxygenase CYP4B1 CP7A CYP7 CYPVII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP7A1 cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1581 8q11-q12 9606 8 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: IDA, PMID:19965590); GO_0006699 (EC: IEA); GO_0006699 (EC: ISS); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006707 (EC: ISS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008123 (EC: ISS); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0042632 (EC: ISS); GO_0043231 (EC: ISS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070857 (EC: IDA, PMID:19965590); GO_0070857 (EC: ISS); GO_0071333 (EC: IDA, PMID:19965590); GO_0071397 (EC: ISS) PMID:1312351; 1358792; 1610352; 2384150; 7288293; 8020987; 8439551; 8504159; 9559267; 10359768; 10882719; 11257258; 11907135; 12011083; 12093884; 12093894; 12116231; 12202481; 12213890; 12477932; 12554795; 12721789; 12810154; 12815072; 12865425; 14515446; 14522988; 14592954; 14762172; 15128046; 15133863; 15205472; 15241483; 15262185; 15333704; 15489334; 15640003; 15707388; 15736936; 15752749; 15796896; 15805302; 15910869; 16115473; 16630139; 16709249; 16763159; 16892178; 16917677; 16937432; 17680536; 17920062; 18078817; 18178499; 18270374; 18307386; 18385139; 18660489; 18665040; 18728123; 18728290; 18996102; 19018779; 19185005; 19343046; 19448895; 19463968; 19537927; 19558216; 19598235; 19850125; 19956635; 19965590; 20005541; 20031551; 20235787; 20351063; 20403997; 20578904; 20602615; 20686565; 20717043; 20857261; 20872969; 20884100; 21039385; 21147774; 21346769; 21813643; 21902813; 22058145; 22235657; 22607622; 22713451; 23038264; 23458092; 23626788 cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000167910 HGNC:2651 HPRD:00324 MIM:118455 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164301 Other designations: cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase|cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase|cytochrome P450 7A1|cytochrome P450, subfamily VIIA polypeptide 1 CYP7A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP8B CYP12 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP8B1 cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 1582 3p22.1 9606 3 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IBA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: IBA); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008397 (EC: IBA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:10051404); GO_0020037 (EC: IBA); GO_0033778 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:10051404; 11535594; 12477932; 15128046; 15249218; 15489334; 15891895; 16937432; 17585019; 18660489; 19898482; 22093981; 23216301; 24226095 cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000180432 HGNC:2653 HPRD:03705 MIM:602172 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133047 Other designations: 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase|7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase|7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase|CYPVIIIB1|cytochrome P450 8B1|cytochrome P450, subfamily VIIIB (sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase), polypeptide 1|sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase CYP8B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYP11A CYPXIA1 P450SCC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP11A1 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1583 15q23-q24 9606 15 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: ISS); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006700 (EC: IDA, PMID:11502818); GO_0006700 (EC: TAS); GO_0006701 (EC: IEA); GO_0006703 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007617 (EC: IEA); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008203 (EC: IDA); GO_0008203 (EC: IMP, PMID:18182448); GO_0008203 (EC: ISS); GO_0008386 (EC: IDA, PMID:11502818); GO_0008386 (EC: ISS); GO_0009651 (EC: IEA); GO_0010332 (EC: IEA); GO_0014037 (EC: IEA); GO_0015485 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0017085 (EC: IEA); GO_0018879 (EC: IEA); GO_0018894 (EC: IEA); GO_0018958 (EC: IEA); GO_0018963 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0021549 (EC: IEA); GO_0021766 (EC: IEA); GO_0030061 (EC: IEA); GO_0033197 (EC: IEA); GO_0033327 (EC: IEA); GO_0033591 (EC: IEA); GO_0033595 (EC: IEA); GO_0042359 (EC: ISS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0043204 (EC: IEA); GO_0043279 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044344 (EC: IEA); GO_0050756 (EC: IEA); GO_0051412 (EC: IEA); GO_0060014 (EC: IEA); GO_0060135 (EC: IEA); GO_0060992 (EC: IEA); GO_0061370 (EC: IEA); GO_0071222 (EC: IEA); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_0071276 (EC: IEA); GO_0071320 (EC: IEA); GO_0071347 (EC: IEA); GO_0071356 (EC: IEA); GO_0071372 (EC: IEA); GO_0071375 (EC: IEA); GO_0071560 (EC: IEA) PMID:1429635; 1849407; 1863359; 1917982; 2419119; 3024157; 3038854; 8125298; 8372604; 9029710; 9147642; 9498238; 9685215; 10391209; 10411633; 10416690; 10644752; 10856721; 11008920; 11062177; 11137199; 11238527; 11502818; 11535251; 11701663; 11864972; 11997174; 12101186; 12137805; 12145340; 12161514; 12242026; 12385014; 12477932; 12517592; 12530663; 12530676; 14644808; 14702039; 15054879; 15126571; 15128046; 15159300; 15231748; 15323426; 15471945; 15489334; 15583024; 15613430; 15793791; 15927889; 16103457; 16116976; 16172228; 16195240; 16344560; 16391898; 16409859; 16764871; 16798289; 17065579; 17110639; 17178901; 17507624; 17575134; 17594537; 17615053; 18004979; 18182448; 18191841; 18307388; 18368131; 18437511; 18483327; 18490834; 18499961; 18505908; 18665078; 18725155; 18992638; 19064571; 19116240; 19197249; 19240061; 19300392; 19336370; 19342447; 19453261; 19543524; 19574343; 19598235; 19846611; 20066577; 20199803; 20200332; 20214802; 20381444; 20450755; 20634197; 20734064; 20877624; 21159840; 21164259; 21195129; 21391350; 21520051; 21557918; 21636783; 21771722; 21880796; 22199361; 22227097; 22585829; 22673022; 22699877; 22877869; 23158025; 23330251; 23337730; 23555723; 23756599 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000140459 HGNC:2590 HPRD:00326 MIM:118485 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150716 Other designations: cholesterol 20-22 desmolase|cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain cleaving)|cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial|cytochrome P450 11A1|cytochrome P450(scc)|cytochrome P450, subfamily XIA (cholesterol side chain cleavage)|cytochrome P450C11A1|steroid 20-22-lyase CYP11A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPN1 CYP11B FHI P450C11 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP11B1 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 1584 8q21 9606 8 GO_0004507 (EC: IDA, PMID:2256920); GO_0004507 (EC: IMP, PMID:2022736); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:2256920); GO_0005743 (EC: IC, PMID:8506298); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS, PMID:15026188); GO_0006700 (EC: IDA, PMID:2256920); GO_0006704 (EC: TAS); GO_0006705 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:12452430); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008217 (EC: IMP, PMID:2022736); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IC, PMID:2256920); GO_0032342 (EC: IDA, PMID:2256920); GO_0032342 (EC: IMP, PMID:19342457); GO_0032870 (EC: IEP, PMID:19342457); GO_0034651 (EC: IDA, PMID:8506298); GO_0034651 (EC: IMP, PMID:19342457); GO_0035865 (EC: IEP, PMID:19342457); GO_0042593 (EC: TAS, PMID:16114325); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:1303253; 1430088; 1518866; 1741400; 2022736; 2256920; 2401360; 2592361; 3499608; 7903314; 8372604; 8506298; 9302260; 10391209; 10391210; 10411633; 10599751; 11095433; 11549669; 11549691; 11675945; 11903322; 11932209; 12452430; 12477932; 14682466; 14702039; 15026188; 15062555; 15128046; 15324322; 15507509; 15522937; 15583024; 15699546; 15751602; 15755848; 15793791; 16030166; 16110193; 16114325; 16396990; 16984984; 17075029; 17121536; 17296872; 17556864; 17651452; 17980006; 18215163; 18294861; 18397978; 18636124; 18661760; 18663314; 18974272; 19082699; 19336370; 19342457; 19453261; 19567537; 19598235; 19820005; 19844114; 19913121; 20089618; 20214802; 20331679; 20339375; 20486282; 20523022; 20529578; 20628086; 20634641; 20708777; 20808686; 20877624; 20947076; 21164264; 21625068; 21848792; 22083159; 22217843; 22921894; 22964742; 23146819; 23150505; 23345044; 23825130 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000160882 HGNC:2591 HPRD:01943 MIM:610613 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164637 Other designations: CYPXIB1|cytochrome P-450c11|cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial|cytochrome P450, subfamily XIB (steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase), polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450C11|cytochrome p450 XIB1|steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase|steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase CYP11B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALDOS CPN2 CYP11B CYP11BL CYPXIB2 P-450C18 P450C18 P450aldo WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP11B2 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2 1585 8q21-q22 9606 8 GO_0002017 (EC: IMP, PMID:14614232); GO_0003091 (EC: IC, PMID:2256920); GO_0004507 (EC: IDA, PMID:1741400); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:1741400); GO_0005743 (EC: IC, PMID:2256920); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0006700 (EC: IDA, PMID:2256920); GO_0006705 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IC, PMID:2256920); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0032342 (EC: IDA, PMID:1741400); GO_0032342 (EC: IMP, PMID:19342457); GO_0032870 (EC: IEP, PMID:19342457); GO_0034651 (EC: IMP, PMID:19342457); GO_0034651 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:9703385); GO_0035865 (EC: IEP, PMID:19342457); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047783 (EC: IEA); GO_0055075 (EC: IMP, PMID:9838244); GO_0055078 (EC: IMP, PMID:9838244) PMID:1303253; 1346492; 1518866; 1594605; 1741400; 1775135; 2256920; 2592361; 3872685; 7792802; 8372604; 8439335; 8954040; 9177280; 9360501; 9506770; 9625333; 9703385; 9814506; 9838244; 9931115; 10371693; 10391209; 10391210; 10411633; 10902803; 11076863; 11116113; 11238478; 11245725; 11288810; 11325068; 11422106; 11422735; 11447495; 11518842; 11587161; 11696658; 11696688; 11711521; 11711524; 11725161; 11728005; 11728946; 11841224; 11856349; 11903322; 11910301; 11923700; 11932209; 11967817; 12022239; 12031704; 12065207; 12107246; 12133420; 12137808; 12161536; 12172317; 12193581; 12195120; 12205735; 12213905; 12376254; 12391843; 12444540; 12446192; 12446468; 12477932; 12544440; 12544508; 12611423; 12624609; 12627873; 12746403; 12783697; 12788845; 12788848; 12817181; 12832734; 14508191; 14530292; 14614232; 14643573; 14704730; 14736447; 15055249; 15062555; 15097233; 15102677; 15128046; 15135254; 15223724; 15230231; 15238568; 15272911; 15361760; 15378162; 15479186; 15505931; 15507509; 15522937; 15532370; 15545843; 15569322; 15573760; 15583024; 15583997; 15600184; 15611122; 15614025; 15643128; 15662219; 15699546; 15824464; 15882548; 15894890; 15894891; 15914614; 16078594; 16080804; 16080805; 16110193; 16126185; 16207322; 16208140; 16303227; 16396990; 16468060; 16485730; 16580565; 16615274; 16638864; 16672053; 16714246; 16759311; 16765146; 16767667; 16780672; 16796847; 16893516; 16979018; 16984984; 17003099; 17075029; 17143166; 17190732; 17261471; 17273158; 17296872; 17318792; 17334527; 17334644; 17383306; 17407071; 17519002; 17531119; 17546276; 17631084; 17633457; 17651452; 17664852; 17698557; 17762647; 17851694; 17980006; 17984617; 17987391; 18192839; 18202594; 18260840; 18260994; 18397978; 18413308; 18446309; 18636124; 18638595; 18660489; 18710464; 18771471; 18773126; 18855530; 18856058; 18974272; 19026620; 19093739; 19112833; 19116236; 19117407; 19151144; 19158234; 19166692; 19243623; 19253715; 19254215; 19262476; 19332265; 19342457; 19343046; 19407459; 19418629; 19609286; 19729965; 19776632; 19779464; 19786005; 19820005; 19853701; 19913121; 19948975; 19956635; 20094057; 20097716; 20123934; 20176774; 20182453; 20193236; 20193392; 20214802; 20224556; 20300066; 20339375; 20381197; 20413672; 20416077; 20486282; 20494601; 20535141; 20537417; 20560800; 20598712; 20628086; 20634641; 20659024; 20662731; 20708777; 20808686; 20831027; 20877624; 20878543; 20966514; 21092623; 21106862; 21125974; 21127960; 21163122; 21164264; 21228735; 21239432; 21269059; 21357309; 21476902; 21625068; 21682760; 21777344; 21846681; 22083159; 22134143; 22156739; 22217843; 22311496; 22331364; 22508051; 22652909; 22801770; 22885098; 23023242; 23133610; 23135028; 23150505; 23209837; 23257735; 23275203; 23322723; 23443813; 23479071; 23535359; 23701507; 23936266; 24015270 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000179142 HGNC:2592 HPRD:00492 MIM:124080 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160254 Other designations: aldosterone synthase|aldosterone-synthesizing enzyme|cytochrome P-450Aldo|cytochrome P-450C18|cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial|cytochrome P450, subfamily XIB (steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase), polypeptide 2|mitochondrial cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2|steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase|steroid 11-beta/18-hydroxylase|steroid 18-hydroxylase, aldosterone synthase, P450C18, P450aldo CYP11B2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPT7 CYP17 P450C17 S17AH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP17A1 cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1586 RP11-753C18.1 10q24.3 9606 10 GO_0004508 (EC: IDA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: NAS, PMID:9326943); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006694 (EC: TAS, PMID:3500022); GO_0006702 (EC: TAS); GO_0006704 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007548 (EC: TAS, PMID:9326943); GO_0008202 (EC: IDA); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0009635 (EC: IEA); GO_0010034 (EC: IEA); GO_0010212 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0017085 (EC: IEA); GO_0018879 (EC: IEA); GO_0018894 (EC: IEA); GO_0018958 (EC: IEA); GO_0018963 (EC: IEA); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2808364); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0021766 (EC: IEA); GO_0030325 (EC: IEA); GO_0030424 (EC: IEA); GO_0030728 (EC: IEA); GO_0031667 (EC: IEA); GO_0032526 (EC: IEA); GO_0033327 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0042446 (EC: IDA); GO_0042448 (EC: IDA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047442 (EC: IEA); GO_0048545 (EC: IEA); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA); GO_0051597 (EC: IEA); GO_0060992 (EC: IEA); GO_0071222 (EC: IEA); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_0071371 (EC: IEA); GO_0090031 (EC: IEA) PMID:1347802; 1478654; 1515452; 1577471; 1621662; 1665206; 1714904; 1740503; 1964490; 2335573; 2466376; 2786493; 2808364; 2843762; 3025870; 3274893; 3488328; 3500022; 6976525; 7629254; 8027220; 8245018; 8345056; 8396144; 8550762; 8675607; 8855840; 9177409; 9326943; 9360545; 9435441; 9601054; 9888582; 10406467; 10720067; 11036113; 11059764; 11094312; 11142420; 11145739; 11212283; 11221867; 11232039; 11248649; 11303586; 11341336; 11358812; 11379008; 11440959; 11470993; 11535545; 11549685; 11571725; 11668516; 11749050; 11834432; 11836339; 11839369; 11847524; 11867265; 11880540; 11888844; 11895872; 11897684; 11911969; 11925378; 11956159; 12036913; 12036914; 12164325; 12368392; 12370109; 12385014; 12444089; 12446594; 12464252; 12466376; 12477932; 12506119; 12517592; 12530262; 12530647; 12530662; 12530676; 12574216; 12582021; 12584742; 12602902; 12631293; 12631398; 12644832; 12645864; 12652520; 12692107; 12718576; 12719950; 12949806; 12954495; 12971967; 14504283; 14512432; 14552332; 14552333; 14561815; 14575568; 14634838; 14644808; 14665706; 14671162; 14684846; 14693733; 14702039; 14714492; 14715870; 14744739; 14985252; 14995917; 15072828; 15128046; 15129369; 15164054; 15195127; 15199113; 15235815; 15241822; 15341023; 15364798; 15372520; 15382051; 15466495; 15477877; 15482786; 15489334; 15536258; 15538743; 15539439; 15555906; 15583024; 15591802; 15598676; 15604994; 15609124; 15654505; 15663233; 15686129; 15687493; 15706422; 15711606; 15749482; 15761247; 15774541; 15799583; 15823822; 15824149; 15865082; 15878919; 15886251; 15916684; 15927351; 15941966; 15953542; 15987450; 15987458; 15999490; 16045239; 16202920; 16214922; 16232327; 16244490; 16260521; 16280037; 16306078; 16319265; 16344560; 16354159; 16381022; 16385451; 16411751; 16424004; 16515644; 16519145; 16527884; 16595228; 16595705; 16603433; 16604478; 16608396; 16616104; 16638864; 16702327; 16707883; 16716118; 16720291; 16730930; 16739881; 16782804; 16783967; 16850246; 16859836; 16875543; 16885156; 16887917; 16890174; 16896040; 16909599; 16969494; 16971197; 16977255; 17077994; 17108148; 17110639; 17119038; 17167982; 17218734; 17235448; 17307805; 17328668; 17359589; 17386955; 17484509; 17507624; 17588204; 17589376; 17606708; 17615053; 17664281; 17669147; 17704407; 17760252; 17765230; 17785571; 17786540; 17826473; 17875358; 17895316; 17961073; 17975119; 17986287; 18000308; 18006912; 18163429; 18172694; 18184656; 18187541; 18262808; 18281250; 18299473; 18305346; 18318428; 18411914; 18415690; 18422032; 18437511; 18483327; 18491956; 18495332; 18496127; 18499961; 18501301; 18503826; 18505908; 18510611; 18560445; 18593984; 18601603; 18618215; 18619494; 18629629; 18636124; 18636181; 18645709; 18676680; 18682255; 18707589; 18722876; 18725155; 18767927; 18781485; 18820009; 18930188; 18957719; 18980759; 19013303; 19015200; 19023099; 19064572; 19064581; 19127255; 19170196; 19174490; 19267349; 19330259; 19336370; 19379515; 19387820; 19415745; 19430479; 19430483; 19443382; 19453261; 19454579; 19469636; 19505920; 19508587; 19574343; 19598235; 19625176; 19627379; 19636199; 19642097; 19672705; 19692168; 19789190; 19805543; 19850690; 19863350; 19913121; 19915575; 19954068; 19956635; 20013047; 20033766; 20043206; 20043997; 20069306; 20072949; 20086173; 20099974; 20113968; 20133979; 20171624; 20173016; 20184498; 20193327; 20197673; 20200332; 20207836; 20214802; 20379614; 20381444; 20414254; 20432167; 20453000; 20479155; 20503394; 20534731; 20539301; 20595043; 20619364; 20628086; 20628746; 20634197; 20650774; 20677014; 20716560; 20720262; 20728566; 20729390; 20729792; 20734064; 20798986; 20852445; 20884100; 20886547; 21045733; 21094112; 21193363; 21300759; 21307141; 21338212; 21378990; 21420394; 21511288; 21572416; 21644229; 21656827; 21676446; 21848792; 21868758; 21896988; 21909110; 21909115; 21919858; 21948762; 21963141; 21966534; 21988832; 22001566; 22048715; 22057025; 22066265; 22071413; 22072737; 22103881; 22174412; 22217842; 22237020; 22238371; 22266943; 22309630; 22331461; 22419734; 22434081; 22456087; 22528335; 22653668; 22714708; 22873692; 22951291; 22954317; 22959498; 23015357; 23036723; 23129512; 23133444; 23229009; 23257735; 23291414; 23350368; 23467202; 23535732; 23551929; 23586722; 23609033; 23620596; 23649771; 23775394; 23809139; 23836902; 23974872; 24001895; 24140098; 24140493 cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000148795 HGNC:2593 HPRD:01944 MIM:609300 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018969 Other designations: 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase|CYPXVII|cytochrome P450 17A1|cytochrome P450, subfamily XVII (steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase), adrenal hyperplasia|cytochrome P450-C17|cytochrome P450c17|cytochrome p450 XVIIA1|steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase|steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase CYP17A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARO ARO1 CPV1 CYAR CYP19 CYPXIX P-450AROM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP19A1 cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1588 15q21.1 9606 15 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006694 (EC: TAS, PMID:2848247); GO_0006703 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008209 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: TAS, PMID:2848247); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID:2848247); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0016712 (EC: TAS, PMID:1371509); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:2848247); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:19129847); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0060736 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IDA, PMID:19129847) PMID:1371509; 1472013; 1724289; 1825497; 2040633; 2171939; 2541021; 2691883; 2808431; 2848247; 2973313; 3018730; 3390233; 3653507; 3964273; 7690033; 8090165; 8117272; 8265607; 8477708; 8530621; 9177373; 9211678; 9696881; 10566648; 10837748; 11076863; 11140838; 11181459; 11216915; 11232039; 11256614; 11344237; 11469726; 11571725; 11595700; 11756225; 11826265; 11850203; 11850205; 11850206; 11850208; 11850209; 11850210; 11850219; 11850220; 11850221; 11850222; 11850224; 11850225; 11850230; 11850233; 11850235; 11897504; 11903314; 11904449; 11925378; 11927588; 11935306; 11997208; 12036913; 12053085; 12154211; 12160997; 12161013; 12161505; 12164325; 12204674; 12213901; 12351690; 12370109; 12385014; 12428207; 12451990; 12462076; 12462077; 12466340; 12477932; 12489562; 12517592; 12592380; 12602902; 12606587; 12618873; 12620480; 12639945; 12690088; 12705475; 12720534; 12734209; 12736278; 12759877; 12768436; 12788892; 12839940; 12843146; 12846271; 12864794; 12914527; 12917334; 12944421; 14508827; 14517714; 14580722; 14593077; 14602139; 14631363; 14634838; 14714492; 14715870; 14744739; 14747179; 14973387; 14981949; 14990865; 15046111; 15072827; 15072828; 15074077; 15079018; 15083376; 15083377; 15083380; 15083381; 15126575; 15128046; 15132727; 15177662; 15181061; 15183689; 15199113; 15207764; 15229337; 15241822; 15298966; 15319333; 15330195; 15358790; 15364411; 15449726; 15489336; 15582747; 15583024; 15613678; 15640252; 15668497; 15677755; 15688015; 15695318; 15748828; 15774541; 15788666; 15794932; 15800924; 15802318; 15840311; 15862960; 15862961; 15862962; 15955695; 16019206; 16020944; 16024248; 16039845; 16045239; 16086586; 16103457; 16128984; 16146740; 16199862; 16202920; 16213843; 16232327; 16244490; 16251630; 16251760; 16260521; 16269961; 16287071; 16302261; 16303757; 16306085; 16322405; 16344016; 16344560; 16381901; 16392624; 16395678; 16402077; 16406421; 16418790; 16424004; 16426763; 16467490; 16473000; 16498360; 16498361; 16498363; 16498364; 16541304; 16556483; 16566930; 16595205; 16604491; 16608396; 16621515; 16634644; 16641167; 16648498; 16684355; 16691199; 16723309; 16730930; 16733710; 16739881; 16741831; 16767510; 16782804; 16793950; 16798289; 16850246; 16875543; 16882736; 16894362; 16895991; 16896040; 16930994; 16949385; 16949391; 16964243; 16977255; 16997132; 17004113; 17065579; 17066438; 17118999; 17119036; 17158756; 17167982; 17176215; 17187946; 17216495; 17219197; 17325027; 17331471; 17336977; 17359589; 17372263; 17391072; 17400043; 17404019; 17405842; 17415442; 17482958; 17507620; 17507624; 17517397; 17562079; 17574328; 17584767; 17588204; 17589376; 17595315; 17615053; 17646720; 17657731; 17661084; 17662285; 17678915; 17681675; 17682677; 17687621; 17704407; 17766065; 17827443; 17893373; 17953943; 17962916; 17975727; 17979523; 17989043; 17989068; 18030614; 18048499; 18049890; 18083712; 18086758; 18157729; 18159088; 18163429; 18181018; 18182446; 18199708; 18201819; 18245543; 18274619; 18281655; 18299793; 18305346; 18426832; 18437511; 18445666; 18467089; 18483177; 18483761; 18491956; 18497059; 18501301; 18505907; 18510611; 18512790; 18559914; 18568448; 18593984; 18595017; 18601603; 18614276; 18614591; 18617186; 18622258; 18629629; 18636124; 18667686; 18676680; 18767927; 18817841; 18818748; 18820009; 18822378; 18847535; 18930188; 18941892; 18941913; 18955734; 18962445; 18980759; 19015200; 19019335; 19022561; 19064562; 19064572; 19064581; 19083124; 19093296; 19107851; 19116238; 19124504; 19124506; 19129847; 19137777; 19152063; 19158807; 19159688; 19170196; 19172223; 19174490; 19185610; 19194457; 19240151; 19282383; 19299445; 19324338; 19340622; 19366906; 19389254; 19415745; 19419293; 19438456; 19445691; 19453261; 19469636; 19470632; 19478482; 19491387; 19493871; 19500729; 19505920; 19514368; 19527514; 19549443; 19551860; 19555469; 19556341; 19558171; 19570444; 19573564; 19574343; 19589174; 19591804; 19598235; 19604497; 19625176; 19630952; 19639193; 19692168; 19776291; 19782135; 19789370; 19800002; 19800101; 19805543; 19808095; 19815003; 19818337; 19879925; 19883757; 19896534; 19906189; 19906814; 19913121; 19921206; 19933466; 19952760; 19956635; 19969081; 20004389; 20015405; 20026603; 20030115; 20048079; 20052540; 20053928; 20060879; 20064870; 20072949; 20133979; 20140262; 20144226; 20148360; 20164038; 20164294; 20173016; 20184498; 20186154; 20189936; 20193327; 20200332; 20211687; 20214802; 20231365; 20300828; 20305046; 20346360; 20351196; 20381444; 20385561; 20417295; 20430378; 20432167; 20453000; 20505544; 20526739; 20539301; 20546829; 20586553; 20588246; 20588308; 20628086; 20628746; 20634197; 20655525; 20668023; 20688833; 20716560; 20729390; 20734064; 20797716; 20819792; 20881004; 20881960; 20932310; 20937744; 20960227; 21125383; 21154336; 21170323; 21188138; 21198743; 21217768; 21251330; 21269619; 21282199; 21296134; 21300759; 21319151; 21319995; 21320735; 21356374; 21377485; 21392518; 21392519; 21392520; 21414724; 21479914; 21511357; 21622727; 21676395; 21757507; 21771722; 21807013; 21939764; 21948762; 21952832; 21972004; 22057025; 22079757; 22089263; 22104650; 22106445; 22119029; 22130322; 22160249; 22185650; 22217837; 22237979; 22300440; 22315456; 22320986; 22331461; 22335023; 22384274; 22407818; 22426781; 22448795; 22492871; 22508516; 22511967; 22578533; 22633539; 22634420; 22638611; 22675492; 22731640; 22759564; 22773874; 22843875; 22848710; 22887836; 22889864; 22902617; 22915343; 22982181; 23001776; 23029457; 23085504; 23090135; 23110082; 23116507; 23122578; 23129173; 23178495; 23229009; 23239821; 23253631; 23340254; 23342035; 23350368; 23400010; 23438603; 23456168; 23461365; 23518928; 23540392; 23584792; 23599027; 23625281; 23635391; 23643682; 23661022; 23669293; 23700878; 23727336; 23729401; 23747729; 23748068; 23809139; 23846226; 23873111; 24049095 cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000137869 HGNC:2594 HPRD:00488 MIM:107910 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131747 Other designations: aromatase|cytochrome P-450AROM|cytochrome P450 19A1|cytochrome P450, subfamily XIX (aromatization of androgens)|estrogen synthase|estrogen synthetase|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase CYP19A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CA21H CAH1 CPS1 CYP21 CYP21B P450c21B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP21A2 cytochrome P450, family 21, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 1589 DADB-112B14.10-001 6p21.3 9606 6 GO_0004509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005496 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006704 (EC: TAS); GO_0006705 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008395 (EC: TAS, PMID:1406709); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:1351548; 1406699; 1406709; 1496017; 1605859; 1644925; 1864962; 1937474; 1985465; 2072928; 2249999; 2303461; 2325662; 2788081; 2827462; 2845408; 3038528; 3137812; 3257825; 3260007; 3260033; 3267225; 3486422; 3487786; 3497399; 3500473; 3871526; 5804199; 7096533; 7629224; 7635470; 7749410; 8081391; 8175971; 8372604; 8478006; 8485582; 8518786; 8675607; 8731325; 8968761; 8989258; 9067760; 9099896; 9187661; 9215318; 9497336; 9580109; 9661649; 10051010; 10072631; 10094562; 10198222; 10207042; 10229037; 10343159; 10364682; 10391209; 10408778; 10408786; 10443693; 10496074; 10720040; 11073721; 11093272; 11232002; 11287026; 11457572; 11581476; 11598371; 11600539; 11692155; 11739456; 11746135; 11836313; 12028996; 12038604; 12050231; 12050257; 12121677; 12213672; 12213891; 12220458; 12222711; 12370110; 12384784; 12464252; 12477932; 12746407; 12788866; 12788880; 12788889; 12855227; 12876419; 12887291; 12915679; 12966197; 14502362; 14514162; 14671153; 14676460; 14676461; 14702039; 14715874; 14733808; 15004406; 15027205; 15028279; 15110320; 15126570; 15128046; 15342556; 15493145; 15572419; 15583024; 15598692; 15608154; 15627780; 15705377; 15751603; 15761541; 15775714; 15793784; 15818055; 15830218; 15858147; 15988383; 16046588; 16238926; 16344560; 16427797; 16487445; 16500637; 16541276; 16648810; 16712666; 16728546; 16788163; 16984992; 17033937; 17047018; 17119906; 17275379; 17466088; 17505149; 17526939; 17551464; 17573904; 17666484; 17803691; 17878254; 18028896; 18039588; 18042312; 18179706; 18204270; 18319307; 18381579; 18392095; 18397975; 18445671; 18478071; 18505908; 18589890; 18636124; 18702679; 18787377; 18825878; 18973462; 19039234; 19058224; 19062540; 19085698; 19116923; 19135723; 19137635; 19158234; 19201236; 19208730; 19226270; 19272182; 19347184; 19420818; 19423540; 19449670; 19453261; 19501079; 19505723; 19531083; 19598235; 19624807; 19773403; 19799922; 19844122; 19856253; 19890026; 19925038; 19930153; 20029944; 20059433; 20070950; 20080860; 20110635; 20132843; 20201644; 20233785; 20301350; 20406964; 20423741; 20438785; 20587039; 20587610; 20617557; 20661889; 20671415; 20818501; 20838032; 20926536; 20970527; 21117955; 21134444; 21164261; 21164262; 21169732; 21175091; 21198393; 21264314; 21274396; 21446712; 21521936; 21534945; 21570420; 21609351; 21646284; 21750395; 21912141; 22001566; 22014889; 22017335; 22020670; 22127631; 22217838; 22308849; 22313422; 22497080; 22561756; 22802425; 22841790; 22873692; 22885098; 22886582; 23027774; 23044877; 23045419; 23073904; 23142378; 23155693; 23211577; 23298233; 23313747; 23322511; 23329749; 23342490; 23359706; 23370425; 23376085; 23386413; 23535732; 23586722; 23692712 cytochrome P450, family 21, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000231852 HGNC:2600 HPRD:01942 MIM:613815 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031069 Other designations: 21-OHase|cytochrome P450 XXI|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXIA (steroid 21-hydroxylase, congenital adrenal hyperplasia), polypeptide 2|cytochrome P450-C21B|steroid 21-hydroxylase|steroid 21-monooxygenase CYP21A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP24 CYP24 HCAI P450-CC24 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP24A1 cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1591 20q13 9606 20 GO_0001649 (EC: IEP, PMID:17023519); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008403 (EC: IEA); GO_0016491 (EC: NAS, PMID:7632726); GO_0020037 (EC: TAS, PMID:8506296); GO_0030342 (EC: IDA, PMID:8506296); GO_0033280 (EC: IDA, PMID:16720713); GO_0042359 (EC: TAS); GO_0042369 (EC: NAS, PMID:16720713); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:8506296); GO_0070561 (EC: NAS, PMID:16720713) PMID:7595086; 7632726; 7829101; 7938037; 8266831; 8440135; 8506296; 10218951; 11149490; 11780052; 12477932; 12485911; 12641633; 12855575; 14665637; 14760115; 15078099; 15128046; 15146197; 15358094; 15583024; 15630458; 15788398; 15919092; 15951480; 16457885; 16516540; 16600026; 16617161; 16691293; 16708384; 16720713; 17023519; 17079137; 17223345; 17244366; 17254772; 17368180; 17426122; 17475215; 17585873; 17606874; 17646648; 17875655; 17932346; 18467787; 18676680; 18824104; 18843020; 19097033; 19170196; 19237542; 19255064; 19343046; 19393625; 19453261; 19454612; 19505920; 19625176; 19667160; 19692168; 19706847; 19852851; 19891555; 19901270; 19913121; 19922790; 20007432; 20304053; 20304056; 20304059; 20394945; 20398751; 20450955; 20453000; 20460683; 20467438; 20541252; 20587525; 20591973; 20628086; 20654748; 20687218; 20809279; 20831823; 20847308; 20877624; 21169243; 21385079; 21440908; 21441443; 21675912; 21697097; 21725204; 21828234; 21833088; 21906983; 22213328; 22285938; 22511602; 22612324; 22648713; 22649517; 22690899; 22841393; 22871965; 22940288; 22984610; 23042114; 23059474; 23155244; 23169318; 23293122; 23377224; 23393347; 23423976; 23435876; 23456391; 23463632; 23485543; 23674869; 23826131; 24068962 cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000019186 HGNC:2602 HPRD:00522 MIM:126065 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032773 Other designations: 1,25-@dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase|1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial|24-OHase|cytochrome P450 24A1|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXIV (vitamin D 24-hydroxylase)|cytochrome P450-CC24|exo-mitochondrial protein|vitamin D 24-hydroxylase|vitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase CYP24A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP26 CYP26 P450RAI P450RAI1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP26A1 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1592 RP11-348J12.1 10q23-q24 9606 10 GO_0001972 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007417 (EC: IEA); GO_0008152 (EC: TAS, PMID:9228017); GO_0008401 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0009952 (EC: IEA); GO_0014032 (EC: IEA); GO_0019825 (EC: TAS, PMID:9228017); GO_0020037 (EC: NAS, PMID:9228017); GO_0034653 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048384 (EC: IEA); GO_0048387 (EC: TAS, PMID:14532297); GO_0071300 (EC: IEA) PMID:8601734; 9228017; 9228041; 9521883; 9716180; 9826557; 10583049; 10823918; 10874126; 10976925; 12727970; 14532297; 14702039; 15128046; 15281009; 16053444; 16194896; 16463413; 16778795; 16933217; 17059167; 17218384; 17460545; 18059332; 18992717; 19519282; 19553612; 19703508; 20167577; 20375987; 20513361; 20682464; 20686565; 20693622; 21521770; 21850183; 21975512; 22020119; 22179182; 23396134; 24043786 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000095596 HGNC:2603 HPRD:03759 MIM:602239 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018765 Other designations: P450, retinoic acid-inactivating, 1|cytochrome P450 26A1|cytochrome P450 retinoic acid-inactivating 1|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXVIA, polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450RAI|hP450RAI|retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase|retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome CYP26A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP27 CTX CYP27 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP27A1 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1593 2q35 9606 2 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008203 (EC: IEA); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008395 (EC: TAS, PMID:9790667); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030343 (EC: IEA); GO_0031073 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047749 (EC: IEA) PMID:1708392; 2019602; 7690968; 7915755; 8125298; 8514861; 9186905; 9215552; 9790667; 10519880; 11167933; 11604260; 11903362; 12000359; 12011083; 12117727; 12119285; 12242561; 12477932; 12777473; 14672608; 14741198; 15128046; 15340076; 15489334; 15533057; 15708352; 16157755; 16372260; 16584175; 16930540; 17088262; 17292862; 17482558; 17697869; 17875655; 18227423; 18791760; 19255064; 19343046; 19671838; 19852851; 19913121; 20149624; 20301583; 20402754; 20450308; 20558929; 20628086; 20654748; 20809279; 20855565; 20877624; 21049985; 21134350; 21258856; 21411718; 21498512; 21958693; 21988832; 22018287; 22185844; 22227097; 22509407; 24096962 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000135929 HGNC:2605 HPRD:05939 MIM:606530 Vega:OTTHUMG00000048238 Other designations: 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha-triol 26-hydroxylase|5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha-triol 27-hydroxylase|5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol 27-hydroxylase|cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase|cytochrome P-450C27/25|cytochrome P450 27|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXVIIA (steroid 27-hydroxylase, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis), polypeptide 1|sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial|sterol 27-hydroxylase|vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase CYP27A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP2B CYP1 CYP1alpha CYP27B P450c1 PDDR VDD1 VDDR VDDRI VDR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP27B1 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 1594 12q14.1 9606 12 GO_0004498 (EC: IDA, PMID:15795327); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15589699); GO_0005739 (EC: ISS); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID:9333115); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006816 (EC: ISS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0008285 (EC: IDA, PMID:16549446); GO_0010956 (EC: IDA, PMID:16549446); GO_0010980 (EC: IDA, PMID:16549446); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030282 (EC: IEP, PMID:17023519); GO_0030308 (EC: IMP, PMID:12496369); GO_0030500 (EC: IMP, PMID:9415400); GO_0032496 (EC: IDA, PMID:12855575); GO_0033280 (EC: IDA, PMID:16549446); GO_0034341 (EC: IDA, PMID:9282826); GO_0036378 (EC: IDA, PMID:15795327); GO_0042359 (EC: IDA, PMID:9415400); GO_0042359 (EC: TAS); GO_0042369 (EC: IEA); GO_0043627 (EC: IEP, PMID:15795327); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045618 (EC: IMP, PMID:12496369); GO_0046697 (EC: IEP, PMID:16720713); GO_0055074 (EC: IMP, PMID:9415400); GO_0070314 (EC: IMP, PMID:12496369); GO_0070564 (EC: IDA, PMID:16549446) PMID:1662663; 1690216; 1971995; 9282826; 9295274; 9333115; 9344864; 9415400; 9428799; 9486994; 9837822; 10320521; 10359826; 10566658; 11799066; 12039697; 12050193; 12050281; 12107095; 12137802; 12161526; 12386916; 12457456; 12477932; 12496369; 12520522; 12746631; 12855575; 14671156; 15225751; 15243130; 15296474; 15331405; 15342556; 15583024; 15589699; 15795327; 15934135; 15947108; 15951480; 15956353; 16061850; 16549446; 16720713; 17023519; 17079137; 17207990; 17207994; 17223345; 17236759; 17250953; 17254772; 17267208; 17287116; 17368179; 17395559; 17395703; 17426122; 17488797; 17606874; 17878529; 17932346; 18476984; 18495603; 18676680; 18689381; 18767073; 18767934; 18768522; 18843020; 19064572; 19154546; 19170196; 19219539; 19255064; 19343046; 19453261; 19454612; 19505920; 19524013; 19525955; 19625176; 19667158; 19706847; 19783860; 19852851; 19891555; 19913121; 19951419; 19966181; 19998245; 20007432; 20082271; 20152900; 20304056; 20453000; 20518841; 20534770; 20619365; 20628086; 20648053; 20654748; 20687218; 20701904; 20809279; 20831823; 20847308; 20877624; 21107545; 21145801; 21440908; 21441443; 21542014; 21833088; 21869486; 22190362; 22326730; 22443290; 22446158; 22511602; 22516854; 22547098; 22588163; 22612324; 22963605; 22995334; 23045480; 23063903; 23149444; 23286944; 23334593; 23423976; 23444327; 23483640; 23614044; 23894780; 24308945 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000111012 HGNC:2606 HPRD:02031 MIM:609506 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170457 Other designations: 1alpha(OH)ase|25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1-alpha hydroxylase|25-OHD-1 alpha-hydroxylase|25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial|VD3 1A hydroxylase|calcidiol 1-monooxygenase|cytochrome P450 subfamily XXVIIB polypeptide 1|cytochrome P450C1 alpha|cytochrome P450VD1-alpha|cytochrome p450 27B1 CYP27B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP51 CYP51 CYPL1 LDM P450-14DM P450L1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP51A1 cytochrome P450, family 51, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 1595 7q21.2 9606 7 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006694 (EC: IDA); GO_0006695 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008398 (EC: IDA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA); GO_0033488 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070988 (EC: IDA) PMID:8024575; 8619637; 8797093; 8809088; 8845856; 8975714; 11678326; 12145339; 12477932; 12690205; 12824470; 12853948; 14702039; 15128046; 15489334; 15611056; 16344560; 18660489; 18676367; 19322201; 20149798; 20547249; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22053931; 22180046; 23000965; 24362992; 24502137 cytochrome P450, family 51, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000001630 HGNC:2649 HPRD:03381 MIM:601637 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131131 Other designations: CYPLI|cytochrome P450 51A1|cytochrome P450, 51 (lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase)|cytochrome P450-14DM|cytochrome P45014DM|cytochrome P450LI|lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase|lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase|sterol 14-alpha demethylase CYP51A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DOC-2 DOC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DAB2 Dab, mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) 1601 5p13.1 20140408 9606 5 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000904 (EC: IEA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001921 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_0005178 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11387212); GO_0005546 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005765 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005905 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12857860); GO_0006907 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007257 (EC: IEA); GO_0007492 (EC: IEA); GO_0007588 (EC: IEA); GO_0008022 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15837803); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9620555); GO_0010718 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15734730); GO_0010862 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11387212); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0016055 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0030099 (EC: IEA); GO_0030132 (EC: IEA); GO_0030335 (EC: IEA); GO_0030511 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11387212); GO_0030665 (EC: IEA); GO_0032091 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_0032436 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_0032968 (EC: IEA); GO_0035612 (EC: IEA); GO_0035615 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16984970); GO_0038024 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16984970); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15734730); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0045807 (EC: IMP); GO_0045892 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_0046332 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11387212); GO_0048268 (EC: IEA); GO_0060391 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11387212); GO_0060766 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16267015); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS); GO_0070022 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 11387212); GO_0071560 (EC: IEA); GO_0090090 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_1900026 (EC: IEA); GO_2000096 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12805222); GO_2000370 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16984970); GO_2000643 (EC: IMP); GO_2001046 (EC: IEA); GO_2001237 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8314147; 8660969; 8889548; 9569023; 9620555; 10340382; 10542228; 10769163; 11039902; 11161789; 11247302; 11371563; 11387212; 11812785; 11906161; 11927540; 11967127; 12473651; 12477932; 12606711; 12805222; 12853125; 12857860; 12881709; 14596919; 14669280; 15134832; 15231748; 15247260; 15280374; 15302935; 15489334; 15734730; 15837803; 15894542; 16061224; 16267015; 16713569; 16870701; 16964243; 16984970; 17009406; 17081983; 17110338; 17115114; 17187061; 17474147; 17671122; 18070591; 18354201; 18429820; 18582465; 19204726; 19423540; 19531213; 19581412; 19738201; 19767570; 19855435; 19956625; 20379614; 20383146; 20406964; 20438785; 20448150; 20525238; 20592473; 20628624; 20936779; 21063401; 21097498; 21139048; 21496867; 21573318; 21725366; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 21995445; 22158540; 22218591; 22265793; 22323290; 22399289; 22558309; 22648170; 22705885; 22898784; 22977233; 23005040; 23263486; 23817569; 23909735; 24186266 Dab, mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) Ensembl:ENSG00000153071 HGNC:2662 HPRD:03139 MIM:601236 Vega:OTTHUMG00000162043 Other designations: differentially-expressed protein 2|disabled homolog 2|disabled homolog 2, mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein DAB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DDIT1 GADD45 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GADD45A growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha 1647 RP5-975D15.1 1p31.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10747892); GO_0000185 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0001047 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12716909); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7973727); GO_0006469 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10828065); GO_0007050 (EC: IEA); GO_0007098 (EC: IEA); GO_0042770 (EC: IMP); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0046330 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0071479 (EC: IMP); GO_1900745 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_2000379 (EC: IMP) PMID: 1990262; 7478510; 7478594; 7784094; 7798274; 7973727; 8226988; 9178907; 9705499; 9827804; 10022855; 10362260; 10747892; 10828065; 10872826; 10912791; 10973963; 11076863; 11256614; 11498536; 11777930; 11893252; 12124778; 12168790; 12171872; 12477932; 12483522; 12716909; 12748288; 14506229; 14517299; 14586402; 14635187; 14647444; 15203190; 15328371; 15353598; 15489334; 15489336; 15616591; 15623356; 15642443; 15644315; 15650754; 15735726; 15736438; 15899854; 16157202; 16169070; 16189514; 16353139; 16381901; 16421274; 16772293; 16827157; 16951143; 16997058; 17140287; 17178890; 17230496; 17436581; 17474084; 17599061; 17616671; 17703175; 18243530; 18296737; 18350249; 18369439; 18413758; 18472964; 18480060; 18611122; 18760377; 18950845; 19048389; 19052873; 19064572; 19128509; 19190346; 19298651; 19452502; 19459735; 19536092; 19550118; 19593445; 19596022; 19728081; 19789190; 20012529; 20131288; 20444249; 20460379; 20639865; 20652500; 20932473; 21048031; 21120602; 21139048; 21211282; 21368893; 21739277; 21813510; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21931671; 21963094; 21986581; 21988832; 22135303; 22313682; 22430142; 22521726; 22718299; 22825327; 22970179; 23000965; 23071284; 23114628; 23158659; 23187294; 23227140; 23478041; 23485469; 23563151; 23603344; 23616123; 23706118; 24104470; 24104471; 24104476 growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha Ensembl:ENSG00000116717 HGNC:4095 HPRD:00528 MIM:126335 Vega:OTTHUMG00000009374 Other designations: DDIT-1|DNA damage-inducible transcript 1 protein|DNA damage-inducible transcript-1|DNA-damage-inducible transcript 1|growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha|growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha GADD45A Other designations: C/EBP zeta|CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein|DDIT-3|DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein|c/EBP-homologous protein 10|growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD153 DDIT3 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000175197 HGNC:2726 HPRD:00529 MIM:126337 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 CEBPZ CHOP CHOP-10 CHOP10 GAD153 DDIT3 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1649 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HLR2 P54 RCK WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDX6 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 6 1656 11q23.3 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000932 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16699599); GO_0003724 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1579499); GO_0004386 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1394235); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16364915); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0008026 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010494 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17392519); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016442 (EC: IDA); GO_0033962 (EC: IDA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0043928 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1394235; 1579499; 7614484; 8816452; 10319407; 10360675; 10737800; 11839790; 12477932; 12823589; 14684915; 14702039; 15489334; 16147992; 16344560; 16364915; 16611246; 16699599; 16756390; 17207965; 17353931; 17392519; 17898068; 18378046; 18769115; 19285948; 19297524; 19380743; 19542561; 19560422; 19738201; 20020773; 20158304; 20360068; 20392846; 20884783; 21030982; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21383967; 21906983; 21957497; 22022269; 22190034; 22203041; 22268729; 22505724; 22797925; 22836354; 22851315; 22939629; 22951725; 22965301; 23293030; 23455922; 23535175; 23602568; 23826300; 23932921; 24130170; 24255178; 24457600 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 6 HGNC:2747 HPRD:02638 MIM:600326 Other designations: ATP-dependent RNA helicase p54|DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 6|DEAD box protein 6|DEAD box-6|DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 6 (RNA helicase, 54kD)|oncogene RCK|probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX6 DDX6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DHFRP1 DYR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DHFR dihydrofolate reductase 1719 5q11.2-q13.2 20140408 9606 5 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 1731871; 1935897; 2248959; 2592384; 2859520; 3185016; 3383852; 6235374; 6306253; 6323448; 6504041; 6687716; 6750132; 8527095; 8559246; 8976559; 9119086; 9374868; 10749676; 10898545; 11448909; 11779239; 11964483; 11996001; 12084458; 12096917; 12384595; 12477932; 12588981; 12612070; 12788094; 12812497; 14664697; 14679136; 14735580; 15039552; 15489334; 15755837; 15817466; 16116078; 16124424; 16196087; 16467096; 16735474; 16969375; 17237763; 17336564; 17413111; 17449906; 17486595; 17597297; 17683969; 17917571; 18045573; 18056255; 18093916; 18247058; 18451149; 18498051; 18636124; 18676680; 18682947; 18785313; 18799873; 18818748; 18988749; 19019335; 19022952; 19048631; 19055622; 19064572; 19064578; 19161160; 19170196; 19196009; 19336370; 19353223; 19360472; 19461557; 19471022; 19493349; 19527514; 19533788; 19536847; 19578876; 19625176; 19666584; 19683694; 19692168; 19706381; 19727391; 19776634; 19861437; 19898482; 19913121; 20031554; 20237949; 20347265; 20472929; 20544798; 20615890; 20628086; 20634891; 20639865; 20670920; 20737570; 20834190; 20948192; 21120433; 21310276; 21310277; 21857842; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22005284; 22024482; 22324981; 22505724; 22797925; 22954684; 22994778; 23000965; 23053953; 23197646; 23421317; 23707606; 23726796; 23733948; 23838799; 24053334; 24077226 dihydrofolate reductase Ensembl:ENSG00000228716 HGNC:2861 HPRD:00519 MIM:126060 Vega:OTTHUMG00000162529 DHFR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DHQU DIA4 DTD NMOR1 NMORI QR1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NQO1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 1728 16q22.1 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003955 (EC: IEA); GO_0004128 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9579781); GO_0004784 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18388957); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006521 (EC: TAS); GO_0006801 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10393963); GO_0006809 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9579781); GO_0006979 (EC: IEA); GO_0007271 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9579781); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0009636 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10393963); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0034641 (EC: TAS); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043086 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1340765; 1657151; 1737339; 2071140; 2843525; 8125298; 9230185; 9579781; 10393963; 10447260; 10487530; 10543876; 10706635; 11051261; 11219774; 11319169; 11520401; 11551408; 11679176; 11688992; 11701227; 11722480; 11766168; 11773862; 11774269; 11810042; 11821413; 11840286; 11888914; 11894133; 11895912; 11943609; 11948402; 11956078; 11967624; 12018106; 12036913; 12037698; 12163326; 12164325; 12171070; 12171760; 12172217; 12232053; 12370194; 12383707; 12393447; 12393620; 12397416; 12417987; 12419832; 12439220; 12460800; 12468438; 12477932; 12480594; 12529318; 12694753; 12711112; 12713578; 12718576; 12718704; 12771035; 12777965; 12834817; 12854127; 12867492; 12960511; 13130177; 14506737; 14568289; 14592434; 14634213; 14634838; 14669229; 14675732; 14688016; 14694720; 14716779; 14720419; 14729580; 14985350; 15028279; 15061915; 15079792; 15111988; 15116053; 15138483; 15151706; 15184245; 15196853; 15219943; 15226677; 15279067; 15280903; 15298951; 15312971; 15334552; 15352038; 15355699; 15365958; 15370874; 15382274; 15385560; 15466980; 15489334; 15498787; 15590400; 15618957; 15640066; 15661231; 15694256; 15714076; 15727169; 15731166; 15734732; 15746160; 15747169; 15748501; 15749015; 15763338; 15767364; 15781212; 15808404; 15829318; 15838728; 15938845; 16003741; 16006997; 16038261; 16039674; 16054862; 16079101; 16157195; 16170238; 16172237; 16235982; 16235998; 16266898; 16284498; 16297214; 16321221; 16341674; 16343742; 16369108; 16385446; 16413497; 16520888; 16532285; 16595077; 16598069; 16610002; 16620556; 16702380; 16775388; 16818284; 16978807; 16985026; 17011189; 17027152; 17082176; 17113562; 17118447; 17119198; 17164365; 17166422; 17178637; 17179690; 17188257; 17332305; 17332311; 17337051; 17363580; 17367411; 17372252; 17378176; 17395013; 17400324; 17405841; 17424838; 17428572; 17449559; 17469025; 17476281; 17496311; 17507624; 17541156; 17575500; 17581325; 17603928; 17619904; 17644186; 17652311; 17669387; 17726138; 17869325; 17885617; 17901563; 18024413; 18029348; 18034618; 18061666; 18061941; 18074351; 18091324; 18098117; 18156703; 18203021; 18214807; 18218609; 18225579; 18253865; 18388957; 18393254; 18404535; 18407955; 18413200; 18416817; 18444152; 18444911; 18457324; 18510611; 18511948; 18569591; 18587252; 18601742; 18632753; 18636124; 18676018; 18676680; 18720901; 18784359; 18798003; 18813798; 18820947; 18836923; 18936436; 18945694; 18950733; 18977034; 18981090; 18986377; 18992148; 19012493; 19012698; 19017358; 19027876; 19027952; 19059883; 19074885; 19096102; 19138946; 19151739; 19162321; 19170196; 19174490; 19179423; 19214744; 19229058; 19251446; 19330589; 19336370; 19339270; 19360290; 19362588; 19382518; 19415745; 19456854; 19494791; 19549356; 19591959; 19593802; 19596483; 19625176; 19628038; 19651439; 19652895; 19657853; 19661089; 19671875; 19688691; 19692168; 19705749; 19715479; 19736056; 19738201; 19759547; 19778569; 19789190; 19808663; 19822020; 19899130; 19913121; 19952119; 20026093; 20027111; 20028737; 20049130; 20049212; 20056632; 20085630; 20091863; 20100551; 20110814; 20193673; 20194081; 20198579; 20200430; 20204281; 20214802; 20226854; 20331656; 20371868; 20373852; 20375710; 20391128; 20437850; 20453000; 20461808; 20480521; 20480816; 20511665; 20526719; 20526805; 20534171; 20568895; 20593958; 20599494; 20613985; 20628086; 20634891; 20663217; 20701904; 20819778; 20824655; 20851451; 20878130; 20935060; 20951227; 20962519; 20966810; 21041608; 21073132; 21117316; 21133623; 21139048; 21176850; 21211285; 21220432; 21253823; 21294640; 21329464; 21351093; 21479364; 21480392; 21502369; 21518531; 21524888; 21531452; 21577322; 21602889; 21605663; 21706157; 21718050; 21755707; 21756955; 21800014; 21861350; 21906983; 21946896; 21963094; 21964527; 21989715; 22016051; 22017531; 22021338; 22116627; 22215148; 22249251; 22272361; 22306249; 22387672; 22393995; 22483869; 22586705; 22623428; 22736108; 22770696; 22793692; 22853296; 22911602; 22925602; 22939629; 22960073; 22972504; 22976839; 22984577; 23000965; 23054000; 23065291; 23066387; 23066397; 23086932; 23110137; 23215885; 23249637; 23275341; 23276910; 23360829; 23390006; 23458878; 23468244; 23497461; 23643325; 23648480; 23651475; 23725139; 23749485; 23803694; 23824909; 23840148; 23852860; 23860519; 23873104; 23893397; 23918565; 24053646; 24140708 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000181019 HGNC:2874 HPRD:00518 MIM:125860 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137575 Other designations: DT-diaphorase|NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1|NAD(P)H:Quinone acceptor oxidoreductase type 1|NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase 1|NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1|NAD(P)H:quinone oxireductase|azoreductase|diaphorase (NADH/NADPH) (cytochrome b-5 reductase)|diaphorase-4|dioxin-inducible 1|menadione reductase|phylloquinone reductase|quinone reductase 1 NQO1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DHP DHPDHASE DPD WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DPYD dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase 1806 1p22 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004158 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1512248); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9348115); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006145 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11988088); GO_0006206 (EC: TAS); GO_0006208 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11988088); GO_0006208 (EC: ISS); GO_0006210 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10410956); GO_0006212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1512248); GO_0006214 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1512248); GO_0006222 (EC: IEA); GO_0017113 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10410956); GO_0017113 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11988088); GO_0017113 (EC: ISS); GO_0017113 (EC: TAS); GO_0019483 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1512248); GO_0042803 (EC: ISS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046135 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0050660 (EC: ISS); GO_0050661 (EC: ISS); GO_0051539 (EC: IEA); GO_0055086 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1512248; 1544906; 1901022; 2319593; 2528450; 3335642; 7713523; 8083224; 8221682; 8892022; 9135003; 9170156; 9266349; 9348115; 9439663; 9464498; 10410956; 10606257; 10923099; 11072080; 11267945; 11555601; 11862480; 11895907; 11988088; 11992400; 12025228; 12047484; 12209976; 12360106; 12477932; 12576451; 12822071; 12844478; 12851836; 14519634; 14562021; 14654904; 14702180; 15017333; 15025795; 15069545; 15102667; 15132136; 15254700; 15316940; 15709212; 15939134; 15993511; 15999119; 16021908; 16132996; 16328315; 16344560; 16361556; 16771603; 16786143; 16806531; 16820886; 16969493; 17000685; 17046731; 17121937; 17165084; 17203168; 17335544; 17375478; 17377791; 17397246; 17417073; 17445431; 17582309; 17582310; 17612628; 17699798; 17828463; 17848752; 17876700; 17905396; 18004243; 18075467; 18225548; 18299612; 18347391; 18443386; 18452418; 18537153; 18619742; 18705276; 18937829; 19020767; 19104657; 19154585; 19178088; 19288105; 19295264; 19296131; 19343046; 19473056; 19530960; 19546880; 19571608; 19636001; 19724871; 19795123; 19822137; 19858398; 19898482; 19956635; 20037211; 20157331; 20379614; 20385995; 20407238; 20453000; 20507294; 20530282; 20544545; 20570913; 20647221; 20647710; 20653680; 20665215; 20714149; 20714877; 20803296; 20809970; 20819423; 20837458; 21057378; 21111509; 21114665; 21498394; 21507922; 21612699; 21822266; 21919605; 21963094; 21965773; 21987572; 22003227; 22006578; 22143355; 22199347; 22270332; 22306127; 22339448; 22490566; 22505724; 22510597; 22593457; 22641663; 22688191; 22939629; 23313143; 23401991; 23453885; 23588312; 23603345; 23736036; 23781135; 23930673; 23960437; 23974872; 24104963 dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase Ensembl:ENSG00000188641 HGNC:3012 HPRD:02036 MIM:612779 Vega:OTTHUMG00000039683 Other designations: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]|dihydrothymine dehydrogenase|dihydrouracil dehydrogenase DPYD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DIP DSIPI GILZ TSC-22R hDIP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TSC22D3 TSC22 domain family, member 3 1831 RP13-364K23.1 Xq22.3 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006355 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8982256); GO_0006970 (EC: IEA); GO_0007589 (EC: IEA); GO_0034220 (EC: TAS); GO_0043426 (EC: IEA); GO_0048642 (EC: IEA); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0070236 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8619474; 8982256; 9110174; 11230166; 11313722; 11397794; 11468175; 11688842; 12391160; 12393603; 12477932; 12671681; 14702039; 15031210; 15489334; 15705665; 16189514; 16196087; 16216878; 17356131; 17956870; 18468809; 18499442; 19260870; 19322201; 19380724; 19814803; 19875485; 20018851; 20124407; 20671745; 20947508; 20970683; 21512757; 21556028; 21726808; 21750716; 21804606; 21906983; 21988832; 22137507; 22539300; 22832853; 23440419; 23494955; 23573276; 23650723; 23729444 TSC22 domain family, member 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000157514 HGNC:3051 HPRD:04266 MIM:300506 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022168 Other designations: DSIP-immunoreactive leucine zipper protein|DSIP-immunoreactive peptide|TSC-22 related protein|TSC-22-like protein|TSC-22-related protein|TSC22 domain family protein 3|delta sleep inducing peptide, immunoreactor|delta sleep-inducing peptide immunoreactor|glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein TSC22D3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ECM2 extracellular matrix protein 2, female organ and adipocyte specific 1842 RP11-77D6.2 9q22.3 20140408 9606 9 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005178 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9790758); GO_0005578 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9790758); GO_0005614 (EC: IEA); GO_0007160 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9790758); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0010811 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0070052 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 9345023; 9790758; 11076863; 11230166; 12477932; 15164053; 15489334; 15489336; 16381901 extracellular matrix protein 2, female organ and adipocyte specific Other designations: extracellular matrix protein 2|matrix glycoprotein SC1/ECM2 ECM2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HPXEL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ECH1 enoyl CoA hydratase 1, peroxisomal 1891 19q13.1 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15383276); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005777 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7558027); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0016853 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7558027; 9417087; 12477932; 14500732; 15383276; 15489334; 16169070; 16482509; 16615866; 17081983; 17676665; 18029348; 20178365; 20186120; 20877624; 21081666; 21139048; 21565611; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22002062; 22939629; 24255178 enoyl CoA hydratase 1, peroxisomal Ensembl:ENSG00000104823 HGNC:3149 HPRD:02825 MIM:600696 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182609 Other designations: delta(3,5)-Delta(2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase, mitochondrial|delta3,5-delta2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase|dienoyl-CoA isomerase|enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase 1, peroxisomal|peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 ECH1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARCND3 ET1 HDLCQ7 PPET1 QME WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EDN1 endothelin 1 1906 6p24.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19767294); GO_0001516 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9492062); GO_0001569 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001821 (EC: IEA); GO_0003100 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2649896); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19767294); GO_0005179 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12379507); GO_0006885 (EC: IEA); GO_0007166 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1713452); GO_0007186 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17078114); GO_0007204 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1917960); GO_0007205 (EC: IEA); GO_0007267 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12379507); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0007585 (EC: IEA); GO_0007589 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17078114); GO_0009953 (EC: IEA); GO_0010259 (EC: IEA); GO_0010460 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2649896); GO_0010595 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8999856); GO_0010613 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12847114); GO_0010870 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17178876); GO_0014032 (EC: IEA); GO_0014065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17078114); GO_0014824 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8982507); GO_0014824 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1725334); GO_0014826 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9422810); GO_0015758 (EC: IEA); GO_0016049 (EC: IEA); GO_0019229 (EC: IEA); GO_0019233 (EC: IEA); GO_0019722 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0030072 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0030185 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16820593); GO_0030195 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16820593); GO_0030335 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9696419); GO_0030593 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 9696419); GO_0030818 (EC: IEA); GO_0031583 (EC: IEA); GO_0031707 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0031708 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0032269 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19767294); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0033574 (EC: IEA); GO_0034392 (EC: IEA); GO_0035094 (EC: IEA); GO_0035810 (EC: IEA); GO_0035815 (EC: IEA); GO_0042045 (EC: IEA); GO_0042310 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11410113); GO_0042313 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16820593); GO_0042474 (EC: IEA); GO_0042482 (EC: IEA); GO_0042554 (EC: IEA); GO_0043179 (EC: IEA); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0043406 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0043507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12847114); GO_0045321 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16820593); GO_0045429 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8999856); GO_0045793 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12847114); GO_0045840 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0045987 (EC: IEA); GO_0046887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10770212); GO_0046888 (EC: IEA); GO_0048016 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1917960); GO_0048661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10393673); GO_0051216 (EC: IEA); GO_0051482 (EC: IEA); GO_0051771 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16820593); GO_0051899 (EC: IEA); GO_0051930 (EC: IEA); GO_0060137 (EC: IEA); GO_0060298 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12847114); GO_0060585 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9492062); GO_0070101 (EC: IC, PMID: 17178876); GO_0071347 (EC: IEA); GO_0071356 (EC: IEA); GO_0090023 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1280264; 1422154; 1515112; 1713452; 1725334; 1736987; 1859417; 1864385; 1917960; 2005113; 2018043; 2201681; 2649896; 2659594; 2670930; 2678110; 3282927; 7509919; 7664037; 7773179; 8125160; 8144511; 8450044; 8482849; 8889548; 8982507; 8999856; 9257865; 9284755; 9324057; 9422810; 9453574; 9492062; 9595387; 9696419; 10220569; 10231710; 10334806; 10391210; 10393673; 10438732; 10620363; 10770212; 11179511; 11210078; 11399938; 11410113; 11448123; 11593097; 11601839; 11693192; 11742499; 11751711; 11795667; 11831453; 11858185; 11866544; 11932487; 11934840; 11991554; 11991733; 12009599; 12011762; 12013496; 12068797; 12077518; 12082592; 12087564; 12107733; 12117726; 12137974; 12144123; 12151765; 12189238; 12230494; 12379507; 12446192; 12459174; 12477932; 12508654; 12511547; 12529269; 12557940; 12565798; 12588850; 12620701; 12629276; 12657945; 12695528; 12721154; 12746758; 12750312; 12847114; 12855940; 12861161; 12887757; 12907686; 12941866; 12963677; 12972292; 13680553; 14514737; 14519635; 14523636; 14558091; 14574404; 14578413; 14587645; 14602502; 14634722; 14636060; 14639018; 14660616; 14685288; 14692644; 14733410; 14735061; 14736087; 14763917; 14769714; 15009217; 15041798; 15044479; 15047866; 15073116; 15093707; 15126915; 15139053; 15161426; 15188945; 15194301; 15198485; 15213100; 15224360; 15240857; 15269821; 15319532; 15347673; 15369130; 15466627; 15481145; 15489334; 15505112; 15518541; 15558022; 15568807; 15610525; 15621731; 15623376; 15643502; 15646831; 15652492; 15691296; 15699938; 15702240; 15743480; 15817494; 15818445; 15838269; 15838299; 15838323; 15838328; 15838333; 15838334; 15838336; 15838337; 15838340; 15838344; 15838351; 15838357; 15838368; 15838369; 15838370; 15864745; 15946241; 15946919; 15979050; 15988412; 16002759; 16021085; 16026642; 16076689; 16095497; 16097909; 16098041; 16169070; 16217751; 16234608; 16291872; 16320159; 16336267; 16357176; 16452160; 16466695; 16521405; 16526196; 16531800; 16582543; 16597412; 16648553; 16713569; 16720059; 16754659; 16769575; 16778329; 16809784; 16815566; 16820593; 16864942; 16931893; 16943682; 16947775; 16956834; 16971893; 16982943; 16986361; 17016610; 17016617; 17020466; 17078114; 17122448; 17123690; 17148661; 17178876; 17197385; 17203161; 17221318; 17222082; 17264805; 17274718; 17291632; 17328840; 17335511; 17340622; 17345061; 17353514; 17357073; 17357519; 17395629; 17404040; 17438153; 17444275; 17460393; 17470272; 17497038; 17497041; 17497362; 17505299; 17525706; 17535295; 17549358; 17556493; 17569300; 17575543; 17576235; 17664075; 17664854; 17681742; 17693542; 17701914; 17703412; 17850909; 17855483; 17875064; 17884295; 17893002; 17913962; 17938376; 17960156; 17967707; 17969585; 17996929; 18005077; 18023202; 18025413; 18031458; 18050250; 18063846; 18080871; 18212505; 18260253; 18288492; 18326921; 18346810; 18378042; 18379872; 18390205; 18395679; 18398338; 18401297; 18411415; 18436890; 18441204; 18442814; 18447854; 18463805; 18484695; 18489822; 18550016; 18568290; 18579320; 18579652; 18580062; 18603063; 18623111; 18660489; 18663623; 18676680; 18752143; 18764935; 18772174; 18794727; 18806884; 18809573; 18814847; 18822124; 18923236; 18945274; 18945538; 18953265; 18974277; 18991099; 18991188; 19012521; 19014602; 19046960; 19056482; 19057845; 19073831; 19074885; 19077312; 19086031; 19086263; 19087492; 19103606; 19116719; 19150882; 19170196; 19171135; 19188658; 19188660; 19212702; 19217622; 19225824; 19247692; 19254215; 19258923; 19264973; 19336370; 19358249; 19367425; 19369451; 19371341; 19391127; 19415232; 19416273; 19420105; 19446279; 19460784; 19475602; 19479828; 19520685; 19520754; 19526396; 19527488; 19536618; 19543207; 19558538; 19564455; 19578796; 19592490; 19625176; 19626996; 19634784; 19640695; 19661472; 19672034; 19687345; 19692168; 19717811; 19729965; 19730395; 19764340; 19767294; 19808370; 19862540; 19887561; 19899414; 19907721; 19913121; 19927348; 19948975; 19996987; 20015663; 20016521; 20028935; 20031624; 20051644; 20055532; 20055806; 20082271; 20083228; 20083432; 20091488; 20150570; 20188614; 20204072; 20217138; 20308035; 20339975; 20346360; 20368210; 20370579; 20416077; 20437399; 20452482; 20452970; 20485444; 20495015; 20497976; 20503287; 20537417; 20538124; 20538960; 20559285; 20562228; 20565774; 20572854; 20587610; 20588001; 20594474; 20594999; 20602615; 20608808; 20628086; 20628425; 20628428; 20634595; 20634796; 20634891; 20652766; 20663522; 20664700; 20670842; 20672350; 20673868; 20678167; 20685405; 20707291; 20725135; 20725137; 20725140; 20725141; 20725143; 20728421; 20837776; 20837906; 20873151; 20952631; 20952681; 20971496; 20974279; 21045115; 21059990; 21087804; 21129745; 21169360; 21174590; 21183790; 21208707; 21214096; 21217075; 21219832; 21251377; 21334758; 21356562; 21406182; 21418087; 21445967; 21490504; 21498707; 21498912; 21499502; 21515378; 21531894; 21557930; 21601190; 21637825; 21638248; 21656314; 21659661; 21666117; 21673044; 21677436; 21681744; 21701170; 21701423; 21712053; 21730058; 21741393; 21767690; 21773759; 21777246; 21786569; 21801587; 21801592; 21813388; 21826669; 21851036; 21896842; 21908890; 21932697; 21952518; 21959927; 22006997; 22045428; 22082020; 22113444; 22165675; 22175913; 22232246; 22265324; 22299030; 22321643; 22330820; 22341591; 22377253; 22406080; 22412088; 22415226; 22483689; 22483692; 22503784; 22504006; 22520393; 22525370; 22527528; 22545467; 22552325; 22553998; 22569256; 22580289; 22666926; 22675930; 22727793; 22759779; 22770822; 22796455; 22856221; 22856224; 22869459; 22907118; 22960172; 22965194; 22971991; 22994522; 23002189; 23018104; 23103494; 23142694; 23163519; 23208497; 23227981; 23233754; 23255664; 23273644; 23290569; 23329136; 23344160; 23372172; 23381795; 23401650; 23436272; 23436727; 23457411; 23523690; 23565184; 23643051; 23683481; 23713736; 23720837; 23815989; 23828677; 23832707; 23887640; 23902937; 24015303; 24056654; 24088894; 24184161; 24196534; 24268655 endothelin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000078401 HGNC:3176 HPRD:07030 MIM:131240 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014266 Other designations: endothelin-1|preproendothelin-1 EDN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HCA56 LGTN WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2D eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2D 1939 RP11-534L20.3 1q32.1 9606 1 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA); GO_0004872 (EC: TAS, PMID:2482295); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006886 (EC: TAS, PMID:2482295) PMID:2482295; 7085778; 7299841; 8125298; 12097419; 12477932; 14702039; 15302935; 17353931; 20566627; 21145461; 22939629; 23277564; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2D Ensembl:ENSG00000143486 HGNC:6583 HPRD:01057 MIM:613709 Vega:OTTHUMG00000036344 Other designations: hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 56|ligatin EIF2D Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HOMG4 URG WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EGF epidermal growth factor 1950 4q25 9606 4 GO_0000186 (EC: IEA); GO_0001525 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005154 (EC: TAS, PMID:15611079); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12297050); GO_0005576 (EC: IC, PMID:9712850); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005765 (EC: IDA, PMID:17897319); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS, PMID:9482941); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS); GO_0007171 (EC: TAS, PMID:9712850); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007262 (EC: ISS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0010800 (EC: IDA, PMID:16314496); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0018108 (EC: IEA); GO_0021940 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030297 (EC: TAS, PMID:9712850); GO_0031093 (EC: TAS); GO_0035413 (EC: IDA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042059 (EC: TAS); GO_0042327 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0043388 (EC: ISS); GO_0043406 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045741 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0045741 (EC: TAS, PMID:9712850); GO_0045840 (EC: IDA, PMID:15611079); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID:16314496); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0048754 (EC: IEA); GO_0051048 (EC: IDA, PMID:10559227); GO_0060749 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867); GO_0070371 (EC: IDA, PMID:16314496); GO_0090279 (EC: IDA, PMID:19996314); GO_0090370 (EC: IEA); GO_1900127 (EC: IDA, PMID:17324121); GO_2000008 (EC: IDA, PMID:19996314); GO_2000060 (EC: IEA) PMID:300079; 1281549; 1334406; 1501243; 1522591; 1639032; 2789514; 2790960; 3486749; 3491360; 6290982; 6382023; 6603475; 7540053; 7558411; 7615511; 7640657; 7730382; 7736574; 8077234; 8123596; 8413296; 8419140; 8639530; 8796265; 8845374; 9188692; 9356464; 9482941; 9544989; 9661876; 9687510; 9712850; 9925763; 10085134; 10199559; 10436156; 10559227; 10567358; 10579352; 10648629; 10734310; 10748174; 10788520; 10913131; 10973965; 11438527; 11751923; 11786904; 11796824; 11823423; 11844511; 11894095; 11896055; 11903419; 11914075; 11925427; 11950840; 11971908; 11994282; 12009575; 12093292; 12138086; 12141529; 12163055; 12163506; 12192610; 12202942; 12218189; 12297050; 12368284; 12388817; 12397374; 12425525; 12477932; 12508124; 12531699; 12540376; 12593796; 12620237; 12637502; 12643788; 12667326; 12672817; 12722480; 12768436; 12788694; 12795334; 12879019; 12954631; 12960147; 14507446; 14520709; 14523024; 14560030; 14614718; 14651960; 14662770; 14665621; 14676838; 15003992; 15063762; 15081423; 15087376; 15129177; 15175028; 15180992; 15183666; 15192046; 15194442; 15252009; 15256384; 15260478; 15272014; 15329330; 15373781; 15373782; 15373802; 15475003; 15481560; 15485655; 15485674; 15488707; 15489334; 15491342; 15509542; 15536154; 15574420; 15611079; 15613483; 15620700; 15622242; 15659382; 15663953; 15675968; 15729146; 15735691; 15748906; 15798095; 15802268; 15837620; 15860930; 15886816; 15901830; 15913871; 15950078; 15950906; 15962011; 15982634; 16019439; 16033767; 16115648; 16134968; 16210470; 16214932; 16248985; 16274239; 16274250; 16282324; 16314496; 16316319; 16332692; 16344560; 16407418; 16407834; 16413767; 16428382; 16436184; 16584205; 16636672; 16691190; 16728406; 16762922; 16788380; 16820871; 16837648; 16847055; 16872636; 16885506; 16939220; 16946702; 16969495; 16979250; 17123472; 17175377; 17204151; 17223314; 17227756; 17311928; 17316357; 17324121; 17334773; 17392355; 17397984; 17433039; 17453000; 17473192; 17479438; 17545148; 17562024; 17567965; 17573555; 17578349; 17612563; 17617058; 17626784; 17634901; 17661145; 17673689; 17762162; 17851837; 17852426; 17897319; 17898861; 17912028; 17940864; 17943082; 17950068; 17962208; 17968796; 17986122; 17991726; 17991733; 18006148; 18036246; 18080773; 18088275; 18094008; 18096367; 18156174; 18167406; 18187620; 18212060; 18271526; 18271972; 18276761; 18292095; 18325497; 18349392; 18365874; 18382118; 18398039; 18434322; 18441095; 18463167; 18467441; 18483390; 18485152; 18487214; 18490463; 18511414; 18519765; 18543351; 18571008; 18583979; 18632979; 18676680; 18722874; 18757521; 18773861; 18813355; 18831963; 18844210; 18990689; 19010984; 19011936; 19014905; 19020743; 19032382; 19056867; 19064572; 19073827; 19074885; 19081071; 19086053; 19087984; 19110611; 19124506; 19127217; 19141999; 19144868; 19167371; 19170196; 19172394; 19179548; 19203995; 19236842; 19319135; 19336395; 19380191; 19388850; 19403524; 19415484; 19453261; 19460345; 19470771; 19484147; 19488063; 19491269; 19492417; 19520791; 19531499; 19544388; 19549686; 19549816; 19592671; 19604397; 19608641; 19619867; 19624835; 19625176; 19634110; 19670348; 19692168; 19708171; 19727227; 19749156; 19817957; 19823871; 19834535; 19840254; 19840943; 19853299; 19880507; 19887603; 19895983; 19896111; 19900104; 19913121; 19920151; 19921131; 19951549; 19953086; 19996314; 20033794; 20036812; 20092031; 20101173; 20108217; 20126978; 20127414; 20157331; 20158379; 20164030; 20169434; 20197289; 20201065; 20201926; 20203692; 20207214; 20303009; 20332099; 20351270; 20362419; 20364107; 20375273; 20379614; 20398806; 20412119; 20418097; 20423485; 20424473; 20429940; 20430735; 20444693; 20453000; 20466569; 20472833; 20482449; 20487573; 20498653; 20514023; 20564212; 20587610; 20598233; 20606012; 20621058; 20628086; 20628624; 20631636; 20634891; 20644561; 20674545; 20690902; 20714325; 20727496; 20727996; 20800603; 20818748; 20819124; 20830310; 20832399; 20851879; 20854793; 20889718; 20963824; 20969541; 21029725; 21048224; 21062739; 21087604; 21099256; 21123997; 21186997; 21187523; 21209099; 21212517; 21224998; 21236296; 21247755; 21273531; 21274378; 21309478; 21358296; 21376205; 21436680; 21439278; 21533003; 21567271; 21678081; 21752154; 21868386; 21872446; 21971700; 21982438; 22022452; 22033246; 22070650; 22087246; 22106858; 22122913; 22129558; 22236006; 22279551; 22293333; 22308022; 22401280; 22403631; 22404757; 22413835; 22416276; 22433566; 22457050; 22479527; 22479638; 22481252; 22493503; 22503865; 22504456; 22505024; 22532606; 22534548; 22574813; 22578596; 22621366; 22668508; 22677173; 22701712; 22721997; 22727668; 22745586; 22773267; 22782629; 22797360; 22829589; 22829952; 22852842; 22914212; 22925500; 22951723; 22990108; 23007402; 23090954; 23188118; 23201894; 23219876; 23229345; 23382691; 23403233; 23419149; 23457387; 23466131; 23542467; 23577098; 23608378; 23631828; 23645212; 23689072; 23711349; 23731208; 23790025; 23843455; 23869217; 23869762; 23899513; 23902938; 23936413; 23963773; 24036907; 24043306; 24045955 epidermal growth factor Ensembl:ENSG00000138798 HGNC:3229 HPRD:00578 MIM:131530 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132044 Other designations: beta-urogastrone|pro-epidermal growth factor EGF Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ERBB ERBB1 HER1 PIG61 mENA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor 1956 7p12 9606 7 GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0000165 (EC: NAS, PMID:15542601); GO_0001503 (EC: NAS, PMID:12925580); GO_0001889 (EC: IEA); GO_0001892 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA); GO_0001942 (EC: IEA); GO_0001948 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IDA); GO_0003690 (EC: NAS, PMID:6325948); GO_0004709 (EC: NAS, PMID:15542601); GO_0004713 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0004713 (EC: IMP, PMID:14702346); GO_0004713 (EC: TAS, PMID:16076471); GO_0004714 (EC: TAS); GO_0004716 (EC: IEA); GO_0004888 (EC: IDA, PMID:7736574); GO_0005006 (EC: IDA, PMID:12435727); GO_0005006 (EC: NAS, PMID:2790960); GO_0005178 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10026169); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: NAS, PMID:9103388); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:12828935); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005768 (EC: IDA, PMID:14702346); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005976 (EC: IEA); GO_0006412 (EC: IEA); GO_0006950 (EC: NAS, PMID:12828935); GO_0006970 (EC: IEA); GO_0006979 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: IDA, PMID:10572067); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS); GO_0007166 (EC: IDA, PMID:7736574); GO_0007173 (EC: IDA, PMID:12435727); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007202 (EC: TAS, PMID:12435727); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007435 (EC: IEA); GO_0007611 (EC: ISS); GO_0007623 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID:7736574); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0010008 (EC: IEA); GO_0010960 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA, PMID:12435727); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016101 (EC: IEA); GO_0016323 (EC: IDA, PMID:12646923); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0016337 (EC: IMP, PMID:12435727); GO_0018108 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0018108 (EC: IMP, PMID:14702346); GO_0018108 (EC: TAS, PMID:16076471); GO_0019694 (EC: IEA); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID:12009895); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0019903 (EC: IPI, PMID:15899872); GO_0021795 (EC: IEA); GO_0030122 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:14702346); GO_0030235 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:12828935); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0030335 (EC: IMP, PMID:12435727); GO_0031659 (EC: IDA, PMID:18483258); GO_0031965 (EC: IEA); GO_0032930 (EC: IEA); GO_0033590 (EC: IEA); GO_0033594 (EC: IEA); GO_0035413 (EC: IMP); GO_0035690 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042059 (EC: TAS); GO_0042177 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0042327 (EC: IDA, PMID:15082764); GO_0042698 (EC: IEA); GO_0042743 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID:16777603); GO_0043006 (EC: TAS, PMID:12435727); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID:18070883); GO_0043235 (EC: IDA); GO_0043406 (EC: IDA, PMID:10572067); GO_0043586 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA, PMID:12009895); GO_0045429 (EC: IDA, PMID:12828935); GO_0045739 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0045740 (EC: IDA, PMID:17115032); GO_0045907 (EC: IEA); GO_0045909 (EC: IEA); GO_0045930 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0046777 (EC: IMP, PMID:18070883); GO_0046982 (EC: IDA, PMID:10572067); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0048143 (EC: IEA); GO_0048146 (EC: IEA); GO_0048408 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0048546 (EC: IEA); GO_0048661 (EC: IEA); GO_0050679 (EC: IDA, PMID:10572067); GO_0050729 (EC: IEA); GO_0050730 (EC: IMP, PMID:12435727); GO_0050999 (EC: IDA, PMID:12828935); GO_0051015 (EC: IDA, PMID:14702346); GO_0051205 (EC: TAS, PMID:12435727); GO_0051592 (EC: IEA); GO_0051897 (EC: IMP, PMID:17655843); GO_0051968 (EC: IEA); GO_0060571 (EC: IEA); GO_0070141 (EC: IDA, PMID:18483258); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA); GO_0070435 (EC: ISS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEA); GO_0071364 (EC: ISS); GO_0071392 (EC: IDA); GO_0071549 (EC: IEA) PMID:1281549; 1301150; 1309762; 1322798; 1333047; 1372092; 1382070; 1383230; 1385407; 1501243; 1505215; 1623525; 1633149; 1647028; 1651322; 1689310; 1706616; 1808202; 1850098; 1988448; 2173144; 2176151; 2434500; 2543678; 2543683; 2790960; 2810532; 2984676; 2985580; 2987962; 2991749; 2991899; 3039909; 3138233; 3329716; 6093780; 6297856; 6324343; 6325948; 6326261; 6328312; 6330563; 7506413; 7510700; 7518560; 7527043; 7532293; 7535770; 7540771; 7543024; 7588596; 7592693; 7623846; 7640657; 7654368; 7657591; 7657660; 7673163; 7682059; 7690989; 7730382; 7736574; 7761838; 7782294; 7880396; 7903710; 8125298; 8305738; 8375396; 8413296; 8493579; 8497321; 8577769; 8596488; 8610109; 8610433; 8621392; 8638121; 8639530; 8647288; 8647858; 8650580; 8657103; 8662998; 8702572; 8729040; 8798643; 8810325; 8845374; 8875975; 8885868; 8887653; 8918811; 8940083; 8943228; 8962717; 9006901; 9049247; 9050991; 9079622; 9103388; 9115287; 9121472; 9130710; 9188692; 9207933; 9233779; 9307968; 9344857; 9346925; 9355745; 9356464; 9362449; 9363897; 9374534; 9416834; 9419975; 9425043; 9430697; 9447973; 9480911; 9488479; 9506989; 9506992; 9507002; 9528863; 9535896; 9544989; 9556602; 9617486; 9642287; 9658162; 9710451; 9733788; 9737977; 9756944; 9781061; 9815893; 9819414; 9837959; 9843575; 9872323; 9886492; 9890970; 9988678; 10026169; 10049786; 10075741; 10085134; 10086340; 10092522; 10187783; 10347170; 10358079; 10362357; 10369675; 10428778; 10435588; 10508618; 10523301; 10527633; 10558875; 10567358; 10571044; 10572067; 10595738; 10617627; 10618391; 10635327; 10648629; 10675333; 10722725; 10731668; 10734107; 10734310; 10777553; 10788520; 10799548; 10805725; 10806474; 10861448; 10888683; 10889023; 10913131; 10918300; 10918587; 10938113; 10953014; 10969083; 10971656; 10980697; 10985391; 10993906; 11094073; 11114724; 11116146; 11161793; 11172806; 11223155; 11226410; 11239464; 11278868; 11279102; 11286993; 11294897; 11349134; 11370743; 11375397; 11408594; 11432805; 11459228; 11467954; 11470832; 11483589; 11493652; 11500516; 11500850; 11504770; 11506178; 11516622; 11531336; 11533253; 11533659; 11602604; 11687594; 11696537; 11726515; 11751923; 11788593; 11796728; 11814623; 11823423; 11831486; 11839738; 11843178; 11853560; 11864992; 11875501; 11886870; 11887937; 11894095; 11897506; 11912208; 11916499; 11916981; 11935304; 11950845; 11953893; 11956190; 11960376; 11966576; 11968000; 11983694; 11983899; 11992543; 11994282; 12006493; 12006662; 12009895; 12018405; 12023273; 12061819; 12070153; 12093135; 12093292; 12095417; 12099646; 12099696; 12105206; 12127568; 12127695; 12133497; 12134064; 12134089; 12135609; 12147707; 12152785; 12153558; 12161422; 12167618; 12177062; 12180964; 12181310; 12192610; 12198159; 12218189; 12223352; 12226085; 12234920; 12243760; 12297049; 12297050; 12354693; 12354760; 12381737; 12388423; 12388817; 12397069; 12399475; 12419588; 12429632; 12429742; 12435727; 12444032; 12446727; 12454019; 12456372; 12471035; 12477932; 12479108; 12487410; 12488461; 12508124; 12517767; 12517803; 12522132; 12522133; 12527890; 12532415; 12534349; 12534934; 12543931; 12556561; 12560083; 12568494; 12573287; 12577067; 12579331; 12582944; 12586732; 12586780; 12588871; 12589790; 12593795; 12593796; 12601080; 12603863; 12604776; 12606307; 12606946; 12607604; 12614260; 12615082; 12620237; 12631599; 12637327; 12642595; 12643788; 12646923; 12653106; 12654182; 12657642; 12664617; 12672817; 12673202; 12681285; 12683217; 12686539; 12694196; 12704666; 12708474; 12708492; 12717448; 12719435; 12719950; 12722480; 12725245; 12733059; 12734385; 12743604; 12746449; 12746839; 12754251; 12754350; 12757445; 12768436; 12771190; 12782602; 12794748; 12795333; 12803489; 12807903; 12814937; 12817007; 12819035; 12824187; 12825853; 12828935; 12829707; 12839682; 12844146; 12853948; 12871937; 12873986; 12878187; 12879076; 12897150; 12900408; 12919676; 12925580; 12930839; 12939263; 12953068; 12953099; 12954170; 12955084; 13679441; 13679857; 14505571; 14506149; 14506242; 14507652; 14512423; 14520461; 14530278; 14551192; 14557654; 14560030; 14576349; 14592989; 14607699; 14627991; 14632199; 14647423; 14660604; 14665621; 14670955; 14676838; 14679214; 14681060; 14688027; 14690686; 14701753; 14702346; 14704150; 14711810; 14718570; 14729599; 14734462; 14764825; 14960328; 14963038; 14977086; 14977838; 14978035; 14988406; 14996911; 15009100; 15010475; 15026342; 15031710; 15039424; 15042583; 15054105; 15057284; 15063762; 15082004; 15082764; 15100232; 15107835; 15113837; 15117950; 15118073; 15118125; 15123705; 15134305; 15143334; 15144186; 15159412; 15166244; 15166495; 15182358; 15185528; 15192046; 15205458; 15210722; 15211117; 15212941; 15213840; 15215236; 15219825; 15219850; 15221011; 15225635; 15226397; 15233293; 15245434; 15248827; 15253134; 15253384; 15254267; 15254682; 15256501; 15269346; 15271882; 15273720; 15282306; 15282549; 15284024; 15284455; 15288768; 15298855; 15300588; 15302576; 15302935; 15305378; 15322115; 15329413; 15335267; 15337524; 15337756; 15340161; 15342520; 15345710; 15358139; 15364923; 15366372; 15383614; 15383630; 15389569; 15389641; 15447984; 15456872; 15465819; 15467833; 15469987; 15469991; 15475003; 15485674; 15485908; 15494003; 15507625; 15519654; 15522239; 15524283; 15540509; 15541730; 15542601; 15545271; 15556605; 15556944; 15557335; 15562026; 15572377; 15574420; 15580296; 15581623; 15588985; 15590694; 15592685; 15618223; 15620700; 15621729; 15623594; 15635092; 15652339; 15652750; 15657067; 15657358; 15665278; 15665299; 15665312; 15668240; 15672448; 15677445; 15695332; 15701692; 15701846; 15701973; 15705969; 15708852; 15709185; 15710947; 15728811; 15735691; 15735700; 15735736; 15736426; 15738541; 15741570; 15746034; 15748904; 15749523; 15755902; 15767552; 15772959; 15782189; 15784896; 15788655; 15791567; 15797859; 15798095; 15815931; 15828871; 15829495; 15829568; 15829704; 15837620; 15837743; 15838264; 15844661; 15855163; 15870435; 15896781; 15897877; 15899872; 15901872; 15913841; 15920544; 15921680; 15923435; 15950906; 15951569; 15956035; 15962011; 15963982; 15967033; 15967120; 15982634; 15986432; 15994311; 15994331; 15998907; 16000298; 16002952; 16003726; 16010411; 16011858; 16018936; 16024644; 16030116; 16032426; 16033132; 16037379; 16043828; 16052218; 16061871; 16076471; 16077899; 16082153; 16083266; 16097034; 16098054; 16098254; 16103229; 16103736; 16105029; 16105874; 16109531; 16115866; 16120644; 16126727; 16140420; 16140940; 16144838; 16151725; 16152581; 16161046; 16169070; 16184431; 16198442; 16199108; 16200342; 16203769; 16205628; 16207817; 16213893; 16226114; 16237757; 16240219; 16240846; 16242075; 16243431; 16246327; 16258541; 16263120; 16263724; 16273093; 16273187; 16274239; 16275144; 16278215; 16278407; 16282324; 16293617; 16299810; 16303044; 16305343; 16314000; 16318625; 16319309; 16322287; 16324836; 16329825; 16331686; 16344560; 16344724; 16353158; 16353237; 16355407; 16373414; 16376942; 16382132; 16397024; 16398612; 16401639; 16407214; 16407834; 16414009; 16424019; 16424381; 16429130; 16443754; 16445385; 16449241; 16453019; 16456542; 16461080; 16467085; 16467097; 16472761; 16478662; 16488447; 16489645; 16499958; 16503085; 16503086; 16505411; 16507511; 16514409; 16520378; 16521222; 16524970; 16524971; 16525633; 16531225; 16533793; 16543144; 16543231; 16545487; 16551849; 16552419; 16552725; 16554736; 16555991; 16565089; 16567021; 16569667; 16571657; 16574647; 16574793; 16584205; 16596188; 16596194; 16597832; 16609018; 16609045; 16614884; 16622417; 16629834; 16637508; 16641105; 16642476; 16646071; 16648628; 16683917; 16685269; 16685454; 16687414; 16702213; 16702519; 16702950; 16707764; 16712791; 16715136; 16722544; 16729043; 16735510; 16738552; 16741920; 16750403; 16757132; 16777603; 16778986; 16780213; 16785991; 16786197; 16788380; 16788982; 16795991; 16799092; 16799709; 16803894; 16806010; 16806170; 16815198; 16818686; 16820093; 16835231; 16842869; 16843263; 16845329; 16847054; 16849327; 16849543; 16857803; 16859684; 16870303; 16885506; 16899617; 16904111; 16912157; 16912159; 16912195; 16914641; 16923119; 16936259; 16937526; 16951222; 16956694; 16964397; 16968809; 16969069; 16970944; 16979526; 16980555; 16983337; 16984414; 17016520; 17018617; 17023689; 17047074; 17047316; 17052295; 17053785; 17054433; 17060486; 17062641; 17081983; 17092854; 17092939; 17101784; 17102595; 17106442; 17111374; 17112774; 17115032; 17121848; 17126326; 17130473; 17142003; 17142315; 17143527; 17143531; 17146284; 17148666; 17148776; 17149366; 17157295; 17158592; 17158602; 17164758; 17175376; 17177598; 17177839; 17178880; 17182860; 17183836; 17186532; 17192257; 17192792; 17192902; 17196962; 17200338; 17203166; 17203167; 17210462; 17211865; 17214962; 17215517; 17219440; 17223314; 17224267; 17227303; 17227756; 17227773; 17228128; 17234718; 17236582; 17237147; 17238183; 17242169; 17255257; 17261767; 17284372; 17284441; 17285230; 17285540; 17285735; 17289890; 17290443; 17295209; 17303584; 17307140; 17307332; 17310847; 17311283; 17311890; 17320394; 17320820; 17321325; 17328268; 17332501; 17334773; 17335953; 17337084; 17339316; 17339338; 17349623; 17354229; 17362940; 17368623; 17369752; 17372273; 17373877; 17375033; 17381163; 17382318; 17387341; 17390041; 17390112; 17403676; 17409827; 17409862; 17409866; 17409930; 17425591; 17426253; 17429313; 17431338; 17431415; 17440163; 17448210; 17448597; 17453000; 17453292; 17453416; 17455141; 17455987; 17459062; 17462600; 17468034; 17469127; 17473658; 17473659; 17475671; 17475774; 17482563; 17486068; 17487277; 17487398; 17487844; 17493174; 17493236; 17495959; 17504988; 17505415; 17508947; 17509661; 17510392; 17514628; 17516110; 17525128; 17525275; 17534846; 17537621; 17538160; 17538889; 17545148; 17545553; 17545606; 17548322; 17548351; 17548604; 17548638; 17549361; 17549377; 17561305; 17562274; 17562788; 17566601; 17573511; 17575133; 17575224; 17580276; 17581404; 17591931; 17594688; 17595327; 17596643; 17597605; 17599051; 17600311; 17607119; 17607370; 17610986; 17611648; 17616668; 17616694; 17616711; 17618248; 17622245; 17626639; 17631646; 17631905; 17636398; 17637750; 17638075; 17643093; 17643098; 17643426; 17644807; 17646270; 17646646; 17649787; 17650314; 17652160; 17654528; 17655843; 17661145; 17671201; 17673923; 17674766; 17685929; 17686547; 17699773; 17712488; 17713473; 17714760; 17720156; 17721266; 17760253; 17760255; 17761979; 17784875; 17804738; 17805209; 17822324; 17823122; 17845756; 17845757; 17848912; 17849451; 17852426; 17870017; 17875767; 17880946; 17881446; 17881501; 17885502; 17904685; 17907599; 17908966; 17909029; 17910038; 17912028; 17913857; 17917087; 17918158; 17918184; 17922051; 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23265944; 23273428; 23273562; 23274758; 23274876; 23282210; 23287719; 23287850; 23291256; 23291982; 23297824; 23302304; 23302311; 23306155; 23307237; 23313171; 23313300; 23314677; 23317280; 23318430; 23318459; 23319610; 23328547; 23328701; 23333852; 23337026; 23341890; 23349873; 23350658; 23352033; 23358982; 23359207; 23359693; 23361279; 23363301; 23364874; 23370527; 23371026; 23371856; 23374155; 23374349; 23374350; 23378269; 23384599; 23384673; 23387315; 23387505; 23392229; 23397762; 23399900; 23404504; 23404538; 23407558; 23408463; 23410174; 23411345; 23413122; 23416450; 23418353; 23418425; 23419507; 23423768; 23425899; 23429996; 23435217; 23441167; 23443279; 23449277; 23456637; 23457600; 23461856; 23464964; 23465277; 23468578; 23468851; 23470965; 23472148; 23472669; 23477725; 23485129; 23486266; 23486275; 23486338; 23491080; 23494210; 23495083; 23499740; 23513863; 23514946; 23517177; 23520442; 23520446; 23521519; 23525704; 23532252; 23536719; 23540867; 23546020; 23548265; 23548963; 23555046; 23555641; 23558893; 23559009; 23563092; 23564810; 23564819; 23565769; 23569038; 23575413; 23575414; 23581229; 23583406; 23589287; 23590575; 23594562; 23595626; 23599147; 23601297; 23602387; 23608326; 23614656; 23617883; 23620765; 23620784; 23625205; 23628526; 23633480; 23635774; 23636329; 23638794; 23643362; 23644172; 23650389; 23651790; 23653350; 23661635; 23665199; 23668355; 23675485; 23677180; 23685782; 23686431; 23690991; 23693078; 23698466; 23700486; 23704979; 23707073; 23707413; 23710458; 23720781; 23721103; 23722667; 23729361; 23729401; 23731208; 23736812; 23744486; 23744832; 23746767; 23749785; 23754287; 23754386; 23757022; 23758840; 23763474; 23764002; 23764753; 23765179; 23765574; 23771370; 23774213; 23774386; 23780873; 23786162; 23786997; 23787814; 23790025; 23791006; 23791944; 23792604; 23799367; 23799848; 23806066; 23817698; 23822636; 23827764; 23841084; 23844533; 23850692; 23861540; 23866081; 23867504; 23871709; 23880166; 23886169; 23888049; 23892415; 23897813; 23897956; 23903906; 23908594; 23909080; 23909081; 23916913; 23921085; 23927961; 23932319; 23932718; 23938604; 23940030; 23945382; 23945384; 23945389; 23945392; 23948418; 23956138; 23966299; 23966300; 23972990; 23974272; 23986462; 23990774; 23991943; 23991992; 23994953; 23999497; 24002608; 24007863; 24012640; 24014028; 24015256; 24019463; 24034250; 24038070; 24043629; 24046058; 24053674; 24055032; 24058967; 24063894; 24067727; 24075601; 24076656; 24082147; 24091658; 24113009; 24120917; 24135280; 24142702; 24145651; 24170107; 24189400; 24200637; 24211838; 24216759; 24222141; 24222150; 24222153; 24240702; 24253040; 24278442; 24304721; 24369725; 24391216; 24404585; 24413169; 24439929; 24457318; 24510991 epidermal growth factor receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000146648 HGNC:3236 HPRD:00579 MIM:131550 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023661 Other designations: avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog|cell growth inhibiting protein 40|cell proliferation-inducing protein 61|proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1|receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1 EGFR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AT225 G0S30 KROX-24 NGFI-A TIS8 ZIF-268 ZNF225 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EGR1 early growth response 1 1958 5q31.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0000976 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18718911); GO_0000979 (EC: IEA); GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0001975 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12560508); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12560508); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14979875); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0006366 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0007611 (EC: IEA); GO_0007623 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IEA); GO_0009749 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0030217 (EC: IEA); GO_0030509 (EC: IEA); GO_0031667 (EC: IEA); GO_0032869 (EC: IEA); GO_0033233 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0034465 (EC: IEA); GO_0035035 (EC: IPI); GO_0035690 (EC: IEA); GO_0035914 (EC: IBA); GO_0042220 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IBA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1662794); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12560508); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19057511); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048169 (EC: IBA); GO_0048709 (EC: IEA); GO_0051602 (EC: IEA); GO_0060291 (EC: IEA); GO_0060337 (EC: TAS); GO_0070498 (EC: IMP); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEA); GO_0071317 (EC: IEA); GO_0071320 (EC: IBA); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_0071371 (EC: IBA); GO_0071372 (EC: IEA); GO_0071383 (EC: IEA); GO_0071455 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEA); GO_0071480 (EC: IEA); GO_0071504 (EC: ISS); GO_0071506 (EC: ISS); GO_0071873 (EC: IEA); GO_0072110 (EC: ISS); GO_0072303 (EC: ISS); GO_0090090 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1090709; 1383501; 1411083; 1569051; 1662794; 1702972; 2109185; 2110381; 2377485; 3127059; 3839394; 7624335; 8662759; 8668170; 9806899; 10049687; 10051405; 10079243; 10082522; 10409428; 10575214; 10671503; 10806043; 10849212; 11124866; 11251186; 11278640; 11795984; 11819815; 11830539; 11909874; 11925592; 11956220; 11978801; 12011097; 12065847; 12165491; 12235180; 12379479; 12384223; 12393577; 12433834; 12439908; 12456801; 12457461; 12470865; 12477932; 12507899; 12517959; 12543866; 12553019; 12553721; 12560487; 12560508; 12566441; 12569082; 12571843; 12618431; 12637574; 12690110; 12706485; 12729460; 12840049; 12872165; 12890669; 12947119; 12958075; 14522979; 14662774; 14722058; 14744935; 14966901; 14979875; 14985468; 15003938; 15023995; 15155664; 15211096; 15225550; 15231681; 15449318; 15486985; 15489334; 15517593; 15523672; 15545275; 15548700; 15611055; 15616591; 15640148; 15689620; 15709168; 15875316; 15910736; 15923644; 15999367; 16007175; 16079301; 16091742; 16093249; 16260776; 16382041; 16393964; 16464174; 16552541; 16702209; 16741963; 16831524; 16858414; 16995904; 17099140; 17257596; 17420284; 17448597; 17494953; 17502875; 17516844; 17559061; 17581316; 17599039; 17631285; 17631291; 17671831; 17932312; 17967787; 17975260; 17986608; 18027854; 18067864; 18068676; 18088351; 18171299; 18174470; 18204200; 18215136; 18247371; 18281035; 18281687; 18303024; 18316600; 18324520; 18434015; 18434089; 18435749; 18460021; 18469860; 18489490; 18507785; 18515748; 18525291; 18583706; 18604866; 18636116; 18675783; 18682391; 18704310; 18711316; 18718911; 18772333; 18780286; 18830406; 18842581; 18989526; 19032775; 19050264; 19057511; 19067769; 19074480; 19074849; 19112164; 19115247; 19131339; 19152168; 19245972; 19261809; 19276347; 19307156; 19307576; 19374776; 19426596; 19432968; 19435811; 19446747; 19467232; 19526316; 19724854; 19747485; 19765320; 19781349; 19786090; 19822898; 19833116; 19837667; 19837979; 19878561; 19885607; 19888474; 19913601; 19915002; 19940138; 20009530; 20016208; 20018936; 20053757; 20087343; 20121949; 20144677; 20190820; 20204305; 20348948; 20363028; 20372793; 20398657; 20403028; 20414733; 20448047; 20489156; 20506119; 20507991; 20578042; 20585888; 20621662; 20690147; 20811575; 20862322; 20864524; 20936779; 20945384; 21118966; 21160498; 21189327; 21212994; 21224049; 21297666; 21321112; 21325822; 21336263; 21354100; 21354147; 21365018; 21368226; 21419860; 21436631; 21479245; 21489990; 21506108; 21551235; 21596316; 21617851; 21688838; 21725089; 21743491; 21743958; 21791614; 21931594; 21968973; 21995436; 21998680; 22053691; 22095683; 22115966; 22127986; 22140445; 22198386; 22260630; 22316125; 22344601; 22354777; 22428032; 22431919; 22433566; 22455954; 22508482; 22531302; 22634339; 22659570; 22713211; 22721276; 22832523; 22878149; 22912725; 22918686; 23029358; 23103837; 23121767; 23127556; 23142458; 23152075; 23178451; 23363221; 23409769; 23416169; 23433111; 23468057; 23478574; 23592216; 23632636; 23696025; 23715767; 23718776; 23755764; 23857582; 23874821; 24076422; 24098051; 24106272 early growth response 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000120738 HGNC:3238 HPRD:00549 MIM:128990 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129197 Other designations: EGR-1|early growth response protein 1|nerve growth factor-induced protein A|transcription factor ETR103|transcription factor Zif268|zinc finger protein 225|zinc finger protein Krox-24 EGR1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ECHD FRTS3 L-PBE LBFP LBP PBFE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EHHADH enoyl-CoA, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase 1962 3q26.3-q28 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003857 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8188243); GO_0004165 (EC: IEA); GO_0004300 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8188243); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1651711); GO_0005777 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8188243); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006475 (EC: IDA); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0006635 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8188243); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16781659); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0050662 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1651711; 2895531; 8125298; 8188243; 9053548; 10856712; 12477932; 16781659; 18029348; 18660489; 19240061; 19734545; 20178365; 20877624; 21042317; 22002062; 24401050 enoyl-CoA, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase Ensembl:ENSG00000113790 HGNC:3247 HPRD:06125 MIM:607037 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156698 Other designations: 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase|L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase|L-bifunctional protein, peroxisomal|PBE|enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase|peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme|peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase EHHADH Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF1A EIF1AP1 EIF4C eIF-1A eIF-4C WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF1AX eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-linked 1964 RP11-393H10.1 Xp22.12 9606 X GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:8106356); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8106356; 9381176; 10678173; 10982835; 11447110; 11699879; 12426392; 12477932; 12514125; 12569173; 12588972; 14660691; 15489334; 15772651; 16710414; 17784828; 18029348; 19322201; 20060839; 20098747; 20434207; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23293029; 23793026; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-linked Ensembl:ENSG00000173674 HGNC:3250 HPRD:02174 MIM:300186 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022704 Other designations: Putative eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A|eIF-1A X isoform|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X chromosome|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4C EIF1AX Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-2 EIF-2A EIF-2alpha EIF2 EIF2A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2S1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 alpha, 35kDa 1965 14q23.3 9606 14 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11500362); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005844 (EC: TAS, PMID:2948954); GO_0005850 (EC: IEA); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:11323413); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010494 (EC: ISS); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0043022 (EC: IDA, PMID:17894550); GO_0043558 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0046777 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:1104615; 1400363; 1677563; 1748310; 1883206; 2116318; 2948954; 7821789; 8098621; 8099443; 8099444; 8645159; 8887689; 9079663; 9442054; 9446619; 9819435; 10432301; 10504407; 10542257; 10620360; 10648795; 10734073; 11323413; 11331597; 11500362; 11555640; 11739746; 11859078; 11985496; 12186496; 12370288; 12447867; 12477932; 12499843; 12514125; 12556489; 12588972; 12601012; 12686399; 12687390; 14747531; 15060162; 15207627; 15330758; 15341733; 15476887; 15489334; 15635413; 15650164; 16210351; 16216881; 16288713; 16289705; 16289913; 16418533; 16500424; 16720581; 16982605; 17113348; 17210633; 17274640; 17290288; 17353931; 17361185; 17393484; 17488873; 17894550; 18082745; 18234281; 18423202; 18457437; 18604219; 18639529; 18664456; 18781797; 19009018; 19017641; 19188486; 19189853; 19244104; 19322201; 19364808; 19369421; 19470760; 19559055; 19733181; 19738201; 19754954; 19800319; 19846675; 20154146; 20361218; 20428777; 20457808; 20467438; 20521618; 20660158; 21139048; 21145461; 21385877; 21556050; 21575865; 21699776; 21715487; 21787283; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21987572; 22053000; 22053931; 22102852; 22113938; 22145905; 22306812; 22623428; 22652449; 22678362; 22705549; 22833567; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23293029; 23402259; 23405127; 23455922; 23741361; 24250222; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 alpha, 35kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000134001 HGNC:3265 HPRD:04881 MIM:603907 Vega:OTTHUMG00000029800 Other designations: eIF-2-alpha|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha EIF2S1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF2B EIF2BA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2B1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 1 alpha, 26kDa 1967 12q24.31 9606 12 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:16289705); GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:11323413); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:9235896); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID:9235896); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IBA); GO_0009408 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:12499492); GO_0009749 (EC: ISS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0014003 (EC: IMP, PMID:15217090); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA, PMID:9235896); GO_0019003 (EC: IEA); GO_0019509 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0030234 (EC: IEA); GO_0032057 (EC: IEA); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0046523 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0051716 (EC: IDA, PMID:8626696) PMID:1883206; 7495858; 8626696; 8887689; 9235896; 9446619; 10805739; 10858531; 11323413; 11835386; 12477932; 12499492; 12707859; 14566705; 14993275; 15060152; 15217090; 15489334; 15752756; 15776425; 16169070; 16289705; 16344560; 17353931; 18263758; 18330844; 18632786; 19631657; 19913121; 20301435; 20368287; 20434207; 20628086; 21139048; 21795329; 21890473; 21906983 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 1 alpha, 26kDa HGNC:3257 HPRD:09458 MIM:606686 Other designations: eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor subunit alpha|translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit alpha EIF2B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF2 EIF2G EIF2gamma eIF-2gA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2S3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 3 gamma, 52kDa 1968 Xp22.2-p22.1 9606 X GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:10900014); GO_0003924 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16288713); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006184 (EC: TAS, PMID:8106381); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:10900014); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008135 (EC: IDA, PMID:10900014); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:1104615; 8098621; 8106381; 8125298; 9079663; 9736774; 10620360; 10648795; 10900014; 12477932; 12588972; 12665801; 15489334; 15635413; 15669143; 16196087; 16201836; 16288713; 16289705; 16712791; 17220478; 17353931; 18781797; 19322201; 19723899; 19738201; 20020773; 20434207; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21252943; 21319273; 21693764; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21987572; 22145905; 22174317; 22505724; 22797925; 22863883; 22939629; 22952844; 23000965; 23063529; 23455922; 23602568; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 3 gamma, 52kDa HGNC:3267 HPRD:02155 MIM:300161 Other designations: eIF-2-gamma X|eIF-2gX|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 3|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit gamma X|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2G EIF2S3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DDX2A EIF-4A EIF4A eIF-4A-I eIF4A-I WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4A1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 1973 17p13 9606 17 GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0000339 (EC: TAS, PMID:3215517); GO_0003725 (EC: IDA); GO_0003729 (EC: TAS, PMID:3215517); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0004386 (EC: TAS, PMID:3215517); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16166382); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008026 (EC: IEA); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:10880459); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:9168945); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:3215517; 8449919; 8493113; 8619474; 9110174; 9168945; 9372926; 9418880; 9548260; 9790779; 10611228; 10644445; 10880459; 11073994; 11408474; 11903057; 12426392; 12477932; 12588972; 15082783; 15282546; 15489334; 16027165; 16159877; 16166382; 16169070; 16196087; 16541103; 16648488; 17053147; 17130132; 17284590; 17314511; 17353931; 17361185; 17643375; 18034160; 18296639; 18700728; 18719248; 18781797; 19135240; 19203580; 19661379; 19738201; 19805454; 20000738; 20080577; 20156963; 20360068; 20639865; 20927385; 20972266; 21081666; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21182205; 21252943; 21319273; 21377182; 21427765; 21454508; 21800051; 21840318; 21853274; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22076380; 22118674; 22145905; 22268729; 22505724; 22586265; 22586326; 22589333; 22623428; 22689062; 22797925; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23077236; 23402259; 23463506; 23747307; 23798571; 24113185; 24130170; 24248602 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 Ensembl:ENSG00000161960 HGNC:3282 HPRD:04030 MIM:602641 Vega:OTTHUMG00000108149 Other designations: ATP-dependent RNA helicase eIF4A-1|eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I|eukaryotic initiation factor 4AI|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A EIF4A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BM-010 DDX2B EIF4A EIF4F eIF-4A-II eIF4A-II WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4A2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 1974 3q28 9606 3 GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0004386 (EC: TAS, PMID:8521730); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:8521730); GO_0008026 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:8521730); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8125298; 8449919; 8521730; 11172724; 11408474; 11922617; 12477932; 12588972; 15047060; 15489334; 15946665; 16014927; 16169070; 16567544; 17353931; 17643375; 18250159; 18593934; 18976975; 19034380; 19596686; 19615732; 20360068; 20639865; 20972266; 21110914; 21139048; 21427765; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22360420; 22505724; 22589333; 22759308; 22939629; 22944692; 22990118; 23000965; 23383273; 23463506; 23559250; 23824909 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 Ensembl:ENSG00000156976 HGNC:3284 HPRD:03062 MIM:601102 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156564 Other designations: ATP-dependent RNA helicase eIF4A-2|eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A EIF4A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-4B PRO1843 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B 1975 12q13.13 9606 12 GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS, PMID:2390971); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:2390971); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:2390971); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:2016328; 2390971; 6722878; 8125298; 8139536; 8182051; 8816444; 10585411; 10672017; 11274152; 12477932; 12489981; 12588972; 12885229; 14702039; 14968112; 15071500; 15078951; 15302935; 15314020; 15342556; 16281055; 16286006; 16763566; 17081983; 17361185; 17620599; 18719248; 19167051; 19322201; 19369421; 19542561; 19615732; 20360068; 20462248; 20562859; 21044950; 21139048; 21145461; 21427765; 21743057; 21840318; 21906983; 21987572; 21994950; 22113938; 22268729; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23084401; 23184937; 23398456; 23749639; 23813671; 24244333; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B Ensembl:ENSG00000063046 HGNC:3285 HPRD:04892 MIM:603928 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169570 EIF4B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AUTS19 CBP EIF4E1 EIF4EL1 EIF4F WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4E eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E 1977 4q21-q25 9606 4 GO_0000082 (EC: IMP, PMID:14673156); GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0000339 (EC: TAS, PMID:3469651); GO_0000932 (EC: IDA); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA); GO_0003743 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10772338); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005845 (EC: IDA, PMID:16271312); GO_0006406 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006417 (EC: IDA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010494 (EC: IDA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016281 (EC: IDA); GO_0016442 (EC: IDA); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0031370 (EC: IEA); GO_0033391 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045931 (EC: IMP, PMID:14673156); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:1384058; 1672854; 1674733; 1736299; 1916814; 1993647; 2016328; 3112145; 3469651; 7590282; 7651417; 7665584; 7782323; 7935836; 8449919; 8505316; 8521827; 8662663; 8816458; 8939971; 9155017; 9330633; 9372926; 9418880; 9593750; 9607624; 9628874; 9873047; 9878069; 10022874; 10364159; 10394359; 10405182; 10600798; 10648556; 10698949; 10753870; 10772338; 10856257; 10870064; 10880459; 10910074; 11072066; 11154262; 11401917; 11408474; 11500381; 11553333; 11575918; 11605658; 11771728; 11847216; 11879179; 11959093; 12071973; 12089333; 12105188; 12138083; 12151318; 12167712; 12169454; 12186496; 12189553; 12239292; 12374671; 12477932; 12482586; 12554669; 12588972; 12588975; 12691746; 12775419; 12781867; 12897141; 12918105; 12975586; 14558943; 14645512; 14673156; 14732354; 14990584; 15094042; 15122903; 15153109; 15220445; 15247416; 15355912; 15361857; 15371741; 15375804; 15487973; 15489334; 15542544; 15767663; 15809305; 15840819; 15878868; 15897904; 15956551; 15961545; 16023599; 16112647; 16124648; 16242075; 16271312; 16281055; 16332685; 16341674; 16540463; 16541103; 16648488; 16699599; 16720573; 16739988; 16756390; 16798736; 16824195; 17010208; 17074885; 17203162; 17245113; 17254965; 17316564; 17353931; 17357517; 17524464; 17601486; 17631896; 17638893; 17667941; 17689990; 17724079; 17786246; 17855553; 18234281; 18250159; 18343217; 18479935; 18593934; 18614538; 18719964; 18789325; 18805096; 18957614; 19020722; 19060904; 19114552; 19122207; 19134194; 19188486; 19244480; 19261348; 19262567; 19289374; 19367274; 19383915; 19440045; 19483468; 19556253; 19560264; 19603014; 19615732; 19776122; 19850923; 19850929; 20053821; 20101233; 20224576; 20359850; 20360068; 20379614; 20421305; 20427534; 20434207; 20499137; 20537983; 20652449; 20655307; 20686366; 21047768; 21088106; 21139048; 21145089; 21159249; 21238947; 21320304; 21334199; 21389327; 21415224; 21661078; 21750861; 21832049; 21876152; 21883093; 21890473; 21913890; 21941146; 21963094; 21964297; 21987572; 21988832; 21995271; 22216185; 22397984; 22456335; 22457629; 22505724; 22509910; 22556409; 22586265; 22614784; 22623428; 22684010; 22748716; 22759308; 22797067; 22851180; 22863883; 22872150; 22902403; 22939629; 23000965; 23100465; 23277284; 23359369; 23410891; 23467026; 23471078; 23472659; 23547259; 23588929; 23665580; 23665581; 23667251; 23737503; 23831578; 23883783; 23901100; 24211447; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E HGNC:3287 HPRD:00591 MIM:133440 Other designations: eIF-4E|eIF-4F 25 kDa subunit|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-like 1|mRNA cap-binding protein EIF4E Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4E-BP1 4EBP1 BP-1 PHAS-I WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4EBP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 1978 8p12 9606 8 GO_0000082 (EC: IMP, PMID:14673156); GO_0002931 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10772338); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008190 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0030371 (EC: IDA); GO_0031333 (EC: IEA); GO_0031929 (EC: IDA, PMID:12150926); GO_0043234 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045931 (EC: IMP, PMID:14673156); GO_0045947 (EC: IDA) PMID:7651417; 7935836; 8083223; 8521827; 8816458; 8957083; 8975712; 9092573; 9344920; 9405468; 9465032; 9628874; 9806882; 10022874; 10092805; 10198256; 10364159; 10405182; 10608806; 10698949; 10713094; 10753870; 10772338; 10779345; 10942774; 10971657; 11069026; 11114166; 11146653; 11280764; 11438723; 11553333; 11605658; 11691836; 11777913; 11847216; 11865047; 11909977; 12071973; 12080086; 12105188; 12150925; 12150926; 12151318; 12271141; 12477932; 12588975; 12604610; 12618431; 12665511; 12665801; 12747827; 12759354; 12820960; 12912989; 14507920; 14673156; 15066126; 15094042; 15153109; 15178440; 15459249; 15467718; 15489334; 15542544; 15767663; 15809305; 15854902; 15927069; 16098202; 16098514; 16109716; 16169070; 16189514; 16242075; 16271312; 16648488; 16652388; 16715128; 16798736; 16824195; 16837165; 16873412; 16899564; 16983702; 17081983; 17114181; 17200342; 17254965; 17316564; 17353931; 17386266; 17502379; 17601486; 17604271; 17653084; 17693255; 17699757; 17724476; 18029348; 18051367; 18280804; 18337562; 18337751; 18384376; 18439897; 18442140; 18660489; 18668138; 18701920; 18708753; 18722121; 18810319; 18922789; 18957614; 19036825; 19107520; 19211763; 19244480; 19271249; 19336517; 19360336; 19367274; 19428047; 19429661; 19533653; 19541645; 19574449; 19603014; 19648884; 19834456; 19850923; 20090955; 20133758; 20304964; 20372058; 20532202; 20609351; 20621385; 20671708; 21046149; 21067588; 21071439; 21366462; 21460630; 21576371; 21661078; 21750861; 21784851; 21841310; 21900206; 21913890; 21914810; 21922152; 21964297; 22110663; 22142830; 22178476; 22184107; 22216185; 22248270; 22457629; 22493283; 22578813; 22586265; 22641346; 22652449; 22690797; 22918237; 22977662; 23082216; 23100465; 23175522; 23340172; 23451476; 23547259; 23640516; 23707523; 23814053; 24030155; 24211447; 24255178 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000187840 HGNC:3288 HPRD:03746 MIM:602223 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164012 Other designations: eIF4E-binding protein 1|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1|phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable protein regulated by insulin 1 EIF4EBP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4EBP2 PHASII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4EBP2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 1979 10q21-q22 9606 10 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16271312); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS, PMID:7935836); GO_0008190 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: IEA); GO_0019933 (EC: IEA); GO_0045947 (EC: IEA) PMID:7651417; 7935836; 8939971; 8975712; 9344920; 9381973; 9465032; 9531283; 10092805; 11069026; 11847216; 11865047; 12151318; 12477932; 14507920; 14702039; 15153109; 15489334; 16271312; 16385451; 16751776; 16798736; 17316564; 18789325; 19244480; 19322201; 19913121; 20424163; 20628086; 20628624; 21661078; 23824909 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000148730 HGNC:3289 HPRD:03747 MIM:602224 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018409 Other designations: 4E-BP2|eIF4E-binding protein 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2|phosphorylated, heat and acid stable regulated by insulin protein II EIF4EBP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-4G1 EIF4F EIF4G EIF4GI P220 PARK18 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4G1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 1 1981 3q27.1 9606 3 GO_0000184 (EC: TAS); GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0003743 (EC: TAS, PMID:8961935); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10523622); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IMP, PMID:19648179); GO_0006446 (EC: NAS, PMID:8961935); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:10880459); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:9857202); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:1429670; 7601469; 7651417; 7935836; 8396129; 8449919; 8521827; 8889548; 8961935; 9002667; 9139875; 9372926; 9418880; 9755181; 9857202; 9878069; 10205060; 10523622; 10600798; 10753870; 10859165; 10872469; 10880459; 10970864; 10996799; 11154262; 11331597; 11340157; 11408474; 11606767; 11821405; 11866104; 12052860; 12054647; 12054764; 12071973; 12086624; 12149653; 12239292; 12477932; 12505164; 12581158; 12682023; 12897141; 14592777; 14610163; 14701818; 14702039; 15047801; 15128869; 15153109; 15193258; 15220445; 15231748; 15234964; 15302935; 15314020; 15314025; 15361857; 15452223; 15592455; 15713657; 15743837; 15755734; 15885108; 15897904; 15961545; 16009940; 16010989; 16156639; 16169070; 16236269; 16281055; 16344560; 16412378; 16513844; 16541103; 16556936; 16648488; 16698552; 16720573; 16766523; 16964243; 16982693; 17053147; 17081983; 17130132; 17195095; 17266347; 17290396; 17353931; 17361185; 17601486; 18250159; 18296639; 18426977; 18508616; 18573886; 18593934; 18614538; 18631141; 18799579; 19114555; 19203580; 19525934; 19596686; 19615732; 19648179; 19716330; 19738201; 19769989; 19850929; 19956697; 20020773; 20028737; 20053821; 20360068; 20398343; 21139048; 21145461; 21182205; 21252943; 21377182; 21454508; 21576361; 21840318; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21907011; 21964297; 21988832; 22108332; 22145905; 22178476; 22280895; 22431630; 22505724; 22509910; 22561553; 22586265; 22586326; 22623428; 22658323; 22707335; 22759308; 22772876; 22863883; 22909319; 22939629; 23000965; 23041282; 23092605; 23112151; 23124435; 23261770; 23263986; 23408866; 23409027; 23455922; 23490116; 23562511; 23617574; 23726718; 23805307; 23862649; 23901100; 24092755; 24248602; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000114867 HGNC:3296 HPRD:06774 MIM:600495 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156784 Other designations: EIF4-gamma|eIF-4-gamma 1|eucaryotic translation initiation factor 4G|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 EIF4G1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AAG1 DAP5 NAT1 P97 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4G2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 2 1982 OK/SW-cl.75 11p15 9606 11 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:11943866); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16166382); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IDA, PMID:11943866); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS, PMID:9032289); GO_0008135 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0008219 (EC: TAS, PMID:9032289); GO_0016281 (EC: IDA, PMID:11943866); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8125298; 9027506; 9032289; 9049310; 9372926; 9418880; 9878069; 10394359; 10611228; 11172724; 11175261; 11331597; 11511540; 11943866; 12477932; 12505164; 12665801; 12703993; 14507913; 14702039; 15016848; 15231748; 15302935; 15361857; 15489334; 15718103; 16166382; 16289705; 16344560; 16410684; 16751776; 16932749; 17195095; 17237356; 17353931; 18450493; 18491231; 18722383; 19615732; 19738201; 19769989; 20057060; 20467438; 20544972; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22505724; 22555068; 22623428; 22909319; 22939629; 23000965; 23318444 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000110321 HGNC:3297 HPRD:09084 MIM:602325 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165823 Other designations: DAP-5|aging-associated protein 1|death-associated protein 5|eIF-4-gamma 2|eIF-4G 2|eIF4G 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G-like 1 EIF4G2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-5 EIF-5A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF5 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 1983 14q32.32 9606 14 GO_0003743 (EC: NAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0003924 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: NAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006184 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: NAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:8663286); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8663286; 9395514; 9973622; 10805737; 10982835; 11092890; 11230166; 11331597; 11861906; 12477932; 12569173; 14702039; 15489334; 16227438; 16584190; 16781736; 17081983; 17207965; 18029348; 19738201; 19953087; 20562859; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22062548; 22412018; 22813744; 22863883; 22939629; 23222517; 23293029; 24319994 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000100664 HGNC:3299 HPRD:03417 MIM:601710 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171839 EIF5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-5A EIF5A1 eIF5AI WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF5A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A 1984 17p13-p12 9606 17 GO_0003723 (EC: IDA, PMID:15303967); GO_0003746 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10381392); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:12210765); GO_0005642 (EC: IDA, PMID:12210765); GO_0005643 (EC: IDA, PMID:10381392); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:12210765); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006406 (EC: IMP, PMID:9465063); GO_0006452 (EC: IEA); GO_0006611 (EC: IMP, PMID:8596953); GO_0006913 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:12210765); GO_0006913 (EC: IMP, PMID:10381392); GO_0006915 (EC: IDA, PMID:15371445); GO_0008284 (EC: IGI, PMID:14622290); GO_0008612 (EC: TAS); GO_0017070 (EC: IDA, PMID:9285100); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045901 (EC: ISS); GO_0045905 (EC: IEA); GO_0047485 (EC: IPI, PMID:15371445) PMID:1286667; 1850732; 1900436; 2492279; 3095320; 7545941; 7578077; 7622067; 7759117; 7929297; 7971969; 8125298; 8253832; 8596953; 9285095; 9285100; 9442029; 9465063; 10229683; 10381392; 10944119; 11161802; 11238447; 11742107; 11790298; 11870779; 12210765; 12477932; 12562768; 12687616; 12788913; 12894223; 14622290; 15231747; 15303967; 15371445; 15489334; 16354571; 16371467; 16452303; 16515720; 16519677; 16522190; 16712791; 16842744; 16916647; 16987817; 17008552; 17187778; 17213197; 17578650; 18067580; 18781797; 19149558; 19160416; 19322201; 19379712; 19471022; 19825182; 19998337; 20232312; 20360068; 20639865; 20830705; 20942800; 21139048; 21145461; 21224998; 21360055; 21565611; 21693764; 21778671; 21890473; 21906983; 21942715; 21963094; 22053931; 22304920; 22354994; 22505724; 22771473; 22863883; 22908221; 22927971; 22939629; 22944692; 23000965; 23132580; 23322277; 23383273; 23402259; 23539416; 23733422; 23862649; 24220243; 24250222; 24509416 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A Ensembl:ENSG00000132507 HGNC:3300 HPRD:02555 MIM:600187 Vega:OTTHUMG00000102197 Other designations: eIF-4D|eIF-5A-1|eIF-5A1|eukaryotic initiation factor 5A|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1|rev-binding factor EIF5A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HUD PNEM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ELAVL4 ELAV like neuron-specific RNA binding protein 4 1996 1p34 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1655278); GO_0003730 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10848602); GO_0006396 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1655278); GO_0006397 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10348344); GO_0017091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10710437) PMID: 1415481; 1655278; 2166930; 8069866; 8222755; 9065557; 10348344; 10710437; 10848602; 11175903; 11803489; 12034726; 12209604; 12235292; 12384599; 12388589; 12468554; 12477932; 14512168; 15358174; 15735910; 15827745; 16189514; 16278682; 16508003; 16710414; 17230446; 17234598; 17577668; 18218628; 18493953; 18587682; 18607064; 19252764; 19410329; 21110914; 21282516; 21491091; 21890473; 21988832; 22387028; 22965691; 23251661; 23618873 ELAV like neuron-specific RNA binding protein 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000162374 HGNC:3315 HPRD:01343 MIM:168360 Vega:OTTHUMG00000007877 Other designations: ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila)-like 4 (Hu antigen D)|ELAV-like protein 4|Embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila, homolog of, like-4|Hu antigen D|hu-antigen D|paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD ELAVL4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IRE1 IRE1P IRE1a hIRE1p WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ERN1 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 2081 17q24.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0004521 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11779465); GO_0004521 (EC: TAS); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11278723); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0005637 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0006987 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007050 (EC: ISS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI); GO_0030176 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9637683); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12637535); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0046777 (EC: IEA); GO_0070055 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11779465); GO_0070059 (EC: IEA); GO_0090502 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11779465); GO_0090502 (EC: TAS); GO_1900103 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16645094) PMID: 9637683; 10587643; 10650002; 10737800; 11175748; 11278723; 11779465; 11850408; 11897784; 12050113; 12446770; 12477932; 12637535; 12843613; 14702039; 15063770; 15234121; 16107700; 16344560; 16645094; 16680093; 17585877; 17638880; 17951406; 17991856; 18065414; 18242182; 18369366; 18840095; 19135427; 19913121; 20007910; 20013084; 20103773; 20379614; 20447464; 20625543; 20628086; 20702765; 20798350; 20819778; 20965234; 21118962; 21385877; 21482118; 21525936; 21680894; 21954231; 22194594; 22199355; 22219383; 22314839; 22315414; 22419015; 22446326; 22718352; 22787145; 22917505; 23001845; 23041190; 23042294; 23103912; 23110043; 23363253; 23575540; 23598528; 23602568; 23684307; 23748775; 23752693; 23942232; 23950715; 24330607 endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000178607 HGNC:3449 HPRD:04943 MIM:604033 Vega:OTTHUMG00000178879 Other designations: ER to nucleus signalling 1|endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1|inositol-requiring 1|inositol-requiring enzyme 1|inositol-requiring protein 1|ire1-alpha|protein kinase/endoribonuclease|serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 ERN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ETS2IT1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ETS2 v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 2114 21q22.2 9606 21 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000977 (EC: IEA); GO_0000981 (EC: IBA); GO_0001501 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8596630); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10918595); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11909962); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11909962); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16780588); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006357 (EC: IBA); GO_0006366 (EC: IBA); GO_0030154 (EC: IBA); GO_0035259 (EC: IEA); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11909962); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2186967; 2250910; 2847145; 2997781; 3021321; 3285299; 8596630; 9334186; 9681824; 10212281; 10358095; 10377039; 10815800; 10830953; 10918595; 10942770; 11027273; 11279115; 11313931; 11689681; 11752456; 11909962; 12095911; 12174931; 12477932; 12511603; 12532432; 12637547; 12646185; 12743594; 12860972; 12894593; 14507917; 14702039; 14722092; 15231748; 15489334; 15572696; 15788656; 15806151; 15900611; 16263717; 16780588; 16953216; 17703088; 17921261; 17975022; 17986575; 18059336; 18094719; 18242510; 18374905; 18586674; 18598946; 18801734; 18848526; 18854154; 18942749; 19318269; 19407855; 19453261; 19939245; 20145133; 20379614; 20398657; 20554528; 20671229; 21079520; 21241890; 21526717; 21562315; 21693764; 21700929; 21763315; 21963094; 21987572; 22048266; 22128184; 22221250; 22298639; 22354960; 22446105; 22505724; 22615925; 22819965; 22826236; 22922762; 23343470; 23416888; 23530240; 23542016; 23589550; 23659968; 24024966 v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000157557 HGNC:3489 HPRD:01263 MIM:164740 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090769 Other designations: oncogene ETS-2|protein C-ets-2|v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E2 oncogene homolog 2|v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 ETS2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FAAH-1 PSAB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase 2166 1p35-p34 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0009062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9122178); GO_0012505 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016884 (EC: IEA); GO_0017064 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9122178); GO_0031090 (EC: ISS); GO_0047372 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9122178; 9790682; 9822713; 9871570; 9878243; 10036136; 10431820; 10788462; 10806398; 11352748; 11390466; 11818522; 12008024; 12060782; 12153574; 12477932; 12556536; 12665801; 12799380; 14657172; 15219977; 15254019; 15489334; 15721218; 15809662; 16710414; 16972078; 17065342; 17216208; 17290447; 17342744; 17449448; 17553686; 17621164; 17712725; 17962356; 17991615; 18029348; 18068305; 18295974; 18493729; 18497731; 18566995; 18705688; 18805581; 18819056; 19002671; 19014633; 19053981; 19086053; 19095868; 19103437; 19165169; 19193342; 19419760; 19659925; 19801960; 19859057; 19874574; 19890266; 19913121; 19958092; 20010552; 20010914; 20015515; 20044928; 20054193; 20056290; 20065978; 20080186; 20098695; 20099163; 20102775; 20189896; 20369362; 20628086; 20631561; 20716455; 20808855; 20870184; 20976246; 21037510; 21118518; 21442624; 21477106; 21519771; 21930339; 22035053; 22068813; 22442717; 22609216; 22701012; 22776995; 22826533; 22827915; 22832737; 23122699; 23211960; 23333123; 23372171; 23556448; 23616186 fatty acid amide hydrolase Ensembl:ENSG00000117480 HGNC:3553 HPRD:04244 MIM:602935 Vega:OTTHUMG00000007811 Other designations: anandamide amidohydrolase 1|fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1|oleamide hydrolase 1 FAAH Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FABPL L-FABP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FABP1 fatty acid binding protein 1, liver 2168 2p11 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0005324 (EC: IEA); GO_0005504 (EC: IEA); GO_0005543 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005782 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0008144 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0016209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16175609); GO_0032000 (EC: IEA); GO_0032052 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16175609); GO_0043154 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16175609); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045179 (EC: IEA); GO_0050892 (EC: IEA); GO_0051345 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070301 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16175609); GO_0071456 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16175609) PMID: 1699834; 2824476; 3012800; 3838309; 3838313; 7566098; 7784447; 8232272; 9070383; 9250612; 9688651; 10684629; 11226238; 11354243; 11461829; 12121132; 12477932; 12646418; 14563446; 15123239; 15249972; 15308127; 15342556; 15489334; 15547295; 16175609; 16249547; 16772708; 16945373; 17003471; 17428383; 17485234; 17526850; 17605029; 17698986; 17826730; 18094680; 18506375; 18624398; 18660489; 18838948; 18854154; 19019918; 19056867; 19217864; 19330863; 19435794; 19441025; 19499240; 19622156; 19913121; 20185732; 20416077; 20550918; 20575163; 20628086; 20721681; 21153750; 21356355; 21504508; 21757748; 21767383; 21856370; 21996226; 22396741; 22465531; 22515481; 22525507; 22640736; 23144966; 23167703; 23223350; 23291381; 23349979; 23599408; 23893635; 24299557 fatty acid binding protein 1, liver Ensembl:ENSG00000163586 HGNC:3555 HPRD:00612 MIM:134650 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130312 Other designations: fatty acid-binding protein 1|fatty acid-binding protein, liver|liver-type fatty acid-binding protein FABP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He E-FABP EFABP KFABP PA-FABP PAFABP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FABP5 fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasis-associated) 2171 8q21.13 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005215 (EC: IEA); GO_0005504 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12839573); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8092987); GO_0006656 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1512466); GO_0008544 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1512466); GO_0009611 (EC: IEA); GO_0015758 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1286667; 1512466; 8092987; 8125298; 8427590; 8726632; 8947466; 9285630; 9438903; 10191275; 10331666; 10493790; 11113456; 12049637; 12477932; 12665801; 12839573; 15146197; 15335354; 15489334; 15592455; 16130169; 16759896; 16806233; 17353931; 17428383; 18360704; 18729184; 19156129; 19337991; 19339807; 19434059; 19554614; 19861119; 20040021; 20057506; 20424164; 20452069; 20563994; 20833513; 21139048; 21288588; 21356353; 21492859; 21890473; 21906983; 22010213; 22505724; 22761399; 22825302; 23000965; 23039948; 23327868; 23528210; 23535730; 23722546; 24457600 fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasis-associated) Ensembl:ENSG00000164687 HGNC:3560 HPRD:05524 MIM:605168 Vega:OTTHUMG00000134313 Other designations: epidermal-type fatty acid-binding protein|fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal|psoriasis-associated fatty acid-binding protein homolog FABP5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CDHF7 CDHR8 FAT ME5 hFat1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FAT1 FAT atypical cadherin 1 2195 4q35 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16979624); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15922730); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15922730); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8586420); GO_0005911 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15148305); GO_0007015 (EC: ISS); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8586420); GO_0007156 (EC: IEA); GO_0007163 (EC: ISS); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8586420); GO_0009653 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8586420); GO_0016337 (EC: ISS); GO_0016477 (EC: ISS); GO_0030027 (EC: IEA); GO_0030175 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15922730); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 8586420; 8889548; 9182820; 9199196; 10737800; 12477932; 15146197; 15148305; 15342556; 15744052; 15922730; 16402135; 16979624; 17081983; 17325662; 17500054; 17895925; 17938632; 19033385; 19056867; 19126244; 19131340; 19328558; 19893579; 21139048; 21552555; 21617878; 21680732; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22116550; 22194967; 22347407; 22505724; 22959770; 22986533; 23314748; 23354438; 23438482; 23785297 FAT atypical cadherin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000083857 HGNC:3595 HPRD:02986 MIM:600976 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160320 Other designations: FAT tumor suppressor 1|FAT tumor suppressor homolog 1|cadherin ME5|cadherin family member 7|cadherin-related family member 8|cadherin-related tumor suppressor homolog|protein fat homolog|protocadherin Fat 1 FAT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APY ATOPY FCER1B FCERI IGEL IGER IGHER MS4A1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MS4A2 membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 2 2206 11q12-q13 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005768 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1535625); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7920628); GO_0007202 (EC: IEA); GO_0007205 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0019863 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0032998 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042169 (EC: IEA); GO_0043306 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045121 (EC: IEA); GO_0050663 (EC: IEA); GO_0051219 (EC: IEA); GO_0051279 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1386024; 1533242; 1535625; 2146219; 2448768; 7528770; 7612892; 7920628; 8071371; 8094113; 8188278; 8805698; 8817330; 8842731; 8968765; 8995445; 9169438; 9341761; 9379041; 11134951; 11142503; 11150000; 11245344; 11368631; 11447385; 11702205; 11758232; 12047428; 12082592; 12217393; 12393595; 12422339; 12477932; 12697656; 12753743; 12903039; 12919239; 14687477; 15087090; 15316148; 15453830; 15479187; 15489334; 15528387; 15953854; 16002993; 16344560; 16750991; 16839401; 16839402; 16867043; 17014622; 17088130; 17121586; 17178032; 17430357; 17686114; 17703412; 18269668; 18379861; 18534082; 18579528; 18691306; 18931892; 18949059; 18974840; 19028820; 19131662; 19218813; 19247692; 19258923; 19264973; 19288130; 19356729; 19416867; 19479237; 19514647; 19559392; 19796196; 19824886; 19862939; 19913121; 19948975; 20028371; 20085599; 20358027; 20395963; 20503287; 20536507; 20554927; 20628086; 20703737; 20716621; 21061265; 21832049; 22150093; 22845063; 23643722 membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 2 HGNC:7316 HPRD:00915 MIM:147138 Other designations: Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; beta polypeptide|High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor beta-subunit (FcERI) (IgE Fc receptor, beta-subunit) (Fc epsilon receptor I beta-chain)|high affinity IgE receptor beta subunit|high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit beta|igE Fc receptor subunit beta|immunoglobulin E receptor, high affinity, beta polypeptide MS4A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FEN-1 MF1 RAD2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FEN1 flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 2237 11q12 20140408 9606 11 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000287 (EC: IEA); GO_0000722 (EC: TAS); GO_0000723 (EC: TAS); GO_0000737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18995831); GO_0000737 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11986308); GO_0000738 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0003677 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11986308); GO_0003684 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8007985); GO_0003690 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0004519 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0004523 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961795); GO_0004527 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9778254); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11430825); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18995831); GO_0006260 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0006271 (EC: TAS); GO_0006281 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS); GO_0006284 (EC: TAS); GO_0006302 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0007613 (EC: IEA); GO_0008309 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0008409 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961795); GO_0009650 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8007985); GO_0017108 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18995831); GO_0017108 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11986308); GO_0030145 (EC: IEA); GO_0032201 (EC: TAS); GO_0043137 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18995831); GO_0048015 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0090305 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961795); GO_0090305 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131753); GO_0090502 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7961795) PMID: 1477073; 7673186; 7774922; 7961795; 8007985; 8131753; 8621570; 8668533; 8876181; 9178907; 9214649; 9305916; 9445487; 9545252; 9705499; 9778254; 10460157; 10545607; 10559261; 10635332; 11260214; 11313979; 11430825; 11598021; 11601988; 11948189; 11986308; 12065902; 12171929; 12200445; 12356323; 12411510; 12427278; 12453426; 12477932; 12494477; 12515398; 12554738; 12683998; 12853968; 12856420; 12917330; 14562054; 14657243; 14688284; 14690413; 15037610; 15131255; 15146197; 15342556; 15489334; 15504738; 15556996; 15561706; 15576034; 15579905; 15592449; 15616578; 15635413; 15758026; 16133872; 16169070; 16216273; 16326861; 16543152; 16554811; 16582103; 16914748; 17115032; 17176113; 17488975; 18029348; 18097100; 18291413; 18394896; 18417526; 18443037; 18499658; 18541666; 18662981; 18669164; 18692475; 18781797; 18786645; 18995831; 19010819; 19068479; 19208620; 19218431; 19329428; 19471022; 19525235; 19595719; 19618370; 19674974; 19738201; 20019387; 20126648; 20226869; 20444887; 20496165; 20522537; 20551483; 20574454; 20643645; 20729856; 20802161; 20819778; 21044950; 21139048; 21252943; 21345332; 21454907; 21496641; 21829377; 21832049; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22011247; 22072618; 22139419; 22145905; 22244820; 22505724; 22556262; 22586102; 22592530; 22606318; 22749529; 22751659; 22787431; 22863883; 22918592; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23128233; 23184144; 23277564; 23362303; 23378610; 23382697; 23675412; 23975198; 24126913; 24515614 flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000168496 HGNC:3650 HPRD:02670 MIM:600393 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168162 Other designations: DNase IV|flap endonuclease 1|maturation factor 1|maturation factor-1 FEN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BFGF FGF-2 FGFB HBGF-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) 2247 4q26 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000186 (EC: IEA); GO_0000187 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9712850); GO_0000189 (EC: IEA); GO_0001658 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12631064); GO_0001759 (EC: IEA); GO_0001938 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18059339); GO_0002042 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0002042 (EC: IGI, PMID: 19351956); GO_0005104 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10830168); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10490103); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006661 (EC: IDA); GO_0006700 (EC: IEA); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10848592); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9712850); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007265 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10848592); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9576942); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IGI, PMID: 8663044); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17500071); GO_0008543 (EC: IGI, PMID: 8663044); GO_0008543 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10830168); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10903182); GO_0010001 (EC: IEA); GO_0010764 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19577615); GO_0010863 (EC: IDA); GO_0017134 (EC: IEA); GO_0021762 (EC: IEA); GO_0021940 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030214 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19577615); GO_0030308 (EC: IEA); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0030374 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17500071); GO_0032958 (EC: IDA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042056 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0042060 (EC: TAS); GO_0042660 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18635606); GO_0043536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0043537 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0043552 (EC: IDA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045669 (EC: IEA); GO_0045765 (EC: TAS); GO_0045766 (EC: IDA); GO_0045892 (EC: IEA); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17500071); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0046668 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0048598 (EC: TAS); GO_0048678 (EC: IEA); GO_0048864 (EC: IEA); GO_0050918 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18059339); GO_0051209 (EC: IDA); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0051781 (EC: IEA); GO_0060045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0060128 (EC: IEA); GO_0060129 (EC: IEA); GO_0060548 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12631064); GO_0060591 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17167778); GO_0060644 (EC: IEA); GO_0061045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19577615); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17167778) PMID: 1417798; 1697263; 1702556; 1707542; 1769963; 1785797; 1849658; 1885605; 2265560; 2320377; 2435284; 2435575; 2538817; 2726761; 3472745; 3579930; 3732516; 3780670; 3964259; 7532176; 7691311; 7735329; 7935812; 7999082; 8344959; 8530375; 8622701; 8663044; 8885834; 9139660; 9266968; 9342064; 9553078; 9558385; 9576942; 9712850; 9826564; 9858574; 9925931; 10358027; 10397733; 10438928; 10490103; 10574949; 10579907; 10652299; 10830168; 10848592; 10903182; 10950949; 11030354; 11053263; 11066092; 11075807; 11141237; 11276432; 11294897; 11390973; 11418238; 11509569; 11598182; 11708770; 11716516; 11742492; 11796824; 11815602; 11847221; 11864711; 11891198; 11891801; 11928807; 11940567; 11960370; 11964307; 11976347; 11985797; 11986954; 11999550; 12000311; 12006402; 12008951; 12020352; 12032827; 12054499; 12057924; 12080186; 12087465; 12145206; 12168799; 12172783; 12209593; 12235165; 12369790; 12393937; 12403780; 12428103; 12477932; 12478660; 12496364; 12509902; 12517814; 12538477; 12545206; 12571252; 12574959; 12590983; 12607599; 12623787; 12631064; 12631070; 12651930; 12659634; 12660731; 12676798; 12682649; 12717444; 12727994; 12746216; 12755687; 12799459; 12815619; 12823444; 12857600; 12857733; 12871330; 12871334; 12872165; 13680247; 14523006; 14630795; 14669345; 14672345; 14680499; 14699503; 14706681; 15033176; 15096041; 15117822; 15120936; 15146197; 15166228; 15199049; 15208265; 15243127; 15247002; 15247275; 15249224; 15293454; 15297314; 15302993; 15316024; 15342556; 15464234; 15481452; 15496150; 15525641; 15573376; 15603823; 15610530; 15631865; 15680705; 15689238; 15695515; 15703886; 15713745; 15725477; 15726914; 15731686; 15737206; 15756443; 15769511; 15769981; 15780951; 15809086; 15817123; 15825079; 15875316; 15875782; 15879597; 15906377; 15924676; 15942693; 15947088; 15985216; 15996482; 16020751; 16077964; 16077988; 16080018; 16095497; 16103882; 16135988; 16160009; 16210019; 16222707; 16227592; 16257968; 16278388; 16304044; 16320338; 16436505; 16463783; 16490198; 16495214; 16521228; 16597610; 16597617; 16631837; 16638370; 16685268; 16709186; 16723715; 16739027; 16769728; 16807244; 16816927; 16820871; 16822883; 16840552; 16867222; 16876430; 16905765; 16949906; 16982797; 16996573; 17133345; 17157157; 17166351; 17167778; 17169545; 17204151; 17217840; 17234579; 17285972; 17298206; 17381064; 17466952; 17478553; 17487982; 17497037; 17500071; 17503459; 17505261; 17522998; 17532297; 17537644; 17537668; 17543283; 17556598; 17562265; 17578349; 17605857; 17637743; 17651425; 17653045; 17676480; 17699594; 17706726; 17724016; 17726742; 17762899; 17825301; 17929017; 17942638; 17949478; 17968311; 17968943; 17981115; 17996481; 17997184; 18006148; 18025790; 18031768; 18036796; 18042549; 18051571; 18052595; 18055262; 18059339; 18088275; 18093228; 18094712; 18164591; 18164704; 18171671; 18179408; 18187129; 18253936; 18258238; 18279437; 18281281; 18298475; 18329368; 18332228; 18347025; 18364383; 18419755; 18420995; 18438927; 18452581; 18476630; 18481005; 18511454; 18519946; 18549879; 18555217; 18570917; 18592007; 18635606; 18639416; 18680389; 18698254; 18705695; 18773427; 18783914; 18802039; 18803285; 18819464; 18829480; 18930044; 18974971; 18979395; 19056764; 19059221; 19061884; 19086919; 19096229; 19096867; 19100714; 19107653; 19147956; 19160106; 19196427; 19197140; 19217457; 19235591; 19245795; 19279131; 19287993; 19301256; 19308772; 19318994; 19319189; 19351956; 19386985; 19423540; 19453261; 19456219; 19477940; 19478386; 19489096; 19495899; 19533745; 19541589; 19556344; 19577615; 19586755; 19587357; 19608737; 19614919; 19617559; 19631775; 19631914; 19651147; 19670348; 19696444; 19710942; 19713533; 19781633; 19802384; 19822079; 19828453; 19885553; 19890880; 19892399; 19913121; 19919531; 19930868; 19933269; 19950605; 19952401; 20001221; 20016498; 20053757; 20056600; 20116383; 20122687; 20127022; 20128380; 20150555; 20197313; 20202860; 20206949; 20224347; 20230531; 20335309; 20339243; 20362567; 20363749; 20371606; 20406964; 20438785; 20452482; 20504760; 20504870; 20514456; 20526813; 20571834; 20628086; 20628269; 20628624; 20634891; 20641033; 20644561; 20645833; 20646480; 20672350; 20673868; 20681019; 20713592; 20817637; 20819778; 20850693; 20857427; 20886037; 20926602; 20945415; 21029699; 21037114; 21041608; 21041986; 21048031; 21139048; 21161264; 21209880; 21224050; 21266348; 21350328; 21381082; 21382096; 21460777; 21471211; 21501244; 21506108; 21506113; 21515689; 21528671; 21539890; 21572099; 21678127; 21695795; 21699503; 21720547; 21733164; 21761458; 21766497; 21771176; 21830216; 21832283; 21835001; 21855631; 21894939; 21919032; 21923031; 21942441; 21996542; 21997191; 21998584; 22009965; 22016523; 22102278; 22125837; 22158871; 22174424; 22193058; 22228819; 22233184; 22237711; 22260074; 22267482; 22335910; 22393273; 22493287; 22506349; 22508498; 22542539; 22546563; 22577248; 22599586; 22680042; 22730382; 22732006; 22804708; 22836867; 22895562; 22927437; 22932066; 22962037; 22967508; 23053181; 23071632; 23086340; 23122986; 23154434; 23236888; 23239497; 23243019; 23264596; 23265436; 23290762; 23322705; 23331079; 23335070; 23352645; 23385422; 23435034; 23448571; 23457216; 23485603; 23620752; 23630597; 23677479; 23861152; 23869761; 23998120; 24014875; 24063890; 24089521; 24216509 fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) Ensembl:ENSG00000138685 HGNC:3676 HPRD:00622 MIM:134920 Vega:OTTHUMG00000039506 Other designations: basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF|fibroblast growth factor 2|heparin-binding growth factor 2|prostatropin FGF2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FGF-14 FHF-4 FHF4 SCA27 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FGF14 fibroblast growth factor 14 2259 RP11-397O8.6 13q34 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005104 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 12815063); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8790420); GO_0007254 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12815063); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8790420); GO_0007268 (EC: IEA); GO_0007399 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008201 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12815063); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0008344 (EC: IEA); GO_0008543 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 12815063); GO_0010765 (EC: IEA); GO_0050905 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8790420; 12123606; 12364586; 12477932; 12489043; 12815063; 15057823; 15148151; 15199049; 15365159; 15470364; 16166153; 16211615; 17221845; 17236779; 20379614; 22579694; 23166209; 23509962; 23551011; 23640885 fibroblast growth factor 14 HGNC:3671 HPRD:03305 MIM:601515 Other designations: bA397O8.2|fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 FGF14 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP3Aase FRA3B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FHIT fragile histidine triad 2272 3p14.2 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0003824 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8598045); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18319262); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15007172); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15313915); GO_0006163 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9323207); GO_0006260 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0009117 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8794732); GO_0016787 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8794732); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15313915); GO_0032435 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15313915); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0047710 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8794732); GO_0072332 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15313915) PMID: 3864602; 8598045; 8640789; 8661111; 8794732; 8824874; 9012482; 9261067; 9290949; 9323207; 9366528; 9537583; 9576908; 9583683; 9671749; 9824201; 10706123; 11085938; 11731438; 11768238; 11788890; 11809703; 11891319; 11902576; 11915181; 12007194; 12048684; 12057912; 12067991; 12090476; 12119013; 12169206; 12177781; 12231533; 12353263; 12362975; 12419158; 12452072; 12477932; 12483524; 12529969; 12627509; 12697969; 12698186; 12800227; 12833632; 12839965; 12890991; 12893195; 12926121; 12964015; 12969785; 14566838; 14569398; 14630947; 14660280; 14675322; 14702039; 14719066; 14719099; 14760383; 14991669; 15007172; 15026336; 15044096; 15060557; 15073846; 15080495; 15080505; 15182206; 15219888; 15231689; 15246872; 15313915; 15328196; 15361849; 15384174; 15480422; 15489334; 15489891; 15569992; 15633221; 15674328; 15798093; 15835917; 15902282; 15906520; 15929169; 15935551; 15949315; 15998374; 16115913; 16189514; 16217683; 16231322; 16242161; 16344560; 16359767; 16513840; 16533421; 16570269; 16698048; 16699861; 16733051; 16739375; 16740775; 16763940; 16773697; 16864578; 16963412; 16990010; 17029211; 17037022; 17119051; 17137614; 17142325; 17143956; 17164758; 17328863; 17348444; 17359554; 17373735; 17374991; 17380463; 17382535; 17393360; 17548701; 17562266; 17596760; 17609851; 17671701; 17694439; 17712558; 17846126; 18006149; 18029348; 18038314; 18077326; 18091387; 18097574; 18162546; 18221322; 18247301; 18299890; 18319262; 18338496; 18338497; 18367246; 18378390; 18426086; 18476633; 18494825; 18517280; 18567082; 18595145; 18608185; 18618300; 18690840; 18821565; 18953408; 18985481; 19004824; 19096006; 19130459; 19240061; 19267103; 19286306; 19339270; 19401904; 19414370; 19418484; 19419937; 19434452; 19452299; 19502167; 19620087; 19621594; 19622739; 19728916; 19730990; 19751438; 19760177; 19913121; 19931269; 20060354; 20060399; 20082323; 20083852; 20083853; 20095356; 20125088; 20306291; 20379614; 20399571; 20417865; 20435627; 20458975; 20510001; 20552362; 20606729; 20622329; 20628086; 20689140; 20690795; 20814237; 20864173; 20864512; 21095196; 21182207; 21223598; 21241597; 21258320; 21404710; 21557333; 21617227; 21668571; 21679157; 21685375; 21711110; 21830375; 21870644; 21928112; 21988832; 22315171; 22379998; 22393963; 22419666; 22425911; 22578181; 22613411; 22747683; 22760553; 22766745; 22843886; 22932087; 22952603; 23019410; 23049088; 23102829; 23131390; 23209436; 23404381; 23470693; 23724516; 23736021; 23780737; 23797051; 23897914; 23929738; 23947369 fragile histidine triad Ensembl:ENSG00000189283 HGNC:3701 HPRD:03096 MIM:601153 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158591 Other designations: AP3A hydrolase|bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase|diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P3-triphosphate hydrolase|dinucleosidetriphosphatase|tumor suppressor protein FHIT Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FKH1 FKHR FOXO1A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FOXO1 forkhead box O1 2308 13q14.1 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001078 (EC: IEA); GO_0001568 (EC: IBA); GO_0001659 (EC: ISS); GO_0001678 (EC: ISS); GO_0003682 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11237865); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11311120); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11237865); GO_0005739 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006473 (EC: ISS); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: ISS); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007389 (EC: IBA); GO_0008286 (EC: ISS); GO_0008301 (EC: IBA); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009267 (EC: ISS); GO_0009790 (EC: IBA); GO_0009888 (EC: IBA); GO_0031018 (EC: TAS); GO_0032873 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19696738); GO_0034599 (EC: ISS); GO_0035947 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042127 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10871843); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12228231); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045444 (EC: ISS); GO_0045599 (EC: ISS); GO_0045722 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: ISS); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10871843); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10871843); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0051721 (EC: ISS); GO_0070417 (EC: ISS); GO_0071732 (EC: ISS); GO_2000505 (EC: ISS) PMID: 7630639; 7862145; 8275086; 8634710; 8790412; 9479491; 10358014; 10358075; 10783894; 10871843; 10973497; 11030146; 11237865; 11311120; 11353774; 11435445; 11672436; 11735247; 11893744; 11980723; 12039929; 12150827; 12163409; 12228231; 12242297; 12477932; 12482965; 12493691; 12519792; 12560069; 12606503; 12921955; 12960271; 12966085; 13679577; 14664696; 14726521; 15047604; 15057823; 15084259; 15109499; 15140004; 15184910; 15220471; 15342912; 15489334; 15582274; 15613482; 15632117; 15668399; 15688035; 15688409; 15692560; 15778376; 15890677; 15905404; 15987820; 16076959; 16100571; 16123151; 16133873; 16154098; 16282329; 16485043; 16492665; 16497530; 16571842; 16670089; 16690806; 16709600; 16849544; 16885156; 16916907; 16943287; 16950602; 16952014; 16952980; 16964289; 16973122; 16979636; 17030088; 17038621; 17050673; 17077083; 17202144; 17210752; 17218607; 17258205; 17285543; 17404186; 17442120; 17478621; 17490646; 17491598; 17525748; 17555999; 17556536; 17597184; 17599040; 17609436; 17613043; 17638879; 17873969; 17986608; 17993506; 18006475; 18022385; 18029348; 18096667; 18280254; 18301748; 18303411; 18316359; 18356527; 18408765; 18420577; 18483260; 18497882; 18497885; 18612045; 18660489; 18692812; 18713968; 18718910; 18786403; 18787186; 18788887; 18805788; 18815134; 18844239; 18951090; 18988640; 19049975; 19058789; 19075016; 19086408; 19103600; 19141580; 19150739; 19221179; 19233123; 19244250; 19254690; 19281796; 19293131; 19308286; 19321440; 19442434; 19463968; 19483080; 19503105; 19513505; 19535741; 19549905; 19563779; 19574223; 19584310; 19633686; 19675556; 19686743; 19696738; 19727442; 19740748; 19757185; 19772960; 19787258; 19793722; 19887561; 19893043; 19948975; 19953635; 19956688; 20018872; 20033803; 20061393; 20095040; 20125105; 20151947; 20351326; 20353756; 20357092; 20406953; 20412774; 20485516; 20543840; 20682687; 20719862; 20819778; 20868688; 20874444; 20884733; 20933505; 21069157; 21075101; 21116854; 21177767; 21177856; 21179458; 21185807; 21238503; 21298325; 21320536; 21321994; 21373837; 21388494; 21396404; 21423212; 21440011; 21440577; 21442235; 21505104; 21510935; 21539865; 21541992; 21613825; 21655267; 21666686; 21670150; 21696576; 21697492; 21708191; 21747041; 21775495; 21804543; 21993163; 22013015; 22072736; 22089931; 22159921; 22180177; 22197543; 22213032; 22266855; 22315317; 22343918; 22374423; 22389493; 22400069; 22411791; 22417654; 22454413; 22489460; 22515357; 22538365; 22552808; 22569260; 22622204; 22653055; 22675169; 22761423; 22761592; 22821817; 22865884; 22931788; 22992773; 23002242; 23025577; 23029264; 23035900; 23041154; 23059127; 23077062; 23105097; 23142810; 23160481; 23255113; 23263330; 23277279; 23291589; 23381604; 23389878; 23401241; 23460611; 23469153; 23532851; 23574718; 23603247; 23614736; 23615915; 23640897; 23686362; 23721824; 23733015; 23733882; 23748164; 23778262; 23799156; 23803610; 23814486; 23855308; 23865345; 23874926; 23995837; 24145170; 24268349; 24334454; 24374340 forkhead box O1 Ensembl:ENSG00000150907 HGNC:3819 HPRD:00645 MIM:136533 Vega:OTTHUMG00000016775 Other designations: forkhead box protein O1|forkhead box protein O1A|forkhead, Drosophila, homolog of, in rhabdomyosarcoma FOXO1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CIG ED-B FINC FN FNZ GFND GFND2 LETS MSF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FN1 fibronectin 1 2335 2q34 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0002020 (EC: IPI); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005178 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19738201); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10627046); GO_0005518 (EC: NAS, PMID: 3024962); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005577 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3997886); GO_0005604 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005793 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15308636); GO_0006953 (EC: IEA); GO_0007044 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1423622); GO_0007161 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008201 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10075919); GO_0008360 (EC: IEA); GO_0009611 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7989369); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0016504 (EC: IEA); GO_0018149 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3997886); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16157329); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031093 (EC: TAS); GO_0034446 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16236823); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA) PMID: 444675; 1311202; 1372909; 1400330; 1409674; 1423622; 1468447; 1532572; 1632457; 1694173; 1730778; 1875953; 1959621; 2012601; 2138612; 2229073; 2414772; 2531657; 2745554; 2822387; 2867902; 2989004; 2992573; 2992939; 3003095; 3021206; 3024962; 3031656; 3375063; 3478690; 3593230; 3770189; 3770201; 3900070; 3943369; 3988746; 3997552; 3997886; 4019516; 6092370; 6200322; 6304699; 6462919; 6630202; 6688418; 6693419; 6981115; 7050098; 7493623; 7499434; 7500359; 7519849; 7559467; 7583666; 7690138; 7963647; 7989369; 8063866; 8120056; 8120888; 8168508; 8173552; 8308892; 8360181; 8449034; 8468356; 8548820; 8599839; 8663002; 8756760; 8798654; 8905624; 8952048; 8997243; 8997639; 9016396; 9117345; 9169408; 9211865; 9334230; 9339851; 9361795; 9443108; 9501082; 9514732; 9626063; 9636140; 9651579; 9733622; 9751722; 9837825; 10075919; 10196121; 10451539; 10464263; 10470078; 10470109; 10627046; 10647176; 10706716; 10772816; 10783396; 10823831; 10848816; 11010812; 11023498; 11024059; 11134254; 11149921; 11157741; 11180285; 11276204; 11285119; 11285216; 11311202; 11342427; 11344214; 11419941; 11423128; 11423542; 11493006; 11500098; 11605051; 11686302; 11737888; 11751853; 11752017; 11768240; 11773026; 11775745; 11795204; 11801638; 11801679; 11829448; 11832485; 11847210; 11864705; 11867580; 11867643; 11891225; 11928812; 11937267; 11956183; 11960984; 11981027; 11997396; 12034705; 12069579; 12091360; 12100475; 12105189; 12119020; 12119179; 12127832; 12127836; 12149247; 12180907; 12225805; 12225811; 12270980; 12388756; 12401883; 12468382; 12477932; 12486316; 12497612; 12527107; 12535082; 12538453; 12538576; 12621118; 12631068; 12736686; 12761244; 12802498; 12810082; 12902636; 12917446; 14558920; 14602715; 14645245; 14662883; 14695199; 14702039; 14709558; 14718574; 14737076; 14760718; 15060148; 15161923; 15165854; 15174051; 15213410; 15231748; 15247227; 15265957; 15308636; 15331608; 15331737; 15384859; 15456495; 15456743; 15467744; 15485890; 15609325; 15645125; 15652337; 15699160; 15717924; 15721303; 15799029; 15806100; 15835821; 15855153; 15890670; 15912204; 15961545; 16005629; 16055535; 16083879; 16091757; 16106752; 16150826; 16157329; 16159961; 16236823; 16277979; 16322219; 16335952; 16336961; 16375583; 16378831; 16463680; 16495290; 16498633; 16581250; 16621928; 16757476; 16839338; 16928957; 16933105; 16978691; 16982604; 16984808; 16986166; 17003032; 17015452; 17027088; 17081983; 17136547; 17187346; 17266699; 17273763; 17416372; 17425334; 17459242; 17468934; 17490871; 17512904; 17526550; 17554369; 17596138; 17636193; 17704536; 17879163; 17929131; 17949711; 18006840; 18042364; 18064631; 18083324; 18268355; 18276110; 18313373; 18323857; 18332212; 18334936; 18340378; 18343220; 18348696; 18451110; 18451144; 18474427; 18499669; 18577581; 18624398; 18633626; 18690341; 18713862; 18716775; 18776591; 18801363; 18810851; 18824166; 18829569; 18957516; 18958156; 19020673; 19031824; 19037100; 19056867; 19094228; 19160003; 19161998; 19212764; 19224684; 19251642; 19342448; 19345424; 19391127; 19404402; 19417080; 19460753; 19471022; 19541353; 19542224; 19553700; 19564406; 19581300; 19616291; 19617627; 19701604; 19701759; 19730683; 19738201; 19760097; 19821053; 19834535; 19847669; 19880379; 19893244; 19893454; 19903114; 19913121; 19914350; 19935699; 20007695; 20012564; 20029029; 20043904; 20097172; 20097751; 20145126; 20161770; 20201928; 20210243; 20232238; 20357207; 20359090; 20364278; 20403349; 20419094; 20452482; 20463177; 20470202; 20484935; 20489157; 20495339; 20505078; 20506163; 20530259; 20552237; 20600851; 20628086; 20628340; 20628624; 20638438; 20643357; 20670094; 20671107; 20672308; 20672350; 20673868; 20686611; 20708078; 20725648; 20811396; 20814177; 20819642; 20851879; 20860816; 20939933; 21036168; 21036738; 21078624; 21098633; 21131589; 21138686; 21139048; 21148425; 21150319; 21160032; 21178109; 21190414; 21224775; 21311138; 21325030; 21330459; 21347378; 21429937; 21472136; 21508391; 21573010; 21630266; 21691075; 21768108; 21824169; 21840989; 21861843; 21876142; 21890473; 21924268; 21942715; 21961600; 21969082; 21980357; 21988832; 22009740; 22048274; 22219202; 22241990; 22319020; 22339947; 22351755; 22378065; 22496919; 22514602; 22523280; 22531343; 22586326; 22641031; 22674303; 22699679; 22705941; 22716248; 22782528; 22837202; 22848537; 22896658; 22918248; 22919069; 22936677; 23029023; 23056244; 23098431; 23116545; 23142796; 23170788; 23201264; 23201304; 23217101; 23238252; 23251222; 23288153; 23315067; 23341464; 23485472; 23509360; 23593224; 23612019; 23622001; 23643164; 23653350; 23653354; 23684510; 23740248; 23750785; 23763354; 23765377; 23791940; 23811340; 23872359; 23884219; 23908593; 23921871; 24030464; 24070235 fibronectin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000115414 HGNC:3778 HPRD:00626 MIM:135600 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133054 Other designations: cold-insoluble globulin|fibronectin|migration-stimulating factor FN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FPTA PGGT1A PTAR2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FNTA farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, alpha 2339 8p11 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004660 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0004660 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 19228685); GO_0004661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0004662 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11687658); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8599089); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005875 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19228685); GO_0005953 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0005965 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8599089); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0008017 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19228685); GO_0016056 (EC: TAS); GO_0018343 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0018344 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893176); GO_0022400 (EC: TAS); GO_0043014 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19228685); GO_0090044 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19228685); GO_0090045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19228685) PMID: 1400319; 2217184; 7713879; 8106351; 8175923; 8276393; 8419339; 8494894; 8530343; 8599089; 8830800; 8889548; 8910345; 10676968; 10747914; 10852915; 11313965; 11598000; 11687658; 12036349; 12374986; 12477932; 12825937; 14702039; 15170324; 15451670; 15489334; 16893176; 17192483; 17353931; 18187620; 18406652; 18654987; 19228685; 19841875; 20403997; 21139048; 21906983; 21988832; 22160308; 22863883; 23602568 farnesyltransferase, CAAX box, alpha Ensembl:ENSG00000168522 HGNC:3782 HPRD:00607 MIM:134635 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165279 Other designations: FTase-alpha|GGTase-I-alpha|farnesyl-protein transferase alpha-subunit|protein farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase type-1 subunit alpha|protein prenyltransferase alpha subunit repeat containing 2|ras proteins prenyltransferase subunit alpha|type I protein geranyl-geranyltransferase alpha subunit FNTA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B1F B1F2 CPF FTF FTZ-F1 FTZ-F1beta LRH-1 LRH1 hB1F-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NR5A2 nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2 2494 1q32.1 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16289203); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15205472); GO_0003705 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9786908); GO_0003707 (EC: IEA); GO_0004879 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16271724); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12040021); GO_0005543 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15723037); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15143342); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15205472); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15723037); GO_0006355 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16289203); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0008206 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0009790 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16289203); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0030522 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16271724); GO_0031018 (EC: TAS); GO_0042127 (EC: IEA); GO_0042592 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16289203); GO_0042632 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16289203); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15205472); GO_0045070 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19264593); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15143342); GO_0045893 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15205472); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7680097; 8938589; 9786908; 9858833; 10359768; 11030332; 11564608; 11595170; 11668176; 11927588; 12040021; 12198243; 12208674; 12477932; 12820970; 12852843; 12853459; 12972592; 14671206; 14701856; 14728801; 14963109; 15117876; 15121760; 15143151; 15143342; 15181096; 15205472; 15218078; 15327767; 15604093; 15613430; 15707893; 15723037; 15897460; 15923626; 15963945; 16091743; 16271724; 16282330; 16289203; 16439367; 16450584; 16469397; 16712791; 17036045; 17095585; 17522048; 17664281; 17895379; 17910058; 17952562; 17977826; 18029348; 18191017; 18270374; 18385139; 18410128; 18508634; 18665078; 19015525; 19022561; 19264593; 19359379; 19629617; 19692572; 19913121; 20101243; 20133449; 20159957; 20375098; 20379614; 20516075; 20607599; 20628086; 20811994; 20817789; 21129436; 21258413; 21262773; 21392518; 21536586; 21554248; 21566081; 21614002; 21949357; 21990348; 22048972; 22125638; 22187462; 22359603; 22504882; 23000165; 23038264; 23128233; 23471216; 23537609; 23637637; 23667258; 23737522; 23817023 nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000116833 HGNC:7984 HPRD:06830 MIM:604453 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035635 Other designations: CYP7A promoter-binding factor|alpha-1-fetoprotein transcription factor|b1-binding factor, hepatocyte transcription factor which activates enhancer II of hepatitis B virus|fetoprotein-alpha 1 (AFP) transcription factor|hepatocytic transcription factor hB1F-3|liver nuclear receptor homolog-1 variant 2|liver receptor homolog 1|liver receptor homolog-1|nuclear receptor NR5A2|nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 NR5A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He G6PC1 G6PT GSD1 GSD1a WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene G6PC glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit 2538 17q21 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004346 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10318794); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0005977 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8211187); GO_0005980 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8211187); GO_0006641 (EC: IEA); GO_0008202 (EC: IEA); GO_0008645 (EC: TAS); GO_0010468 (EC: IEA); GO_0015758 (EC: TAS); GO_0015760 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10318794); GO_0016311 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10318794); GO_0016773 (EC: IEA); GO_0030176 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10318794); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0042301 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12093795); GO_0042593 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8211187); GO_0042632 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046415 (EC: IEA); GO_0051156 (EC: IEA); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS) PMID: 175958; 212064; 2172641; 2547044; 2986020; 7573034; 7623438; 7655466; 7668282; 7774924; 8182131; 8211187; 8612793; 8640227; 8733042; 9001800; 9332655; 9428641; 9675154; 9705299; 10023055; 10024523; 10026167; 10094563; 10318794; 10447271; 10452914; 10612834; 10748407; 10960498; 11672436; 11739393; 12093795; 12189168; 12373566; 12444104; 12477932; 12556524; 12560945; 13129915; 14718531; 14759518; 15316959; 15661744; 15696478; 15918042; 16892178; 16893891; 17354259; 18008183; 18449899; 18660489; 18805788; 18847435; 19082990; 19587243; 19832742; 20004937; 20301489; 20509832; 21109326; 21328436; 21733854; 21983240; 21988832; 23465595; 23755305 glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit HGNC:4056 HPRD:01983 MIM:613742 Other designations: G-6-Pase|G6Pase|G6Pase-alpha|glucose-6-phosphatase|glucose-6-phosphatase alpha G6PC Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He G6PD1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 2539 Xq28 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001816 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17361089); GO_0004345 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15858258); GO_0004345 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2420826); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15858258); GO_0005536 (EC: IMP, PMID: 5643703); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 743300); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006098 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2297768); GO_0006098 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17361089); GO_0006695 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12027950); GO_0006739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15858258); GO_0006740 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17516514); GO_0006749 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17516514); GO_0009051 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2420826); GO_0009898 (EC: IDA, PMID: 743300); GO_0010734 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17516514); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0019322 (EC: IDA, PMID: 5643703); GO_0021762 (EC: IEP); GO_0032094 (EC: IEA); GO_0034599 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17516514); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15858258); GO_0043249 (EC: IMP, PMID: 5643703); GO_0043523 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0046390 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2420826); GO_0050661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15858258); GO_0051156 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15858258); GO_0051156 (EC: IMP, PMID: 5643703); GO_0055114 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2420826); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 743300; 1303180; 1303182; 1536798; 1611091; 1874446; 1889820; 1945893; 2297768; 2420826; 2428611; 2758468; 2836867; 2910917; 2912069; 3012556; 3126064; 3393536; 3446582; 3515319; 5643703; 5666113; 6696761; 7825590; 7857286; 7858267; 7959695; 8193373; 8356804; 8364584; 8466644; 8490627; 8533762; 8733135; 8826878; 9233561; 10087986; 10089300; 10627140; 10698963; 10745013; 11024211; 11042039; 11112389; 11237690; 11256614; 11440553; 11499668; 11793482; 11852882; 11857737; 11874436; 11876979; 11877026; 11920200; 12027950; 12130518; 12135480; 12378426; 12380870; 12439228; 12477932; 12497642; 12524354; 12588050; 12616531; 12641410; 12665801; 12680285; 12696079; 12737938; 12737940; 12737943; 12768444; 12850494; 12921788; 12972027; 14614139; 14757424; 14757426; 15223006; 15282679; 15307413; 15315792; 15330559; 15466166; 15476167; 15489334; 15506519; 15558953; 15592455; 15598086; 15622766; 15659240; 15718915; 15727905; 15748456; 15766741; 15772651; 15858258; 15864125; 15906717; 15906719; 15914531; 15951569; 15957246; 16020776; 16059744; 16088936; 16136268; 16137669; 16143877; 16155737; 16236267; 16255851; 16272653; 16331553; 16335966; 16356170; 16461316; 16483869; 16532971; 16569302; 16607506; 16637741; 16792831; 16859949; 16927025; 16934959; 16944148; 17007653; 17018380; 17077204; 17264545; 17361089; 17499234; 17516514; 17524386; 17557555; 17587269; 17611006; 17623298; 17637841; 17653668; 17660836; 17877203; 17959407; 18029348; 18043863; 18046504; 18056001; 18066402; 18086567; 18164966; 18173836; 18215251; 18226470; 18302154; 18376107; 18458302; 18493020; 18494377; 18558634; 18660489; 18677765; 18781797; 18985093; 19056867; 19219640; 19223928; 19224086; 19272180; 19317913; 19323016; 19336475; 19359662; 19419973; 19422023; 19465117; 19497363; 19589177; 19594365; 19632868; 19640310; 19738201; 19811411; 19858149; 19896395; 19913121; 19941843; 19996424; 20007901; 20017397; 20032314; 20113600; 20118060; 20200584; 20203002; 20236109; 20447239; 20459687; 20507315; 20514852; 20520804; 20528626; 20582980; 20602793; 20621077; 20628086; 20684792; 20713184; 20927393; 20949590; 21125776; 21139048; 21157431; 21180140; 21205543; 21302115; 21376116; 21376267; 21397531; 21507164; 21507207; 21549219; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22012600; 22117603; 22139979; 22165289; 22307442; 22364808; 22431005; 22505724; 22537951; 22552160; 22768742; 22770933; 22848499; 22863883; 22906047; 22906837; 22939629; 22958163; 22963789; 23000965; 23023104; 23065279; 23146719; 23185302; 23233666; 23275194; 23389243; 23446634; 23631859; 23640907; 23696099; 23742107; 23824909 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Ensembl:ENSG00000160211 HGNC:4057 HPRD:02377 MIM:305900 Vega:OTTHUMG00000024237 Other designations: glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase G6PD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GAB1 GRB2-associated binding protein 1 2549 4q31.21 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005070 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8596638); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10978177); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: IEA); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007257 (EC: IEA); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8596638); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0008544 (EC: IEA); GO_0030334 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0048008 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0060711 (EC: IEA); GO_0070102 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8596638; 9045692; 9242692; 9252406; 9356464; 9658397; 9804835; 9878555; 9890893; 9891995; 10022866; 10068651; 10455108; 10648629; 10734310; 10747014; 10753869; 10871282; 10913131; 10978177; 10995442; 11134009; 11278704; 11314042; 11323411; 11353842; 11360177; 11402314; 11432805; 11507676; 11606067; 11701952; 11707404; 11894096; 11896055; 11940581; 11960376; 12008033; 12065326; 12138161; 12176364; 12370245; 12477932; 12486104; 12522270; 12582165; 12748184; 12766170; 12773374; 12808090; 12819203; 12855672; 14560030; 14660651; 14665621; 14701753; 14702039; 14973141; 14982882; 15010462; 15351743; 15379552; 15489334; 15574420; 15665327; 15815621; 15940252; 15952937; 16344560; 16638574; 16687399; 16787925; 16849525; 17145761; 17178724; 17211494; 17625596; 18003605; 18192688; 18271526; 18577518; 19167335; 19233262; 19380743; 19665053; 19881549; 19913121; 20005866; 20237496; 20467438; 20602450; 20628086; 20677014; 20723025; 20936779; 21282639; 21706016; 21782801; 21804548; 22366451; 22536782; 22751113; 22851227; 22865653; 22883624; 22915589; 23334917; 23612964; 23824909 GRB2-associated binding protein 1 Other designations: GRB2-associated binder 1|GRB2-associated-binding protein 1|growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated protein 1 GAB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He E4TF1-60 E4TF1A NFT2 NRF2 NRF2A RCH04A07 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GABPA GA binding protein transcription factor, alpha subunit 60kDa 2551 21q21.3 9606 21 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0000790 (EC: IDA); GO_0000978 (EC: IDA); GO_0001228 (EC: IDA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8441384); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7590737); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8441384); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10675337); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8441384); GO_0030154 (EC: IBA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9857059); GO_0045653 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0046982 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9857059) PMID: 7590737; 7737900; 7799916; 8125298; 8441384; 8543189; 8889548; 9016666; 9461436; 9792629; 9857059; 9990060; 10585419; 10660899; 10675337; 10830953; 11237613; 11953439; 12107413; 12477932; 15361867; 15928042; 16574658; 16581781; 16712791; 17161026; 17304221; 17357964; 17439941; 18020712; 18029348; 18378679; 18660489; 18852034; 19116932; 19187944; 19324871; 19409485; 19424503; 19471022; 19687146; 19951946; 20028934; 20127517; 21624509; 21693764; 21774808; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22480519; 22505724; 22749526; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23099293; 23284628; 23684612; 23856623; 24076158 GA binding protein transcription factor, alpha subunit 60kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000154727 HGNC:4071 HPRD:11793 MIM:600609 Vega:OTTHUMG00000078443 Other designations: GA binding protein transcription factor alpha subunit 60kDa|GA-binding protein alpha chain|GABP subunit alpha|human nuclear respiratory factor-2 subunit alpha|nuclear respiratory factor 2 alpha subunit|nuclear respiratory factor 2 subunit alpha|transcription factor E4TF1-60 GABPA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GAS1 growth arrest-specific 1 2619 9q21.3-q22 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002053 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8127893); GO_0007050 (EC: IEA); GO_0007411 (EC: IEA); GO_0008589 (EC: ISS); GO_0010955 (EC: IMP); GO_0012501 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8127893); GO_0021587 (EC: IEA); GO_0021904 (EC: IEA); GO_0030308 (EC: IEA); GO_0035924 (EC: IEP, PMID: 15070677); GO_0042473 (EC: IEA); GO_0042474 (EC: IEA); GO_0042476 (EC: IEA); GO_0042733 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: ISS); GO_0043010 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0045165 (EC: ISS); GO_0045879 (EC: IEA); GO_0045880 (EC: IEA); GO_0045930 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8127893); GO_0045930 (EC: IGI, PMID: 11356029); GO_0046658 (EC: ISS); GO_0048589 (EC: ISS); GO_0048592 (EC: IEA); GO_0048701 (EC: IEA); GO_0050679 (EC: IEA); GO_0050680 (EC: IEA); GO_0060021 (EC: IEA); GO_0060628 (EC: IMP); GO_2001240 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1505026; 7956349; 8127893; 8307588; 8889548; 9466658; 10996315; 11356029; 11572986; 11846389; 11906213; 12477932; 15070677; 15103018; 16551639; 17726382; 18394855; 18981472; 19322201; 19460624; 19638344; 20050020; 20583177; 20628624; 21111449; 21357679; 21842183; 21890473; 21901158; 21971401; 22311470; 22846196; 23254899 growth arrest-specific 1 Other designations: GAS-1|Growth arrest-specific gene-1|growth arrest-specific protein 1 GAS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CMSTA1 GFA GFAT GFAT 1 GFAT1 GFAT1m GFPT GFPT1L MSLG WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GFPT1 glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 2673 2p13 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004360 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006002 (EC: IEA); GO_0006042 (EC: IEA); GO_0006048 (EC: IEA); GO_0006048 (EC: TAS); GO_0006112 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1460020); GO_0006488 (EC: TAS); GO_0006541 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0009744 (EC: IEA); GO_0016051 (EC: IEA); GO_0016597 (EC: IEA); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0030246 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0032869 (EC: IEA); GO_0032922 (EC: ISS); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045719 (EC: IEA); GO_0051289 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1460020; 2037571; 7601477; 7607664; 8144040; 8619474; 9110174; 9519709; 10198162; 10806197; 10997685; 11587069; 11679416; 12477932; 12802498; 14988277; 15308130; 15489334; 15595739; 15613432; 15878746; 16341674; 16344560; 16964243; 17024311; 17081983; 17542649; 17941647; 18781797; 19059404; 19170765; 19322201; 20301347; 20562859; 20845477; 21139048; 21310273; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22053931; 22505724; 22586326; 22863883; 22987706; 23000965; 23569079; 23794683; 24250222 glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000198380 HGNC:4241 HPRD:00702 MIM:138292 Vega:OTTHUMG00000152666 Other designations: D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1|glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1|glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1|glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1|hexosephosphate aminotransferase 1 GFPT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GDNFR GDNFRA GFR-ALPHA-1 RET1L RETL1 TRNR1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GFRA1 GDNF family receptor alpha 1 2674 10q26.11 20140408 9606 10 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9545641); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007166 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8674117); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0016167 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10829012); GO_0019898 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10829012); GO_0031225 (EC: IEA); GO_0035860 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10829012); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 7829101; 8657309; 8674117; 8889548; 9108413; 9177201; 9182803; 9192898; 9407096; 9465905; 9482105; 9545641; 9600247; 9697851; 9740802; 10774729; 10821644; 10829012; 11182089; 11360200; 11932334; 12065680; 12477932; 12490080; 12624147; 12837245; 14514671; 14566559; 14702039; 14759258; 15310755; 15489334; 16175604; 16344560; 16385451; 16551639; 16644101; 16813162; 17298301; 17825269; 18089803; 18353777; 18394855; 18845535; 19019765; 19056867; 19188437; 19282698; 19896648; 20116071; 20347960; 20350599; 20379614; 20424473; 20669561; 21133924; 21988832; 22729463; 23351331; 23382691; 23793025; 23824909 GDNF family receptor alpha 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000151892 HGNC:4243 HPRD:03291 MIM:601496 Other designations: GDNF family receptor alpha-1|GDNF receptor alpha-1|GDNFR-alpha-1|GPI-linked anchor protein|Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha|PI-linked cell-surface accessory protein|RET ligand 1|TGF-beta related neurotrophic factor receptor 1|TGF-beta-related neurotrophic factor receptor 1 GFRA1 2729 GO_0000096 (EC: TAS); GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 24639); GO_0004357 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11972604); GO_0004357 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16183645); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006534 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2294991); GO_0006536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12663448); GO_0006750 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395918); GO_0006750 (EC: IEA); GO_0006750 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12663448); GO_0006750 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395918); GO_0008637 (EC: IEA); GO_0009408 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8104187); GO_0009725 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8104187); GO_0016595 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9841880); GO_0017109 (EC: IEA); ... (Note: Only 20 GO IDs shown. See more from web page source or RDF output.)" PMID: 24639; 1350904; 2294991; 5058793; 7726839; 7789189; 8104187; 8825659; 8995480; 9675072; 9841880; 10395918; 10439045; 10515893; 10733484; 11820781; 11844594; 11972604; 12070177; 12477932; 12500194; 12598062; 12663448; 14574404; 14676828; 14702039; 15451055; 15485876; 15489334; 16183645; 16322067; 16403949; 16491484; 16599007; 16690975; 16766924; 17109620; 17207022; 17333241; 17344309; 17479437; 17601350; 17643973; 17921251; 17961430; 18035085; 18066575; 18276794; 18420959; 18549827; glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000001084 HGNC:4311 HPRD:06032 MIM:606857 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160220 GCLC Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit 2730 9606 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000096 (EC: TAS); GO_0004357 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 9841880); GO_0004357 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 16183645); GO_0005829 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9895302); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006534 (EC: IEA); GO_0006536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9841880); GO_0006750 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395918); GO_0006750 (EC: IEA); GO_0006750 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12081989); GO_0006750 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10395918); GO_0008637 (EC: IEA); GO_0017109 (EC: IEA); GO_0034641 (EC: TAS); GO_0035226 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9675072); GO_0035229 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9895302); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); ... (Note: Only 20 GO IDs shown. " PMID: 7826375; 7829101; 8825659; 8978789; 9675072; 9841137; 9841880; 9895302; 10395918; 10674357; 12081989; 12477932; 12975258; 14532974; 15451055; 15489334; 15946948; 16081425; 16183645; 16599007; 16677451; 16710414; 16712791; 16766924; 16909399; 17333241; 17344309; 17353931; 17548779; 17643973; 17924854; 17961430; 18066575; 18449862; 18560528; 18614560; 18991850; 19056482; 19126404; 19153097; 19420105; 19455074; 19460752; 19578796; 19584774; 19808663; 19896490; 19913121; 20061124; 20200426 glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit HGNC:4312 HPRD:03106 MIM:601176 GCLM Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He glypican WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GPC1 glypican 1 2817 2q35-q37 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001523 (EC: TAS); GO_0005507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12732622); GO_0005578 (EC: ISS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005768 (EC: IEA); GO_0005796 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2148568); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006024 (EC: TAS); GO_0006027 (EC: TAS); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0014037 (EC: ISS); GO_0017134 (EC: ISS); GO_0030200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12732622); GO_0030203 (EC: TAS); GO_0030204 (EC: TAS); GO_0031225 (EC: IEA); GO_0032288 (EC: ISS); GO_0040037 (EC: ISS); GO_0043202 (EC: TAS); GO_0043236 (EC: ISS); GO_0043395 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 12732622); GO_0045121 (EC: ISS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_2001016 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1417860; 2148568; 7774946; 8125298; 9802880; 10196157; 10364234; 10527946; 10892742; 11336704; 11375980; 11454708; 11968010; 12084716; 12477932; 12732622; 12972423; 14702039; 15084524; 15249209; 15297422; 15489334; 15547662; 16723715; 17016645; 18064304; 18536657; 18634034; 19023125; 19166823; 19199708; 19479373; 21139048; 21265098; 21932778; 22351761; 22863883; 23624389; 23736812; 24019070 glypican 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000063660 HGNC:4449 HPRD:02671 MIM:600395 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133349 Other designations: glypican proteoglycan 1|glypican-1 GPC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GPR2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR10 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 2826 17q21.1-q21.3 9606 17 GO_0004930 (EC: TAS, PMID:7851889); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:7851889); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID:7851889); GO_0007204 (EC: IEA); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA) PMID:7851889; 8889548; 9364936; 10706668; 10725696; 10725697; 10781587; 10975800; 11298490; 11821900; 12477932; 14667819; 15489334; 15700309; 16460738; 16675558; 16785557; 17071491; 17474147; 18240029; 18577758; 18782672; 20237496; 20947433; 21075690; 21937703; 22350183; 22526457; 22944692 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 HGNC:4474 HPRD:02586 MIM:600240 Other designations: C-C CKR-10|C-C chemokine receptor type 10|CC chemokine receptor 10|CC-CKR-10|CCR-10|G protein-coupled receptor 2|G-protein coupled receptor 2 CCR10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD182 CD183 CKR-L2 CMKAR3 GPR9 IP10-R Mig-R MigR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CXCR3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 2833 Xq13 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001937 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0002685 (EC: IEA); GO_0004872 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9064356); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10903743); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9064356); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006928 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10741397); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10903763); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10942362); GO_0007166 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11554781); GO_0007186 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12782716); GO_0007204 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0010818 (EC: IEA); GO_0016494 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0019722 (EC: IEA); GO_0019956 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11554781); GO_0019958 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0030816 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0043950 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0045766 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0050921 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_0051281 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12782716); GO_0071954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_1900118 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716); GO_1900119 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12782716) PMID: 2834384; 8666380; 9064356; 9419219; 9466968; 9625760; 9660793; 10233762; 10393705; 10627472; 10666479; 10741397; 10900358; 10903743; 10903763; 10942362; 11083865; 11134180; 11160352; 11196695; 11554781; 11559369; 11714650; 11739530; 11966764; 11990865; 12016104; 12055238; 12070001; 12097412; 12270371; 12356205; 12425561; 12444109; 12445801; 12477932; 12517959; 12571234; 12688353; 12750173; 12782716; 12819030; 12884299; 12919091; 12953097; 12960247; 12960302; 14578618; 14618028; 14630801; 14657006; 14742268; 15126579; 15150261; 15155273; 15181567; 15254596; 15265234; 15273303; 15328188; 15489334; 15501397; 15518810; 15528361; 15578697; 15687242; 15713799; 15725351; 15808644; 15843529; 15856455; 15879427; 15885315; 16033640; 16034118; 16043121; 16127166; 16243485; 16339779; 16368892; 16455991; 16456020; 16679918; 16733654; 16787707; 16806233; 16847335; 16861617; 16930533; 16934957; 17018607; 17142783; 17142784; 17251291; 17339184; 17363734; 17457216; 17560677; 17615381; 17666357; 17703412; 17912012; 17947699; 18037659; 18174362; 18240029; 18280341; 18291705; 18375741; 18453591; 18485912; 18497951; 18616679; 18689270; 18729739; 18761554; 18798334; 18832436; 18962861; 19017998; 19106589; 19134328; 19232748; 19258923; 19344719; 19380511; 19539215; 19641142; 19703720; 19734217; 19735481; 19758167; 19767105; 19800124; 20041963; 20047517; 20059481; 20079227; 20096889; 20164417; 20185576; 20203286; 20228225; 20237496; 20377416; 20379873; 20429924; 20485444; 20503287; 20529825; 20733031; 20848514; 20855888; 20856926; 20980681; 21051441; 21087446; 21091908; 21148743; 21255008; 21274647; 21303425; 21303517; 21357438; 21426802; 21538345; 21645215; 21739422; 21811993; 21962843; 22079021; 22111598; 22236567; 22262158; 22369302; 22392992; 22401929; 22675496; 22685032; 22689289; 22792160; 22796894; 22798340; 22936405; 23121557; 23158864; 23179902; 23298254; 23600831; 23643635; 24129241; 24135023 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000186810 HGNC:4540 HPRD:02936 MIM:300574 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033326 Other designations: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3|CXC-R3|CXCR-3|G protein-coupled receptor 9|IP-10 receptor|IP10 receptor|Mig receptor|chemokine (C-X-C) receptor 3|interferon-inducible protein 10 receptor CXCR3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GPR39 G protein-coupled receptor 39 2863 2q21-q22 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004930 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9441746); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9441746); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 9441746; 12477932; 14702039; 15383539; 15489334; 15815621; 16344560; 16959833; 17054911; 17488974; 17885920; 18180304; 18588883; 18815158; 19920139; 20379614; 20424473; 20522546; 21352519; 21900206; 22545109; 22879599; 23485550 G protein-coupled receptor 39 Other designations: G-protein coupled receptor 39 GPR39 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GI-GPx GPRP GPRP-2 GPx-2 GPx-GI GSHPX-GI GSHPx-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GPX2 glutathione peroxidase 2 (gastrointestinal) 2877 14q24.1 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001659 (EC: IEA); GO_0002862 (EC: IEA); GO_0004602 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8428933); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8428933); GO_0009609 (EC: IEA); GO_0051702 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2388849; 8125298; 8287691; 8428933; 8833155; 9501919; 10652368; 10806356; 11368344; 11373322; 11811519; 12477932; 12674495; 12751789; 15489334; 15910762; 15923610; 16446369; 16794261; 17277236; 17937616; 18029348; 18056462; 18479189; 18483336; 18676680; 19047153; 19161995; 19170196; 19573080; 19625176; 19692168; 19773279; 19884766; 19913121; 20200426; 20628086; 20813000; 21988832; 22683372; 22758632 glutathione peroxidase 2 (gastrointestinal) Ensembl:ENSG00000176153 HGNC:4554 HPRD:11818 MIM:138319 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171677 Other designations: gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase|glutathione peroxidase 2|glutathione peroxidase-related protein 2 GPX2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GCCR GCR GR GRL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor) 2908 5q31.3 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0004883 (EC: IEA); GO_0005496 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10364267); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10887960); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006111 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10887960); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19141540); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8621628); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7769088); GO_0008211 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0016568 (EC: IEA); GO_0030325 (EC: IEA); GO_0031946 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA); GO_0060603 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1152650; 1469072; 1562545; 1612132; 1704018; 1707881; 1865905; 1958537; 2019585; 2026589; 2793174; 2867473; 3597702; 3841189; 6261922; 6266631; 6509026; 6621034; 7254211; 7264103; 7295795; 7491111; 7621901; 7659084; 7683692; 7724608; 7769088; 7796394; 7823959; 7873448; 7877627; 7887964; 8051160; 8089152; 8107808; 8125298; 8157642; 8223438; 8269959; 8288028; 8290595; 8316249; 8341706; 8349631; 8358712; 8358735; 8445027; 8449898; 8530516; 8621522; 8621628; 8645634; 8733011; 8800208; 8863343; 8878484; 8898375; 9038175; 9079630; 9089287; 9115274; 9128241; 9148915; 9150737; 9154805; 9162033; 9195923; 9199329; 9215863; 9261129; 9334248; 9334723; 9348235; 9353307; 9388192; 9426156; 9435432; 9482670; 9528750; 9584182; 9590696; 9603979; 9637764; 9649342; 9671457; 9703718; 9742105; 9817600; 9873044; 9874563; 9915858; 9920895; 9928932; 10066374; 10085091; 10187825; 10359081; 10364267; 10391209; 10430878; 10477749; 10480874; 10490647; 10508170; 10517667; 10518526; 10566686; 10567404; 10601862; 10639135; 10659697; 10688647; 10691735; 10713165; 10713182; 10731636; 10784585; 10848625; 10866662; 10887960; 10898924; 10902803; 10903152; 10903900; 10933727; 10958685; 10995388; 11005817; 11027313; 11080152; 11096094; 11101523; 11117529; 11119758; 11146632; 11152650; 11154266; 11158330; 11162542; 11229437; 11238589; 11250851; 11266503; 11279115; 11287026; 11344238; 11358809; 11358960; 11435610; 11463861; 11555652; 11562347; 11571596; 11589680; 11591700; 11673782; 11689055; 11701741; 11704662; 11708406; 11710540; 11711524; 11739747; 11751894; 11792840; 11812797; 11818365; 11873873; 11932321; 11971959; 11983486; 11996936; 12000743; 12011091; 12039077; 12039962; 12050230; 12093808; 12099703; 12114257; 12114309; 12118039; 12144530; 12145329; 12151000; 12193561; 12208951; 12225995; 12237016; 12237292; 12351458; 12351702; 12361945; 12379213; 12430185; 12444143; 12466272; 12477485; 12477932; 12487626; 12490527; 12552091; 12569182; 12581885; 12595526; 12612067; 12623935; 12634356; 12637494; 12642036; 12686538; 12711001; 12730237; 12738786; 12748280; 12754700; 12773562; 12773573; 12787894; 12805402; 12807506; 12810720; 12843156; 12864802; 12874288; 12902338; 12903052; 12917342; 12920235; 12933681; 12974633; 14521715; 14522952; 14616881; 14617768; 14634838; 14715855; 14733805; 14739255; 14749509; 14764763; 14764810; 14966297; 15016838; 15044598; 15062560; 15142377; 15159550; 15171715; 15212141; 15265776; 15265780; 15276593; 15289446; 15292341; 15372022; 15380361; 15459252; 15462611; 15489334; 15497438; 15501915; 15511603; 15521959; 15531761; 15545613; 15550679; 15557560; 15576061; 15576464; 15590693; 15591061; 15604093; 15611350; 15638722; 15657031; 15698551; 15713213; 15725353; 15746190; 15755863; 15761032; 15769988; 15770078; 15774500; 15784617; 15797250; 15826950; 15832179; 15862824; 15866175; 15870285; 15879558; 15895983; 15916966; 15919839; 15933212; 15941832; 15955845; 15956716; 16083972; 16087666; 16131566; 16134770; 16143103; 16150697; 16189295; 16192984; 16204701; 16216909; 16222046; 16236267; 16239257; 16263717; 16319314; 16362036; 16380507; 16387802; 16423881; 16429131; 16446173; 16450310; 16458268; 16469772; 16523501; 16580345; 16610949; 16610957; 16615046; 16619302; 16621324; 16624805; 16636127; 16638864; 16648810; 16676134; 16684836; 16725041; 16728546; 16740143; 16759008; 16762839; 16806572; 16806906; 16809634; 16849409; 16855182; 16888650; 16890204; 16895953; 16914312; 16971495; 16973758; 16980656; 17003263; 17043312; 17065567; 17070695; 17081986; 17116691; 17133261; 17167179; 17184882; 17185395; 17186943; 17236775; 17239375; 17242171; 17242172; 17291258; 17382897; 17387179; 17392827; 17395275; 17404046; 17407502; 17438138; 17442162; 17455211; 17460547; 17490654; 17496926; 17512111; 17517920; 17522428; 17532759; 17535992; 17540466; 17552871; 17556642; 17559307; 17563720; 17572486; 17592773; 17602195; 17633252; 17633260; 17635946; 17641689; 17681029; 17682054; 17703412; 17704997; 17716631; 17848410; 17853270; 17884810; 17937535; 17951535; 17952860; 17989362; 18028994; 18029348; 18047640; 18079322; 18086889; 18096310; 18156379; 18160712; 18165172; 18182467; 18194492; 18195193; 18219286; 18246526; 18248637; 18269582; 18286599; 18295813; 18331827; 18337589; 18343955; 18362306; 18385010; 18396779; 18398271; 18407829; 18408151; 18417736; 18468809; 18483179; 18502562; 18510611; 18511904; 18515658; 18536531; 18562626; 18583474; 18595687; 18636124; 18660489; 18663733; 18668364; 18728163; 18772142; 18789525; 18801933; 18812484; 18818748; 18822299; 18827003; 18830906; 18838498; 18838540; 18854398; 18945813; 18952539; 18958157; 18983327; 18996102; 19005987; 19007848; 19007849; 19008334; 19019335; 19051288; 19074285; 19086053; 19089807; 19095219; 19100874; 19133972; 19141540; 19146914; 19174530; 19177170; 19183974; 19188741; 19207316; 19222494; 19230884; 19234455; 19234457; 19241242; 19248771; 19258923; 19275580; 19275583; 19275585; 19282465; 19318444; 19322201; 19336230; 19336370; 19339282; 19365399; 19372434; 19373457; 19375647; 19413563; 19429432; 19435830; 19450127; 19450611; 19453261; 19458171; 19463884; 19466222; 19471022; 19484926; 19491387; 19527514; 19545546; 19548263; 19562035; 19564704; 19570036; 19578796; 19586900; 19595997; 19605973; 19621425; 19628874; 19633971; 19646928; 19673019; 19683543; 19691529; 19692572; 19723618; 19758697; 19778524; 19779205; 19782477; 19783104; 19797430; 19801529; 19805480; 19818358; 19841061; 19874574; 19875381; 19875955; 19913032; 19913121; 19940520; 19948975; 20012529; 20015838; 20015871; 20018896; 20032106; 20035271; 20036846; 20093418; 20124551; 20137628; 20140262; 20156337; 20156759; 20170710; 20195357; 20199670; 20211142; 20219685; 20308989; 20335448; 20347598; 20351714; 20371666; 20376328; 20398657; 20399565; 20403506; 20419394; 20438742; 20440229; 20446002; 20448266; 20450542; 20472303; 20484466; 20485444; 20488636; 20503287; 20543003; 20545708; 20547006; 20561560; 20584071; 20602615; 20619282; 20628086; 20634891; 20660302; 20661446; 20680430; 20697295; 20712049; 20716560; 20727199; 20731635; 20733583; 20734064; 20841450; 20843780; 20850457; 20855522; 20861124; 20885351; 21050724; 21078539; 21084380; 21093928; 21113676; 21127044; 21146942; 21147850; 21148795; 21164266; 21169818; 21190962; 21234764; 21354648; 21355091; 21419342; 21438141; 21438768; 21473041; 21474440; 21477816; 21489275; 21511880; 21521257; 21521940; 21527497; 21531081; 21633323; 21641918; 21646426; 21664385; 21693764; 21730049; 21742609; 21750107; 21760925; 21764460; 21788965; 21789663; 21803757; 21853119; 21868756; 21881570; 21883217; 21900206; 21912096; 21930780; 21945289; 21963094; 21971518; 21980503; 21984896; 21988832; 21995950; 22003412; 22008062; 22015776; 22018181; 22032841; 22048965; 22068557; 22083731; 22085474; 22088926; 22174376; 22177699; 22185489; 22205602; 22227972; 22295073; 22357529; 22366879; 22371499; 22425674; 22427805; 22441538; 22444201; 22457708; 22469783; 22487832; 22507373; 22516378; 22516993; 22533504; 22570980; 22576823; 22587663; 22587831; 22592921; 22698871; 22728713; 22771494; 22773829; 22781842; 22798432; 22801563; 22810058; 22812453; 22832351; 22846929; 22848740; 22851186; 22855579; 22863883; 22879541; 22922069; 23028665; 23033538; 23033539; 23046934; 23055001; 23055525; 23068076; 23072594; 23073785; 23123359; 23124618; 23125313; 23127816; 23132854; 23148886; 23151527; 23176645; 23178279; 23196783; 23204024; 23209664; 23212335; 23219223; 23222642; 23228967; 23239753; 23239757; 23290588; 23297131; 23307810; 23325854; 23329746; 23334186; 23355259; 23391271; 23392094; 23393177; 23426617; 23428870; 23435844; 23440419; 23449091; 23493285; 23506845; 23548248; 23566423; 23603102; 23778418; 23814048; 23820903; 23892712; 24097989; 24128430; 24186266; 24316275 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor) Ensembl:ENSG00000113580 HGNC:7978 HPRD:00679 MIM:138040 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129677 Other designations: glucocorticoid nuclear receptor variant 1|glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GLUR8 GPRC1H MGLUR8 mGlu8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GRM8 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8 2918 7q31.3-q32.1 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001642 (EC: IEA); GO_0004930 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9473604); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9473604); GO_0007196 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9473604); GO_0007601 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9473604); GO_0007608 (EC: IEA); GO_0008066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9473604); GO_0030818 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11166323) PMID: 8824806; 9299241; 9473604; 10216218; 11166323; 11329013; 11912074; 11943148; 12477932; 15211621; 15452121; 15489334; 16144832; 17167337; 17684544; 17955477; 17975119; 18195715; 18618593; 19023099; 19058789; 19156168; 19268276; 20009918; 20201926; 20237162; 20379614; 20398908; 20560679; 20800221; 21493956; 23420844 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000179603 HGNC:4600 HPRD:03071 MIM:601116 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022888 Other designations: metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 glutathione synthetase GSS 2729 GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10369661); GO_0004363 (EC: TAS); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10369661); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006520 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8896573); GO_0006750 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: TAS, PMID: 465367); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8896573); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0016594 (EC: IEA); GO_0031667 (EC: IEA); GO_0034612 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10369661); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0043295 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10369661); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046686 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_1901687 (EC: TAS) PMID: 465367; 1518371; 6112263; 6137189; 7646467; 8825653; 8896573; 9215686; 9501919; 10369661; 10450861; 10652368; 10861239; 11167850; 11780052; 12477932; 12638941; 14990577; 15173170; 15489334; 15890065; 17206463; 17234469; 17503480; 17601350; 18977241; 19056867; 19111905; 19672693; 19913121; 20200426; 20413906; 20439344; 20485444; 20628086; 20800579; 20802163; 21044950; 21105962; 21139048; 21683691; 21771585; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 24030972; 24250222 GSS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GSTA3-3 GTA3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GSTA3 glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 2940 RP1-214M20.2 6p12.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004364 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006749 (EC: ISS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_1901687 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8307579; 9480897; 11418619; 11872752; 12477932; 14574404; 15454730; 15489334; 15595823; 16876319; 17601350; 18426392; 18977241; 19343046; 20083122; 20200426; 20237496; 21832049; 23650189; 23824909 glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000174156 HGNC:4628 HPRD:07290 MIM:605449 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014865 Other designations: GST class-alpha member 3|S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase A3|glutathione S-alkyltransferase A3|glutathione S-aralkyltransferase A3|glutathione S-aryltransferase A3|glutathione S-transferase A3|glutathione S-transferase A3-3 GSTA3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GST5 GSTB GSTM3-3 GTM3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GSTM3 glutathione S-transferase mu 3 (brain) 2947 RP4-735C1.2 1p13.3 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004364 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10587441); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8373352); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006749 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10587441); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008065 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2345169); GO_0018916 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8373352); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8373352); GO_0042178 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8373352); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9545290); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8373352); GO_0043295 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8373352); GO_0043627 (EC: IEP, PMID: 10037815); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070458 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8373352); GO_1901687 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1530570; 2345169; 8218382; 8242618; 8317488; 8373352; 8404061; 8473333; 8824514; 9230131; 9545290; 9797707; 9882431; 10037815; 10587441; 11040079; 11081456; 11173863; 11289100; 11303592; 11408349; 11511301; 11535247; 11692073; 11740339; 11927838; 12016153; 12063626; 12359356; 12477932; 12548461; 14634838; 14735473; 14968442; 15069685; 15115915; 15338373; 15459020; 15489334; 15525789; 15621212; 15654505; 15665284; 15829318; 15914277; 16006997; 16112301; 16172217; 16189514; 16328000; 16488179; 16509765; 16598069; 16760134; 16765145; 16886896; 16985026; 17034008; 17083362; 17220350; 17259654; 17290392; 17353931; 17372252; 17449559; 17565746; 17601350; 17617661; 17716224; 17904251; 17922434; 18065725; 18177825; 18204928; 18258609; 18423940; 18447907; 18510611; 18551009; 18569590; 18668224; 18676680; 18850183; 18977241; 18990750; 18992148; 19060904; 19062541; 19074885; 19151192; 19170196; 19336475; 19339270; 19343046; 19407363; 19424794; 19486347; 19521675; 19692168; 19696791; 19751749; 19786980; 19789190; 19822571; 19856098; 19860743; 19898482; 19913121; 19922706; 20029944; 20032816; 20131310; 20136364; 20200426; 20237496; 20391138; 20391338; 20437850; 20461808; 20485444; 20549140; 20577141; 20628086; 20634891; 20661821; 20819778; 20847076; 20970553; 21072184; 21139048; 21513434; 21800051; 21890473; 21900206; 21963094; 21987572; 22178446; 22360420; 22505724; 22976281; 23000965; 23036584; 23077236; 23167362; 23576398; 23824909; 24250222 glutathione S-transferase mu 3 (brain) Ensembl:ENSG00000134202 HGNC:4635 HPRD:00712 MIM:138390 Other designations: GST class-mu 3|S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase M3|brain GST|brain type mu-glutathione S-transferase|glutathione S-alkyltransferase M3|glutathione S-aralkyltransferase M3|glutathione S-aryltransferase M3|glutathione S-transferase M3 (brain)|glutathione S-transferase Mu 3|glutathione S-transferase, Mu-3|hGSTM3-3 GSTM3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He H3.3B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene H3F3B H3 histone, family 3B (H3.3B) 3021 17q25.1 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000786 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19494831); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006334 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0009725 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1748304; 7557364; 8586426; 8889548; 9188772; 9334241; 9566873; 9731536; 10096020; 11076863; 11080476; 11230166; 11278789; 11591653; 11689053; 11751582; 12477932; 12909349; 14527345; 14657027; 14702039; 15489336; 15616580; 15664198; 15674325; 16189514; 16381901; 16728976; 17620599; 18029348; 18760861; 19494831; 20110566; 20504901; 22174317; 22505724; 22623428; 23463506; 24162739 H3 histone, family 3B (H3.3B) Ensembl:ENSG00000132475 HGNC:4765 HPRD:03036 MIM:601058 Vega:OTTHUMG00000179842 Other designations: H3 histone, family 3A|histone H3.3 H3F3B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ECHB MTPB TP-BETA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HADHB hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit 3032 MSTP029 2p23 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000062 (EC: IEA); GO_0003857 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1550553); GO_0003988 (EC: IEA); GO_0004300 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7958339); GO_0005740 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1550553); GO_0005741 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0006635 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0016507 (EC: IEA); GO_0016508 (EC: IEA); GO_0016509 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0035965 (EC: TAS); GO_0042645 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18063578); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0051287 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1550553; 7958339; 8135828; 8163672; 8651282; 8921383; 9259266; 9605857; 9739053; 10075708; 11430884; 12477932; 12665801; 12721663; 12754706; 12933794; 14630990; 14702039; 15242332; 15489334; 15815621; 16196087; 16344560; 17199921; 17314511; 18063578; 19699128; 20305087; 20360068; 20562859; 20825197; 20877624; 21139048; 21319273; 21549624; 21565611; 21853274; 21890473; 21900206; 21988832; 22000755; 22079093; 22190034; 22268729; 22304920; 22375075; 22939629; 22952844; 23000159; 23398456; 23455922; 23798571; 24244333; 24255178 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000138029 HGNC:4803 HPRD:00887 MIM:143450 Vega:OTTHUMG00000096978 Other designations: 2-enoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase, beta subunit|3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) thiolase of mitochondrial trifunctional protein, beta subunit|acetyl-CoA acyltransferase|beta-ketothiolase|hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit|trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial HADHB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He JTK9 p59Hck p61Hck WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HCK hemopoietic cell kinase 3055 RP5-836N17.3 20q11-q12 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002522 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0002758 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0004713 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10092522); GO_0004715 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11278465); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005764 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15998323); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005884 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 15998323); GO_0005901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7791757); GO_0005925 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11904303); GO_0006468 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3496523); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0007229 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0007498 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3453117); GO_0008284 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10092522); GO_0008360 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10092522); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0018108 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10092522); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0030133 (EC: IEA); GO_0030838 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0031234 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11904303); GO_0031663 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0038096 (EC: TAS); GO_0042995 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17535448); GO_0043299 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045728 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0046777 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10092522); GO_0050690 (EC: TAS); GO_0050727 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0050764 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11904303); GO_0051090 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17535448); GO_0060333 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18538446); GO_0071801 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15998323); GO_2000251 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15998323); GO_2000251 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11904303) PMID: 1373873; 1572549; 1689310; 1720539; 1875927; 3453117; 3496523; 7588629; 7682059; 7782336; 7791757; 7859737; 8058772; 8064233; 8125298; 8599760; 8626374; 8657103; 8885868; 8955135; 8995358; 9020138; 9024658; 9109402; 9178913; 9195918; 9218412; 9268059; 9400828; 9407116; 9571048; 9656992; 9705913; 9742969; 9778343; 9790917; 9837776; 9890970; 10068673; 10092522; 10318861; 10364375; 10388555; 10428862; 10527858; 10544125; 10547288; 10574946; 10586033; 10642173; 10749872; 10799548; 10849448; 10858437; 10918587; 10934191; 10967098; 10973280; 11071635; 11097855; 11239464; 11278465; 11294897; 11328823; 11350938; 11448168; 11463741; 11500821; 11533201; 11689697; 11741929; 11780052; 11896602; 11904303; 11940572; 11976726; 11994282; 12029088; 12033791; 12076760; 12138090; 12181444; 12235133; 12244095; 12477932; 12496276; 12522270; 12538589; 12576423; 12592324; 12600646; 12626508; 12734187; 12734410; 12748290; 12769846; 12900520; 14506255; 14551197; 14551213; 14702039; 14969582; 14993658; 15010462; 15078178; 15144186; 15263807; 15489334; 15491611; 15595833; 15626739; 15638726; 15707590; 15784897; 15952790; 15998323; 16169070; 16210316; 16271895; 16273093; 16344560; 16374509; 16454711; 16849330; 16964398; 17024369; 17081983; 17141806; 17535448; 17668209; 17868192; 17893228; 18005690; 18042718; 18067320; 18538446; 18794796; 19149577; 19211505; 19234535; 19585521; 19807124; 19807924; 20056178; 20181660; 20488787; 20670214; 20702582; 20798061; 20810664; 20936779; 21309750; 21365684; 21477083; 21567396; 21625496; 21696586; 21738584; 21763503; 21832049; 21878628; 21886773; 21890473; 21988832; 21993313; 22021612; 22110726; 22185326; 22345475; 22364282; 22393415; 22537596; 22623531; 22641034; 22651890; 22745667; 22939624; 22974441; 23128233; 23439650; 23896410; 24051604 hemopoietic cell kinase Ensembl:ENSG00000101336 HGNC:4840 HPRD:00796 MIM:142370 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032204 Other designations: hematopoietic cell kinase|p59-HCK/p60-HCK|tyrosine-protein kinase HCK HCK Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARIA GGF GGF2 HGL HRG HRG1 HRGA MST131 NDF SMDF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NRG1 neuregulin 1 3084 8p12 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000165 (EC: IEA); GO_0000902 (EC: IEA); GO_0003161 (EC: IEA); GO_0003222 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17336907); GO_0003712 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15073182); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7514177); GO_0005125 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10372964); GO_0005176 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7592681); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1348215); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11389077); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005887 (EC: IEA); GO_0007154 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17432114); GO_0007169 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7514177); GO_0007171 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0007171 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1348215); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17432114); GO_0007416 (EC: IEA); GO_0007422 (EC: IEA); GO_0007626 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11389077); GO_0008083 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8096067); GO_0008283 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11389077); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009790 (EC: IEA); GO_0010667 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0014032 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17432114); GO_0016020 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8096067); GO_0016324 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12646923); GO_0016477 (EC: IEA); GO_0021781 (EC: IEA); GO_0030296 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7556068); GO_0030297 (EC: IC, PMID: 9553078); GO_0030297 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1348215); GO_0030307 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0030424 (EC: IEA); GO_0030879 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17432114); GO_0030971 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1348215); GO_0031594 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038127 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11389077); GO_0042060 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12646923); GO_0042060 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16412517); GO_0042177 (EC: IEA); GO_0043125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7556068); GO_0043125 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11389077); GO_0043496 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16412517); GO_0043497 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10559227); GO_0043624 (EC: IGI, PMID: 15155732); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045213 (EC: IEA); GO_0045785 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7556068); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15073182); GO_0046579 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0048663 (EC: IEA); GO_0051048 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10559227); GO_0051155 (EC: ISS); GO_0051897 (EC: IEA); GO_0055007 (EC: ISS); GO_0055012 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0060045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078); GO_0060379 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17336907); GO_0060956 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17336907); GO_0061098 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7556068); GO_2001240 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9553078) PMID: 1348215; 1350381; 7509448; 7514177; 7556068; 7592681; 7689552; 7721889; 7730382; 7782315; 7876250; 7903175; 8062828; 8095334; 8096067; 8125298; 8325659; 8702572; 9168114; 9168115; 9333014; 9342050; 9553078; 9565587; 9685409; 10372964; 10523851; 10537356; 10559227; 10585499; 10597312; 11116142; 11389077; 11555649; 11896060; 12082616; 12145742; 12204892; 12471041; 12477932; 12478479; 12509456; 12528817; 12556556; 12600989; 12646923; 12768307; 12800145; 12808428; 12874607; 14569272; 14632199; 14647391; 14699424; 14702039; 14729827; 14966480; 15007393; 15073182; 15155732; 15159416; 15162166; 15197397; 15219675; 15248869; 15276238; 15303101; 15326116; 15466169; 15489334; 15494726; 15498868; 15527969; 15538186; 15545978; 15584912; 15609326; 15645137; 15703820; 15897877; 15939841; 16082692; 16155362; 16158055; 16189508; 16219117; 16219118; 16249994; 16287046; 16326006; 16344560; 16412517; 16428439; 16442083; 16446404; 16470843; 16483744; 16520822; 16526041; 16618933; 16638076; 16687441; 16690615; 16730337; 16767099; 16825199; 16867224; 16868568; 16891421; 16940976; 17033632; 17072305; 17214955; 17275115; 17300918; 17336907; 17336946; 17366345; 17405926; 17408693; 17432114; 17447867; 17499242; 17503451; 17519028; 17562386; 17565985; 17598910; 17602072; 17631867; 17652086; 17884806; 17901998; 17903296; 17925794; 17941827; 17962208; 18032396; 18159252; 18180429; 18193072; 18198266; 18234478; 18255317; 18282690; 18286587; 18291420; 18395550; 18455303; 18455369; 18466879; 18466881; 18470533; 18494263; 18494554; 18497096; 18516516; 18543275; 18571900; 18583979; 18584117; 18585932; 18606232; 18668031; 18704261; 18714568; 18728681; 18798975; 18799465; 18806920; 19054571; 19058791; 19086053; 19127563; 19148499; 19150438; 19156152; 19184335; 19196962; 19199244; 19229203; 19269083; 19306381; 19328558; 19339916; 19350564; 19367581; 19367584; 19394386; 19439994; 19448847; 19449332; 19497323; 19521112; 19545856; 19556605; 19569180; 19573260; 19575259; 19594860; 19597049; 19626024; 19644050; 19652122; 19659570; 19733651; 19736351; 19782967; 19797898; 19801490; 19802002; 19913121; 19913623; 19937977; 19965935; 19967439; 20036336; 20061032; 20102668; 20182055; 20215529; 20218976; 20227043; 20371257; 20374152; 20379614; 20427670; 20435087; 20472376; 20497232; 20520724; 20526724; 20580130; 20582876; 20625696; 20628086; 20638435; 20671236; 20682778; 20736300; 20800603; 20921115; 20926259; 20927045; 20978455; 21035784; 21041608; 21057508; 21127983; 21234898; 21239627; 21246584; 21247898; 21283760; 21368034; 21371516; 21437657; 21467033; 21512575; 21546767; 21555713; 21576249; 21653853; 21706185; 21716252; 21745728; 21792199; 21840482; 21858616; 21865659; 21965611; 22019858; 22027878; 22042562; 22052506; 22158511; 22183611; 22200588; 22209534; 22216327; 22226049; 22226548; 22249266; 22249457; 22267200; 22350758; 22377709; 22378022; 22378872; 22414959; 22425775; 22467496; 22494484; 22504067; 22520967; 22563075; 22574178; 22590542; 22613991; 22739235; 22790889; 22832904; 22886427; 22891299; 22944276; 22968213; 22974608; 22999558; 23032943; 23035098; 23104879; 23148218; 23213231; 23247143; 23253390; 23301017; 23308187; 23328545; 23360725; 23399902; 23400839; 23408906; 23468880; 23480537; 23489597; 23524320; 23572145; 23590603; 23625463; 23632455; 23739962; 23870195; 23934736; 23937725; 24097984; 24112719 neuregulin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000157168 HGNC:7997 HPRD:00802 MIM:142445 Vega:OTTHUMG00000163918 Other designations: MSTP131|glial growth factor|heregulin, alpha (45kD, ERBB2 p185-activator)|neu differentiation factor|neuregulin 1 type IV beta 1a|neuregulin 1 type IV beta 3|pro-NRG1|pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform|sensory and motor neuron derived factor NRG1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DP2B DPB2 DPbeta2 HLA-DP2B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HLA-DPB2 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 2 (pseudogene) 3116 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 3036829; 12477932; 18682748; 19950302; 20031603; 20587610; 21399633; 23482656; 23740775; 23817570 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 2 (pseudogene) Ensembl:ENSG00000224557 HGNC:4941 HLA-DPB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HMGCS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HMGCS1 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (soluble) 3157 5p14-p13 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001101 (EC: IEA); GO_0001889 (EC: IEA); GO_0004421 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006629 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7913309); GO_0006695 (EC: TAS); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0008144 (EC: IEA); GO_0008299 (EC: IEA); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0009645 (EC: IEA); GO_0014074 (EC: IEA); GO_0016853 (EC: IEA); GO_0033197 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0043177 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046690 (EC: IEA); GO_0055094 (EC: IEA); GO_0071372 (EC: IEA); GO_0071397 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1358203; 1971108; 2870496; 2877984; 3470763; 7913309; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17081983; 18029348; 18636124; 18660489; 18854154; 19088433; 20346956; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22505724; 22939629; 23000965; 23464991 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (soluble) Ensembl:ENSG00000112972 HGNC:5007 HPRD:07515 MIM:142940 Vega:OTTHUMG00000162231 Other designations: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase|3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 (soluble)|hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic HMGCS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HMGCS2 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (mitochondrial) 3158 1p13-p12 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004421 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7851882); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006695 (EC: IEA); GO_0008299 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046950 (EC: TAS); GO_0046951 (EC: TAS) PMID: 6986618; 7851882; 7893153; 9305755; 11228257; 11479731; 12477932; 12647205; 15489334; 16940161; 17387528; 18636124; 18660489; 19913121; 20346956; 20549515; 20618440; 20628086; 20877624; 21502324; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21952825; 22505724 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (mitochondrial) Other designations: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (mitochondrial)|HMG-CoA synthase|hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial HMGCS2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HMG-R HMGA1A HMGIY WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HMGA1 high mobility group AT-hook 1 3159 RP11-513I15.2 6p21 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19465398); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10871404); GO_0003680 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0003700 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10428834); GO_0003906 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19465398); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10428834); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16901784); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006268 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0006284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19465398); GO_0006337 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10871404); GO_0006461 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0008134 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10428834); GO_0008285 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16901784); GO_0009615 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17005673); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16157300); GO_0030374 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10428834); GO_0031936 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10428834); GO_0035985 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16901784); GO_0035986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16901784); GO_0042974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10428834); GO_0042975 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10428834); GO_0045892 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16901784); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10428834); GO_0046965 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10428834); GO_0051575 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19465398); GO_0075713 (EC: TAS); GO_0090402 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16901784); GO_2000774 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16901784) PMID: 1692833; 1939057; 2505228; 2701943; 2806554; 2920035; 3619901; 7791781; 7862168; 8414980; 9038339; 9188609; 9253416; 9388234; 9545312; 9751634; 9809067; 9823775; 10074149; 10357819; 10428834; 10428835; 10428836; 10428837; 10713105; 10871404; 10889043; 10891489; 11034995; 11069991; 11076660; 11279116; 11406267; 11498590; 11593421; 11834421; 11978964; 12002338; 12091904; 12097287; 12228227; 12477932; 12653562; 12665574; 12700639; 12761578; 13680222; 14611647; 14702039; 14729942; 14960313; 15213251; 15231747; 15247513; 15302935; 15350136; 15378028; 15479846; 15489334; 15569996; 15591590; 15609325; 15631895; 15835918; 15875659; 15893306; 15901130; 15924147; 16033759; 16075307; 16157300; 16166307; 16189514; 16204234; 16256199; 16291214; 16293633; 16344560; 16403635; 16901784; 17005673; 17045586; 17081983; 17178855; 17434141; 17550233; 17616660; 17654722; 17723105; 17877762; 17903177; 17935122; 17960875; 18202751; 18234858; 18279675; 18310298; 18316571; 18391951; 18473350; 18670638; 18817785; 18850631; 19060921; 19074878; 19223528; 19250063; 19266077; 19343178; 19396169; 19454010; 19465398; 19609535; 19687300; 19729480; 19738201; 19739099; 19750561; 19759913; 19820691; 19848064; 19893584; 19903768; 19913121; 19956671; 20004941; 20189936; 20194618; 20201926; 20335021; 20347905; 20360068; 20379614; 20397748; 20530667; 20546612; 20628086; 20881960; 20935630; 20975707; 21087998; 21089648; 21138859; 21139048; 21156240; 21282977; 21300033; 21319273; 21329653; 21364139; 21573994; 21656127; 21906983; 21957495; 21984063; 21998595; 22106824; 22113938; 22139073; 22156211; 22199144; 22210315; 22214847; 22221703; 22249617; 22332738; 22379092; 22392906; 22411136; 22503056; 22505724; 22564666; 22745191; 22898640; 22932725; 22939624; 22939629; 22961697; 23000965; 23149213; 23166588; 23201162; 23275563; 23302499; 23311322; 23394223; 23398456; 23508853; 23530587; 23545254; 23563607; 23658826; 23796420; 23798998; 23935884; 24122990 high mobility group AT-hook 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000137309 HGNC:5010 HPRD:02829 MIM:600701 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014539 Other designations: HMG-I(Y)|high mobility group protein A1|high mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y|high mobility group protein R|high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein isoforms I and Y|nonhistone chromosomal high-mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y HMGA1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD168 IHABP RHAMM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HMMR hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) 3161 5q34 20140408 9606 5 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005540 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0030203 (EC: TAS); GO_0030212 (EC: TAS); GO_0030214 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1602151; 7541721; 7683315; 8595891; 8890751; 9601098; 10216086; 10547355; 10882722; 11403955; 11433424; 11448954; 11716065; 12225794; 12477932; 12712331; 12808028; 12939665; 15705883; 15809329; 16112646; 16344560; 16565220; 17157168; 17392272; 17395888; 17872502; 17922014; 17978170; 18174258; 18354082; 18425326; 18559599; 18971636; 19001852; 19011633; 19064580; 19092852; 19148505; 19212667; 19424574; 19580345; 19724689; 19826009; 19857547; 20301425; 20309963; 20360068; 20619784; 20849445; 20956971; 21139048; 21274712; 21435222; 21903422; 21914806; 22095138; 22110403; 22371883; 22532518; 22610405; 23166824; 23328114; 23382057; 23455922; 24250222; 24367099 hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) Ensembl:ENSG00000072571 HGNC:5012 HPRD:02963 MIM:600936 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130381 Other designations: hyaluronan mediated motility receptor|intracellular hyaluronic acid-binding protein|receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility HMMR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HMOX1D HO-1 HSP32 bK286B10 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HMOX1 heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 3162 CTA-286B10.6 22q13.1 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12239590); GO_0001935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12239590); GO_0002246 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9884342); GO_0002686 (EC: TAS, PMID: 14525760); GO_0004392 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17915953); GO_0004392 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19556236); GO_0004630 (EC: IEA); GO_0004871 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18307065); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005730 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19556236); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0005901 (EC: IEA); GO_0006778 (EC: TAS); GO_0006788 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17915953); GO_0006879 (EC: TAS); GO_0006979 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9884342); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA); GO_0007588 (EC: IC, PMID: 17915953); GO_0008217 (EC: IEA); GO_0008219 (EC: ISS); GO_0008630 (EC: IEA); GO_0010656 (EC: IEA); GO_0014806 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18289072); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3345742); GO_0019899 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15516695); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17915953); GO_0031670 (EC: IEA); GO_0032764 (EC: IEA); GO_0034101 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9884342); GO_0034383 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9884342); GO_0035094 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18205746); GO_0035556 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17652371); GO_0042167 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17915953); GO_0042167 (EC: TAS); GO_0042542 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19556236); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043305 (EC: IEA); GO_0043392 (EC: IEA); GO_0043433 (EC: IEA); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043619 (EC: ISS); GO_0043627 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045080 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17652371); GO_0045765 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17652371); GO_0045766 (EC: IEA); GO_0045909 (EC: IC, PMID: 17915953); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17600318); GO_0048662 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17600318); GO_0051090 (EC: ISS); GO_0051260 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19556236); GO_0055072 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17915953); GO_0055072 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9884342); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0071243 (EC: IEA); GO_0071276 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP, PMID: 12511571); GO_1902042 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18202225) PMID: 2537723; 2911585; 3345742; 7778849; 8034330; 8146161; 8650873; 9884342; 9890653; 10082382; 10467099; 10591208; 10631150; 10952020; 11385506; 11718398; 11727267; 11786534; 11820797; 11829463; 11849436; 11986386; 12086318; 12091240; 12099373; 12117910; 12118938; 12130498; 12133007; 12136229; 12151344; 12153964; 12182912; 12202863; 12207883; 12222997; 12239590; 12376298; 12376363; 12376366; 12377749; 12379283; 12396617; 12397597; 12431619; 12433915; 12469218; 12477932; 12480749; 12493432; 12500973; 12511571; 12566526; 12579334; 12585963; 12626517; 12649161; 12679469; 12690112; 12709566; 12709568; 12709569; 12709590; 12709592; 12716475; 12730098; 12736395; 12761501; 12777398; 12783778; 12805077; 12810075; 12832044; 12842469; 12865654; 12872043; 12891549; 12909459; 12927812; 12927819; 12933701; 12941774; 12947311; 12969148; 13678532; 14521259; 14523007; 14525760; 14529548; 14587309; 14615405; 14635185; 14647439; 14660632; 14683741; 14691581; 14715242; 14726403; 14733911; 14981149; 14988408; 14992466; 15004156; 15024026; 15028349; 15049686; 15064108; 15084931; 15140586; 15161530; 15166181; 15184199; 15233805; 15284058; 15285018; 15297453; 15316927; 15319861; 15336443; 15337692; 15342556; 15365571; 15451051; 15461802; 15465821; 15470195; 15474356; 15516695; 15519649; 15522396; 15525643; 15544924; 15547665; 15581622; 15611319; 15618017; 15629867; 15652505; 15661856; 15688187; 15690204; 15741166; 15763346; 15797262; 15797755; 15805230; 15817713; 15833736; 15834587; 15849554; 15875813; 15878918; 15885363; 15897578; 15899048; 15964514; 16020495; 16100019; 16117883; 16123320; 16154535; 16181102; 16189191; 16210136; 16232329; 16234431; 16249618; 16271489; 16309585; 16309586; 16309588; 16313248; 16319139; 16374439; 16387424; 16399210; 16455537; 16462769; 16474202; 16485041; 16495813; 16530877; 16540907; 16545694; 16582079; 16596642; 16609364; 16620829; 16697692; 16712795; 16724942; 16771696; 16772700; 16783602; 16804400; 16840713; 16849502; 16882737; 16887359; 16923960; 16945925; 16950787; 16951197; 16971418; 16999951; 17003650; 17018578; 17018862; 17020887; 17064313; 17065227; 17079780; 17081983; 17095719; 17203192; 17204476; 17211576; 17216339; 17219054; 17229906; 17244614; 17254481; 17277740; 17295091; 17389623; 17391133; 17400606; 17413033; 17452746; 17467999; 17511591; 17520317; 17526019; 17526500; 17531161; 17541213; 17558910; 17567933; 17600318; 17601350; 17603281; 17620093; 17652371; 17657593; 17667816; 17721824; 17726138; 17823375; 17853070; 17873285; 17883332; 17886034; 17896171; 17915953; 17919491; 17919492; 17927807; 17953374; 17964723; 17971338; 17991645; 18007994; 18042465; 18045827; 18048809; 18050210; 18077487; 18093274; 18174022; 18195184; 18200441; 18201862; 18202225; 18205746; 18216050; 18234118; 18261117; 18272347; 18274635; 18275848; 18289072; 18307065; 18312299; 18332044; 18344023; 18381758; 18390757; 18404535; 18443197; 18459998; 18460015; 18461097; 18483307; 18502573; 18508827; 18515325; 18524839; 18544348; 18550526; 18560362; 18566988; 18576916; 18582925; 18586007; 18587252; 18596041; 18597895; 18620357; 18640487; 18651163; 18665050; 18689604; 18692581; 18757839; 18769149; 18774956; 18786476; 18787101; 18799519; 18804049; 18811919; 18841019; 18845641; 18923065; 18930811; 18957281; 18975324; 18977241; 18981090; 18983509; 19056482; 19120903; 19122175; 19129475; 19133325; 19165391; 19194559; 19236506; 19238116; 19243019; 19243105; 19246912; 19250338; 19255063; 19255829; 19282863; 19289500; 19303319; 19322201; 19325051; 19336475; 19360326; 19371606; 19389234; 19399816; 19422386; 19428335; 19445907; 19457084; 19457866; 19475336; 19484149; 19487598; 19508729; 19522732; 19526221; 19526463; 19536150; 19548360; 19556236; 19578796; 19586801; 19587144; 19590927; 19604147; 19625608; 19669099; 19676145; 19696228; 19777608; 19785642; 19797297; 19808663; 19808972; 19822148; 19850937; 19853072; 19874887; 19879747; 19884647; 19886851; 19895178; 19903700; 19903769; 19910578; 19913121; 19924377; 19925812; 19965783; 20013271; 20020468; 20021945; 20039940; 20049130; 20064636; 20110814; 20121710; 20127796; 20155807; 20170613; 20175935; 20188821; 20190330; 20193368; 20194081; 20223113; 20229611; 20232486; 20299368; 20345481; 20345975; 20346360; 20351094; 20386498; 20395442; 20404253; 20416077; 20430037; 20446774; 20482362; 20485444; 20504881; 20508205; 20509889; 20518850; 20526373; 20580464; 20585394; 20587610; 20597111; 20599261; 20628086; 20633528; 20667089; 20682519; 20689807; 20705711; 20706680; 20708634; 20733275; 20796278; 20811623; 20832528; 20838751; 20846452; 20868356; 20869265; 20934533; 20938987; 21037234; 21044950; 21079975; 21080099; 21081499; 21091076; 21102410; 21113640; 21136273; 21144518; 21148661; 21157922; 21172416; 21174817; 21191307; 21198350; 21206978; 21211285; 21216973; 21233593; 21236443; 21275653; 21296438; 21307400; 21321939; 21354100; 21366594; 21389316; 21412259; 21425334; 21426408; 21454555; 21495030; 21497776; 21502755; 21506927; 21518986; 21525764; 21531452; 21545264; 21552291; 21555518; 21556890; 21576421; 21598088; 21620964; 21646819; 21647550; 21725851; 21729576; 21737788; 21741353; 21742584; 21756955; 21765894; 21781496; 21808062; 21827279; 21833623; 21861350; 21868703; 21889036; 21898994; 21902835; 21906983; 21911884; 21911919; 21945498; 21963094; 21982894; 21987660; 21988832; 21992109; 22048453; 22078849; 22088544; 22095074; 22123460; 22137262; 22138245; 22142473; 22147556; 22155307; 22158875; 22200625; 22203790; 22212955; 22264017; 22271370; 22276118; 22290142; 22302482; 22323644; 22330859; 22338608; 22418244; 22427825; 22438807; 22461696; 22490514; 22503972; 22541814; 22542718; 22545110; 22549002; 22559824; 22573121; 22578468; 22578957; 22579918; 22580187; 22583702; 22587389; 22594519; 22613607; 22630328; 22666428; 22670665; 22682876; 22689053; 22698995; 22750196; 22776971; 22842631; 22843690; 22849380; 22875919; 22879597; 22881289; 22901690; 22939811; 22945906; 22959128; 22966170; 22989377; 23010497; 23046979; 23051580; 23052192; 23055342; 23074199; 23087099; 23090292; 23092328; 23103292; 23114386; 23123430; 23139759; 23150184; 23158494; 23221079; 23226098; 23238643; 23251661; 23255485; 23288142; 23293173; 23324179; 23345623; 23403148; 23403272; 23406266; 23406650; 23412940; 23423194; 23430116; 23437133; 23454680; 23521418; 23526997; 23536693; 23569422; 23571756; 23580430; 23583371; 23602216; 23606537; 23615401; 23617628; 23660665; 23665328; 23671274; 23714423; 23720344; 23725037; 23737527; 23792437; 23840483; 24038461; 24053646; 24109237; 24211270; 24239896 heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000100292 HGNC:5013 HPRD:00782 MIM:141250 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150960 Other designations: heat shock protein, 32-kD|heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DER12 ENT2 HNP36 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC29A2 solute carrier family 29 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter), member 2 3177 11q13 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005337 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7639753); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7639753); GO_0006139 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9396714); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7639753); GO_0015858 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12527552); GO_0016323 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12527552); GO_0031965 (EC: IEA); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_1901642 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9396714) PMID: 7639753; 9192854; 9396714; 9478986; 12006583; 12411296; 12477932; 12527552; 12590919; 12820662; 12838422; 14612157; 14702039; 15386342; 15489334; 15644498; 15649894; 16214850; 16924660; 17921321; 17926640; 18635603; 18703227; 18945750; 19105964; 19297449; 20392501; 21156465; 21822668; 21906983; 21926972; 21963094; 21987572; 23590299; 23639800 solute carrier family 29 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter), member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000174669 HGNC:11004 HPRD:03662 MIM:602110 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169056 Other designations: 36 kDa nucleolar protein HNP36|delayed-early response protein 12|equilibrative NBMPR-insensitive nucleoside transporter|equilibrative nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside-insensitive nucleoside transporter|equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2|hydrophobic nucleolar protein, 36 kDa|hydrophobic nucleolar protein, 36kD|nucleoside transporter, ei-type|solute carrier family 29 (nucleoside transporters), member 2|solute carrier family 29 member 2 SLC29A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ABBP1 HNRPAB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HNRNPAB heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B 3182 5q35.3 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0001837 (EC: ISS); GO_0003700 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1717314); GO_0003729 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8999813); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0030529 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17289661); GO_0043565 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045893 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1717314; 8125298; 8895530; 8999813; 11313474; 11790298; 11937625; 12388589; 12477932; 12692135; 14702039; 14704337; 14722087; 15324660; 15489334; 15782174; 16964243; 17289661; 17332742; 17353931; 17643375; 18029348; 18457437; 18850631; 19738201; 20000738; 20020773; 20085233; 20211142; 20360068; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21182205; 21642987; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21942715; 22053931; 22174317; 22178446; 22365833; 22505724; 22623428; 22751105; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23077236; 23151878; 23184937; 23246001; 23398456; 23455922; 23500468; 24457600 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B Ensembl:ENSG00000197451 HGNC:5034 HPRD:04067 MIM:602688 Vega:OTTHUMG00000163452 Other designations: ABBP-1|APOBEC1-binding protein 1|apobec-1 binding protein 1|apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1-binding protein 1|hnRNP A/B|hnRNP type A/B protein HNRNPAB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DSMA5 HSJ-1 HSJ1 HSPF3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB2 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 2 3300 2q32-q34 9606 2 GO_0000502 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:15936278); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15936278); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS, PMID:1599432); GO_0006986 (EC: TAS, PMID:1599432); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IGI, PMID:9553041); GO_0016234 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0030308 (EC: IGI, PMID:9553041); GO_0030433 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0030544 (EC: IPI, PMID:15936278); GO_0031398 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0031593 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0032436 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0051082 (EC: TAS, PMID:1599432); GO_0070628 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0090084 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278); GO_0090086 (EC: IDA, PMID:15936278) PMID:1599432; 8889548; 9553041; 10516435; 11147971; 12107410; 12477932; 12754272; 14751250; 14759258; 15231748; 15489334; 15936278; 16604191; 17082820; 17207965; 17601350; 17847007; 18321953; 18977241; 19285159; 20395441; 21139048; 21625540; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22190034; 22522442; 23000965; 23752268; 23940030; 24023695; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000135924 HGNC:5228 HPRD:07249 MIM:604139 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133134 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 2|dnaJ protein homolog 1|heat shock 40 kDa protein 3|heat shock protein J1|heat shock protein, neuronal DNAJ-like 1 DNAJB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BIP GRP78 HEL-S-89n MIF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HSPA5 heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) 3309 9q33.3 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005509 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11907036); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11943137); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16223484); GO_0005783 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11943137); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005793 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15308636); GO_0006200 (EC: ISS); GO_0006983 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008180 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 18850735); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0016887 (EC: ISS); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12411443); GO_0021589 (EC: IEA); GO_0021680 (EC: IEA); GO_0021762 (EC: IEP); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030176 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11181571); GO_0030335 (EC: IMP); GO_0030433 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19816510); GO_0030496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15166316); GO_0030512 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19816510); GO_0031398 (EC: IEA); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8666824); GO_0034663 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18400946); GO_0035437 (EC: IMP); GO_0042149 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10085239); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10760948); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051082 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0051087 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19816510); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18400946); GO_0060904 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19816510); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_0071353 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1480470; 1602151; 1649196; 1900540; 2294010; 2840249; 3087629; 3122216; 7724523; 7878056; 7906708; 7957306; 8020977; 8666824; 9006956; 9150946; 9150948; 9305856; 9409741; 9492298; 9885241; 10049727; 10085239; 10197448; 10397760; 10461883; 10514465; 10588643; 10617616; 10708769; 10760948; 10777498; 10887119; 10906332; 10964507; 10964928; 10970892; 11013075; 11160188; 11162507; 11162551; 11181571; 11294872; 11476899; 11719466; 11751874; 11752154; 11765911; 11790298; 11907036; 11932435; 11943137; 12076252; 12097557; 12194978; 12356756; 12359150; 12383251; 12397072; 12411443; 12471035; 12475965; 12477932; 12480769; 12493773; 12514190; 12516782; 12552023; 12621026; 12637535; 12643545; 12665508; 12713871; 12832005; 12840015; 15009096; 15077298; 15146195; 15150263; 15166316; 15280358; 15308636; 15324660; 15456888; 15489334; 15514946; 15525676; 15618547; 15635413; 15657421; 15664986; 15778089; 15817150; 15899857; 15908432; 15949590; 15952740; 16027165; 16051665; 16130169; 16168956; 16169070; 16182273; 16196087; 16212417; 16223484; 16236267; 16257961; 16282978; 16329989; 16344560; 16400691; 16428306; 16472112; 16488447; 16497268; 16522924; 16543232; 16731524; 16912156; 16912197; 17002502; 17062670; 17081065; 17139257; 17184779; 17215244; 17220478; 17337485; 17380188; 17431395; 17601350; 17620599; 17640713; 17643375; 17670764; 17683050; 17721549; 17725712; 17728248; 17765891; 17805346; 17848573; 17906960; 17931354; 17932454; 17936241; 17942541; 17979178; 17991893; 18022401; 18064632; 18083346; 18192872; 18264092; 18268478; 18278507; 18331622; 18343577; 18400946; 18403493; 18411300; 18457437; 18482745; 18502753; 18556570; 18654987; 18708056; 18708359; 18720263; 18757373; 18776923; 18781276; 18781797; 18790759; 18840615; 18842681; 18850735; 18977241; 19014922; 19017364; 19056867; 19097122; 19103594; 19107326; 19128512; 19135240; 19151922; 19164805; 19165527; 19167051; 19188365; 19193609; 19212831; 19228285; 19236758; 19275587; 19287380; 19296942; 19309398; 19343720; 19380743; 19386345; 19411306; 19421146; 19470730; 19471022; 19482905; 19533686; 19546472; 19596686; 19616278; 19626590; 19632185; 19659607; 19671925; 19674193; 19713465; 19718440; 19722195; 19738201; 19741001; 19765186; 19776128; 19786088; 19815544; 19815549; 19816510; 19823030; 19838160; 19838163; 19842229; 19845896; 19850743; 19875381; 19950238; 20017148; 20020773; 20028516; 20072656; 20082722; 20085233; 20145413; 20171186; 20176102; 20204278; 20208072; 20213805; 20360535; 20371724; 20457808; 20473863; 20473970; 20484513; 20492754; 20497865; 20506407; 20508642; 20525207; 20605795; 20628775; 20651985; 20664690; 20672702; 20720212; 20735358; 20739513; 20936779; 20979610; 21056970; 21080038; 21081666; 21112319; 21118962; 21137052; 21139048; 21145461; 21156321; 21189163; 21199322; 21203488; 21221131; 21252943; 21319273; 21343306; 21374734; 21382870; 21389343; 21418596; 21467168; 21472681; 21479362; 21503958; 21516372; 21565611; 21597391; 21622563; 21642380; 21673190; 21738476; 21745816; 21763498; 21779363; 21800051; 21825151; 21840908; 21853274; 21890413; 21890473; 21903092; 21906983; 21940774; 21947079; 21947694; 21963094; 21965664; 21987572; 21988832; 22004425; 22076227; 22079093; 22146569; 22178446; 22215138; 22234250; 22268729; 22297694; 22306319; 22425662; 22427667; 22430489; 22438978; 22446326; 22460328; 22472071; 22495374; 22505724; 22527697; 22528773; 22536838; 22543280; 22546345; 22564965; 22581315; 22613557; 22627132; 22689054; 22735594; 22751133; 22752300; 22796945; 22801219; 22810585; 22851173; 22855534; 22863883; 22889453; 22912664; 22939629; 22945507; 22963397; 22996014; 23000965; 23056589; 23085757; 23089287; 23097496; 23123197; 23161089; 23182705; 23184937; 23200913; 23220234; 23233672; 23246001; 23277564; 23280503; 23314748; 23318453; 23322163; 23349634; 23363602; 23378021; 23383273; 23398456; 23402259; 23402331; 23416888; 23428871; 23438482; 23455922; 23456958; 23457489; 23470966; 23485528; 23544152; 23569248; 23575540; 23578665; 23703321; 23721263; 23759331; 23760505; 23798571; 23818965; 23862649; 23922175; 23956138; 24030972; 24080088; 24113185; 24113381; 24155957; 24239288; 24244333; 24457600 heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) Ensembl:ENSG00000044574 HGNC:5238 HPRD:00682 MIM:138120 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020672 Other designations: 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein|endoplasmic reticulum lumenal Ca(2+)-binding protein grp78|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 89n|immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein HSPA5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSPF1 Hdj1 Hsp40 RSPH16B Sis1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB1 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1 3337 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17024176); GO_0005730 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: TAS, PMID:8975727); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA); GO_0051085 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867); GO_0070389 (EC: IDA, PMID:18620420) PMID:1586970; 1754405; 8250930; 8670798; 8764402; 8975727; 9499401; 9545528; 9727490; 9920933; 10075921; 10330192; 10593983; 10811660; 10816573; 11093761; 11147971; 11457725; 11500375; 11809754; 11821413; 12150907; 12417652; 12477932; 14499622; 14503850; 14702039; 14743183; 14752510; 15075330; 15194794; 15362566; 15489334; 16009940; 16179353; 16196087; 16842747; 16919237; 17012257; 17024176; 17601350; 18032501; 18187620; 18211704; 18457437; 18620420; 18624398; 18977241; 19056867; 19254810; 19615732; 19738201; 19779646; 19901540; 20026329; 20084477; 20360068; 20516149; 20562859; 20735358; 20801936; 20809635; 20811636; 20885985; 21044950; 21124777; 21139048; 21139202; 21145461; 21163940; 21249176; 21480956; 21639839; 21698289; 21763498; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21987572; 22022600; 22075554; 22505724; 22779921; 22863883; 22990118; 23000965; 23395854; 23400395; 23482560; 24091676; 24196953; 24255178; 24318877; 24361594 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000132002 HGNC:5270 HPRD:05198 MIM:604572 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183289 Other designations: DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfmaily B, member 1|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 1|dnaJ protein homolog 1|hDj-1|heat shock 40 kDa protein 1|heat shock 40kD protein 1|heat shock protein 40|human DnaJ protein 1|radial spoke 16 homolog B DNAJB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DANJC4 HSPF2 MCG18 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC4 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 4 3338 11q13 9606 11 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17500595); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: NAS, PMID:9473517); GO_0006986 (EC: TAS, PMID:9473517); GO_0016020 (EC: NAS, PMID:9473517); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0051082 (EC: NAS, PMID:9473517) PMID:9473517; 11147971; 12477932; 15489334; 17207965; 17500595; 19913121; 20029029; 20237496; 20628086; 20877624; 21832049 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000110011 HGNC:5271 MIM:604189 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167792 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 4|dnaJ-like protein HSPF2|heat shock 40kD protein 2|multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 candidate protein number 18 DNAJC4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSPG PLC PRCAN SJA SJS SJS1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HSPG2 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 3339 RP11-132G19.2 1p36.1-p34 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001523 (EC: TAS); GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001958 (EC: IEA); GO_0002062 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11956183); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005605 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005796 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006024 (EC: TAS); GO_0006027 (EC: TAS); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0008022 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12604605); GO_0008104 (EC: IEA); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030203 (EC: TAS); GO_0030204 (EC: TAS); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0042157 (EC: TAS); GO_0043202 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048704 (EC: IEA); GO_0048738 (EC: IEA); GO_0060351 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 1569102; 1679749; 1685141; 1730768; 2687294; 2745554; 7500359; 8234307; 8541852; 9136074; 9307034; 9313766; 9431988; 9688542; 9692901; 9733643; 10545953; 10579711; 10702276; 11101850; 11148217; 11279527; 11493006; 11574465; 11847210; 11847221; 11941538; 11956183; 11968010; 12036876; 12435733; 12477932; 12604605; 12754519; 12811819; 12900424; 14563633; 14625044; 14630925; 14702039; 14973356; 14974815; 15031130; 15081423; 15211644; 15231748; 15240572; 15567441; 15591058; 15657057; 15905187; 16129435; 16269412; 16283481; 16335952; 16407285; 16570819; 16620836; 16713569; 16914267; 16927315; 16984910; 17356275; 18024432; 18658137; 19056867; 19066875; 19380743; 19506372; 19553700; 19669783; 19738201; 19788922; 19789387; 19839757; 19889475; 19913121; 20053631; 20072119; 20074558; 20452482; 20507176; 20628086; 20673868; 20690028; 21078624; 21126803; 21255062; 21596751; 21808285; 22003087; 22076637; 22268729; 22457785; 22643235; 23060442; 23104139; 23161552; 23235151; 23336978; 23374253; 23436656; 23509972; 23568740; 23599406; 24101524 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000142798 HGNC:5273 HPRD:00804 MIM:142461 Vega:OTTHUMG00000002674 Other designations: basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein|endorepellin (domain V region)|perlecan proteoglycan HSPG2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AFBP IBP1 IGF-BP25 PP12 hIGFBP-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP1 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 3484 tcag7.702 7p13-p12 9606 7 GO_0005520 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:2454104); GO_0008286 (EC: IEA); GO_0030307 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0042246 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1373120; 1691735; 1701175; 1718783; 2454104; 2457513; 2458522; 2461294; 2466665; 2474129; 2478445; 2849945; 2971653; 3419931; 7504269; 7678248; 7683522; 7683525; 7694877; 8754754; 9408744; 10329650; 10350456; 10352394; 10364674; 10407151; 10691413; 10810289; 10965886; 10987657; 11050672; 11297622; 11397868; 11752456; 11762714; 11793026; 11834727; 11956162; 11969341; 11972304; 12006706; 12082253; 12119297; 12135130; 12150454; 12153746; 12163461; 12351482; 12466191; 12477932; 12489207; 12493691; 12519841; 12556485; 12571183; 12679458; 12690205; 12746292; 12746836; 12843178; 12843192; 12853948; 12861174; 12870155; 12882925; 12933666; 14568572; 14624764; 14715837; 14718574; 14726451; 14764802; 15070833; 15070959; 15166120; 15489334; 15598684; 15613433; 15736102; 15797461; 15890677; 15959422; 15972819; 15987820; 15987847; 16002526; 16041536; 16118248; 16222695; 16293667; 16306374; 16337840; 16338475; 16404426; 16687408; 16776662; 16809446; 16868142; 16924115; 16973813; 17035411; 17062566; 17113753; 17164371; 17264182; 17300730; 17341623; 17465992; 17485842; 17566087; 17634530; 17640761; 17655506; 17803702; 17890489; 17914103; 17972051; 17972510; 18166823; 18259111; 18305566; 18496669; 18513511; 18596909; 18636124; 18665784; 18676680; 18701096; 18772238; 18793810; 18828733; 18924579; 19064572; 19124510; 19158202; 19170196; 19193607; 19308628; 19434535; 19453261; 19463807; 19539506; 19551864; 19625176; 19692168; 19730683; 19732896; 19765076; 19843326; 19858071; 19913121; 19917654; 19948975; 20039319; 20102313; 20143870; 20144192; 20149700; 20155489; 20413521; 20416304; 20453000; 20484221; 20587581; 20628086; 20634197; 20637724; 20711952; 20731527; 20734064; 20810604; 20884247; 20885978; 21078522; 21104586; 21140206; 21198359; 21212012; 21247237; 21378090; 21457161; 21521316; 21741060; 21852217; 21892205; 21930730; 21933314; 21940708; 22072736; 22104117; 22113073; 22187946; 22239027; 22325929; 22357965; 22442270; 22554827; 22745191; 22843786; 22894543; 23095194; 23190203; 23354097; 23377640; 23408645; 23585335; 23603247; 23815140; 23942851; 24132762; 24248464 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000146678 HGNC:5469 HPRD:00897 MIM:146730 Vega:OTTHUMG00000152343 Other designations: IBP-1|IGF-binding protein 1|IGFBP-1|alpha-pregnancy-associated endometrial globulin|amniotic fluid binding protein|binding protein-25|binding protein-26|binding protein-28|growth hormone independent-binding protein|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1|placental protein 12 IGFBP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IBP2 IGF-BP53 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP2 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 36kDa 3485 2q33-q34 9606 2 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:19095771); GO_0005576 (EC: ISS); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:15694994); GO_0007165 (EC: IEA); GO_0007565 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0010226 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0031410 (EC: IEA); GO_0031994 (EC: IDA, PMID:19081843); GO_0031995 (EC: ISS); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032526 (EC: IEA); GO_0032870 (EC: IEA); GO_0042104 (EC: IDA, PMID:15694994); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043567 (EC: IC, PMID:19081843); GO_0043567 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA) PMID:1376411; 1380437; 1697583; 1710112; 1712312; 1714916; 1716260; 1726837; 2465304; 2479552; 7511544; 7680905; 8675597; 8781553; 9156044; 9408744; 10407151; 10912521; 11063745; 11297622; 11358513; 12006706; 12102164; 12477932; 12519841; 12575534; 12672024; 12727212; 12794762; 12810534; 12839944; 12907597; 12955485; 14691340; 14710363; 14744083; 15147770; 15171717; 15489334; 15643522; 15651061; 15661050; 15686601; 15694994; 15735679; 15932773; 15956340; 15994346; 16183342; 16306230; 16444283; 16543235; 16569642; 16884361; 16893667; 16901920; 17020769; 17071580; 17072950; 17102589; 17113753; 17280861; 17285230; 17289850; 17341887; 17352648; 17369847; 17372210; 17395163; 17475624; 17485236; 17606927; 17655506; 17827400; 17970029; 17985932; 18210030; 18210156; 18217408; 18259111; 18373644; 18437351; 18461161; 18524796; 18556354; 18676680; 18952587; 18953566; 18980989; 19064572; 19081843; 19095771; 19124510; 19127217; 19164435; 19170196; 19276395; 19324937; 19453261; 19625176; 19679880; 19692168; 19764562; 19843326; 19845745; 19846739; 19862325; 19877176; 19948975; 19956906; 19962924; 20150439; 20306690; 20370577; 20468064; 20514406; 20515648; 20541521; 20634197; 20730703; 20731527; 20734064; 20810604; 20819778; 20858761; 21304397; 21339190; 21899885; 21951978; 21972778; 21988832; 22242132; 22253890; 22277732; 22293585; 22345562; 22459634; 22527168; 22554827; 22555360; 22571677; 22623219; 22672618; 22869145; 23071652; 23165420; 23233738; 23291564; 23397525; 23435424; 23515291; 23714241; 23767917; 23959956 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 36kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000115457 HGNC:5471 HPRD:00898 MIM:146731 Vega:OTTHUMG00000155341 Other designations: IBP-2|IGF-binding protein 2|IGFBP-2|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 IGFBP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BP-53 IBP3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 3486 tcag7.703 7p13-p12 9606 7 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0001933 (EC: IDA, PMID:17591901); GO_0001968 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14561895); GO_0005520 (EC: NAS, PMID:12599210); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID:14718574); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:17119061); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:17434920); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID:17434920); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0008160 (EC: IDA, PMID:11940579); GO_0008285 (EC: IGI, PMID:19258508); GO_0009968 (EC: NAS, PMID:11940579); GO_0010906 (EC: IEA); GO_0014912 (EC: IDA, PMID:10766744); GO_0016942 (EC: IC, PMID:10766744); GO_0031994 (EC: IPI, PMID:10766744); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID:11971816); GO_0043085 (EC: IDA, PMID:11940579); GO_0043410 (EC: IEA); GO_0043568 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044342 (EC: IEA); GO_0045663 (EC: IDA, PMID:12599210); GO_0046872 (EC: NAS, PMID:14576163); GO_0048662 (EC: IDA, PMID:10766744) PMID:1280211; 1293182; 1373120; 1383255; 1695633; 1697583; 2464130; 7508771; 7523391; 7538844; 7566179; 8550744; 8675597; 8708531; 8843739; 8964576; 9252371; 9275067; 9337997; 9388210; 9389554; 9408744; 9446566; 9497324; 9688635; 10076184; 10218588; 10226805; 10352394; 10407151; 10511594; 10512690; 10650937; 10766744; 10770214; 10811646; 10823924; 10849447; 10874028; 11095942; 11238520; 11264294; 11297622; 11319179; 11344214; 11375929; 11600567; 11749962; 11751851; 11762714; 11784719; 11801256; 11804742; 11886859; 11914023; 11914026; 11940579; 11948969; 11953210; 11959812; 11971816; 11997031; 12006706; 12011225; 12051736; 12054563; 12068000; 12111701; 12122101; 12127836; 12135130; 12150454; 12163384; 12200149; 12210764; 12213898; 12219010; 12220677; 12242693; 12473575; 12477932; 12506097; 12508918; 12519841; 12571183; 12571851; 12575534; 12590636; 12599210; 12690205; 12725526; 12730416; 12735930; 12810533; 12810534; 12853948; 12865482; 12870155; 12907612; 12925957; 12926118; 12937269; 12962157; 14561895; 14576163; 14576164; 14597676; 14598881; 14644829; 14674122; 14693733; 14702039; 14710345; 14718574; 14744783; 14751238; 14760718; 15014034; 15047131; 15059907; 15066922; 15067329; 15069073; 15070968; 15086466; 15126567; 15140235; 15178549; 15198293; 15221971; 15247132; 15247904; 15282325; 15298948; 15302288; 15340161; 15379965; 15448002; 15485880; 15489334; 15517912; 15625284; 15641262; 15641264; 15642160; 15642732; 15651061; 15661050; 15668470; 15681824; 15703779; 15734965; 15769996; 15781645; 15800934; 15802501; 15809062; 15817480; 15844718; 15894673; 15894694; 15927849; 15941947; 15959422; 15986122; 15987847; 16015705; 16030120; 16049980; 16169070; 16181731; 16189247; 16189260; 16210470; 16211216; 16215864; 16275148; 16303743; 16306136; 16322329; 16335952; 16394092; 16404426; 16448675; 16455777; 16489075; 16489531; 16540651; 16541420; 16543235; 16552541; 16614079; 16617154; 16645643; 16723126; 16763062; 16775172; 16776662; 16793770; 16825320; 16887362; 16915540; 16935391; 16965600; 16969385; 17018785; 17035411; 17044098; 17047053; 17051426; 17056474; 17063263; 17070193; 17085968; 17096329; 17113753; 17119061; 17172410; 17187018; 17210081; 17237715; 17264182; 17287408; 17289909; 17293864; 17297462; 17300730; 17350302; 17388800; 17396438; 17434446; 17434920; 17446556; 17447118; 17453001; 17457048; 17546465; 17555512; 17560154; 17566087; 17567756; 17577982; 17591901; 17593323; 17597108; 17624927; 17627014; 17635417; 17655506; 17668637; 17689128; 17719815; 17724372; 17761791; 17763192; 17803702; 17823260; 17827406; 17879951; 17912004; 17952116; 17957164; 17959403; 17972510; 17997337; 18006928; 18031946; 18059035; 18084616; 18162523; 18163429; 18171112; 18177247; 18178497; 18259111; 18287864; 18329388; 18335323; 18375957; 18398029; 18410545; 18450319; 18459102; 18471292; 18481170; 18498652; 18534134; 18562769; 18596909; 18602100; 18615538; 18618736; 18624627; 18636124; 18676680; 18812263; 18818748; 18929499; 18984657; 18992148; 18992263; 19004037; 19019335; 19020726; 19036873; 19064126; 19064572; 19077426; 19121847; 19124506; 19124510; 19127217; 19129715; 19138871; 19158946; 19170196; 19190540; 19194113; 19207313; 19217707; 19223521; 19240240; 19257984; 19258508; 19332270; 19414355; 19449212; 19453261; 19455605; 19477944; 19491931; 19492232; 19509068; 19527514; 19540231; 19551141; 19551864; 19556345; 19568604; 19588500; 19591553; 19596932; 19625176; 19633297; 19634593; 19672706; 19692168; 19734278; 19764562; 19784788; 19786462; 19786971; 19789190; 19800385; 19833751; 19845745; 19846909; 19858071; 19863750; 19913121; 19917654; 19919528; 19938081; 19941883; 19944347; 19948975; 19960406; 20003326; 20023704; 20039319; 20051649; 20084546; 20099974; 20102313; 20119675; 20121533; 20144192; 20145156; 20155489; 20204283; 20215856; 20219400; 20228135; 20302654; 20307522; 20350746; 20357812; 20378848; 20403354; 20416304; 20423985; 20427254; 20453000; 20468064; 20484221; 20501753; 20513670; 20540360; 20580999; 20587610; 20599318; 20613589; 20628086; 20628624; 20634197; 20677014; 20731527; 20734064; 20801067; 20810604; 20848532; 20851879; 20860465; 20884247; 20889360; 20920870; 20921904; 20945273; 21068693; 21076409; 21078522; 21140206; 21195059; 21216879; 21254935; 21347663; 21378090; 21383009; 21388950; 21392749; 21435441; 21447628; 21447640; 21455575; 21471542; 21474793; 21478207; 21520041; 21520165; 21521316; 21525788; 21529443; 21536375; 21536469; 21551235; 21562710; 21585623; 21636299; 21648284; 21697095; 21698457; 21701930; 21737444; 21761353; 21788435; 21823995; 21852217; 21892705; 21898383; 21930730; 21944866; 22001433; 22004906; 22026507; 22032863; 22085490; 22113073; 22128038; 22167391; 22246875; 22253890; 22278433; 22318747; 22328165; 22332214; 22347413; 22363400; 22381038; 22389159; 22415309; 22415807; 22441125; 22442270; 22475139; 22494072; 22500655; 22527168; 22543588; 22554827; 22565227; 22643116; 22739332; 22745191; 22751133; 22778398; 22801219; 22847383; 22879989; 22882716; 22884472; 22892437; 22894543; 22936258; 22951368; 23011725; 23041555; 23158139; 23174226; 23178489; 23185474; 23341348; 23348700; 23377640; 23383064; 23498137; 23527244; 23527725; 23592916; 23611528; 23619263; 23720424; 23748063; 23770368; 23789983; 23792502; 23831640; 23864804; 23962053; 24022308; 24250222 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000146674 HGNC:5472 HPRD:00899 MIM:146732 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023769 Other designations: IBP-3|IGF-binding protein 3|IGFBP-3|acid stable subunit of the 140 K IGF complex|binding protein 29|binding protein 53|growth hormone-dependent binding protein|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 IGFBP3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BP-4 HT29-IGFBP IBP4 IGFBP-4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP4 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 3487 17q12-q21.1 9606 17 GO_0001501 (EC: TAS, PMID:1377672); GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0005520 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006259 (EC: TAS, PMID:1377672); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:1377672); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID:1377672); GO_0010906 (EC: IEA); GO_0043410 (EC: IEA); GO_0043568 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044342 (EC: IEA) PMID:1370941; 1375185; 1377672; 1380437; 1704481; 1707125; 1709161; 1709585; 7507078; 7511544; 7680905; 7683646; 7689953; 7778269; 8648179; 8889548; 8964576; 9138096; 9275067; 9408744; 9615225; 9722589; 9751498; 10407151; 11052994; 11068878; 11297622; 12163000; 12193384; 12241545; 12477932; 12733722; 12904166; 12970325; 14705967; 14767471; 14996716; 15062981; 15146197; 15146551; 15204833; 15489334; 15661050; 16540175; 16586492; 16685432; 16924115; 16973813; 17070193; 17071580; 17177834; 17312271; 17824980; 19025658; 19038974; 19453261; 19956906; 20628624; 20634197; 20654748; 20734064; 20810604; 21166939; 21207373; 21274331; 22134921; 22246875; 22332214; 22689691; 23079385; 23455924; 23499909; 23563607; 23603559 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000141753 HGNC:5473 HPRD:00900 MIM:146733 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133326 Other designations: IBP-4|IGF-binding protein 4|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 IGFBP4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IBP5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 3488 2q33-q36 9606 2 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0001649 (EC: IEA); GO_0001968 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15700281); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID:14718574); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID:7525452); GO_0010906 (EC: IEA); GO_0014912 (EC: IDA, PMID:10766744); GO_0016942 (EC: IC, PMID:10766744); GO_0017148 (EC: IDA, PMID:15700281); GO_0030336 (EC: IDA, PMID:15700281); GO_0031069 (EC: IEA); GO_0031994 (EC: IPI, PMID:10766744); GO_0035556 (EC: IEA); GO_0042593 (EC: IEA); GO_0043568 (EC: IEA); GO_0043569 (EC: IDA, PMID:10766744); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044342 (EC: IEA); GO_0045668 (EC: IEA); GO_0048630 (EC: IEA); GO_0048662 (EC: IDA, PMID:10766744); GO_0051146 (EC: IEA); GO_0051897 (EC: IEA); GO_0060056 (EC: IEA); GO_0071320 (EC: IDA, PMID:7559606); GO_0071407 (EC: IDA, PMID:7559606) PMID:1147105; 1709938; 1710112; 1850257; 1850258; 7511544; 7511611; 7525452; 7559606; 8619474; 8817691; 9110174; 9202242; 9497324; 9528953; 9786878; 9822601; 9883900; 10336724; 10407151; 10698186; 10766744; 10811646; 11095942; 11264294; 11297622; 11751588; 11821401; 11874691; 11905402; 11923300; 11973331; 12005306; 12466191; 12477932; 12766061; 12777377; 12810534; 14645245; 14718574; 15001525; 15140223; 15155755; 15489334; 15534875; 15618969; 15650232; 15661050; 15681824; 15700281; 15777798; 15780948; 15802501; 15930103; 16007340; 16169070; 16195401; 16311053; 16344560; 16543235; 16716263; 16865675; 17067554; 17071587; 17242174; 17290407; 17312271; 17316888; 17496250; 17595320; 17651454; 17804819; 17823924; 17892529; 18085517; 18161051; 18210156; 18311789; 18373644; 18602100; 18624948; 18665784; 18676680; 18710598; 18762576; 18775916; 18805800; 18809517; 18957933; 19170196; 19250630; 19341485; 19453261; 19476635; 19610136; 19625176; 19628764; 19692168; 19808657; 19843326; 19877176; 19948051; 19950226; 20345844; 20354179; 20379614; 20416304; 20468064; 20508032; 20583135; 20628624; 20634197; 20734064; 20810604; 20819778; 20944648; 20949447; 21029365; 21191810; 21256825; 21460855; 21852217; 22246875; 22252554; 22328518; 22571677; 22589738; 23408906; 23499909; 23539739; 23576565; 23665505 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000115461 HGNC:5474 HPRD:00901 MIM:146734 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133058 Other designations: IBP-5|IGF-binding protein 5|IGFBP-5|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 IGFBP5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IBP6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP6 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 3489 12q13 9606 12 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID:10087296); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID:7539002); GO_0031994 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:1697583; 1709161; 1719383; 1850257; 1850258; 2154495; 2551732; 7511544; 7539002; 7683540; 7683646; 7692907; 9572875; 10087296; 10329650; 10407151; 10414596; 11267670; 11297622; 11914024; 12006706; 12477932; 12558805; 14710364; 15308688; 15366928; 15489334; 15661050; 15797461; 15889232; 16713569; 17519236; 17978469; 18039785; 18395833; 18676680; 18724896; 18957410; 18982452; 18985860; 19170196; 19453261; 19625176; 19692168; 19913121; 19950226; 20432455; 20628086; 20634197; 20734064; 20810604; 21054968; 21458526; 21548981; 21618524; 21820463; 21940310; 21997736; 23126425; 23623986; 24003225 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000167779 HGNC:5475 HPRD:00902 MIM:146735 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169773 Other designations: IBP-6|IGF binding protein 6|IGF-binding protein 6|IGFBP-6|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 IGFBP6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGM FSTL2 IBP-7 IGFBP-7 IGFBP-7v IGFBPRP1 MAC25 PSF RAMSVPS TAF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBP7 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 3490 4q12 9606 4 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:9388210); GO_0005520 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0007155 (EC: IDA, PMID:8117260); GO_0007566 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID:8939990); GO_0009408 (EC: IEA); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0032526 (EC: IEA); GO_0032870 (EC: IEA); GO_0048839 (EC: IEA); GO_0050810 (EC: IEA); GO_0051414 (EC: IEA) PMID:7538673; 7694637; 7980422; 8117260; 8939990; 9100611; 9313760; 9388210; 10502291; 10595934; 10820148; 10859029; 10985926; 11549700; 12065244; 12407018; 12477932; 12592389; 12679483; 12843194; 12847218; 14521955; 14633696; 15077158; 15340161; 15489334; 15708897; 16302002; 16873698; 17048309; 17136345; 17312390; 17465992; 17972510; 18160415; 18267069; 18711401; 18981723; 19019211; 19374835; 19542015; 19638426; 19710688; 19829302; 19919630; 20029996; 20407444; 20433702; 20440262; 20464481; 20478260; 20535151; 20599521; 20977730; 21040219; 21095038; 21139048; 21328580; 21413833; 21525788; 21562573; 21835307; 21908579; 21909106; 21988832; 22005787; 22173745; 22277373; 22383111; 22392074; 22544761; 22622471; 22750143; 22906661; 22939629; 23250396; 23381221; 23382691; 23543219; 23546957; 23600329; 23713052 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000163453 HGNC:5476 HPRD:04183 MIM:602867 Other designations: IGF-binding protein 7|IGFBP-rP1|PGI2-stimulating factor|angiomodulin|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7|prostacyclin-stimulating factor|tumor-derived adhesion factor IGFBP7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CCN1 GIG1 IGFBP10 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYR61 cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61 3491 1p22.3 9606 1 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0001649 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA); GO_0002041 (EC: IEA); GO_0003181 (EC: IEA); GO_0003278 (EC: IEA); GO_0003281 (EC: IEA); GO_0005178 (EC: IEA); GO_0005520 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID:9135077); GO_0009653 (EC: TAS, PMID:9135077); GO_0010518 (EC: IEA); GO_0010811 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0030335 (EC: IDA); GO_0030513 (EC: IGI); GO_0033690 (EC: IDA); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043280 (EC: IEA); GO_0044319 (EC: IDA); GO_0045669 (EC: IDA); GO_0045860 (EC: IDA); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0050840 (EC: IEA); GO_0060413 (EC: IEA); GO_0060591 (EC: IEA); GO_0060710 (EC: IEA); GO_0060716 (EC: IEA); GO_0061036 (EC: IEA); GO_0070372 (EC: IDA); GO_0072593 (EC: IEA); GO_2000304 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 8635876; 9135077; 9446626; 9488038; 9528960; 9536281; 9600969; 10446209; 10821835; 10852911; 11120741; 11287419; 11584015; 11600415; 11751417; 11810026; 11840342; 12036876; 12217894; 12364323; 12374462; 12444554; 12477932; 12736251; 12826661; 12831056; 12899698; 12939282; 14702039; 14988385; 15041728; 15044484; 15044605; 15053922; 15077166; 15389821; 15471875; 15489334; 15526358; 15564459; 15592521; 15782120; 15878827; 15961723; 16243794; 16344560; 16581771; 16675545; 16804865; 16877350; 17056474; 17234971; 17314511; 17361185; 17429007; 17437852; 17579708; 17601910; 17626014; 17673559; 17699553; 17718860; 17765657; 18004727; 18025257; 18058471; 18089610; 18202125; 18212329; 18381294; 18575751; 18599605; 18687805; 18800188; 18819928; 18936953; 18941464; 18950845; 19007976; 19147534; 19180570; 19244129; 19288017; 19364818; 19542562; 19584265; 19632997; 19950293; 20010302; 20043874; 20056838; 20097175; 20195466; 20233866; 20237132; 20237496; 20360068; 20531301; 20628624; 20641097; 21081514; 21138874; 21139048; 21153366; 21159247; 21212405; 21232118; 21249313; 21312266; 21349946; 21393426; 21397653; 21447598; 21488975; 21505992; 21601497; 21618249; 21628462; 21711965; 21963094; 21976359; 21995436; 22023263; 22025384; 22056874; 22160564; 22253074; 22363611; 22401280; 22527715; 22532143; 22540002; 22547695; 22551568; 22566095; 22692860; 22694338; 22752926; 22797925; 23027863; 23045290; 23141184; 23196056; 23259998; 23316072; 23504324; 23528710; 23618859; 23623839; 23667531; 23744557; 23798676; 24449575 cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61 Ensembl:ENSG00000142871 HGNC:2654 HPRD:09089 MIM:602369 Vega:OTTHUMG00000010577 Other designations: CCN family member 1|IBP-10|IGF-binding protein 10|IGFBP-10|cysteine-rich heparin-binding protein 61|cysteine-rich, anigogenic inducer, 61|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 10|protein CYR61 CYR61 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IKK-beta IKK2 IKKB IMD15 NFKBIKB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IKBKB inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta 3551 8p11.2 9606 8 GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004672 (EC: IDA); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10521409); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA); GO_0006468 (EC: NAS, PMID:9346484); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0007249 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0007252 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0008384 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0008385 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0009615 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0009898 (EC: ISS); GO_0010765 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID:12492477); GO_0032481 (EC: TAS); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035631 (EC: ISS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042501 (EC: IDA); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS); GO_0043123 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0045121 (EC: IEA); GO_0045893 (EC: NAS, PMID:9346484); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0046982 (EC: IDA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0050852 (EC: TAS); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID:15790681); GO_0051092 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0070423 (EC: TAS); GO_0071356 (EC: IDA); GO_2001259 (EC: IEA) PMID:8601309; 8657102; 9214631; 9252186; 9346241; 9346484; 9346485; 9520446; 9632806; 9689078; 9721103; 9744859; 9751059; 9751060; 9763654; 9813230; 9819420; 9878263; 9891086; 9914500; 10022904; 10195894; 10356400; 10469655; 10485711; 10497169; 10521409; 10713178; 10722755; 10723127; 10733566; 10755617; 10779355; 10783893; 10807933; 10848580; 10962033; 10968790; 10980203; 11002417; 11057907; 11080499; 11096118; 11113112; 11120819; 11158290; 11278268; 11359906; 11429546; 11460167; 11527961; 11585904; 11594795; 11606564; 11777949; 11815618; 11821416; 11830587; 11839743; 11864612; 11945026; 11954826; 11959143; 11971985; 11976329; 12054687; 12070292; 12133833; 12210728; 12244103; 12351658; 12393548; 12411322; 12459277; 12477932; 12482991; 12486103; 12486112; 12492477; 12547194; 12589056; 12612076; 12637324; 12645577; 12657630; 12707358; 12709429; 12842894; 12890679; 12943667; 14514672; 14560022; 14585846; 14585847; 14585990; 14597638; 14625285; 14654787; 14702039; 14715628; 14743216; 14990741; 15084260; 15125834; 15128824; 15140882; 15184390; 15217951; 15218148; 15226300; 15254232; 15276183; 15319427; 15383283; 15389287; 15456791; 15489227; 15489334; 15492226; 15494311; 15564333; 15601829; 15749833; 15761153; 15790681; 15802604; 15808510; 15837793; 15856005; 15856023; 15880043; 15951441; 16024783; 16046471; 16051665; 16082226; 16123045; 16126728; 16135815; 16177806; 16207722; 16267042; 16280329; 16286467; 16291755; 16319058; 16344560; 16365431; 16393995; 16424386; 16497931; 16547522; 16583354; 16603398; 16611882; 16728640; 16840786; 16906147; 16920630; 16938294; 16966325; 16982623; 16989899; 16997282; 16998237; 17000764; 17016640; 17047224; 17079871; 17114296; 17145747; 17182689; 17213322; 17237423; 17244613; 17287217; 17363905; 17363973; 17419715; 17446166; 17466952; 17568778; 17616684; 17684021; 17693255; 17703412; 17891179; 17939994; 17947699; 17962807; 17977820; 17997719; 18029348; 18037881; 18163512; 18180283; 18207244; 18260825; 18266324; 18266467; 18308615; 18316610; 18362886; 18408758; 18411264; 18434448; 18456659; 18490760; 18571841; 18583959; 18600306; 18626576; 18636537; 18657515; 18692471; 18949366; 18952604; 18957422; 18981174; 18990758; 19050262; 19104039; 19109741; 19141566; 19150425; 19196987; 19202066; 19243472; 19258923; 19270264; 19365808; 19422324; 19453261; 19488402; 19526344; 19573080; 19591457; 19594441; 19656241; 19675099; 19716809; 19728335; 19730683; 19773279; 19786027; 19815509; 19818716; 19820708; 19850743; 20005846; 20007573; 20026656; 20051109; 20056178; 20068038; 20098747; 20145131; 20152798; 20164171; 20167598; 20176108; 20331378; 20347815; 20368414; 20371626; 20410276; 20421348; 20434986; 20448038; 20448286; 20449947; 20465575; 20503287; 20529849; 20568250; 20600852; 20614026; 20627395; 20657549; 20693425; 20797629; 20803413; 20856938; 20925653; 20932476; 20933503; 20977779; 21029719; 21048031; 21139048; 21204785; 21220427; 21248029; 21317297; 21331078; 21344388; 21390216; 21399639; 21474709; 21482671; 21575199; 21606193; 21606198; 21670849; 21703539; 21724995; 21784860; 21798539; 21803029; 21810613; 21811235; 21903422; 21911292; 21985298; 21987722; 21988832; 21993219; 22022389; 22099304; 22262057; 22331067; 22511786; 22605335; 22637744; 22766331; 22824620; 22848663; 22863883; 22891964; 22955948; 22990857; 23007157; 23016877; 23017601; 23032264; 23069812; 23090968; 23108365; 23123196; 23178494; 23349803; 23386606; 23453969; 23589370; 23636414; 23732909; 23743204; 23776175; 23776406; 23792959; 23817200; 23872070; 23974204; 23986494; 24127568; 24240172; 24266532; 24369075 inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta Ensembl:ENSG00000104365 HGNC:5960 HPRD:04462 MIM:603258 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164092 Other designations: I-kappa-B kinase 2|I-kappa-B-kinase beta|IKK-B|inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta|nuclear factor NF-kappa-B inhibitor kinase beta IKBKB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IL-1A IL1 IL1-ALPHA IL1F1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL1A interleukin 1, alpha 3552 2q14 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001660 (EC: IEA); GO_0005125 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0005149 (EC: IEA); GO_0005507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12746488); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12746488); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12746488); GO_0005615 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3493774); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12746488); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1924307); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID: 6209582); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 6209582); GO_0008285 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3493774); GO_0010575 (EC: ISS); GO_0019221 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0034605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12746488); GO_0035234 (EC: IEA); GO_0045086 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0045766 (EC: ISS); GO_0045840 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046688 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12746488); GO_0050715 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1739124); GO_0051781 (EC: IEA); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_2001240 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10748004) PMID: 1548758; 1584804; 1675504; 1739124; 1905933; 1924307; 1993354; 2346741; 2536171; 2635664; 2783369; 2946959; 2989698; 2994016; 3281727; 3485152; 3486405; 3493774; 6209582; 7494249; 7499244; 7511078; 7526541; 7561697; 7566121; 7695626; 7706435; 7815507; 7818827; 7857652; 7878046; 8188271; 8346241; 8370968; 8436814; 8458986; 8621446; 8764000; 8892361; 8938574; 9108403; 9169134; 9185130; 9225992; 9658081; 9820540; 10441334; 10512743; 10625660; 10744718; 10748004; 10854325; 10860666; 10861041; 10953177; 10998424; 11065142; 11079552; 11093146; 11138328; 11145356; 11145836; 11233912; 11241561; 11264025; 11278614; 11350500; 11350506; 11423389; 11427627; 11436125; 11448121; 11453239; 11466363; 11554782; 11574262; 11640949; 11669478; 11703512; 11737511; 11774556; 11774564; 11777547; 11784248; 11790645; 11840488; 11858158; 11895290; 11895546; 11911995; 11921766; 11930657; 11940570; 11956022; 11991668; 11991722; 12028539; 12034804; 12037600; 12047332; 12051868; 12052540; 12052541; 12070246; 12082592; 12089333; 12100571; 12101079; 12102486; 12115161; 12115182; 12140751; 12149413; 12161036; 12164325; 12195069; 12209090; 12210881; 12212456; 12218254; 12220547; 12242547; 12362317; 12370389; 12390476; 12404162; 12425801; 12445219; 12445604; 12453471; 12477932; 12519748; 12528118; 12528119; 12530978; 12558814; 12558933; 12562360; 12598547; 12613995; 12622850; 12626603; 12631337; 12641660; 12651617; 12667716; 12673844; 12702109; 12710950; 12714264; 12729191; 12730545; 12737276; 12742380; 12746420; 12746488; 12749050; 12752101; 12752325; 12759172; 12782964; 12794386; 12801479; 12824054; 12869004; 12874528; 12890860; 12899665; 12901853; 12913118; 12928052; 12928381; 12930304; 12930389; 12931024; 12946945; 12947160; 12974682; 13679381; 14514232; 14533660; 14566095; 14584862; 14612453; 14633625; 14634838; 14639688; 14644395; 14656692; 14664464; 14672899; 14673470; 14674121; 14688369; 14693849; 14705223; 14735144; 14974822; 14983027; 14984963; 14986816; 14997019; 15007345; 15009111; 15036245; 15039285; 15050696; 15068111; 15082121; 15117956; 15130917; 15170937; 15190266; 15201366; 15219382; 15220553; 15238767; 15248873; 15270852; 15308963; 15338333; 15341923; 15351436; 15361128; 15377701; 15381245; 15465625; 15468358; 15476179; 15481145; 15489227; 15489334; 15514971; 15551344; 15561982; 15562658; 15562910; 15563458; 15566952; 15581980; 15587751; 15592292; 15633328; 15638425; 15679580; 15679582; 15694997; 15723707; 15726267; 15727567; 15732864; 15733644; 15737206; 15745939; 15777329; 15797878; 15830637; 15836820; 15854776; 15931231; 15951664; 15954918; 15974847; 15986200; 16021081; 16030091; 16046471; 16078996; 16100774; 16101131; 16106254; 16115908; 16155691; 16159520; 16160188; 16206345; 16226351; 16230423; 16246569; 16268484; 16291395; 16304445; 16317381; 16318580; 16361815; 16369899; 16375755; 16378839; 16384981; 16389181; 16403098; 16410064; 16410066; 16411061; 16428739; 16433908; 16464738; 16478776; 16504015; 16508980; 16510430; 16517748; 16546408; 16564702; 16564703; 16567828; 16573560; 16619041; 16636934; 16684536; 16702372; 16708852; 16719905; 16720107; 16733901; 16788102; 16792821; 16814297; 16842617; 16856121; 16879223; 16885196; 16888077; 16900886; 16905534; 16907768; 16911569; 16918024; 16930778; 16931944; 16934308; 16938461; 16945028; 16961803; 16965524; 16965825; 16971486; 16978691; 17002905; 17012236; 17034724; 17083033; 17138334; 17140155; 17141301; 17149369; 17179726; 17197697; 17205326; 17214636; 17244613; 17257312; 17290104; 17293495; 17309781; 17331078; 17335370; 17335371; 17335373; 17348886; 17353161; 17355643; 17360358; 17369174; 17371964; 17378887; 17388919; 17391495; 17436000; 17440718; 17444587; 17444864; 17448042; 17449468; 17458495; 17460270; 17471097; 17473736; 17477815; 17492470; 17500214; 17507369; 17532232; 17541168; 17549071; 17573384; 17575917; 17584583; 17596594; 17610660; 17621543; 17622713; 17627763; 17638785; 17703412; 17711477; 17716546; 17717316; 17823082; 17889143; 17907045; 17919610; 17926179; 17932347; 17941080; 17948066; 17949817; 17954336; 17960403; 17964974; 17978470; 17986158; 17997719; 18024394; 18038187; 18052703; 18063673; 18085494; 18086816; 18157711; 18158110; 18166103; 18199150; 18211631; 18271063; 18278133; 18284424; 18288454; 18292602; 18306451; 18315433; 18321309; 18322311; 18329368; 18336824; 18361934; 18393655; 18395750; 18416755; 18416756; 18441098; 18469698; 18484169; 18484691; 18496214; 18498295; 18510611; 18576312; 18583979; 18587204; 18607773; 18615092; 18615110; 18624935; 18628242; 18628526; 18631256; 18632425; 18633131; 18666137; 18673406; 18676404; 18676680; 18676870; 18702109; 18708672; 18709454; 18714935; 18716798; 18717723; 18723088; 18760325; 18763028; 18773331; 18787502; 18815552; 18818748; 18821666; 18832862; 18834321; 18838388; 18941541; 18952231; 18971305; 18974840; 18974842; 18976975; 19012493; 19013788; 19019335; 19026558; 19028820; 19035492; 19042953; 19046297; 19053923; 19066720; 19074885; 19076825; 19086955; 19088500; 19099590; 19110536; 19117745; 19131662; 19141488; 19141860; 19155622; 19158434; 19170196; 19180518; 19180798; 19184295; 19188531; 19191034; 19194673; 19204921; 19225544; 19240061; 19247692; 19247983; 19258923; 19263529; 19267917; 19279357; 19280228; 19290009; 19294239; 19307598; 19332120; 19336370; 19336475; 19348329; 19408823; 19431193; 19435817; 19453261; 19470040; 19479237; 19497711; 19505916; 19527514; 19546559; 19559392; 19563289; 19573080; 19594368; 19625176; 19648252; 19658300; 19661089; 19671938; 19680808; 19683555; 19684156; 19692168; 19701653; 19702713; 19708438; 19729601; 19733643; 19738620; 19742166; 19764937; 19773279; 19773451; 19775068; 19786079; 19789190; 19792847; 19805069; 19811432; 19820020; 19844779; 19860911; 19884766; 19889475; 19892918; 19913121; 19917630; 19926874; 19934104; 19948975; 20005085; 20011938; 20027454; 20056178; 20059417; 20059631; 20065999; 20070880; 20080142; 20113359; 20113413; 20116409; 20127018; 20131253; 20140262; 20141484; 20157068; 20169140; 20173430; 20178882; 20182449; 20192980; 20196868; 20200332; 20207250; 20213229; 20217044; 20220089; 20227257; 20237496; 20299682; 20335539; 20347268; 20353565; 20371868; 20400062; 20413850; 20418110; 20427258; 20445556; 20452482; 20453000; 20459687; 20472930; 20490394; 20490891; 20495422; 20503287; 20534741; 20536507; 20536609; 20551628; 20561568; 20565898; 20568250; 20574532; 20594066; 20595916; 20602615; 20603037; 20603050; 20619343; 20628086; 20630038; 20673868; 20677014; 20725607; 20800603; 20811626; 20844546; 20847078; 20848459; 20889944; 20934174; 20940514; 20942594; 20959405; 20961668; 21035110; 21037510; 21048327; 21054222; 21070631; 21086908; 21107309; 21133705; 21154765; 21196890; 21205020; 21235388; 21270123; 21279638; 21311438; 21336718; 21385326; 21393239; 21394384; 21449691; 21509504; 21518761; 21620624; 21621860; 21682548; 21712624; 21768915; 21795706; 21816944; 21847358; 21871094; 21968104; 22083707; 22092925; 22124068; 22143786; 22151432; 22153345; 22177239; 22197408; 22211888; 22216303; 22234841; 22282663; 22285242; 22312160; 22344672; 22348697; 22364598; 22417897; 22513697; 22582837; 22633328; 22675954; 22678894; 22732089; 22795294; 22805136; 22868802; 22879895; 22894561; 22949675; 23018032; 23052182; 23076369; 23100272; 23159404; 23203659; 23216199; 23241110; 23271701; 23289806; 23322030; 23349093; 23395675; 23454256; 23509928; 23527710; 23542780; 23554905; 23592003; 23639700; 23645090; 23723976; 23747396; 23846687; 23900673; 23927441; 24060296; 24062309; 24103372; 24146121; 24265545; 24273934; 24275344; 24313836 interleukin 1, alpha HGNC:5991 HPRD:00988 MIM:147760 Other designations: IL-1 alpha|hematopoietin-1|interleukin-1 alpha|preinterleukin 1 alpha|pro-interleukin-1-alpha IL1A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IL-1 IL1-BETA IL1F2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL1B interleukin 1, beta 3553 2q14 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000165 (EC: IMP); GO_0000187 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0001660 (EC: IEA); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0001934 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16477012); GO_0002711 (EC: IC, PMID: 1919436); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1919436); GO_0005125 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0005149 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1919436); GO_0005576 (EC: IDA); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1919436); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12483741); GO_0005615 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3493774); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9218611); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0006954 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1919436); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10786823); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2989698); GO_0007566 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16720713); GO_0008285 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3493774); GO_0009743 (EC: IEA); GO_0010575 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12958148); GO_0010575 (EC: ISS); GO_0010829 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0014805 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16477012); GO_0019221 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16575408); GO_0030141 (EC: IEA); GO_0030213 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15100360); GO_0030593 (EC: IEA); GO_0030730 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19032770); GO_0030949 (EC: IC, PMID: 12958148); GO_0031622 (EC: ISS); GO_0031663 (EC: IDA); GO_0032308 (EC: ISS); GO_0032611 (EC: IEA); GO_0032725 (EC: IDA); GO_0032729 (EC: IDA); GO_0032755 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0032757 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19524870); GO_0033129 (EC: NAS); GO_0033198 (EC: IEA); GO_0034116 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15100360); GO_0034116 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19281832); GO_0035066 (EC: NAS); GO_0035234 (EC: IEA); GO_0035505 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18390750); GO_0035690 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19158679); GO_0042102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1919436); GO_0042346 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18390750); GO_0043122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0043123 (EC: IEA); GO_0043407 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0043491 (EC: IMP); GO_0045080 (EC: IEA); GO_0045086 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0045410 (EC: IEA); GO_0045429 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8383325); GO_0045766 (EC: ISS); GO_0045833 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0045840 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2989698); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15100360); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046330 (EC: IEA); GO_0046627 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0046827 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19281832); GO_0050796 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8383325); GO_0050995 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19032770); GO_0050996 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0051044 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18373975); GO_0051091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10383454); GO_0051781 (EC: IEA); GO_0060355 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19281832); GO_0060559 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16720713); GO_0070164 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16865359); GO_0070487 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15100360); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0071310 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19158679); GO_0071407 (EC: IDA); GO_0071639 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19524870); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_2001240 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004) PMID: 1548758; 1753956; 1835838; 1837236; 1905933; 1907279; 1918997; 1919001; 1919436; 1993354; 2001363; 2137098; 2372550; 2466831; 2536171; 2585509; 2602367; 2635664; 2898301; 2946959; 2954882; 2989698; 3259176; 3264123; 3281727; 3490654; 3493774; 6083565; 6209582; 7494249; 7511078; 7526541; 7561697; 7642516; 7706435; 7797510; 7815507; 7818827; 7878046; 7981229; 8188271; 8383325; 8432529; 8537091; 8663297; 8764000; 8852605; 8869030; 8892361; 8939574; 9062193; 9108403; 9169134; 9185130; 9218611; 9225992; 9230816; 9288832; 9378998; 9658081; 9714181; 9820540; 10339575; 10358063; 10383454; 10438928; 10512743; 10625660; 10744718; 10746728; 10748004; 10756100; 10779559; 10786823; 10854325; 10860666; 10964543; 11023482; 11051551; 11057907; 11076651; 11079552; 11083263; 11093146; 11127488; 11138328; 11145836; 11171832; 11211945; 11226333; 11233912; 11238007; 11241561; 11260714; 11264025; 11278614; 11350500; 11350506; 11380940; 11422336; 11423389; 11427627; 11448121; 11466363; 11476790; 11481169; 11498264; 11500085; 11506478; 11527622; 11531943; 11574262; 11578018; 11579484; 11600466; 11606496; 11640949; 11641511; 11665666; 11669478; 11686217; 11686480; 11703512; 11704656; 11737511; 11751881; 11751921; 11756575; 11762793; 11770040; 11774564; 11777965; 11784248; 11790645; 11801594; 11806247; 11838837; 11840488; 11847219; 11849463; 11851889; 11853544; 11857060; 11858158; 11858187; 11868623; 11876744; 11895290; 11896542; 11898000; 11920321; 11921766; 11930657; 11950481; 11955925; 11958432; 11981835; 11991722; 12009575; 12021045; 12028539; 12031914; 12034804; 12038885; 12039524; 12042033; 12044341; 12050157; 12050395; 12052540; 12052541; 12067976; 12070246; 12077278; 12082592; 12089333; 12093792; 12095061; 12100571; 12101072; 12102486; 12105837; 12114904; 12115161; 12115182; 12117921; 12117953; 12117969; 12121221; 12121679; 12133437; 12133438; 12133467; 12140751; 12149413; 12161036; 12161099; 12163271; 12164325; 12165808; 12184914; 12191486; 12193665; 12195069; 12210881; 12212456; 12215823; 12220547; 12231216; 12235117; 12239970; 12297725; 12356774; 12362317; 12370389; 12377625; 12385002; 12390476; 12391274; 12418458; 12431777; 12433284; 12441323; 12445219; 12445604; 12454835; 12468823; 12472674; 12475255; 12477932; 12482999; 12483741; 12493411; 12500190; 12519748; 12525884; 12529421; 12530978; 12533683; 12551827; 12558933; 12562360; 12568735; 12572877; 12574335; 12578333; 12593203; 12593899; 12595908; 12598547; 12606524; 12606591; 12615834; 12622850; 12626603; 12631070; 12637574; 12637896; 12651071; 12651617; 12667023; 12667656; 12668157; 12673844; 12694213; 12699881; 12700687; 12702109; 12705485; 12714264; 12718576; 12718598; 12718604; 12722027; 12725322; 12726991; 12727794; 12729191; 12730545; 12730860; 12743452; 12744771; 12746420; 12746914; 12749050; 12751042; 12752101; 12756345; 12761889; 12775358; 12788304; 12790892; 12795791; 12801479; 12801886; 12802423; 12807444; 12824054; 12828754; 12837173; 12842905; 12854083; 12860389; 12869004; 12874528; 12881225; 12890860; 12891537; 12899665; 12901853; 12913327; 12928052; 12930389; 12945076; 12958148; 12958619; 12965265; 12970400; 12974682; 13129651; 13679820; 14510824; 14512722; 14514232; 14515062; 14521725; 14522096; 14523823; 14527933; 14533660; 14563376; 14566095; 14566840; 14582815; 14584052; 14584862; 14585879; 14617515; 14632761; 14633943; 14634838; 14638340; 14644395; 14656692; 14657427; 14661113; 14662866; 14664464; 14669220; 14672899; 14673470; 14675093; 14675394; 14681913; 14691340; 14723749; 14735144; 14746807; 14750640; 14758530; 14760799; 14764742; 14961572; 14966463; 14966591; 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16636119; 16637265; 16638698; 16675485; 16675961; 16684958; 16698387; 16699452; 16702372; 16708852; 16713284; 16720713; 16764597; 16766392; 16769128; 16775170; 16777324; 16780720; 16785446; 16792821; 16795034; 16798739; 16814297; 16815316; 16817913; 16820326; 16820919; 16824064; 16840032; 16842617; 16856121; 16858645; 16860880; 16864901; 16864906; 16865359; 16870193; 16883066; 16883068; 16886894; 16900886; 16905295; 16907768; 16911569; 16918024; 16930778; 16931944; 16938461; 16942951; 16945028; 16955392; 16961803; 16965825; 16973269; 16984283; 16985030; 16998242; 17002905; 17003486; 17003844; 17006606; 17006981; 17015745; 17015748; 17023519; 17026971; 17034724; 17035400; 17036048; 17052682; 17054771; 17054948; 17068065; 17069782; 17075828; 17077296; 17082635; 17083033; 17096351; 17103073; 17107380; 17114844; 17115419; 17126080; 17126449; 17132473; 17138334; 17140155; 17141301; 17142509; 17169726; 17177339; 17182583; 17189320; 17196954; 17201881; 17207379; 17213232; 17222831; 17235630; 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17678975; 17681786; 17681918; 17685194; 17686006; 17703412; 17711477; 17716546; 17724799; 17763205; 17763411; 17827818; 17845308; 17846855; 17850436; 17854273; 17854800; 17867984; 17877801; 17889143; 17890880; 17895302; 17900510; 17901998; 17903994; 17907045; 17907163; 17908769; 17920311; 17926179; 17954336; 17960403; 17963170; 17964974; 17978470; 17981284; 17982107; 17986158; 17988588; 17988804; 18024394; 18038187; 18040764; 18042638; 18047563; 18048494; 18052703; 18052726; 18060744; 18062835; 18063307; 18063379; 18063673; 18065201; 18069935; 18078615; 18078818; 18080321; 18086767; 18088554; 18090474; 18092345; 18154955; 18156442; 18157816; 18163503; 18164040; 18164995; 18165865; 18173740; 18174250; 18186699; 18199150; 18216863; 18224250; 18225559; 18235016; 18239554; 18240282; 18262272; 18271063; 18273643; 18274637; 18278133; 18281687; 18281914; 18286207; 18288454; 18289837; 18291094; 18297103; 18299273; 18310311; 18311798; 18314303; 18315433; 18321309; 18322311; 18327798; 18332090; 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19578796; 19592498; 19593445; 19594368; 19603010; 19604093; 19607807; 19614627; 19618316; 19625176; 19629761; 19638314; 19643686; 19644155; 19657406; 19664671; 19666082; 19671674; 19671938; 19680808; 19683555; 19684156; 19692168; 19692203; 19697035; 19698128; 19701245; 19701653; 19702713; 19706826; 19708438; 19710156; 19711225; 19714579; 19714631; 19720214; 19729601; 19733643; 19733878; 19734419; 19734969; 19735272; 19737897; 19742166; 19757173; 19760027; 19764937; 19773279; 19773451; 19775068; 19786079; 19789190; 19792847; 19793334; 19801958; 19804405; 19811432; 19811434; 19815156; 19817957; 19818512; 19820020; 19825518; 19833722; 19840475; 19844779; 19846277; 19852794; 19854014; 19854106; 19857272; 19857655; 19857676; 19860911; 19861615; 19876593; 19880327; 19889076; 19892918; 19900820; 19904240; 19904560; 19909950; 19913121; 19918044; 19930406; 19933216; 19934104; 19940477; 19948975; 19953002; 19956635; 19966052; 19996595; 20005085; 20008285; 20011938; 20012528; 20012999; 20016407; 20018936; 20027291; 20027321; 20027454; 20035239; 20036421; 20038579; 20038581; 20041150; 20042686; 20044070; 20051644; 20056178; 20056442; 20059417; 20059418; 20059579; 20060205; 20067853; 20069553; 20070312; 20070836; 20070880; 20080142; 20081319; 20087638; 20103767; 20106900; 20113359; 20113413; 20116278; 20116409; 20124101; 20131253; 20138641; 20140262; 20141484; 20141541; 20156727; 20157068; 20160043; 20175886; 20178882; 20188863; 20192980; 20193596; 20194723; 20196868; 20200422; 20206549; 20207250; 20213229; 20217044; 20227257; 20229266; 20237151; 20237496; 20301318; 20306665; 20332462; 20334849; 20334922; 20335539; 20336759; 20347268; 20349753; 20353565; 20363151; 20364673; 20369436; 20372910; 20376628; 20378615; 20378664; 20380698; 20385987; 20388088; 20399210; 20399384; 20399512; 20400062; 20405297; 20413850; 20417488; 20418110; 20427258; 20431935; 20437198; 20445104; 20447254; 20452482; 20453000; 20463618; 20467172; 20468064; 20470442; 20472558; 20472930; 20473875; 20478455; 20482626; 20483667; 20484443; 20484876; 20485444; 20486195; 20490394; 20490891; 20495003; 20495422; 20503287; 20509889; 20517696; 20518842; 20522558; 20528961; 20529668; 20534741; 20535924; 20536507; 20536609; 20551628; 20561568; 20564140; 20565774; 20565898; 20568250; 20574123; 20574532; 20581747; 20585978; 20587610; 20588114; 20594066; 20595916; 20596075; 20602615; 20603037; 20603050; 20603871; 20620944; 20625956; 20626741; 20628086; 20628624; 20631624; 20639647; 20644561; 20650788; 20659236; 20671275; 20673868; 20685652; 20690185; 20696775; 20697295; 20698171; 20702406; 20702408; 20711808; 20724540; 20729213; 20731121; 20799933; 20802483; 20811626; 20812962; 20841404; 20848209; 20848459; 20848793; 20865400; 20880267; 20887233; 20889944; 20890567; 20929277; 20934174; 20934730; 20935210; 20936699; 20940514; 20942272; 20942594; 20959405; 20961668; 20962853; 20963558; 20965572; 20975573; 20979650; 20979861; 21035110; 21037509; 21037510; 21041296; 21048223; 21048327; 21054222; 21054877; 21057224; 21061265; 21078560; 21086908; 21088871; 21107607; 21133705; 21138659; 21166654; 21173731; 21178846; 21181166; 21181220; 21199393; 21211511; 21217200; 21228685; 21235388; 21239716; 21243433; 21246243; 21251078; 21265111; 21266527; 21276216; 21288573; 21307135; 21311438; 21323660; 21366387; 21368235; 21380730; 21385549; 21385879; 21394384; 21400614; 21403867; 21411094; 21418526; 21419289; 21421008; 21424904; 21427492; 21430222; 21431944; 21433061; 21445336; 21449691; 21465264; 21484857; 21486440; 21496483; 21509504; 21523343; 21535449; 21571945; 21572958; 21585612; 21604462; 21611201; 21614008; 21621860; 21623995; 21628463; 21637346; 21653279; 21659536; 21659743; 21664353; 21671260; 21682548; 21687998; 21688665; 21697093; 21700772; 21708940; 21712624; 21717421; 21726461; 21728024; 21731057; 21732076; 21762124; 21762900; 21768915; 21771656; 21776298; 21784976; 21804018; 21811191; 21819478; 21832049; 21837414; 21840356; 21843369; 21854541; 21862584; 21866808; 21871094; 21878338; 21878622; 21898353; 21914069; 21923858; 21935932; 21940680; 21948112; 21949132; 21962386; 21968104; 21978003; 21988351; 21992747; 21994456; 22003203; 22010855; 22019906; 22021895; 22023756; 22027397; 22059992; 22064385; 22065068; 22068351; 22071871; 22072054; 22073249; 22073367; 22092925; 22095718; 22101739; 22103356; 22108531; 22124068; 22125454; 22126705; 22128229; 22154780; 22155307; 22160471; 22172512; 22173128; 22178859; 22183425; 22195044; 22227487; 22251538; 22266275; 22267217; 22275254; 22280559; 22285242; 22286731; 22311026; 22312160; 22340390; 22341060; 22344672; 22348697; 22349547; 22371121; 22382666; 22384041; 22384091; 22386525; 22389405; 22395218; 22414649; 22417897; 22425603; 22425785; 22449968; 22455686; 22455954; 22466287; 22467534; 22481167; 22487523; 22493010; 22498095; 22503230; 22513786; 22537218; 22540426; 22545750; 22547706; 22568934; 22569251; 22580886; 22596214; 22621205; 22621214; 22629474; 22629855; 22649552; 22673037; 22708826; 22710193; 22714811; 22727020; 22738689; 22739237; 22750393; 22759516; 22763042; 22763186; 22764136; 22768033; 22791816; 22795101; 22795647; 22796164; 22796220; 22796605; 22804923; 22805115; 22808497; 22811570; 22815289; 22818022; 22818222; 22822059; 22829602; 22829643; 22869038; 22878044; 22884582; 22884587; 22894561; 22898394; 22902304; 22904187; 22909148; 22911481; 22923190; 22937208; 22946471; 22947907; 22951596; 22955577; 22960943; 22995155; 22997256; 23006543; 23009887; 23013363; 23018032; 23020284; 23029154; 23052182; 23062767; 23065753; 23079713; 23105097; 23110185; 23169178; 23181791; 23184659; 23192617; 23195019; 23195574; 23199001; 23208827; 23209292; 23209411; 23209664; 23209696; 23210983; 23215648; 23215728; 23216199; 23217179; 23220433; 23226210; 23226468; 23229544; 23233369; 23237500; 23239492; 23241110; 23264411; 23269671; 23276701; 23313749; 23315075; 23317890; 23322904; 23323013; 23328087; 23328930; 23331079; 23349093; 23375040; 23383347; 23386602; 23391392; 23406266; 23417678; 23421536; 23425136; 23437386; 23452206; 23457635; 23459183; 23460134; 23460908; 23472661; 23484124; 23500159; 23508571; 23509682; 23531221; 23536554; 23546865; 23554905; 23555186; 23564444; 23571448; 23592003; 23592910; 23592922; 23610862; 23630220; 23633957; 23643268; 23650922; 23651237; 23654353; 23656735; 23657597; 23659674; 23660804; 23666803; 23680697; 23689297; 23702978; 23704929; 23717664; 23723976; 23726808; 23728092; 23737648; 23740952; 23747396; 23762029; 23773024; 23784458; 23793845; 23821953; 23822621; 23839215; 23840644; 23841472; 23884315; 23884363; 23892591; 23911403; 23927441; 23935506; 23936458; 23963575; 24022484; 24025329; 24035972; 24046015; 24078775; 24081990; 24146121; 24186874; 24265545; 24275344; 24313836; 24314919; 24338609; 24552038; 24611340 interleukin 1, beta Ensembl:ENSG00000125538 HGNC:5992 HPRD:00985 MIM:147720 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131344 Other designations: IL-1 beta|catabolin|interleukin-1 beta|preinterleukin 1 beta|pro-interleukin-1-beta IL1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IL-2 TCGF lymphokine WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL2 interleukin 2 3558 4q26-q27 9606 4 GO_0001933 (EC: IEA); GO_0002903 (EC: IDA, PMID:9184696); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID:10072077); GO_0005134 (EC: IDA, PMID:8262055); GO_0005134 (EC: TAS, PMID:3925347); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID:6608729); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:2342538); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID:10929056); GO_0007204 (EC: IEA); GO_0007205 (EC: IEA); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0008083 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0008284 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0019209 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0030101 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0030217 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0030246 (EC: IEA); GO_0030307 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0030890 (EC: IDA, PMID:9184696); GO_0031851 (EC: IEA); GO_0032729 (EC: IEA); GO_0032740 (EC: IDA, PMID:16482511); GO_0034105 (EC: IC, PMID:16482511); GO_0042104 (EC: IDA, PMID:10072077); GO_0042523 (EC: IDA, PMID:19088061); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS, PMID:8476561); GO_0043208 (EC: IEA); GO_0045591 (EC: IEA); GO_0045822 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046013 (EC: IEA); GO_0048304 (EC: IEA); GO_0050672 (EC: IEA); GO_0050728 (EC: IEA); GO_0050729 (EC: IC, PMID:16482511); GO_0051024 (EC: IEA); GO_0060999 (EC: IEA); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA) PMID:1316918; 1346976; 1394441; 1396583; 1510960; 1527859; 1631562; 1830926; 1832084; 1888898; 1905933; 1993646; 2052609; 2109157; 2303462; 2315327; 2342538; 2552026; 2793860; 2842093; 3260003; 3262520; 3264184; 3265909; 3491296; 3500515; 3877307; 3925347; 6201860; 6306584; 6312994; 6318318; 6321163; 6324170; 6330695; 6333684; 6403867; 6608729; 7523014; 7529123; 7589092; 7591871; 7642615; 7695626; 7697734; 7722480; 7734194; 7957556; 7963560; 7983746; 7999066; 8049354; 8095514; 8102828; 8118889; 8183373; 8207793; 8262055; 8402910; 8476561; 8493579; 8598486; 8626603; 8706326; 8757311; 8765022; 8769094; 8824916; 9007200; 9045614; 9045910; 9065434; 9184696; 9187267; 9209269; 9226175; 9311917; 9334723; 9516115; 9517986; 9534962; 9712080; 9811677; 10072077; 10196292; 10201969; 10207088; 10393966; 10570282; 10618429; 10662798; 10825200; 10929056; 10985305; 11035066; 11093171; 11114167; 11254713; 11261789; 11315919; 11350667; 11354638; 11385624; 11418623; 11525806; 11544437; 11689614; 11714800; 11743717; 11826762; 11841848; 11911478; 11914641; 11940709; 11981437; 12055219; 12072494; 12089714; 12105273; 12121273; 12144536; 12162871; 12171778; 12176041; 12193716; 12200381; 12354082; 12354383; 12358847; 12392859; 12393431; 12409183; 12456594; 12464620; 12477932; 12480696; 12486027; 12504009; 12536241; 12542496; 12557940; 12582206; 12604780; 12605694; 12610796; 12633940; 12646760; 12687247; 12717025; 12727482; 12727483; 12759392; 12808095; 12816983; 12826155; 12826231; 12851716; 12864971; 12884288; 12944981; 12960316; 14499500; 14522096; 14566095; 14607923; 14607929; 14675394; 14680494; 14687725; 14688528; 14707112; 14715519; 14722108; 14975604; 15001467; 15005726; 15057902; 15100259; 15104679; 15120188; 15152368; 15170937; 15175153; 15187164; 15191519; 15238074; 15247007; 15259063; 15271977; 15339934; 15347678; 15353479; 15361128; 15458467; 15489334; 15514847; 15539078; 15562014; 15563472; 15638726; 15654770; 15676209; 15686714; 15710467; 15728489; 15733644; 15749888; 15814282; 15841182; 15841456; 15895884; 15904474; 15910743; 15951664; 15964333; 15976176; 16060678; 16091861; 16100774; 16125242; 16132828; 16148026; 16164695; 16169852; 16293250; 16293754; 16323127; 16333313; 16354571; 16361891; 16389181; 16393999; 16477002; 16478922; 16482511; 16518704; 16567828; 16573560; 16584887; 16606671; 16621991; 16678358; 16690518; 16783532; 16805135; 16824159; 16864905; 16864906; 16885196; 16889932; 16920920; 16938461; 16961803; 16966412; 16984280; 17002904; 17052299; 17077180; 17097050; 17110377; 17115417; 17142786; 17152005; 17175263; 17177332; 17203290; 17207965; 17215524; 17222831; 17237447; 17257312; 17327408; 17332243; 17336597; 17337059; 17355643; 17396252; 17439892; 17444587; 17457216; 17460561; 17537734; 17541281; 17558408; 17571248; 17604883; 17627763; 17651815; 17703412; 17714919; 17715020; 17728221; 17761346; 17889143; 17900510; 17913045; 17949552; 17956522; 17981641; 17981806; 17985312; 17994425; 18021367; 18021981; 18023521; 18073500; 18077789; 18095604; 18097023; 18165865; 18174230; 18192685; 18207244; 18209044; 18239807; 18271063; 18275276; 18299274; 18309287; 18311140; 18324310; 18331736; 18348982; 18418394; 18423386; 18430737; 18481948; 18496418; 18522869; 18539368; 18543227; 18566561; 18570590; 18574615; 18576303; 18593762; 18614637; 18624934; 18628433; 18632425; 18633131; 18650128; 18663124; 18670216; 18676680; 18676770; 18714042; 18755820; 18761558; 18768844; 18769450; 18773331; 18776133; 18780166; 18780949; 18794598; 18805825; 18818748; 18932275; 18942754; 18972297; 18991615; 19013323; 19019335; 19058298; 19058987; 19073967; 19088061; 19099187; 19105930; 19117745; 19126646; 19135418; 19141488; 19170196; 19200845; 19201773; 19234188; 19250279; 19258923; 19275586; 19279357; 19284443; 19302705; 19332120; 19339796; 19351491; 19364969; 19375249; 19404967; 19406689; 19408823; 19414780; 19427348; 19430480; 19450160; 19453859; 19470040; 19471255; 19494280; 19495883; 19497711; 19502081; 19505916; 19522766; 19523143; 19527514; 19543959; 19573080; 19594368; 19625176; 19638314; 19648290; 19675167; 19683555; 19692168; 19693089; 19693092; 19707465; 19710466; 19718824; 19733878; 19773279; 19773451; 19787624; 19832038; 19860911; 19889958; 19892918; 19913121; 19925666; 19938203; 19951419; 19965651; 20012528; 20027321; 20049409; 20060205; 20072139; 20082482; 20100932; 20112382; 20129796; 20145925; 20177758; 20179739; 20182632; 20184734; 20190192; 20190752; 20193755; 20203524; 20213229; 20219786; 20221423; 20222161; 20225066; 20227890; 20233754; 20236616; 20331378; 20378664; 20418110; 20424473; 20438365; 20444755; 20452482; 20453000; 20453842; 20465575; 20484443; 20485444; 20498205; 20503287; 20535218; 20542085; 20544350; 20553587; 20557936; 20561440; 20562654; 20568250; 20594918; 20595916; 20596022; 20599261; 20603050; 20626741; 20628086; 20671116; 20673868; 20679529; 20716621; 20802378; 20811626; 20814620; 20839488; 20870937; 20880293; 20883322; 20926141; 20942272; 20960273; 20962850; 21035858; 21037099; 21061265; 21072155; 21085635; 21086908; 21112091; 21162873; 21167738; 21176845; 21179414; 21198755; 21258967; 21269573; 21282039; 21288140; 21292764; 21297633; 21304239; 21317396; 21372257; 21375519; 21383498; 21394196; 21423578; 21425124; 21425313; 21482826; 21531896; 21532597; 21620040; 21640045; 21642596; 21648020; 21685912; 21688385; 21711552; 21819478; 21829393; 21839273; 21876034; 21889323; 21890374; 21905023; 21905024; 21925225; 21976679; 21978000; 21984699; 22036096; 22040441; 22062588; 22077623; 22111667; 22112982; 22174157; 22242968; 22246628; 22281835; 22313865; 22337875; 22434682; 22461703; 22467658; 22472080; 22474330; 22479496; 22504653; 22524835; 22554193; 22585398; 22609631; 22623329; 22634617; 22645657; 22732586; 22736314; 22791129; 22797138; 22819245; 22891215; 22905203; 22910795; 22932225; 22984628; 23009887; 23019580; 23058031; 23103669; 23104097; 23128233; 23129528; 23172754; 23185455; 23192659; 23217119; 23265966; 23272100; 23278180; 23303246; 23317891; 23319613; 23328843; 23349093; 23380740; 23414538; 23418630; 23451206; 23487197; 23541403; 23586039; 23640893; 23645042; 23665382; 23676143; 23677467; 23724099; 23806696; 23817571; 23857000; 24019486; 24098138 interleukin 2 HGNC:6001 HPRD:00979 MIM:147680 Other designations: T cell growth factor|aldesleukin|interleukin-2|involved in regulation of T-cell clonal expansion IL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD122 IL15RB P70-75 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL2RB interleukin 2 receptor, beta 3560 RP5-1170K4.6 22q13.1 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004911 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7736574); GO_0004911 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 2467293); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8514792); GO_0006461 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2467293); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2785715); GO_0009897 (EC: ISS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7736574); GO_0019976 (EC: ISS); GO_0038110 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7736574); GO_0038110 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2467293); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7736574) PMID: 1394441; 1557373; 1639773; 1915291; 1973832; 2047859; 2303462; 2315327; 2333293; 2467293; 2785715; 2843775; 3925551; 7529123; 7600304; 7641685; 7693677; 7734194; 7736574; 7973658; 7973659; 8026467; 8041779; 8049354; 8294403; 8483935; 8493579; 8514792; 8648694; 8700888; 9176231; 9341758; 9520455; 9553136; 9637477; 9774657; 10214954; 10373548; 10514520; 10591208; 10602027; 10825200; 11035066; 11133764; 11238664; 11359922; 11463390; 11750878; 11856346; 11886175; 12133952; 12200137; 12230826; 12477932; 12676936; 12960323; 14680494; 15063762; 15191519; 15350462; 15461802; 15489334; 16084898; 16284400; 16293754; 16380905; 16477002; 17108990; 17115417; 17152005; 17703412; 18299274; 18445679; 18490721; 18589435; 18592269; 18715339; 18774388; 18791162; 18818748; 18829468; 19019335; 19240061; 19258923; 19471255; 19527514; 19602517; 19615332; 19773451; 19817957; 19822714; 19913121; 19923221; 20049410; 20140262; 20179739; 20219786; 20237496; 20379614; 20424473; 20495002; 20498205; 20503287; 20585888; 20628086; 20728947; 20811626; 20860503; 21345943; 21362618; 21653640; 21674833; 21829393; 21834013; 21839273; 21865161; 21984699; 22558434; 22573796; 23341462; 23418630; 23512675; 23628622; 23676143 interleukin 2 receptor, beta Ensembl:ENSG00000100385 HGNC:6009 HPRD:00896 MIM:146710 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150534 Other designations: CD122 antigen|IL-2 receptor subunit beta|IL-2R subunit beta|IL-2RB|high affinity IL-2 receptor beta subunit|high affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta|interleukin 15 receptor, beta|interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta|p75 IL2RB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCGF-1 BCGF1 BSF-1 BSF1 IL-4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL4 interleukin 4 3565 5q31.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002227 (EC: IEA); GO_0002296 (EC: IEA); GO_0002674 (EC: IEA); GO_0002677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005125 (EC: IEA); GO_0005136 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11418631); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10219247); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11418631); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10725748); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3016727); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10725748); GO_0007565 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11418631); GO_0008203 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11971948); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0010155 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0030183 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11418631); GO_0030890 (EC: ISS); GO_0031296 (EC: IEA); GO_0032733 (EC: IEA); GO_0032736 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19346497); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0035745 (EC: IDA); GO_0042092 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11676128); GO_0042102 (EC: ISS); GO_0042104 (EC: IEA); GO_0042325 (EC: ISS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042523 (EC: IEA); GO_0042832 (EC: IEA); GO_0043031 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: ISS); GO_0045019 (EC: IEA); GO_0045064 (EC: IEA); GO_0045080 (EC: IEA); GO_0045189 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11967989); GO_0045191 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11418631); GO_0045348 (EC: ISS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045582 (EC: IDA); GO_0045671 (EC: ISS); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18579517); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18579517); GO_0045944 (EC: ISS); GO_0048295 (EC: ISS); GO_0048304 (EC: ISS); GO_0050776 (EC: ISS); GO_0051091 (EC: IEA); GO_0071288 (EC: IEA); GO_0097028 (EC: IDA); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_2000320 (EC: IEA); GO_2001237 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1197194; 1346976; 1400355; 1511746; 1567880; 1567881; 1569578; 1609277; 1932028; 1946344; 1993171; 2535858; 3016727; 3257560; 7523014; 7589092; 7664036; 7695626; 7806280; 7963560; 8151703; 8266078; 8516290; 8602263; 8603435; 8609418; 8764000; 9113989; 9130521; 9130652; 9334723; 9799097; 9856950; 10219247; 10438901; 10473513; 10623799; 10710213; 10714547; 10725748; 10753117; 10853974; 11023480; 11035134; 11122213; 11149986; 11167377; 11233912; 11258628; 11258696; 11294568; 11298547; 11315919; 11316066; 11316069; 11320251; 11350513; 11396683; 11418631; 11466338; 11496248; 11502824; 11528525; 11587989; 11676128; 11678851; 11704810; 11728464; 11777980; 11786020; 11811777; 11841848; 11842291; 11872954; 11877044; 11881490; 11886168; 11897522; 11897999; 11907068; 11920312; 11922633; 11930331; 11950517; 11953141; 11960309; 11967989; 11968047; 11971948; 11980568; 11994288; 12020266; 12030894; 12039414; 12063527; 12066847; 12072494; 12082592; 12089714; 12102661; 12105273; 12107748; 12115161; 12121273; 12124654; 12133437; 12144536; 12161424; 12162874; 12165514; 12207324; 12220533; 12358844; 12363051; 12366695; 12368275; 12402189; 12420205; 12426308; 12435565; 12441140; 12442007; 12470598; 12477932; 12479817; 12504082; 12508140; 12508786; 12509382; 12513914; 12515722; 12517954; 12525574; 12542496; 12552499; 12574355; 12578333; 12587822; 12595908; 12600829; 12613995; 12626590; 12660931; 12663328; 12667657; 12687213; 12687247; 12689929; 12694433; 12700447; 12715242; 12738651; 12748907; 12753568; 12813360; 12851716; 12877559; 12884288; 12897746; 12900808; 12902508; 12911786; 12940513; 12944981; 12973929; 14499500; 14503851; 14522096; 14523823; 14530362; 14551608; 14561191; 14568946; 14583474; 14610476; 14634065; 14634100; 14652008; 14654080; 14675394; 14681304; 14688371; 14692664; 14693849; 14697238; 14697936; 14725568; 14729510; 14746805; 14764715; 14767810; 14983029; 14986816; 15001290; 15004182; 15007352; 15013759; 15014952; 15021309; 15041089; 15042002; 15051937; 15057902; 15063762; 15084933; 15086621; 15087090; 15100288; 15122773; 15123681; 15128803; 15163899; 15166131; 15170937; 15177147; 15178889; 15187156; 15191519; 15210741; 15213252; 15215692; 15241348; 15274656; 15292002; 15297269; 15298559; 15322832; 15361128; 15367434; 15373917; 15474066; 15489334; 15501397; 15527169; 15528258; 15563083; 15570643; 15591113; 15592292; 15596681; 15627726; 15644127; 15660235; 15660293; 15661875; 15676220; 15678501; 15679809; 15687724; 15695802; 15713213; 15714203; 15723707; 15733644; 15755291; 15778356; 15811521; 15816837; 15825027; 15869882; 15883744; 15885323; 15900570; 15900573; 15904474; 15919378; 15932621; 15941525; 15951665; 15969687; 15970635; 16001979; 16002690; 16004996; 16034134; 16043936; 16044136; 16046318; 16053729; 16083175; 16083600; 16091861; 16100774; 16164695; 16166103; 16184405; 16190985; 16193177; 16195814; 16215326; 16230423; 16232344; 16249002; 16289646; 16301860; 16313303; 16313681; 16315031; 16334248; 16343431; 16375755; 16380445; 16387595; 16388492; 16403098; 16427155; 16429138; 16429733; 16449530; 16461126; 16466711; 16487180; 16492782; 16511411; 16520888; 16522370; 16544245; 16547227; 16547693; 16551465; 16573560; 16574063; 16596275; 16601843; 16640778; 16681592; 16690518; 16702372; 16707627; 16720107; 16722389; 16750991; 16750993; 16759385; 16810739; 16864907; 16867043; 16877367; 16914241; 16916659; 16929824; 16930576; 16931887; 16938461; 16950634; 16973957; 16987060; 17006724; 17014622; 17015714; 17015735; 17063753; 17097641; 17117487; 17121586; 17133536; 17141086; 17143971; 17148075; 17151125; 17151939; 17152005; 17159260; 17177148; 17203290; 17207024; 17208210; 17209513; 17213232; 17222831; 17237413; 17257312; 17284225; 17291854; 17295710; 17299718; 17303794; 17303923; 17309781; 17311314; 17327605; 17355643; 17369174; 17371990; 17379175; 17388919; 17389011; 17389870; 17405833; 17420820; 17428692; 17433443; 17444864; 17451413; 17454884; 17460561; 17523428; 17524861; 17530998; 17536219; 17540990; 17541280; 17548690; 17563406; 17566759; 17576577; 17623648; 17627763; 17631734; 17640324; 17640674; 17644317; 17653830; 17655693; 17656331; 17662651; 17678726; 17703412; 17714919; 17851828; 17855802; 17882904; 17889143; 17908769; 17914408; 17916404; 17916900; 17937745; 17938902; 17961771; 17968425; 18008330; 18031948; 18042256; 18056382; 18058260; 18064451; 18088017; 18156980; 18165865; 18174230; 18179754; 18179773; 18202702; 18204280; 18206261; 18210751; 18211631; 18230112; 18239807; 18243101; 18251702; 18263811; 18273035; 18273643; 18276105; 18286287; 18294957; 18295676; 18310157; 18322173; 18342537; 18351434; 18371377; 18385759; 18389618; 18394346; 18396027; 18403443; 18410779; 18418228; 18422436; 18425216; 18433468; 18439079; 18441098; 18448485; 18454680; 18455629; 18476609; 18485518; 18497474; 18522869; 18533937; 18538381; 18547691; 18558283; 18566561; 18568448; 18568476; 18574615; 18579517; 18593330; 18596736; 18597704; 18599603; 18610831; 18610832; 18614592; 18624944; 18625055; 18626468; 18628242; 18629290; 18632425; 18633131; 18635180; 18636124; 18641314; 18651887; 18662263; 18674658; 18676680; 18676870; 18682601; 18688110; 18694328; 18696265; 18708672; 18716132; 18776133; 18781131; 18818748; 18834248; 18924208; 18927306; 18931892; 18936436; 18941246; 18955794; 18971287; 18971305; 18974110; 18974840; 19008611; 19013323; 19019335; 19028820; 19050632; 19058298; 19058839; 19066394; 19074885; 19116009; 19117745; 19122650; 19126646; 19129082; 19131452; 19131662; 19141349; 19164348; 19168731; 19169254; 19170196; 19185507; 19190772; 19193442; 19200845; 19222422; 19247692; 19249119; 19251840; 19254294; 19258923; 19261373; 19262574; 19263529; 19264973; 19275586; 19279357; 19332120; 19332998; 19336370; 19346497; 19347053; 19351467; 19370405; 19372547; 19375306; 19382262; 19385959; 19408823; 19409508; 19419769; 19421745; 19426601; 19437232; 19470040; 19479237; 19495883; 19497039; 19505916; 19508433; 19515749; 19521787; 19527514; 19536153; 19541591; 19544559; 19544973; 19552791; 19555572; 19559392; 19566553; 19573080; 19575932; 19578876; 19586918; 19586939; 19594368; 19621989; 19625176; 19657367; 19682920; 19683555; 19692168; 19698128; 19699526; 19706316; 19707465; 19718656; 19718824; 19721012; 19726720; 19735490; 19753334; 19762488; 19772762; 19773279; 19773451; 19799628; 19804407; 19811408; 19817957; 19818512; 19835477; 19840389; 19845895; 19857574; 19860911; 19862939; 19878651; 19882211; 19892918; 19910025; 19913121; 19915002; 19933216; 19938203; 19948975; 19959237; 20003246; 20010912; 20012528; 20016407; 20027321; 20030788; 20039421; 20049266; 20053586; 20056178; 20059579; 20082482; 20093796; 20100010; 20112007; 20121760; 20128416; 20139223; 20140262; 20145925; 20147633; 20177758; 20184663; 20192866; 20213229; 20217044; 20219689; 20222161; 20237496; 20299965; 20304823; 20305143; 20332709; 20349326; 20349753; 20364398; 20367137; 20394509; 20395963; 20403914; 20406299; 20413987; 20416077; 20418110; 20424473; 20442634; 20444155; 20452482; 20453000; 20459687; 20485362; 20503287; 20506498; 20517665; 20524005; 20525402; 20530519; 20533927; 20536507; 20565368; 20568250; 20580039; 20603037; 20603050; 20618516; 20620947; 20628086; 20644561; 20673868; 20703737; 20711808; 20713631; 20716621; 20719954; 20723894; 20726231; 20736038; 20808855; 20811626; 20814620; 20839488; 20852371; 20859068; 20880001; 20921925; 20942272; 20970781; 20980261; 21048327; 21054877; 21061265; 21067483; 21071541; 21085635; 21086908; 21106245; 21106524; 21111725; 21127885; 21191414; 21195738; 21198753; 21211660; 21268015; 21270410; 21276216; 21323696; 21354455; 21460743; 21471214; 21478113; 21501388; 21611195; 21636115; 21640045; 21644211; 21645924; 21646796; 21658970; 21690322; 21713407; 21729106; 21749213; 21755390; 21771210; 21788379; 21799768; 21819409; 21846818; 21857939; 21890374; 21900165; 21913997; 21966389; 21989417; 22045834; 22053598; 22087298; 22092872; 22104567; 22142023; 22143036; 22156341; 22157213; 22170601; 22174091; 22214155; 22226971; 22227092; 22249152; 22358381; 22365405; 22366824; 22387551; 22406175; 22441356; 22484241; 22484276; 22512783; 22521249; 22528336; 22538865; 22574929; 22583827; 22594992; 22615205; 22652416; 22675249; 22705603; 22805022; 22805115; 22824342; 22875803; 22884982; 22892939; 22921153; 22942430; 22986179; 22992805; 22997428; 23070918; 23087426; 23107766; 23110190; 23124025; 23128233; 23185315; 23222300; 23234779; 23245479; 23259293; 23276701; 23306429; 23333893; 23334651; 23376457; 23394902; 23398789; 23454622; 23511027; 23527200; 23527710; 23559861; 23572437; 23576103; 23591975; 23644020; 23651591; 23654077; 23668806; 23685257; 23694808; 23756167; 23756192; 23766027; 23768103; 23797532; 23831512; 23844087; 23883285; 23913957; 23923066; 23924473; 23935100; 23936398; 23958647; 23964553; 23983153; 24406619; 24510574 interleukin 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000113520 HGNC:6014 HPRD:00989 MIM:147780 Vega:OTTHUMG00000059724 Other designations: B cell growth factor 1|B_cell stimulatory factor 1|binetrakin|interleukin 4 variant 2|interleukin-4|lymphocyte stimulatory factor 1|pitrakinra IL4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BSF2 HGF HSF IFNB2 IL-6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL6 interleukin 6 3569 7p21 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001781 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7595060); GO_0002384 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2444978); GO_0002384 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12832423); GO_0002446 (EC: IC, PMID: 16034137); GO_0002548 (EC: IC, PMID: 10510402); GO_0002675 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2444978); GO_0002690 (EC: IC, PMID: 16034137); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3023045); GO_0005125 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10443688); GO_0005138 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12829785); GO_0005138 (EC: IPI, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 12829785); GO_0005138 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1883960); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11238858); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0005896 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12829785); GO_0006469 (EC: IEA); GO_0006953 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12832423); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0006959 (EC: IC, PMID: 3491322); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12643274); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2261637); GO_0008284 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18719127); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0008360 (EC: IEA); GO_0009408 (EC: IEA); GO_0009409 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0010574 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8557680); GO_0010888 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16464856); GO_0016049 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12643274); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7831669); GO_0031000 (EC: IEA); GO_0031018 (EC: ISS, PMID: 18719127); GO_0031175 (EC: IMP, PMID: 3264880); GO_0031667 (EC: IEA); GO_0032494 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16034137); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0032722 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10510402); GO_0032722 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16034137); GO_0032755 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10510402); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0032966 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12419823); GO_0033138 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7508917); GO_0033160 (EC: IEA); GO_0042102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3130269); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042517 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12643274); GO_0042832 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9949178); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7595060); GO_0043154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0043410 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12419823); GO_0045079 (EC: ISS); GO_0045188 (EC: IEA); GO_0045429 (EC: IEA); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA); GO_0045599 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16464856); GO_0045630 (EC: IEA); GO_0045666 (EC: IEA); GO_0045669 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12372336); GO_0045721 (EC: IEA); GO_0045727 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16732314); GO_0045740 (EC: IEA); GO_0045765 (EC: IC, PMID: 8557680); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7749983); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17324931); GO_0046427 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12419823); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0046716 (EC: IEA); GO_0046849 (EC: IEA); GO_0046888 (EC: IEA); GO_0048635 (EC: IEA); GO_0048661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10510402); GO_0050679 (EC: IEA); GO_0050710 (EC: IEA); GO_0050731 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7508917); GO_0050829 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16034137); GO_0050830 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16034137); GO_0050871 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3491322); GO_0051024 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3491322); GO_0051091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7749983); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 12419823); GO_0051384 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0051592 (EC: IEA); GO_0051602 (EC: IEA); GO_0051607 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3023045); GO_0051897 (EC: IEA); GO_0051971 (EC: IEA); GO_0060445 (EC: IEA); GO_0060664 (EC: IEA); GO_0070091 (EC: ISS, PMID: 18719127); GO_0070102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12552091); GO_0070301 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19168699); GO_0070374 (EC: IEA); GO_0072540 (EC: ISS); GO_1901215 (EC: IEA); GO_2000366 (EC: IC, PMID: 17324931); GO_2000676 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18719127) PMID: 1113021; 1291290; 1346976; 1610348; 1656094; 1883960; 1918997; 2037043; 2261637; 2444978; 2472117; 2610854; 2680567; 2788034; 2789513; 2829354; 2906047; 3023045; 3130269; 3264880; 3266463; 3279116; 3294161; 3320204; 3491322; 3500852; 3538015; 3758081; 7494249; 7508917; 7511078; 7511596; 7523444; 7526541; 7536422; 7553888; 7595060; 7656270; 7693046; 7704970; 7749983; 7803268; 7815507; 7831669; 7851440; 7986583; 8018916; 8086129; 8113688; 8179923; 8190832; 8206884; 8247028; 8510564; 8555185; 8557680; 8764000; 8806809; 8938574; 9094636; 9108403; 9118960; 9159484; 9169458; 9225992; 9378998; 9658081; 9671211; 9792375; 9927325; 9949178; 10358063; 10388525; 10415019; 10443688; 10510402; 10657672; 10671302; 10775602; 10777583; 10925276; 10964543; 11028446; 11040178; 11054276; 11072134; 11072751; 11116068; 11145851; 11167813; 11196676; 11196678; 11199329; 11204808; 11212160; 11224491; 11233912; 11238858; 11266856; 11266927; 11266928; 11267084; 11282548; 11312376; 11315919; 11316066; 11342474; 11354638; 11355017; 11371414; 11391238; 11397324; 11404167; 11448119; 11485024; 11500818; 11517385; 11520812; 11544427; 11544434; 11544437; 11557672; 11574109; 11640949; 11687509; 11689614; 11692078; 11703956; 11713964; 11716039; 11728144; 11733366; 11751408; 11758653; 11774563; 11777983; 11781191; 11788581; 11792588; 11794009; 11801594; 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23269580; 23272057; 23276493; 23276701; 23281720; 23289913; 23298711; 23300019; 23303450; 23311694; 23320781; 23322593; 23322904; 23326472; 23332218; 23336844; 23344094; 23347173; 23348396; 23349093; 23349310; 23350010; 23357299; 23357300; 23363979; 23364322; 23369187; 23371411; 23375410; 23377045; 23378274; 23378460; 23380741; 23389820; 23392112; 23399848; 23408619; 23411129; 23415255; 23421536; 23423626; 23425215; 23428306; 23441314; 23444260; 23461479; 23461851; 23470607; 23470916; 23478175; 23480455; 23484124; 23487197; 23489698; 23490068; 23490413; 23498057; 23505291; 23506572; 23509207; 23510010; 23510983; 23517877; 23524623; 23525184; 23536722; 23538947; 23555579; 23555719; 23559389; 23561329; 23564454; 23564789; 23567762; 23569034; 23582441; 23582716; 23591770; 23593036; 23593346; 23601055; 23616277; 23617681; 23619188; 23622344; 23625043; 23630220; 23632023; 23633489; 23633491; 23637318; 23637926; 23638863; 23639700; 23648010; 23651237; 23654074; 23657600; 23658720; 23665320; 23666170; 23674845; 23701120; 23735697; 23737648; 23743311; 23746176; 23748363; 23756867; 23761639; 23762476; 23762858; 23766379; 23770252; 23774701; 23776669; 23777202; 23784949; 23785756; 23791019; 23792529; 23807226; 23815102; 23819403; 23821953; 23828679; 23832741; 23844163; 23884764; 23889749; 23893709; 23910616; 23913484; 23921153; 23928667; 23929842; 23933386; 23936495; 23953057; 23953866; 23954444; 23954871; 23968978; 23969696; 24032723; 24043651; 24044580; 24051035; 24077340; 24078775; 24114793; 24120137; 24136650; 24152848; 24186266; 24200066; 24243972; 24265545; 24294778; 24299316; 24308236; 24314919; 24340926; 24409674; 24434384; 24547612 interleukin 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000136244 HGNC:6018 HPRD:00970 MIM:147620 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023178 Other designations: B-cell differentiation factor|B-cell stimulatory factor 2|BSF-2|CDF|CTL differentiation factor|IFN-beta-2|hybridoma growth factor|interferon beta-2|interferon, beta 2|interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)|interleukin BSF-2|interleukin-6 IL6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CSIF GVHDS IL-10 IL10A TGIF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL10 interleukin 10 3586 RP11-262N9.1 1q31-q32 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002237 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17449476); GO_0002740 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0002875 (EC: IEA); GO_0002904 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9184696); GO_0005125 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10443688); GO_0005141 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1847510); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0007253 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10975994); GO_0007267 (EC: IC, PMID: 1847510); GO_0008083 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1371884); GO_0010468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9184696); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0014854 (EC: IEA); GO_0030097 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11244051); GO_0030183 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8228801); GO_0030595 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9405662); GO_0030886 (EC: IEA); GO_0030889 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9184696); GO_0032689 (EC: IEA); GO_0032695 (EC: IEA); GO_0032715 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0032720 (EC: IEA); GO_0032800 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0034465 (EC: IEA); GO_0042092 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11244051); GO_0042100 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8228801); GO_0042130 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14971032); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042536 (EC: IEA); GO_0042742 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8312229); GO_0044130 (EC: IEA); GO_0045019 (EC: IEA); GO_0045191 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8228801); GO_0045347 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11244051); GO_0045348 (EC: IEA); GO_0045355 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9637497); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7749983); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0050715 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0051045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18383040); GO_0051091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7749983); GO_0051384 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0051930 (EC: IEA); GO_0060670 (EC: IEA); GO_0071222 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14971032); GO_0071392 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1121048; 1350294; 1371884; 1847510; 2173142; 7511078; 7527834; 7547951; 7553888; 7590988; 7591871; 7695626; 7749063; 7749983; 7759550; 7815507; 8037735; 8228801; 8248239; 8312229; 8364028; 8402911; 8499633; 8590020; 8764000; 8881045; 8897595; 8898665; 8910398; 9043871; 9096366; 9108403; 9143942; 9162098; 9184696; 9225992; 9234486; 9312047; 9334723; 9405662; 9463379; 9534962; 9637497; 9658081; 9689103; 9743208; 9788463; 10064624; 10089566; 10231374; 10443688; 10542212; 10714547; 10775602; 10807185; 10975994; 10985253; 11023480; 11023665; 11044099; 11087201; 11121048; 11137132; 11160847; 11163082; 11168433; 11192323; 11196656; 11196688; 11196718; 11212157; 11223972; 11230752; 11233912; 11238636; 11244051; 11260510; 11266927; 11266928; 11267084; 11271474; 11292301; 11294564; 11298547; 11307152; 11315919; 11316066; 11316069; 11354638; 11391238; 11404167; 11436536; 11441115; 11477472; 11478505; 11485736; 11493351; 11496247; 11517440; 11528523; 11544427; 11544434; 11544437; 11640949; 11689215; 11715070; 11717514; 11737614; 11740730; 11745479; 11758730; 11777537; 11792123; 11805149; 11820460; 11821159; 11828010; 11829538; 11833470; 11838849; 11852287; 11857058; 11869683; 11881827; 11883743; 11896938; 11906646; 11908705; 11919157; 11920312; 11922883; 11928840; 11929132; 11943322; 11952921; 11953141; 11953994; 11956022; 11960393; 11964134; 11964300; 11970958; 11986609; 11991675; 11994432; 12011375; 12020266; 12028020; 12039409; 12042661; 12047360; 12050565; 12060853; 12067976; 12069178; 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12633940; 12640314; 12651071; 12654092; 12662377; 12663757; 12667161; 12668613; 12671741; 12676754; 12687213; 12687247; 12688341; 12700072; 12700599; 12705485; 12707018; 12709682; 12714267; 12714269; 12727335; 12727482; 12730860; 12738388; 12738467; 12743452; 12746253; 12746914; 12756345; 12761561; 12761564; 12765479; 12778475; 12782719; 12787424; 12788307; 12788980; 12791310; 12791313; 12791314; 12792880; 12799024; 12799207; 12802400; 12813360; 12818128; 12823999; 12824008; 12825869; 12826153; 12826369; 12828754; 12847677; 12847896; 12850811; 12851716; 12861049; 12864989; 12867583; 12909463; 12925485; 12926133; 12934185; 12938145; 12938195; 12940515; 12942209; 12944981; 12944983; 12945076; 12946990; 12959221; 12967650; 12971465; 13129651; 14512909; 14514772; 14522096; 14523823; 14550257; 14551598; 14562641; 14563376; 14566095; 14567558; 14572794; 14583474; 14585195; 14592815; 14597210; 14616291; 14625191; 14629328; 14630401; 14631168; 14638775; 14642153; 14646574; 14647192; 14657427; 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23053983; 23062006; 23062580; 23069299; 23071313; 23073467; 23075771; 23079832; 23086275; 23088578; 23094074; 23095823; 23096091; 23118878; 23125413; 23128233; 23143946; 23149083; 23152883; 23159283; 23166328; 23168096; 23185315; 23192326; 23207823; 23209731; 23210681; 23220432; 23225254; 23232337; 23235789; 23237063; 23237776; 23251077; 23265747; 23272193; 23273903; 23273955; 23276701; 23294711; 23299779; 23300021; 23300769; 23325892; 23326478; 23334981; 23335974; 23343479; 23349310; 23355741; 23357299; 23363891; 23376084; 23379624; 23380741; 23415626; 23416458; 23430974; 23432860; 23438682; 23444260; 23449984; 23450495; 23453286; 23460834; 23485354; 23485538; 23485736; 23488731; 23498167; 23525950; 23541976; 23544075; 23556339; 23562725; 23570798; 23574339; 23582441; 23583365; 23591975; 23595519; 23602200; 23602201; 23607333; 23613317; 23623844; 23638863; 23640160; 23640982; 23645090; 23654353; 23663047; 23663500; 23668806; 23679256; 23690289; 23711712; 23712703; 23716201; 23720844; 23723980; 23725154; 23725178; 23733877; 23743567; 23749933; 23752129; 23752604; 23762097; 23768819; 23772925; 23777202; 23797738; 23798430; 23814099; 23818986; 23834952; 23838435; 23846686; 23875023; 23880295; 23880623; 23886125; 23897063; 23898109; 23901045; 23910644; 23936042; 23990628; 24015034; 24042116; 24043893; 24067460; 24077340; 24130510; 24174668; 24216477; 24327156; 24340926; 24379064 interleukin 10 Ensembl:ENSG00000136634 HGNC:5962 HPRD:00495 MIM:124092 Vega:OTTHUMG00000036386 Other designations: T-cell growth inhibitory factor|cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor|interleukin-10 IL10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLMF IL-12A NFSK NKSF1 P35 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IL12A interleukin 12A 3592 3q25.33 9606 3 GO_0001916 (EC: IDA, PMID:1674604); GO_0002860 (EC: IDA, PMID:7903063); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:1674604); GO_0005125 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:1673147); GO_0005143 (EC: NAS, PMID:1674604); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10899108); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:16456693); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:9789052); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID:16942485); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:1674604); GO_0008083 (EC: NAS, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:1673147); GO_0009615 (EC: IEP, PMID:16548883); GO_0010224 (EC: IDA, PMID:8992506); GO_0016477 (EC: IDA, PMID:7903063); GO_0032496 (EC: IDA, PMID:7605994); GO_0032700 (EC: IDA, PMID:16482511); GO_0032729 (EC: IDA, PMID:11114383); GO_0032816 (EC: IDA, PMID:1674604); GO_0034393 (EC: IDA, PMID:16942485); GO_0042102 (EC: IEA); GO_0042163 (EC: IEA); GO_0042520 (EC: IDA, PMID:12372421); GO_0042832 (EC: IEA); GO_0043514 (EC: IDA, PMID:11114383); GO_0043514 (EC: NAS, PMID:14718574); GO_0045513 (EC: IPI, PMID:9342359); GO_0045582 (EC: IEA); GO_0045785 (EC: IDA, PMID:7903063); GO_0045954 (EC: IDA, PMID:2204066); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID:1674604); GO_0048662 (EC: IDA, PMID:16942485); GO_0050671 (EC: IDA, PMID:1674604); GO_0050830 (EC: IEP, PMID:1357073); GO_0051135 (EC: IDA, PMID:19088061); GO_0097191 (EC: IDA, PMID:16942485) PMID:934235; 1350290; 1357073; 1358798; 1673147; 1674604; 2204066; 7516408; 7527811; 7605994; 7695626; 7867080; 7903063; 8557999; 8648753; 8700208; 8760829; 8992506; 9108403; 9158092; 9225992; 9334723; 9342359; 9516412; 9603732; 9616161; 9671213; 9712080; 9789052; 10089131; 10320373; 10352291; 10899108; 11087201; 11114383; 11751963; 11940489; 12117904; 12213961; 12242445; 12270766; 12358856; 12370346; 12372421; 12444143; 12472178; 12477932; 12542496; 12558814; 12576336; 12633940; 12672403; 12719551; 12911539; 12944981; 14566095; 14597672; 14629328; 14660053; 14675394; 14718574; 14764743; 14962816; 15051764; 15087447; 15142381; 15170937; 15331709; 15356557; 15361128; 15448160; 15489234; 15643599; 15741223; 15780175; 15810889; 15817944; 15863393; 15937086; 15956545; 15963597; 16230423; 16456693; 16482511; 16544245; 16548883; 16573560; 16702372; 16754651; 16803996; 16862120; 16885196; 16938461; 16942485; 16961803; 17002904; 17007011; 17062130; 17077296; 17152005; 17225924; 17236132; 17257312; 17304101; 17361014; 17431094; 17444864; 17461482; 17509455; 17553352; 17564777; 17586317; 17627763; 17640324; 17653830; 17671745; 17703412; 17846855; 17881511; 17922692; 17947455; 18050195; 18092318; 18159163; 18190588; 18260379; 18300344; 18311140; 18385764; 18413324; 18417583; 18419254; 18554158; 18566447; 18588867; 18606709; 18628242; 18632425; 18633131; 18671862; 18672993; 18676680; 18717726; 18773331; 18805825; 18972297; 18976327; 19012493; 19013323; 19031096; 19073967; 19074885; 19088061; 19117745; 19118071; 19126646; 19144161; 19148899; 19170196; 19200845; 19230467; 19234184; 19253530; 19258923; 19275586; 19297619; 19299334; 19332120; 19339796; 19376105; 19408823; 19454678; 19458352; 19470040; 19505916; 19508433; 19516896; 19525953; 19543959; 19566870; 19573080; 19594368; 19625176; 19646340; 19692168; 19693089; 19710469; 19773279; 19789190; 19797506; 19798410; 19879194; 19885559; 19913121; 19950173; 19956842; 20012528; 20027291; 20054003; 20060272; 20061784; 20082482; 20190752; 20213229; 20231901; 20237496; 20331378; 20350312; 20372811; 20418110; 20446002; 20452482; 20453000; 20485444; 20503287; 20521253; 20544370; 20551083; 20555355; 20568250; 20581146; 20603050; 20628086; 20634089; 20639880; 20647273; 20673868; 20714168; 20716621; 20818961; 20881642; 20960273; 21044109; 21086908; 21145044; 21177981; 21285006; 21387004; 21397857; 21399635; 21402701; 21513752; 21518507; 21518761; 21606320; 21689404; 21833088; 21878338; 22005588; 22011063; 22038227; 22040814; 22133036; 22438968; 22581790; 22614250; 22655069; 22656398; 22691562; 22734699; 22819329; 22940148; 23053983; 23065210; 23154182; 23285065; 23291587; 23297419; 23377640; 23388728; 23619469; 23657466; 23717436; 23734222; 23752604; 23755218; 24273881 interleukin 12A Ensembl:ENSG00000168811 HGNC:5969 HPRD:01193 MIM:161560 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158942 Other designations: CLMF p35|IL-12, subunit p35|IL35 subunit|NF cell stimulatory factor chain 1|NK cell stimulatory factor chain 1|cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 1, p35|cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 35 kDa subunit|interleukin 12, p35|interleukin 12A (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 1, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 1, p35)|interleukin-12 alpha chain|interleukin-12 subunit alpha IL12A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4-1BB CD137 CDw137 ILA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TNFRSF9 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 3604 1p36 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004872 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8262389); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8639902); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8639902); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0019955 (EC: IEA); GO_0070207 (EC: IEA); GO_2001180 (EC: IEA); GO_2001183 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2784565; 7622190; 8088337; 8262389; 8639902; 9045669; 9207223; 9418902; 9464265; 9541583; 9607925; 10556203; 10604232; 11804328; 11828369; 11970964; 12009595; 12101260; 12356681; 12384425; 12477932; 12516549; 12645943; 13130507; 14716821; 15031666; 15301860; 15308117; 15340161; 15342556; 15353478; 15489334; 15618293; 15638367; 15941918; 16232366; 16596186; 16710414; 17309825; 17878391; 17878400; 18024793; 18276843; 18519814; 18645038; 18668547; 18768897; 18838252; 19211796; 19406689; 19573080; 19759901; 19773279; 19913121; 20008291; 20026323; 20190752; 20237496; 20347151; 20568250; 20616340; 20628086; 20643812; 21297633; 21396356; 21669186; 21670469; 21745658; 21747409; 21890473; 21963611; 22144129; 22204816; 22282196; 22326955; 22343053; 22343199; 22593548; 22797667; 22896640; 22901750; 23000965; 23128233; 23204227; 23437083; 23557259; 23560068; 23640752; 23690480; 23750604 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 HGNC:11924 HPRD:03767 MIM:602250 Other designations: 4-1BB ligand receptor|CD137 antigen|T cell antigen ILA|T-cell antigen 4-1BB homolog|T-cell antigen ILA|homolog of mouse 4-1BB|induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA)|interleukin-activated receptor, homolog of mouse Ly63|receptor protein 4-1BB|tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 TNFRSF9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CL-6 CL6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene INSIG1 insulin induced gene 1 3638 7q36 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12202038); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12202038); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006641 (EC: IEA); GO_0006695 (EC: IEA); GO_0008152 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9268630); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9268630); GO_0010894 (EC: IEA); GO_0032933 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12242332); GO_0032937 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15899885); GO_0042472 (EC: IEA); GO_0042474 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045599 (EC: IEA); GO_0045717 (EC: IEA); GO_0060021 (EC: IEA); GO_0060363 (EC: IEA); GO_1901303 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15899885) PMID: 9268630; 12115587; 12202038; 12242332; 12242342; 12477932; 12482938; 12535518; 12690205; 12842885; 12869692; 12963821; 14660594; 14702039; 15085196; 15247248; 15304479; 15489334; 15782218; 15899885; 16168377; 16344560; 16399501; 16549805; 16606821; 17043353; 17106696; 18187584; 18195716; 18660489; 18835813; 18989534; 19322201; 19458199; 19617589; 19638338; 19740467; 19815544; 19913121; 19965593; 20068067; 20444954; 20458442; 20628086; 20877301; 21081644; 21343306; 21906983; 21963094; 22143767; 22505724; 22648509; 23223569; 24371122 insulin induced gene 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000186480 HGNC:6083 HPRD:03633 MIM:602055 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151330 Other designations: INSIG-1 membrane protein|insulin-induced gene 1 protein INSIG1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3-P48 EIF3S6 INT6 eIF3-p46 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3E eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E 3646 8q22-q23 9606 8 GO_0000184 (EC: IMP, PMID:17468741); GO_0000785 (EC: NAS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:17468741); GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, PMID:9295280); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10504338); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: NAS, PMID:17468741); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0005852 (EC: NAS, PMID:10504338); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: NAS, PMID:17468741); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:10504338); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045947 (EC: NAS, PMID:10504338); GO_0047485 (EC: IPI, PMID:10504338); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:8688078; 8995409; 8995410; 9295280; 9403073; 9733766; 9822659; 10504338; 10644362; 11118224; 11121040; 11590142; 12220626; 12386384; 12435599; 12477932; 12553909; 12588972; 14519125; 14667819; 14702039; 15030549; 15231748; 15489334; 15558017; 15592455; 15862967; 15867213; 16045761; 16169070; 16189514; 16343815; 16766523; 17220478; 17310990; 17314511; 17322308; 17324924; 17353931; 17403899; 17468741; 17516841; 17581632; 17623298; 18029348; 18562274; 18599441; 18628297; 18781797; 19454010; 19471022; 19615732; 19738201; 20360068; 20434207; 20453879; 20462248; 20890303; 21139048; 21319273; 21693764; 21732829; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22053931; 22190034; 22268729; 22505724; 22508697; 22532700; 22553336; 22586326; 22623428; 22797925; 22863883; 22907435; 22939629; 23000965; 23184937; 23402259; 23455922; 23463506; 23478175; 24092755; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E Ensembl:ENSG00000104408 HGNC:3277 HPRD:03734 MIM:602210 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164858 Other designations: eIF-3 p48|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 6|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 6 (48kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 6 48kDa|mammary tumor-associated protein INT6|murine mammary tumor integration site 6 (oncogene homolog)|viral integration site protein INT-6 homolog EIF3E Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IRF-1 MAR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IRF1 interferon regulatory factor 1 3659 5q31.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000790 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18035482); GO_0000978 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18035482); GO_0002819 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846971); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846971); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10702232); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846971); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2475256); GO_0006915 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19851330); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846974); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0032481 (EC: ISS); GO_0032728 (EC: IMP); GO_0034124 (EC: ISS); GO_0035458 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18035482); GO_0043374 (EC: IEA); GO_0045084 (EC: IEA); GO_0045088 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846971); GO_0045590 (EC: ISS); GO_0045892 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18084608); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15509808); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0051607 (EC: IDA); GO_0051726 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11846974); GO_0060333 (EC: ISS); GO_0060333 (EC: TAS); GO_0060337 (EC: TAS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_2000564 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1382447; 1680796; 2475256; 2726461; 3409321; 7507207; 7768900; 8438156; 8746784; 9593745; 9649509; 9659924; 9679752; 9742224; 9865486; 9865487; 10022868; 10094406; 10357819; 10438822; 10702232; 10764778; 11069564; 11240951; 11304541; 11315919; 11483597; 11559933; 11675348; 11716756; 11721695; 11804954; 11846971; 11846972; 11846974; 11909852; 11948194; 11970993; 12021315; 12067985; 12105194; 12115600; 12162881; 12191570; 12420205; 12420214; 12433281; 12477932; 12479817; 12482935; 12545159; 12677441; 12711307; 12732645; 12759449; 12788988; 12799427; 14599866; 14662860; 14675396; 14764039; 14993214; 15078941; 15173018; 15226432; 15241475; 15265939; 15331704; 15489234; 15489334; 15509808; 15511228; 15548708; 15560761; 15576464; 15710386; 15778351; 15863386; 15878912; 15893730; 15907481; 16085646; 16195385; 16195814; 16223733; 16483648; 16512786; 16636311; 16679314; 16703666; 16857162; 16894313; 16914093; 16944293; 16961714; 17016442; 17121613; 17177148; 17213842; 17255955; 17328074; 17498560; 17516545; 17617740; 17703412; 17852336; 17869652; 17918184; 17924060; 17942705; 17947510; 17970693; 17985330; 18035482; 18079498; 18084608; 18200030; 18216101; 18316378; 18338947; 18381204; 18401423; 18454680; 18641303; 18655181; 18676680; 18678606; 18688264; 18694960; 18986693; 19012493; 19028144; 19056926; 19129219; 19131452; 19145247; 19170196; 19247692; 19258923; 19295429; 19345417; 19404407; 19426920; 19428110; 19433065; 19450680; 19463200; 19482358; 19502235; 19536153; 19548631; 19574175; 19593445; 19625176; 19642896; 19692168; 19697121; 19805480; 19845895; 19851330; 19858727; 19880820; 20031576; 20031577; 20177805; 20177960; 20211142; 20435892; 20457620; 20459687; 20485362; 20503287; 20525893; 20533260; 20588308; 20817723; 20846942; 20861350; 20947504; 20980339; 21102463; 21200019; 21245151; 21257209; 21288140; 21300955; 21389130; 21411754; 21586271; 21683060; 21725055; 21740303; 21790247; 21803131; 21834067; 21903422; 21988832; 22096509; 22139419; 22213332; 22345458; 22367195; 22401175; 22874466; 22879909; 23040881; 23046934; 23071666; 23128233; 23134341; 23226549; 23255602; 23378427; 23487038; 23554911; 23729439; 23746807; 23799084; 23807161; 23811275; 23934855; 23969696 interferon regulatory factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000125347 HGNC:6116 HPRD:00961 MIM:147575 Vega:OTTHUMG00000059497 Other designations: interferon regulatory factor 1 isoform d78 IRF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD29 FNRB GPIIA MDF2 MSK12 VLA-BETA VLAB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ITGB1 integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) 3688 RP11-479G22.2 10p11.2 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: IEA); GO_0001618 (EC: IEA); GO_0001669 (EC: IEA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001708 (EC: IEA); GO_0001726 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11919189); GO_0001894 (EC: IEA); GO_0001948 (EC: IEA); GO_0001968 (EC: IEA); GO_0002020 (EC: IEA); GO_0002042 (EC: IEA); GO_0003779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16803572); GO_0005178 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10604475); GO_0005518 (EC: IEA); GO_0005604 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16803572); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12869515); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005925 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12417594); GO_0005925 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 14970227); GO_0006874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10201960); GO_0007156 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10201960); GO_0007159 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1715889); GO_0007160 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18156211); GO_0007161 (EC: IGI, PMID: 19651211); GO_0007229 (EC: IEA); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008277 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0008305 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9552005); GO_0008354 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1715889); GO_0010811 (EC: IEA); GO_0010976 (EC: IEA); GO_0014704 (EC: IEA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016477 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11919189); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0019904 (EC: IEA); GO_0021943 (EC: IEA); GO_0030027 (EC: IEA); GO_0030056 (EC: IEA); GO_0030175 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16803572); GO_0030183 (EC: IC, PMID: 1715889); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030335 (EC: IEA); GO_0031345 (EC: IEA); GO_0031594 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9415431); GO_0032154 (EC: IEA); GO_0032587 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 14970227); GO_0032594 (EC: IEA); GO_0033631 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17704059); GO_0034329 (EC: TAS); GO_0034667 (EC: IEA); GO_0034677 (EC: IEA); GO_0034678 (EC: TAS); GO_0034679 (EC: IEA); GO_0034698 (EC: IEA); GO_0035748 (EC: IEA); GO_0042277 (EC: IEA); GO_0042383 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9415431); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IGI, PMID: 19364818); GO_0043235 (EC: IDA); GO_0043236 (EC: IEA); GO_0043410 (EC: IEA); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14559243); GO_0045214 (EC: IEA); GO_0045665 (EC: IEA); GO_0045666 (EC: IEA); GO_0045807 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9552005); GO_0050731 (EC: IEA); GO_0050776 (EC: TAS); GO_0050839 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12869515); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0051393 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0055007 (EC: IEA); GO_0055037 (EC: IEA); GO_0060135 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070830 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEA); GO_0071305 (EC: IEA); GO_0071479 (EC: IEA); GO_0071559 (EC: IEA); GO_2000811 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15006356) PMID: 1551917; 1690718; 1693624; 1715889; 2116421; 2138612; 2156854; 2202737; 2249781; 2524991; 2527614; 2572537; 2649503; 2958481; 2967289; 3546305; 7504269; 7523423; 7539135; 7541634; 7544298; 7545396; 7559467; 7657702; 7681433; 7690138; 7768999; 8120056; 8163531; 8245132; 8387021; 8428973; 8444890; 8537347; 8538749; 8567725; 8630057; 8649427; 8757325; 8757349; 8757599; 8798654; 8831898; 8838570; 8889548; 9117345; 9281591; 9281592; 9295027; 9360995; 9360996; 9415431; 9425259; 9431988; 9442085; 9494094; 9501082; 9517988; 9547293; 9552005; 9565552; 9614184; 9645947; 9660880; 9685391; 9686320; 9688542; 9722563; 9736715; 9812906; 9813091; 9889149; 9914169; 9916748; 10065872; 10201960; 10209034; 10229664; 10388537; 10397731; 10397733; 10459022; 10464311; 10486209; 10506186; 10593924; 10604475; 10613898; 10623819; 10673366; 10676904; 10684262; 10694273; 10734060; 10741407; 10778855; 10804218; 10811835; 10852818; 10906324; 10944199; 10944520; 10982388; 11010812; 11054877; 11076863; 11149921; 11208159; 11230166; 11238109; 11256614; 11278628; 11278916; 11279249; 11309411; 11313964; 11358957; 11387256; 11435317; 11462216; 11507094; 11553610; 11668187; 11716783; 11728829; 11741908; 11751905; 11775028; 11776052; 11779688; 11805102; 11807098; 11861761; 11882657; 11884516; 11884618; 11888933; 11893752; 11907260; 11909975; 11914080; 11918217; 11919189; 11931654; 11932920; 11934885; 11941451; 11964076; 11967148; 11980922; 11981820; 11989791; 11996105; 11997396; 12020426; 12054567; 12070135; 12091396; 12097820; 12118253; 12138200; 12138201; 12140560; 12163503; 12171996; 12174366; 12175627; 12181350; 12181354; 12200131; 12209735; 12218055; 12221126; 12364323; 12372334; 12372459; 12376466; 12392763; 12393420; 12397374; 12397575; 12411441; 12417594; 12427871; 12435334; 12445830; 12456677; 12477932; 12480921; 12486108; 12496264; 12500944; 12509413; 12514714; 12517798; 12574205; 12578911; 12595495; 12606711; 12637511; 12639940; 12639965; 12662928; 12681287; 12682293; 12694355; 12695522; 12699087; 12788934; 12791669; 12799374; 12803239; 12807887; 12826661; 12844491; 12865438; 12869515; 12871973; 12883474; 12893184; 12893831; 12904899; 12907437; 12909644; 12915563; 12918102; 12919677; 12931024; 12941630; 12947314; 12954625; 12969374; 12970173; 14502569; 14512423; 14522909; 14525968; 14532964; 14550305; 14559243; 14559906; 14562042; 14563646; 14602071; 14607975; 14610084; 14612440; 14612932; 14623330; 14633626; 14645603; 14662754; 14666169; 14671618; 14675422; 14676841; 14679206; 14681217; 14699013; 14699139; 14722085; 14766759; 14963009; 14970227; 14983010; 14998999; 15006356; 15024036; 15070678; 15090462; 15100006; 15117962; 15156152; 15158122; 15166232; 15171717; 15181153; 15226304; 15231747; 15240572; 15247268; 15254262; 15256055; 15265786; 15276495; 15276642; 15280429; 15292185; 15292257; 15302884; 15304053; 15389531; 15466867; 15485856; 15489336; 15500293; 15507484; 15509657; 15514009; 15522237; 15539082; 15567743; 15572366; 15583842; 15590642; 15611085; 15633218; 15645131; 15647274; 15647827; 15677332; 15677455; 15684035; 15699160; 15713743; 15713750; 15723043; 15731179; 15737747; 15757908; 15777792; 15795318; 15805105; 15872091; 15878864; 15881415; 15905178; 15919367; 15947241; 15949469; 15961545; 15978109; 15978110; 15983209; 15987639; 16002725; 16005200; 16043429; 16055535; 16055706; 16076904; 16099422; 16103120; 16105875; 16113793; 16148152; 16157583; 16195423; 16213489; 16228294; 16247454; 16258728; 16275327; 16301336; 16326706; 16335952; 16341674; 16344560; 16357324; 16363250; 16365170; 16373174; 16381901; 16385340; 16385451; 16390868; 16415171; 16421008; 16430945; 16448724; 16457822; 16459165; 16501085; 16504015; 16510444; 16537545; 16547007; 16547500; 16569430; 16705158; 16707493; 16731529; 16732726; 16754661; 16754960; 16762342; 16773720; 16803572; 16807379; 16820945; 16878156; 16882656; 16908668; 16908762; 16916750; 16920931; 16940508; 16972245; 16984420; 17012251; 17015707; 17060328; 17081065; 17110618; 17116465; 17141917; 17170699; 17186162; 17286276; 17300927; 17311314; 17312461; 17318179; 17331499; 17352405; 17371832; 17380111; 17407140; 17408410; 17469136; 17481915; 17490870; 17498594; 17514628; 17515951; 17521731; 17530710; 17538005; 17560548; 17573778; 17597073; 17603494; 17609118; 17630833; 17634906; 17638891; 17664272; 17671519; 17704059; 17706641; 17726369; 17760843; 17868650; 17888902; 17899316; 17901052; 17960115; 17968567; 17991734; 17997226; 18026855; 18032709; 18037995; 18048360; 18048918; 18054915; 18057877; 18155697; 18156211; 18186923; 18230652; 18243286; 18250451; 18310319; 18322799; 18326820; 18341635; 18356158; 18375753; 18378436; 18383324; 18413316; 18425328; 18425341; 18445685; 18448666; 18462748; 18477477; 18491034; 18492066; 18499669; 18501656; 18512729; 18519809; 18549800; 18554474; 18567578; 18577581; 18583538; 18587047; 18611961; 18613064; 18614994; 18615555; 18632734; 18635536; 18644869; 18648521; 18676377; 18676743; 18687805; 18695939; 18707587; 18727519; 18755811; 18760454; 18787945; 18794852; 18820259; 18826391; 18844239; 18845630; 18846341; 18850009; 18940913; 18945876; 18947333; 18957620; 18973153; 18983487; 18984674; 18990704; 18992284; 19005162; 19020712; 19026687; 19056867; 19057841; 19064571; 19064666; 19073896; 19074826; 19087624; 19115199; 19123990; 19130304; 19164533; 19168626; 19169646; 19170051; 19176753; 19179533; 19190332; 19228923; 19240021; 19250636; 19261610; 19297531; 19297850; 19307303; 19322201; 19323811; 19342381; 19346516; 19350017; 19359599; 19364818; 19395705; 19397781; 19404550; 19411307; 19416892; 19434537; 19435806; 19448673; 19454674; 19458194; 19467326; 19469865; 19478484; 19502598; 19516006; 19527220; 19527712; 19564406; 19574430; 19579970; 19608669; 19617714; 19622836; 19641149; 19646550; 19651211; 19670701; 19679609; 19700757; 19710103; 19714342; 19717562; 19724904; 19725119; 19738201; 19747169; 19752234; 19755493; 19768654; 19775453; 19776755; 19780039; 19796635; 19811096; 19815047; 19822142; 19847290; 19850917; 19885568; 19887442; 19887601; 19889638; 19913121; 19927126; 19930715; 19940135; 19960514; 19995941; 20007695; 20051050; 20063417; 20063990; 20075392; 20127017; 20133364; 20145038; 20171211; 20178602; 20183869; 20213106; 20231384; 20232313; 20236590; 20237496; 20237901; 20333644; 20336352; 20337027; 20351310; 20352103; 20352300; 20362630; 20388801; 20407016; 20427540; 20432448; 20435742; 20472470; 20485444; 20510000; 20522645; 20531279; 20565758; 20598296; 20607601; 20613771; 20616308; 20624912; 20628086; 20628624; 20634879; 20639577; 20643357; 20650890; 20650901; 20660204; 20661303; 20678483; 20686611; 20693403; 20713715; 20714794; 20723423; 20725651; 20800221; 20802515; 20811680; 20826546; 20869114; 20877569; 20889506; 20947017; 21045155; 21048156; 21053345; 21067603; 21071450; 21112327; 21114537; 21119363; 21119598; 21134100; 21134644; 21135504; 21139048; 21149578; 21170718; 21178109; 21195710; 21217148; 21255062; 21298552; 21302295; 21320503; 21321939; 21325030; 21341269; 21344385; 21357540; 21359179; 21359644; 21363926; 21374738; 21400218; 21406228; 21426305; 21429937; 21441381; 21471204; 21474814; 21478906; 21501586; 21521694; 21524887; 21558392; 21567400; 21606500; 21613543; 21618249; 21630092; 21639857; 21642953; 21647271; 21652699; 21658756; 21691075; 21701559; 21705617; 21732280; 21747167; 21762625; 21772312; 21784851; 21787362; 21799154; 21850018; 21876768; 21890473; 21906983; 21947080; 21951552; 21961047; 21963094; 21967109; 21987572; 21988832; 22002573; 22015659; 22027826; 22045736; 22100988; 22114305; 22130661; 22136719; 22151306; 22160595; 22232555; 22241990; 22247553; 22266309; 22268729; 22287577; 22298882; 22304920; 22345562; 22349830; 22353524; 22361176; 22370635; 22374686; 22378044; 22378065; 22382453; 22384145; 22386417; 22388103; 22389402; 22396498; 22402981; 22422622; 22423313; 22449099; 22451694; 22454518; 22461623; 22472442; 22496232; 22505724; 22562249; 22590584; 22613833; 22614033; 22627583; 22648170; 22648415; 22711564; 22721769; 22723286; 22734003; 22735632; 22740085; 22829201; 22843693; 22863953; 22865233; 22869523; 22894137; 22898815; 22917688; 22936677; 22939629; 22940691; 22949126; 22986527; 22999999; 23000965; 23007402; 23023061; 23069938; 23074279; 23118221; 23125415; 23132859; 23139422; 23148235; 23160057; 23204528; 23208492; 23238518; 23242739; 23248240; 23284715; 23284937; 23289672; 23317506; 23359252; 23416109; 23436775; 23441154; 23444218; 23455756; 23482612; 23522389; 23532895; 23536555; 23541832; 23552693; 23558678; 23576567; 23590307; 23595626; 23613949; 23642664; 23664187; 23665237; 23677397; 23687274; 23704882; 23709605; 23762436; 23857544; 23884246; 23889963; 23936390; 23938462; 24056178; 24091324; 24135056; 24239175; 24244022; 24311785; 24455846; 24510996 integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) Ensembl:ENSG00000150093 HGNC:6153 HPRD:00628 MIM:135630 Vega:OTTHUMG00000017928 Other designations: glycoprotein IIa|integrin VLA-4 beta subunit|integrin beta-1|very late activation protein, beta polypeptide ITGB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BDPLT16 BDPLT2 CD61 GP3A GPIIIa GT WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ITGB3 integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61) 3690 17q21.32 20140408 9606 17 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001934 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0001938 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10022831); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0003756 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12204115); GO_0004872 (EC: IEA); GO_0005161 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10822899); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15466936); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2452834); GO_0005925 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12204115); GO_0007044 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10429193); GO_0007160 (EC: IEA); GO_0007229 (EC: TAS); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008305 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15215180); GO_0010595 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10022831); GO_0010745 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15215180); GO_0010888 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15215180); GO_0014909 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8837777); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15466936); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030949 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0031092 (EC: TAS); GO_0031258 (EC: IEA); GO_0032147 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10022831); GO_0032369 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15215180); GO_0035295 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0042060 (EC: IC, PMID: 8837777); GO_0042470 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15466936); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11606749); GO_0043184 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10022831); GO_0043184 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0043235 (EC: IDA); GO_0045124 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0045715 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15215180); GO_0050731 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10022831); GO_0050748 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15215180); GO_0050839 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8837777); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0060055 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA); GO_0070527 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15466936); GO_0071062 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19267251) PMID: 1371279; 1382574; 1429573; 1430225; 1438206; 1549507; 1602006; 1693624; 1693626; 1694173; 1953640; 1967954; 2001252; 2010551; 2138612; 2145280; 2202737; 2341395; 2345548; 2392682; 2452834; 2454952; 2478219; 2565345; 2787511; 3165296; 3494014; 3607284; 3801670; 3828395; 7505120; 7532190; 7539135; 7592818; 7593198; 7682219; 7690138; 7694683; 7878622; 8093349; 8132570; 8132607; 8198553; 8244378; 8298129; 8387021; 8400294; 8467233; 8631894; 8649427; 8663236; 8757599; 8781422; 8798654; 8831898; 8837777; 9030514; 9169439; 9195946; 9215749; 9256940; 9376589; 9517988; 9684783; 9686320; 9790984; 9916748; 10022831; 10037797; 10233432; 10391209; 10397733; 10429193; 10438928; 10497223; 10605720; 10640428; 10684262; 10747940; 10749942; 10822899; 10835423; 10837460; 10848816; 10896934; 10964917; 10964931; 10982404; 11028489; 11042121; 11053714; 11151063; 11235724; 11238109; 11257275; 11279932; 11331301; 11341749; 11397354; 11447076; 11454259; 11460491; 11470407; 11533523; 11545752; 11546839; 11568114; 11577104; 11583324; 11588040; 11606749; 11683411; 11686325; 11704375; 11714857; 11723131; 11739968; 11776310; 11807098; 11812069; 11812775; 11858476; 11858493; 11864709; 11867691; 11875117; 11877390; 11884718; 11891802; 11897046; 11927607; 11932255; 11934894; 11940607; 11953315; 11959660; 11962738; 11994301; 12008962; 12031826; 12036875; 12038797; 12049640; 12071877; 12073410; 12082590; 12082592; 12083483; 12140290; 12152649; 12152651; 12161360; 12168086; 12198771; 12200372; 12204115; 12209993; 12210725; 12218055; 12237112; 12237321; 12297512; 12353082; 12358597; 12362250; 12364323; 12370491; 12372433; 12372469; 12372811; 12393510; 12399420; 12426312; 12427871; 12460991; 12477932; 12486108; 12499711; 12511588; 12514663; 12518110; 12535520; 12553378; 12578602; 12586134; 12606711; 12609844; 12637342; 12639965; 12645863; 12660257; 12665801; 12668663; 12682293; 12690117; 12690916; 12691260; 12694355; 12714203; 12716314; 12719784; 12720308; 12730600; 12736272; 12738509; 12750158; 12765524; 12771130; 12791034; 12799374; 12807887; 12818249; 12818251; 12826159; 12827240; 12855229; 12871468; 12871600; 12874388; 12899665; 12902444; 12902636; 12911597; 12932598; 12941045; 12952967; 12957761; 13678940; 14499914; 14517343; 14521607; 14524530; 14525764; 14557872; 14593208; 14614355; 14629479; 14634961; 14669168; 14675395; 14681217; 14681220; 14690453; 14691438; 14691579; 14746139; 14963009; 14963283; 14966135; 14987913; 14992889; 15044441; 15045135; 15056669; 15067009; 15076187; 15131115; 15134555; 15147527; 15156152; 15166241; 15166939; 15166947; 15166949; 15178823; 15187087; 15215180; 15219201; 15226180; 15227729; 15299032; 15331787; 15344881; 15355503; 15355504; 15456946; 15466936; 15468167; 15489334; 15509546; 15546585; 15564935; 15565371; 15575508; 15583747; 15590407; 15609125; 15627799; 15634267; 15638730; 15663601; 15676177; 15695828; 15699036; 15701653; 15701721; 15705408; 15730528; 15748237; 15795319; 15817799; 15826939; 15834425; 15834589; 15840736; 15842360; 15847651; 15863506; 15886806; 15890274; 15897908; 15917997; 15921657; 15968394; 15970922; 15976180; 15978110; 15990752; 15998788; 16005200; 16005629; 16035619; 16051597; 16051604; 16091654; 16100725; 16102042; 16105876; 16113799; 16115959; 16133898; 16150802; 16153930; 16157382; 16158739; 16166568; 16195248; 16213489; 16228296; 16248996; 16263699; 16275649; 16307159; 16317099; 16317580; 16322334; 16322781; 16335952; 16339753; 16340127; 16353042; 16357324; 16359515; 16380674; 16385340; 16400188; 16407244; 16412752; 16444441; 16469512; 16504741; 16513293; 16567932; 16573563; 16581250; 16582881; 16634766; 16635210; 16636497; 16675000; 16676352; 16702043; 16716076; 16721604; 16723352; 16724005; 16731529; 16756721; 16790523; 16818691; 16822941; 16831169; 16859511; 16875034; 16877710; 16879215; 16895913; 16905953; 16933105; 16935858; 16969099; 17032655; 17034033; 17074516; 17092301; 17111197; 17127487; 17138951; 17146626; 17158881; 17160992; 17175151; 17192395; 17196570; 17203213; 17203304; 17206538; 17218263; 17220212; 17230042; 17258347; 17264806; 17272505; 17278970; 17290027; 17320454; 17332246; 17334320; 17337041; 17346829; 17357883; 17369840; 17376438; 17406648; 17414216; 17432927; 17439948; 17446174; 17468108; 17482311; 17483236; 17515951; 17538005; 17550972; 17556058; 17559347; 17561290; 17607710; 17615290; 17621633; 17630485; 17635696; 17641225; 17642204; 17644514; 17665449; 17679464; 17681328; 17714854; 17728329; 17763154; 17827388; 17854909; 17855352; 17907177; 17912026; 17928472; 17954176; 17957566; 17959856; 18021403; 18031296; 18035074; 18041653; 18045240; 18045606; 18045938; 18051367; 18056258; 18057877; 18062611; 18064323; 18065693; 18067652; 18084301; 18088350; 18156175; 18160561; 18160589; 18162078; 18174155; 18175315; 18191725; 18200665; 18201749; 18208809; 18211801; 18214290; 18230083; 18237139; 18247041; 18260892; 18310319; 18310446; 18312855; 18316775; 18317590; 18321071; 18331351; 18331836; 18334487; 18343248; 18345483; 18353318; 18353785; 18364349; 18375753; 18383324; 18396070; 18399841; 18405917; 18419255; 18433460; 18441324; 18458155; 18484951; 18503143; 18512729; 18513389; 18516040; 18549690; 18550570; 18573917; 18577523; 18635536; 18638089; 18641368; 18648521; 18657307; 18665040; 18673340; 18674955; 18685811; 18709641; 18712091; 18728123; 18791937; 18796633; 18803625; 18814143; 18821851; 18824633; 18826388; 18832906; 18836720; 18836731; 18841997; 18854176; 18927433; 18927546; 18930220; 18936436; 18974842; 18978678; 18979363; 18989530; 19001202; 19008959; 19017937; 19018779; 19019827; 19037107; 19038456; 19061491; 19071013; 19072566; 19074851; 19104837; 19106083; 19110485; 19117493; 19118033; 19118218; 19123042; 19131662; 19132198; 19141530; 19184277; 19197137; 19205270; 19207108; 19212436; 19212638; 19230252; 19232685; 19235843; 19238444; 19245802; 19255147; 19262211; 19263529; 19264973; 19267251; 19279667; 19286442; 19329429; 19334037; 19336355; 19336370; 19336737; 19345676; 19350519; 19350618; 19361361; 19366731; 19368146; 19371633; 19374152; 19388931; 19390575; 19395327; 19461049; 19463111; 19463119; 19469865; 19475568; 19487690; 19515580; 19526385; 19527712; 19527732; 19530321; 19541645; 19546854; 19559392; 19562259; 19570064; 19573311; 19588468; 19604247; 19617625; 19630800; 19633306; 19635510; 19637098; 19654300; 19656390; 19670701; 19691478; 19695571; 19702628; 19704023; 19729601; 19730003; 19740098; 19751734; 19765213; 19778317; 19789190; 19804783; 19805198; 19808093; 19808644; 19815712; 19816083; 19821948; 19824427; 19837659; 19860767; 19863457; 19876733; 19882657; 19888429; 19889638; 19903699; 19906129; 19913121; 19923980; 19934566; 19948007; 19956635; 19959486; 19996122; 20002543; 20020534; 20033473; 20048261; 20075254; 20076847; 20078877; 20106508; 20138334; 20149160; 20161734; 20162297; 20181715; 20192979; 20204402; 20230421; 20237496; 20306691; 20308600; 20339539; 20363746; 20369606; 20379614; 20406466; 20425806; 20438394; 20452482; 20458832; 20472470; 20477989; 20485444; 20492470; 20519501; 20532885; 20538554; 20546203; 20554778; 20565758; 20584077; 20592457; 20595101; 20600001; 20615878; 20628086; 20634891; 20638909; 20661303; 20667040; 20673868; 20679525; 20691446; 20702409; 20717043; 20739287; 20739877; 20802378; 20819594; 20826760; 20828133; 20837477; 20846430; 20857483; 20873239; 20929856; 20945385; 20978323; 21034162; 21039385; 21044892; 21054877; 21071690; 21080081; 21091771; 21102624; 21109038; 21122545; 21135163; 21143381; 21156831; 21182210; 21190668; 21241403; 21283814; 21325030; 21344378; 21353223; 21508388; 21529934; 21570717; 21590707; 21622897; 21626402; 21645227; 21645497; 21678053; 21764795; 21813062; 21832081; 21917754; 21935711; 21951552; 21966982; 21978494; 22002573; 22015616; 22015659; 22028352; 22078565; 22094875; 22095620; 22102273; 22116617; 22132110; 22136613; 22171266; 22174124; 22174684; 22190468; 22207115; 22268819; 22308022; 22328516; 22362758; 22407444; 22422622; 22448399; 22452684; 22456341; 22457811; 22461623; 22466811; 22484027; 22528484; 22531012; 22538781; 22581054; 22613710; 22641344; 22669259; 22698642; 22730538; 22879933; 22948415; 23003125; 23022044; 23022222; 23119061; 23125415; 23150579; 23161541; 23181508; 23184042; 23197154; 23204516; 23216754; 23234019; 23238957; 23243278; 23243309; 23253071; 23289212; 23300803; 23382103; 23382691; 23384292; 23386126; 23389628; 23451109; 23469002; 23494007; 23519467; 23527123; 23545624; 23571313; 23580774; 23628433; 23640055; 23725446; 23726972; 23744557; 23770013; 23840404; 23845726; 23857544; 23867618; 23929305; 23981581; 24023288; 24030382; 24037888; 24096143; 24109241; 24136164; 24176823; 24437179; 24437181 integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61) Ensembl:ENSG00000259207 HGNC:6156 HPRD:01428 MIM:173470 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171956 Other designations: integrin beta-3|platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa ITGB3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAB EIF3A ITGB4BP b(2)gcn eIF-6 p27(BBP) p27BBP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF6 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 3692 RP4-614O4.1 20q12 9606 20 GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005638 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0042256 (EC: IMP); GO_0043022 (EC: IDA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:9374518; 9405604; 9653160; 9740680; 10085284; 10348637; 10906324; 11042152; 11290417; 11780052; 11790298; 12477932; 12917340; 14654845; 15122657; 15146197; 15231747; 15489334; 15592455; 15635413; 15946946; 16169070; 16341674; 16530192; 17353931; 17507929; 17569113; 18029348; 18327211; 18391951; 18624398; 18781797; 19056867; 19738201; 20546612; 20585627; 21029697; 21084295; 21139048; 21145461; 21536732; 21832049; 21900206; 21903422; 21963094; 21988832; 22178446; 22295858; 22348144; 22365962; 22415777; 22586326; 22863883; 22939629; 22990118; 23115272; 23752268; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000242372 HGNC:6159 HPRD:04221 MIM:602912 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032328 Other designations: B4 integrin interactor|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3A|p27 beta-4 integrin-binding protein EIF6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP-1 AP1 c-Jun WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene JUN jun proto-oncogene 3725 1p32-p31 9606 1 GO_0000228 (EC: TAS, PMID:10918580); GO_0000980 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0001102 (EC: IPI, PMID:19861239); GO_0001190 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001774 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0001889 (EC: IEA); GO_0001938 (EC: IEA); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0003151 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID:2825349); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID:9732876); GO_0003705 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0003705 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0003713 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0005100 (EC: IDA, PMID:11804590); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10327051); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005719 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0007179 (EC: IDA, PMID:9732876); GO_0007184 (EC: IDA, PMID:9732876); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007612 (EC: IEA); GO_0007623 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID:16007074); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0009314 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0017053 (EC: IEA); GO_0030224 (EC: IEA); GO_0031103 (EC: IEA); GO_0031953 (EC: IEA); GO_0032321 (EC: IDA, PMID:11804590); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035026 (EC: IEA); GO_0035497 (EC: IDA, PMID:19861239); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0043392 (EC: IDA, PMID:14645924); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0043922 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0043923 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID:14645924); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045657 (EC: IEA); GO_0045740 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0045944 (EC: IC, PMID:19861239); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID:2833704); GO_0048146 (EC: IEA); GO_0048661 (EC: IEA); GO_0051090 (EC: TAS); GO_0051365 (EC: IEA); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0051899 (EC: IEA); GO_0060395 (EC: IDA, PMID:9732876); GO_0070412 (EC: IPI, PMID:9732876); GO_0071277 (EC: IEA); GO_0071837 (EC: IEA) PMID:1310896; 1448082; 1516134; 1631061; 1651323; 1827203; 1922387; 2138276; 2320002; 2825349; 2833704; 3194415; 7623830; 7642615; 7662174; 7666555; 7690421; 7738014; 7816143; 7823959; 7848298; 7957556; 8001819; 8027667; 8087846; 8108109; 8137421; 8224842; 8302594; 8380166; 8387155; 8397339; 8440710; 8464713; 8480425; 8557686; 8570175; 8586671; 8617242; 8621542; 8621941; 8622660; 8628277; 8649793; 8654373; 8662824; 8663380; 8663478; 8733011; 8763994; 8798722; 8816797; 8816798; 8837781; 8846788; 8945519; 8974016; 8985011; 9020136; 9030721; 9129988; 9154808; 9155018; 9160889; 9207092; 9211894; 9223324; 9235954; 9334186; 9346889; 9374537; 9405416; 9443941; 9445037; 9468519; 9488446; 9510247; 9545246; 9566900; 9575168; 9621077; 9628874; 9642216; 9659924; 9670954; 9671405; 9681824; 9685505; 9692890; 9732876; 9774977; 9786917; 9808624; 9837938; 9872330; 9973222; 10026157; 10027715; 10188588; 10196196; 10207054; 10220381; 10327051; 10330159; 10346818; 10357819; 10388555; 10393177; 10419510; 10421840; 10428834; 10478848; 10488148; 10490605; 10490649; 10497212; 10506225; 10509564; 10523647; 10567391; 10567404; 10581001; 10620019; 10637231; 10644332; 10747973; 10766246; 10777532; 10788439; 10799874; 10847592; 10878360; 10903323; 10903862; 10913197; 10918580; 10962563; 10973489; 11022789; 11053448; 11090181; 11108663; 11254713; 11260070; 11274169; 11278277; 11278395; 11278640; 11278891; 11287617; 11306568; 11316804; 11331419; 11331585; 11371641; 11397794; 11431474; 11432833; 11448159; 11477071; 11479302; 11551904; 11641401; 11689449; 11704680; 11708771; 11738026; 11739718; 11801649; 11804590; 11823437; 11867732; 11877416; 11891228; 11891317; 11903046; 11909859; 11912197; 11914583; 11948398; 11956220; 11980644; 11983170; 12034730; 12052834; 12052862; 12077347; 12080089; 12087103; 12089333; 12091339; 12119282; 12145210; 12165517; 12167088; 12183893; 12185592; 12186939; 12228228; 12324474; 12419228; 12419805; 12437352; 12441106; 12446585; 12477932; 12485413; 12547826; 12554755; 12592382; 12600818; 12615916; 12618758; 12628923; 12676957; 12682910; 12692226; 12697749; 12700665; 12775419; 12788955; 12796506; 12798298; 12799614; 12805554; 12815619; 12853483; 12875982; 12909593; 12949493; 12954631; 12963547; 12963725; 12963995; 13130464; 14500675; 14506227; 14511403; 14517282; 14522952; 14530285; 14532268; 14572659; 14612408; 14630807; 14633987; 14638681; 14645224; 14645924; 14652666; 14654548; 14667575; 14675752; 14701799; 14701856; 14739464; 14973137; 15001576; 15034932; 15044437; 15087451; 15158360; 15175153; 15191540; 15226448; 15240010; 15249231; 15258149; 15262961; 15271374; 15276183; 15299005; 15302867; 15302935; 15314183; 15314185; 15319445; 15333603; 15334056; 15351693; 15378002; 15383523; 15385474; 15469925; 15480426; 15489334; 15507668; 15514030; 15528994; 15530430; 15544846; 15546613; 15550679; 15579469; 15586248; 15590691; 15626733; 15642950; 15654976; 15674337; 15677475; 15688015; 15696159; 15701643; 15702969; 15706351; 15708845; 15718494; 15746191; 15749833; 15806162; 15840658; 15863510; 15867431; 15870692; 15894171; 15897893; 15922298; 15923621; 15923644; 15936718; 15941782; 15944151; 15958389; 15991283; 15994313; 15994960; 16001969; 16007074; 16007099; 16023595; 16023596; 16045761; 16049073; 16055710; 16123044; 16140218; 16157600; 16158054; 16166642; 16179804; 16199533; 16223572; 16236267; 16243842; 16253992; 16266514; 16285957; 16289409; 16291755; 16303762; 16328781; 16341687; 16343055; 16361535; 16380075; 16410250; 16434970; 16478997; 16511568; 16533805; 16549498; 16569633; 16569638; 16571680; 16582099; 16586042; 16611996; 16620772; 16676006; 16690925; 16702224; 16710414; 16714286; 16740711; 16786139; 16824735; 16844113; 16880509; 16887814; 16895791; 16901904; 16905771; 16911523; 16916642; 16928756; 16928824; 16951171; 16980310; 16980615; 16983342; 17009014; 17056544; 17074809; 17082780; 17085440; 17088247; 17097050; 17101801; 17110928; 17121851; 17130130; 17182846; 17189706; 17215518; 17235455; 17237388; 17237407; 17283040; 17283046; 17296604; 17314269; 17317669; 17363973; 17390236; 17401435; 17403042; 17438848; 17440114; 17466952; 17495958; 17506864; 17510314; 17538020; 17588603; 17592138; 17634427; 17636030; 17637753; 17639289; 17651785; 17652081; 17658605; 17672916; 17681951; 17702894; 17703412; 17704768; 17761353; 17804415; 17845581; 17875713; 17908424; 17914574; 17920329; 17940019; 17952113; 17968316; 17978573; 18003900; 18032824; 18062835; 18065414; 18073204; 18097055; 18165900; 18171671; 18172215; 18174157; 18180292; 18180316; 18192274; 18234454; 18239671; 18253836; 18262488; 18281687; 18302882; 18304423; 18316037; 18316603; 18322962; 18347071; 18351441; 18352974; 18384814; 18410487; 18414033; 18429822; 18435914; 18443042; 18443043; 18445313; 18448277; 18467434; 18485515; 18487146; 18494816; 18497564; 18515365; 18543249; 18570890; 18572021; 18597608; 18600430; 18617512; 18619508; 18621151; 18644981; 18646516; 18650425; 18653452; 18653705; 18664273; 18671972; 18692129; 18708361; 18716056; 18725194; 18757369; 18775869; 18805449; 18823944; 18838675; 18844221; 18845538; 18922473; 18923650; 18931081; 18936204; 18940179; 18950845; 18952102; 18957410; 18957422; 18985028; 18992165; 19015316; 19018257; 19020743; 19022561; 19028685; 19035162; 19064921; 19080373; 19105933; 19123467; 19131506; 19156129; 19164581; 19165171; 19166930; 19176525; 19193763; 19206162; 19215067; 19219074; 19231233; 19238531; 19249008; 19258923; 19270716; 19281909; 19306295; 19334540; 19343052; 19357699; 19358752; 19384981; 19433309; 19435822; 19471022; 19495976; 19499154; 19513521; 19527717; 19528235; 19531482; 19578717; 19591174; 19595408; 19616043; 19653276; 19654329; 19656241; 19701800; 19714312; 19723051; 19734233; 19734545; 19738058; 19758340; 19758438; 19782465; 19787273; 19794957; 19795388; 19806201; 19811296; 19818398; 19837979; 19841138; 19859790; 19860880; 19861239; 19874574; 19878434; 19885545; 19898747; 19910471; 19910486; 19913121; 19919900; 19921846; 19937141; 19937979; 19939924; 19944700; 19959471; 19965873; 20012528; 20042607; 20044606; 20051654; 20053993; 20074357; 20093361; 20093369; 20102411; 20133937; 20137127; 20170659; 20185758; 20193273; 20195357; 20198339; 20203690; 20222112; 20225236; 20227498; 20232342; 20304822; 20306472; 20331627; 20331972; 20331980; 20333648; 20353950; 20353996; 20371606; 20376080; 20395206; 20410304; 20430872; 20432452; 20448330; 20459032; 20479273; 20479762; 20482821; 20483790; 20503287; 20505831; 20507572; 20508969; 20510020; 20511396; 20519498; 20531301; 20543003; 20554528; 20557936; 20590529; 20607803; 20619956; 20628086; 20628624; 20665665; 20680410; 20683948; 20688351; 20697347; 20698984; 20732415; 20837772; 20852630; 20936779; 20939893; 20942798; 20943203; 20952681; 20955203; 20976196; 20977688; 21030269; 21034562; 21081043; 21081472; 21106530; 21106746; 21134350; 21139048; 21145111; 21148792; 21196933; 21212516; 21268080; 21289643; 21338584; 21349840; 21350237; 21357535; 21360282; 21364631; 21381700; 21393476; 21397653; 21410405; 21417953; 21439937; 21451046; 21454713; 21496208; 21511059; 21518489; 21526160; 21530485; 21555589; 21559334; 21565167; 21570970; 21607373; 21617575; 21617851; 21640141; 21647439; 21675959; 21685329; 21693764; 21697091; 21699750; 21703547; 21732343; 21739277; 21743958; 21745629; 21799768; 21801875; 21814482; 21822357; 21829441; 21835421; 21835891; 21860413; 21862593; 21872498; 21890473; 21895606; 21937452; 21972703; 21988832; 21989944; 22001392; 22002117; 22051934; 22077140; 22083952; 22092038; 22110360; 22119392; 22132731; 22139817; 22176144; 22189957; 22235337; 22239235; 22265050; 22266871; 22271085; 22271878; 22307329; 22327296; 22328508; 22331067; 22354960; 22384197; 22384232; 22394497; 22399296; 22417306; 22429882; 22438909; 22450687; 22484283; 22508041; 22512945; 22570239; 22597534; 22675553; 22685373; 22688014; 22719067; 22749179; 22771387; 22791811; 22797068; 22801218; 22843696; 22853846; 22860098; 22869147; 22879913; 22911824; 22926518; 22933572; 22966201; 22974165; 22981541; 22988241; 23027969; 23028371; 23041974; 23047699; 23135283; 23153494; 23163821; 23182717; 23223231; 23226410; 23236059; 23269699; 23300800; 23331079; 23339184; 23362975; 23382074; 23437118; 23454483; 23467542; 23523566; 23546882; 23562910; 23580428; 23583295; 23602568; 23608488; 23614275; 23615400; 23624934; 23625009; 23625206; 23661758; 23665382; 23669365; 23671702; 23678002; 23682787; 23686163; 23690655; 23720779; 23747343; 23749999; 23762330; 23770289; 23814048; 23818969; 23832539; 23844083; 23906792; 23929433; 23942796; 24027432; 24113186 jun proto-oncogene Ensembl:ENSG00000177606 HGNC:6204 HPRD:01302 MIM:165160 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008376 Other designations: Jun activation domain binding protein|activator protein 1|enhancer-binding protein AP1|jun oncogene|p39|proto-oncogene c-Jun|transcription factor AP-1|v-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog|v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog JUN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene JUNB jun B proto-oncogene 3726 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0000785 (EC: TAS, PMID:2513129); GO_0000977 (EC: IEA); GO_0001570 (EC: IEA); GO_0001649 (EC: IEA); GO_0001829 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID:10764760); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID:2513129); GO_0003714 (EC: TAS, PMID:2513129); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16511568); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006351 (EC: TAS); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID:2513129); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS); GO_0009416 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0030316 (EC: IEA); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0032870 (EC: IEA); GO_0033687 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: IEA); GO_0045597 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: TAS); GO_0046697 (EC: IEA); GO_0051412 (EC: IEA); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_0060136 (EC: IEA); GO_0060716 (EC: IEA); GO_0071277 (EC: IEA) PMID:1406655; 1633872; 1899335; 2112242; 2513129; 8125298; 8432525; 8530030; 8570175; 8649827; 8654373; 8917518; 8945519; 8954125; 9128241; 9154808; 9405416; 9872330; 9889198; 10220381; 10764760; 10777209; 10903323; 11036094; 11053448; 11477071; 11726656; 12080089; 12145210; 12165517; 12371906; 12393503; 12477932; 12506033; 12522006; 12592382; 12907453; 12907627; 14499865; 14673171; 15025563; 15231748; 15240010; 15302935; 15308641; 15489334; 15507668; 15867431; 16189514; 16511568; 16552541; 16880520; 17081983; 17204476; 17306025; 17495958; 17510411; 17601350; 17681951; 17690253; 17965727; 18029348; 18042260; 18259752; 18391017; 18424718; 18628455; 18843287; 18977241; 19064921; 19151755; 19321746; 19409613; 19471022; 19666408; 19923172; 20006998; 20030915; 20056077; 20132737; 20195357; 20200942; 21225234; 21289643; 21326808; 21393445; 21423810; 21693764; 21822216; 21906983; 21937452; 21963094; 21988832; 22020339; 22082156; 22242598; 22252121; 22328780; 22710716; 23000965; 23297064; 23308222; 23661758; 23749999; 24136993; 24200694 jun B proto-oncogene Ensembl:ENSG00000171223 HGNC:6205 HPRD:01303 MIM:165161 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180373 Other designations: activator protein 1|transcription factor jun-B JUNB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene JUND jun D proto-oncogene 3727 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0000785 (EC: TAS, PMID:1903194); GO_0002076 (EC: IEA); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17577209); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID:1903194); GO_0006366 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007623 (EC: IEA); GO_0009416 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0016922 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0043234 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID:1903194); GO_0045669 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0071277 (EC: IEA) PMID:1899335; 1903194; 2112242; 7848298; 8125298; 8152431; 8432525; 8570175; 8654373; 8837781; 8889548; 8945519; 9154808; 9739985; 9872330; 9989505; 10220381; 10500243; 10523647; 10713367; 10934195; 10942775; 11221882; 11431474; 11477071; 11903046; 12032852; 12052834; 12052862; 12054733; 12080089; 12082101; 12105216; 12165517; 12193410; 12226747; 12477932; 12615916; 12727841; 14559791; 14676207; 15044019; 15302935; 15507668; 15563473; 15688015; 15706351; 15867431; 16007120; 16129800; 16264271; 16423552; 16651450; 17081983; 17204476; 17205062; 17495958; 17510411; 17577209; 17651017; 17681951; 18071306; 18078517; 18095154; 18321953; 18386285; 18443593; 18454173; 18562690; 18671972; 18952102; 19166930; 19211927; 19322201; 19470832; 19471022; 20195357; 21145461; 21315773; 21393445; 21473742; 21559334; 21693764; 21734453; 21906983; 21937452; 22327296; 22493372; 22696638; 23000965; 23289756; 23376981; 23382074; 23667531; 23942796; 24140207 jun D proto-oncogene Ensembl:ENSG00000130522 HGNC:6206 HPRD:01304 MIM:165162 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183355 Other designations: JunD-FL isoform|activator protein 1|transcription factor jun-D JUND Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BKTM KCa1.1 MaxiK SAKCA SLO SLO-ALPHA SLO1 bA205K10.1 mSLO1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 3778 RP11-443A13.1 10q22.3 20140408 9606 10 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001666 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15528406); GO_0003779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15703204); GO_0005249 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11880513); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10692449); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15703204); GO_0006813 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11245614); GO_0006970 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10840032); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0007605 (EC: IEA); GO_0007628 (EC: IEA); GO_0008076 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7573516); GO_0009897 (EC: IEA); GO_0015269 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11245614); GO_0016021 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11880513); GO_0016324 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10840032); GO_0019228 (EC: IEA); GO_0030007 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11245614); GO_0032344 (EC: IEA); GO_0034465 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15528406); GO_0034465 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18180950); GO_0042391 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7877450); GO_0042491 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11245614); GO_0043195 (EC: IEA); GO_0045211 (EC: IEA); GO_0045475 (EC: IEA); GO_0045794 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12388065); GO_0046541 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048469 (EC: IEA); GO_0050885 (EC: IEA); GO_0051260 (EC: IEA); GO_0051592 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12388065); GO_0060072 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7993625); GO_0060072 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15703204); GO_0060073 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11641143); GO_0060082 (EC: IEA); GO_0060083 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11641143); GO_0060087 (EC: IEA); GO_0071805 (EC: IBA); GO_0071805 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11880513) PMID: 7573516; 7687074; 7877450; 7987297; 7993625; 8006036; 8612769; 8821792; 8962157; 9391153; 9829973; 10097176; 10489376; 10692449; 10758170; 10840032; 11245614; 11401860; 11604135; 11641143; 11832330; 11880485; 11880513; 11986367; 12009018; 12016222; 12161564; 12223479; 12388065; 12391293; 12434576; 12438308; 12477932; 12566537; 14522958; 14523450; 14584897; 14631046; 14702039; 14715246; 15164054; 15174051; 15194822; 15251455; 15280542; 15489334; 15528406; 15703204; 15849354; 15937479; 16042390; 16081418; 16100257; 16382103; 16385451; 16396928; 16790810; 16895996; 16951373; 17146446; 17150299; 17166942; 17468961; 17483867; 17521822; 17586600; 17591987; 17591990; 17706472; 17901123; 17989352; 18084004; 18162557; 18180950; 18227273; 18316727; 18345016; 18367663; 18385281; 18404672; 18414909; 18458941; 18480178; 18559348; 18719396; 18854754; 19052171; 19096717; 19118164; 19168436; 19204046; 19344525; 19430934; 19456106; 19482008; 19552602; 19617704; 19640305; 19718020; 19738431; 20012488; 20037152; 20051533; 20379614; 20400778; 20424473; 20427280; 20457834; 20479001; 20508092; 20574420; 20624858; 20630939; 20677014; 20808839; 20959415; 21072171; 21078868; 21301863; 21413024; 21613417; 21670298; 21708048; 21724437; 21757754; 22074915; 22140451; 22194818; 22331907; 22446331; 22474334; 22504420; 22538239; 22710124; 22896041; 22899999; 23232643; 23237801; 23255603; 23267835; 23626738; 23831469; 23992640; 24067659; 24457600 potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000156113 HGNC:6284 HPRD:15967 MIM:600150 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018543 Other designations: BK channel alpha subunit|BKCA alpha subunit|calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1|calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit alpha-1|hSlo|k(VCA)alpha|maxi-K channel HSLO|slo homolog|slowpoke homolog|stretch-activated Kca channel KCNMA1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSET KNSL2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene KIFC1 kinesin family member C1 3833 DAQB-126H3.5 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000070 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8276466); GO_0003777 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8276466); GO_0005524 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8276466); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005769 (EC: IEA); GO_0005815 (EC: IEA); GO_0005819 (EC: IEA); GO_0005871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005874 (EC: IEA); GO_0007018 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008017 (EC: IEA); GO_0008152 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8276466) PMID: 8276466; 10369922; 11416179; 12477932; 14574404; 15489334; 17081983; 17326138; 18082152; 19116309; 19190132; 19525938; 19679349; 19851445; 21139048; 21252943; 21832049; 21890473; 21963094; 22201025; 22946058; 23000965; 23318213; 24250222 kinesin family member C1 Ensembl:ENSG00000237649 HGNC:6389 MIM:603763 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031209 Other designations: kinesin-like 2|kinesin-like protein 2|kinesin-like protein KIFC1|kinesin-related protein HSET KIFC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GAL1 GBP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LGALS1 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 3956 22q13.1 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001948 (EC: IEA); GO_0002317 (EC: IEA); GO_0004871 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10369126); GO_0005578 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0010812 (EC: IEA); GO_0010977 (EC: IEA); GO_0016936 (EC: IEA); GO_0030395 (EC: IEA); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031295 (EC: IEA); GO_0033555 (EC: IEA); GO_0034120 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043236 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045445 (EC: IEA); GO_0048678 (EC: IEA); GO_0071333 (EC: IEA); GO_0071407 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1602151; 1713454; 1988031; 1996404; 2383549; 2719646; 2719964; 2910856; 3020551; 3065332; 3611046; 7501023; 7750127; 7795414; 7821789; 7869048; 8063692; 8432540; 8449510; 8872948; 9264263; 9572443; 9683529; 10369126; 10425546; 10490978; 10591208; 10642604; 10764829; 10950114; 11076863; 11146440; 11256614; 11522829; 11709720; 11846886; 11850528; 11937561; 12008046; 12125737; 12271131; 12477932; 12527107; 12615972; 12665801; 12761501; 12810474; 12823983; 12853445; 14507657; 14550305; 14612929; 14617626; 14693917; 14769876; 15050916; 15297883; 15461802; 15489334; 15489336; 15556936; 15556941; 15663199; 15690107; 15778371; 15862866; 15910247; 15929990; 15972675; 16033063; 16051185; 16130169; 16247730; 16381901; 16388708; 16530434; 16636291; 16751364; 16785517; 16818733; 16940423; 17043243; 17110462; 17177840; 17182582; 17269744; 17304502; 17353931; 17390012; 17438085; 17523619; 17535296; 17537433; 17603562; 17616672; 17649808; 17880528; 17884770; 17984174; 18007053; 18028978; 18223683; 18258591; 18292532; 18315601; 18431251; 18519761; 18570123; 18581052; 18624398; 18630998; 18633135; 18662664; 18671640; 18691335; 18791848; 18796645; 18802059; 18824694; 18838383; 18947333; 18991278; 19011096; 19032754; 19064001; 19103599; 19116313; 19125585; 19128029; 19148478; 19155496; 19171142; 19225046; 19287070; 19287997; 19363525; 19412433; 19454697; 19471022; 19492862; 19506091; 19520156; 19550395; 19561030; 19635795; 19688976; 19730683; 19738201; 19860718; 19886821; 19898636; 19900702; 19913121; 20006954; 20053628; 20157731; 20177845; 20200618; 20332322; 20360068; 20363255; 20399482; 20525878; 20549082; 20570633; 20592339; 20596638; 20628086; 20644118; 20657665; 20728947; 20816214; 20828557; 20873803; 21113146; 21122983; 21139048; 21147166; 21150319; 21191065; 21292557; 21372130; 21378323; 21385934; 21391228; 21397408; 21505194; 21514365; 21614093; 21632118; 21689853; 21724180; 21747316; 21779348; 21780106; 21807362; 21880716; 21880749; 21890473; 21897333; 21906983; 21963094; 21986812; 21998324; 22022970; 22028908; 22081313; 22155450; 22156919; 22167721; 22174828; 22267483; 22271227; 22285770; 22291012; 22353504; 22373585; 22383798; 22386573; 22432916; 22447203; 22456341; 22524424; 22546645; 22561438; 22583806; 22609846; 22623428; 22689223; 22692729; 22696230; 22716213; 22777171; 22785208; 22844466; 22863883; 22884463; 22936677; 22939629; 22939954; 22942212; 23000965; 23002109; 23022198; 23027923; 23113677; 23121677; 23124203; 23142379; 23223580; 23359172; 23389289; 23402259; 23431236; 23444403; 23510298; 23599627; 23681112; 23862649; 23929302; 23956138; 24211210 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000100097 HGNC:6561 HPRD:01040 MIM:150570 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150661 Other designations: 14 kDa laminin-binding protein|14 kDa lectin|HBL|HLBP14|HPL|S-Lac lectin 1|beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-I|beta-galactoside-binding protein 14kDa|gal-1|galaptin|galectin 1|galectin-1|lactose-binding lectin 1|putative MAPK-activating protein PM12 LGALS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ADLD LMN LMN2 LMNB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LMNB1 lamin B1 4001 5q23.2 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005198 (EC: IEA); GO_0005635 (EC: TAS); GO_0005637 (EC: IEA); GO_0005638 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA); GO_0043274 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1986862; 2023931; 2325650; 2406262; 2544227; 7557986; 7628545; 8034666; 8324822; 8838815; 8978814; 9128241; 9243284; 9305626; 9367621; 9436978; 9490046; 10679189; 10806082; 10960149; 11095689; 11331782; 11441066; 11691994; 11790298; 11792809; 11901153; 12135703; 12477932; 12490158; 12670476; 12898336; 14504265; 15161933; 15265697; 15284226; 15635413; 16083285; 16196087; 16216881; 16236267; 16283426; 16344560; 16365157; 16410549; 16543417; 17550303; 17620012; 18334554; 18524819; 19001169; 19141474; 19151023; 19198602; 19322201; 19348623; 19383719; 19454010; 19471022; 19522540; 19727227; 19738201; 19765186; 19961535; 20004208; 20085707; 20230530; 20360068; 20816241; 21139048; 21225301; 21346760; 21549307; 21890473; 21897860; 21906983; 21909802; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22155925; 22178446; 22246186; 22265972; 22268729; 22412018; 22446626; 22496421; 22505724; 22623428; 22658654; 22751105; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23261988; 23439683; 23475125; 23649844; 23681646; 23733478; 23798571; 23934658; 23964094; 24157836; 24163370; 24244333; 24457600 lamin B1 Ensembl:ENSG00000113368 HGNC:6637 HPRD:01036 MIM:150340 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128969 Other designations: lamin-B1 LMNB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AK38 APOA LP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LPA lipoprotein, Lp(a) 4018 6q26 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001968 (EC: IPI, PMID: 2531657); GO_0004252 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2531657); GO_0004866 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8047165); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8047165); GO_0006869 (EC: IEA); GO_0006898 (EC: TAS); GO_0008015 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8047165); GO_0008201 (EC: NAS, PMID: 2531657); GO_0010951 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8047165); GO_0034185 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9269765); GO_0034358 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2531657); GO_0042157 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2530631; 2531657; 3410459; 3670400; 7918682; 8047165; 8642595; 8864963; 9111002; 9269765; 9548923; 9717723; 9925657; 10073957; 10187779; 10484779; 10672142; 10980194; 11126727; 11285247; 11294842; 11332648; 11440434; 11485023; 11816712; 11822583; 11833851; 11865151; 11947970; 11999088; 12082592; 12111551; 12127051; 12220441; 12359323; 12482643; 12562843; 12578871; 12738397; 12940514; 14718574; 14746139; 15041277; 15258620; 15479125; 15515480; 15523644; 15543335; 15654123; 15708348; 15905467; 15983325; 16053196; 16113787; 16122830; 16150826; 16197951; 16202171; 16403785; 16497311; 16625232; 16840570; 16893192; 17145597; 17460176; 17462619; 17478739; 17537433; 17569884; 17603063; 17683612; 17845920; 17908332; 17923276; 17942087; 17975119; 18086931; 18163888; 18198982; 18280807; 18304554; 18386550; 18464913; 18479303; 18513389; 18560444; 18582452; 18594118; 18599799; 18622136; 18660489; 18682748; 18682798; 18775538; 18776185; 18806883; 18848929; 18983515; 19014618; 19023099; 19124843; 19131662; 19198611; 19208510; 19222374; 19233690; 19263529; 19335423; 19348789; 19349573; 19479237; 19496273; 19509380; 19545557; 19564206; 19572086; 19636317; 19642912; 19646429; 19672030; 19808717; 19880117; 19913121; 19948975; 20014954; 20026018; 20032323; 20036902; 20106478; 20129380; 20129381; 20129382; 20129383; 20143106; 20160194; 20197188; 20303190; 20379614; 20444451; 20452482; 20580413; 20593350; 20601648; 20605575; 20628086; 20673868; 20679960; 20686565; 20691971; 20705065; 20971364; 21078622; 21086792; 21127300; 21149283; 21153771; 21179199; 21231777; 21252144; 21283670; 21300353; 21378990; 21404224; 21473861; 21484527; 21493818; 21519277; 21592478; 21749171; 21802535; 21900290; 21907882; 21914687; 21914962; 21970553; 21986921; 22010162; 22134617; 22192511; 22207727; 22283971; 22327610; 22331829; 22368281; 22387060; 22407494; 22422337; 22485129; 22516069; 22633661; 22710560; 22748161; 22753196; 22762941; 23010950; 23036009; 23040268; 23099120; 23118302; 23137279; 23165148; 23183511; 23202367; 23243000; 23357149; 23375930; 23388002; 23484137; 23652366; 23701995; 23726366; 23735648; 23903772; 23914433; 23973688; 24089516; 24092750 lipoprotein, Lp(a) Ensembl:ENSG00000198670 HGNC:6667 HPRD:01063 MIM:152200 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015956 Other designations: antiangiogenic AK38 protein|apo(a)|apolipoprotein(a)|lp(a) LPA LPL encodes lipoprotein lipase, which is expressed in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue. LPL functions as a homodimer, and has the dual functions of triglyceride hydrolase and ligand/bridging factor for receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptake. Severe mutations that cause LPL deficiency result in type I hyperlipoproteinemia, while less extreme mutations in LPL are linked to many disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] lipoprotein lipase Ensembl:ENSG00000175445 HGNC:6677 MIM:609708 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 LPL NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24539 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He OSC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LSS lanosterol synthase (2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase) 4047 21q22.3 9606 21 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000250 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005811 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14741744); GO_0006695 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0006695 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7639730); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 3515096; 7639730; 8593458; 8655142; 8820110; 8889548; 9763219; 10598817; 10830953; 11421484; 12477932; 14702039; 14741744; 14766201; 15489334; 15525992; 15790807; 16344560; 16806233; 17186944; 17255364; 18660489; 19119143; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22053931; 22505724; 23000965; 24250222 lanosterol synthase (2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase) Ensembl:ENSG00000160285 HGNC:6708 HPRD:02945 MIM:600909 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090633 Other designations: 2,3-epoxysqualene--lanosterol cyclase|2,3-epoxysqualene-lanosterol cyclase|hOSC|lanosterol synthase|oxidosqualene--lanosterol cyclase LSS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPF3 CYP4F LTB4H WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F3 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 4051 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0004497 (EC: TAS, PMID:8486631); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006690 (EC: TAS); GO_0006691 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050051 (EC: IEA); GO_0052871 (EC: IEA) PMID:8026587; 8486631; 9068972; 9539102; 10409674; 11461919; 12477932; 12709424; 14715252; 15128046; 16344560; 16380383; 17980168; 18065749; 18566475; 18577768; 19138970; 19343046; 20047521; 20237496; 21666788; 21906983; 22706230 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000186529 HGNC:2646 HPRD:03169 MIM:601270 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182374 Other designations: CYPIVF3|cytochrome P-450|cytochrome P450 4F3|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVF, polypeptide 3 (leukotriene B4 omega hydroxylase)|cytochrome P450-LTB-omega|leukotriene B4 omega hydroxylase|leukotriene-B(4) 20-monooxygenase 2|leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2|leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase CYP4F3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ERdj4 MDG-1 MDG1 MST049 MSTP049 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB9 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 9 4189 UNQ743/PRO1471 7q31|14q24.2-q24.3 9606 7 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:19815549); GO_0005730 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005788 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0030433 (EC: IMP, PMID:18400946); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID:18400946); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19199708) PMID:9533036; 11042152; 11147971; 11230166; 11256614; 11525638; 11836248; 12356756; 12477932; 12581160; 12690205; 12975309; 14516790; 14559994; 14702039; 15456888; 15489334; 15882996; 16169070; 16205636; 16344560; 17132139; 17936241; 18400946; 18431251; 19123479; 19199708; 19322201; 19815549; 20054003; 20335527; 20554776; 20682791; 21906983; 21988832; 22006218; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000128590 HGNC:6968 HPRD:07047 MIM:602634 Vega:OTTHUMG00000154866 Other designations: ER-resident protein ERdj4|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 9|endoplasmic reticulum DNA J domain-containing protein 4|endoplasmic reticulum DnaJ homolog 4|microvascular endothelial differentiation gene 1 protein DNAJB9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACTFS HDMX hdm2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MDM2 MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4193 12q14.3-q15 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9271120); GO_0002039 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15053879); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9450543); GO_0004842 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19372219); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10196247); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10360174); GO_0005634 (EC: IMP); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10707090); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10707090); GO_0005737 (EC: IMP); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10608892); GO_0006977 (EC: IMP); GO_0006977 (EC: TAS); GO_0007089 (EC: IEA); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10722742); GO_0008284 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7791904); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009743 (EC: IEA); GO_0010039 (EC: IEA); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0010955 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016567 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15878855); GO_0016604 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 10360174); GO_0018205 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19372219); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15577914); GO_0030666 (EC: TAS); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18382127); GO_0031648 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10360174); GO_0032026 (EC: IEA); GO_0032436 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11278372); GO_0034504 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10360174); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042176 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9153395); GO_0042220 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042787 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11278372); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17159902); GO_0042975 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9529249); GO_0043278 (EC: IEA); GO_0043518 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10360174); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045184 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10360174); GO_0045202 (EC: IEA); GO_0045472 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9271120); GO_0045931 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17290220); GO_0046677 (EC: IEP); GO_0046827 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0070301 (EC: IEA); GO_0071157 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9529249); GO_0071229 (EC: IEA); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_0071301 (EC: IEA); GO_0071312 (EC: IEA); GO_0071375 (EC: IEA); GO_0071391 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP); GO_0071494 (EC: IEA); GO_0097110 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1535557; 1614537; 7590734; 7606365; 7651818; 7686617; 7689721; 7791904; 7935455; 8058315; 8064888; 8219216; 8705862; 8875929; 9070662; 9131587; 9153395; 9153396; 9223638; 9270029; 9271120; 9278461; 9363941; 9388200; 9450543; 9485008; 9529248; 9529249; 9619834; 9632782; 9653180; 9671804; 9724636; 9809062; 9840926; 10074928; 10078201; 10188733; 10196247; 10207051; 10218570; 10360174; 10435614; 10469568; 10523842; 10561590; 10562557; 10597303; 10608892; 10611322; 10640274; 10681559; 10707090; 10713175; 10721693; 10722742; 10723139; 10737800; 10766163; 10781812; 10801444; 10822382; 10827196; 10871849; 10906133; 10949923; 10982879; 11046142; 11057904; 11070080; 11073989; 11087894; 11107050; 11172000; 11178989; 11223036; 11278372; 11306511; 11307150; 11331603; 11336244; 11351297; 11384992; 11397945; 11486026; 11494046; 11504915; 11562347; 11588219; 11590071; 11597128; 11606419; 11709713; 11714701; 11715018; 11718560; 11744695; 11764099; 11779693; 11839563; 11839577; 11859876; 11867628; 11877395; 11894120; 11923280; 11925449; 11927554; 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15029243; 15044952; 15053879; 15053880; 15064742; 15144954; 15154850; 15192123; 15195100; 15210108; 15218947; 15225550; 15242646; 15273720; 15280377; 15308643; 15313915; 15314155; 15314173; 15314174; 15315825; 15321712; 15337531; 15355988; 15364927; 15375804; 15448710; 15485814; 15492852; 15525514; 15527798; 15546622; 15548678; 15550242; 15558054; 15577914; 15577944; 15604276; 15622743; 15632057; 15640443; 15644444; 15688025; 15714438; 15720184; 15720185; 15720186; 15720187; 15723837; 15733365; 15734740; 15734743; 15735750; 15742432; 15771712; 15782125; 15788536; 15807633; 15824742; 15832769; 15843377; 15848166; 15862297; 15866118; 15867431; 15876864; 15876874; 15878855; 15902285; 15908423; 15916963; 15933712; 15943041; 15950904; 15953616; 15963787; 15975924; 15985438; 16009130; 16023600; 16027727; 16055726; 16082221; 16107876; 16142358; 16152608; 16159876; 16163388; 16167062; 16170383; 16173922; 16202543; 16203772; 16212962; 16219768; 16227609; 16230424; 16239061; 16246554; 16258005; 16258514; 16287156; 16288830; 16314418; 16331255; 16337594; 16338389; 16343421; 16374512; 16394138; 16402859; 16432196; 16434608; 16439685; 16474402; 16478747; 16479015; 16496380; 16510145; 16563154; 16579792; 16621805; 16624812; 16624822; 16636310; 16675470; 16678796; 16696307; 16714300; 16737965; 16738062; 16751805; 16803902; 16815295; 16818855; 16825430; 16825434; 16845383; 16861890; 16866370; 16870621; 16876289; 16877339; 16883576; 16892553; 16896050; 16905769; 16914573; 16934800; 16943424; 16965791; 16980297; 16980628; 16983111; 16984978; 17003841; 17006543; 17013834; 17015431; 17018602; 17018606; 17056014; 17060450; 17080308; 17094469; 17096342; 17110379; 17110929; 17116689; 17120309; 17123590; 17139261; 17159902; 17170710; 17170761; 17171684; 17188136; 17214373; 17226766; 17237821; 17242401; 17290220; 17297477; 17301054; 17302414; 17310983; 17318220; 17327702; 17339337; 17347673; 17349959; 17353187; 17354236; 17359998; 17360557; 17371838; 17373842; 17380154; 17387621; 17426254; 17460193; 17468107; 17470788; 17473193; 17488676; 17498302; 17500067; 17513604; 17525743; 17527046; 17536310; 17537232; 17538168; 17545525; 17545546; 17545634; 17546054; 17553029; 17568997; 17576019; 17592964; 17616658; 17616682; 17620186; 17627285; 17634539; 17638920; 17640893; 17671677; 17671841; 17680991; 17684018; 17684142; 17697133; 17698841; 17717065; 17719241; 17721920; 17827408; 17846171; 17848574; 17875722; 17879958; 17895748; 17904523; 17909018; 17909070; 17914240; 17936559; 17938575; 17942278; 17957785; 17974989; 17981213; 17984062; 17989425; 18023538; 18026875; 18080767; 18086778; 18086887; 18096571; 18172499; 18199551; 18199985; 18204439; 18206965; 18214854; 18219319; 18234963; 18234968; 18235222; 18262501; 18264029; 18269578; 18281248; 18292944; 18309296; 18311135; 18313915; 18314481; 18317451; 18332046; 18332867; 18332869; 18348658; 18355939; 18356162; 18359851; 18381604; 18382127; 18390844; 18398041; 18418067; 18423915; 18426907; 18426989; 18433484; 18433491; 18451149; 18459109; 18462472; 18467333; 18467716; 18471438; 18480108; 18487080; 18499675; 18500263; 18504050; 18508789; 18519749; 18519798; 18520179; 18541670; 18544533; 18547962; 18548093; 18548200; 18558393; 18559624; 18560357; 18566590; 18568525; 18572327; 18575717; 18577987; 18582208; 18583933; 18604177; 18607552; 18612801; 18618574; 18632619; 18638452; 18644346; 18646312; 18665269; 18676680; 18706692; 18711402; 18723444; 18725577; 18754770; 18779328; 18781178; 18799058; 18804411; 18809412; 18813780; 18814047; 18815136; 18826207; 18828900; 18835771; 18836421; 18922973; 18948082; 18950845; 18951086; 18953830; 18976073; 19015526; 19015838; 19020940; 19029147; 19029954; 19032150; 19033382; 19046423; 19062713; 19064572; 19074170; 19075013; 19081178; 19082401; 19094228; 19098288; 19098711; 19106616; 19116388; 19124015; 19124506; 19128510; 19132120; 19144119; 19144715; 19150978; 19160491; 19165858; 19166840; 19166854; 19170196; 19176998; 19188367; 19193430; 19204927; 19217357; 19219073; 19226467; 19233569; 19234109; 19237173; 19237606; 19240029; 19244339; 19246469; 19247369; 19249676; 19255450; 19264476; 19273224; 19286999; 19287195; 19302219; 19303885; 19305137; 19318491; 19318567; 19321440; 19339270; 19344876; 19346994; 19357310; 19363159; 19369353; 19372219; 19379464; 19383811; 19411066; 19423162; 19432880; 19433585; 19448627; 19451596; 19454362; 19455066; 19468865; 19470478; 19470936; 19477214; 19483087; 19488782; 19492228; 19505873; 19507240; 19509552; 19521721; 19523862; 19524506; 19526525; 19541625; 19541936; 19542078; 19560254; 19560264; 19573080; 19573916; 19580521; 19590512; 19590949; 19594747; 19596022; 19597489; 19617712; 19619542; 19625176; 19631207; 19639206; 19648117; 19649205; 19656744; 19657064; 19671680; 19679062; 19683495; 19690564; 19690970; 19692168; 19696166; 19707196; 19751436; 19752772; 19756449; 19759023; 19764997; 19772793; 19773279; 19773383; 19779722; 19784069; 19789190; 19798103; 19799083; 19808967; 19811804; 19816404; 19821490; 19833129; 19837266; 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20832750; 20849851; 20849854; 20855462; 20856200; 20858735; 20871633; 20874444; 20875869; 20881839; 20922573; 20930521; 20935493; 20948295; 20951946; 20972445; 20972456; 20979563; 21034743; 21047201; 21048031; 21051533; 21051655; 21057548; 21060154; 21071676; 21080085; 21081495; 21081496; 21084285; 21084564; 21088494; 21092204; 21093410; 21097889; 21098709; 21113617; 21132010; 21133853; 21149449; 21157430; 21170087; 21183956; 21191186; 21204735; 21209460; 21211512; 21229604; 21261729; 21268124; 21285945; 21290342; 21295542; 21305319; 21316347; 21316605; 21317463; 21317535; 21317707; 21317885; 21333377; 21336260; 21338495; 21339197; 21386656; 21389118; 21399665; 21402876; 21404460; 21444629; 21451571; 21454483; 21455220; 21460101; 21466165; 21477265; 21478269; 21479369; 21503588; 21504894; 21525355; 21530075; 21539745; 21547352; 21561866; 21565629; 21572037; 21602883; 21624367; 21647873; 21656578; 21665242; 21667122; 21685937; 21706156; 21725357; 21725850; 21726810; 21743494; 21750659; 21756282; 21761395; 21768776; 21770737; 21785463; 21804542; 21814224; 21822304; 21833626; 21844567; 21852383; 21862876; 21867960; 21877955; 21887275; 21890473; 21896991; 21900752; 21903592; 21906983; 21925390; 21925707; 21930127; 21933600; 21957016; 21963094; 21965653; 21982800; 21986495; 21986500; 21988832; 21990374; 22004076; 22004425; 22032989; 22038760; 22047081; 22056306; 22081073; 22083959; 22085928; 22095636; 22103682; 22104152; 22108807; 22120712; 22124327; 22128911; 22134502; 22137485; 22157679; 22173032; 22180099; 22180176; 22187011; 22195963; 22197810; 22205265; 22244827; 22245141; 22264786; 22266832; 22266850; 22266868; 22285926; 22290440; 22292622; 22301280; 22301498; 22301501; 22310835; 22318725; 22330136; 22331460; 22333590; 22336889; 22336942; 22337874; 22343716; 22349818; 22350919; 22379189; 22383580; 22391559; 22397410; 22410433; 22411991; 22413855; 22444248; 22467100; 22472959; 22487680; 22487911; 22493164; 22505724; 22510592; 22525275; 22558411; 22563815; 22566641; 22575647; 22586610; 22591662; 22593196; 22609775; 22634534; 22659184; 22668018; 22672907; 22685613; 22699518; 22701761; 22705356; 22710720; 22716509; 22729912; 22733537; 22737255; 22744426; 22773013; 22777350; 22787160; 22797925; 22807444; 22819825; 22825724; 22825850; 22842367; 22843172; 22844496; 22869143; 22892142; 22902369; 22902907; 22907703; 22912717; 22914606; 22914926; 22916154; 22916255; 22938470; 22939400; 22940738; 22976441; 22989009; 23028042; 23039052; 23039163; 23044487; 23045280; 23060298; 23089923; 23092970; 23096687; 23113306; 23132866; 23134341; 23139272; 23145162; 23147543; 23150668; 23159155; 23167335; 23167337; 23169665; 23201157; 23210739; 23218882; 23238568; 23244604; 23246961; 23252402; 23259295; 23260144; 23261415; 23292895; 23303139; 23318437; 23324352; 23347235; 23352573; 23356517; 23359199; 23383041; 23383273; 23391506; 23393136; 23405218; 23416275; 23423487; 23425231; 23437037; 23438693; 23451111; 23483203; 23506010; 23506213; 23529275; 23563151; 23564787; 23572512; 23609977; 23624782; 23652204; 23661019; 23671280; 23677067; 23679294; 23728348; 23745682; 23747528; 23749209; 23776060; 23776465; 23777425; 23786219; 23802716; 23826318; 23826411; 23837945; 23845465; 23870475; 23871895; 23874713; 23912932; 23933584; 23934659; 23946421; 23979978; 23982177; 23994832; 24003224; 24018792; 24027430; 24061453; 24143256; 24163099; 24167073; 24174547; 24240108; 24314634; 24325471; 24361594; 24413081; 24413661 MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Ensembl:ENSG00000135679 HGNC:6973 HPRD:01272 MIM:164785 Vega:OTTHUMG00000142827 Other designations: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2|Mdm2, p53 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog|Mdm2, transformed 3T3 cell double minute 2, p53 binding protein|double minute 2, human homolog of; p53-binding protein|oncoprotein Mdm2 MDM2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HUMNDME MES WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ME1 malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic 4199 6q12 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004470 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7622060); GO_0004471 (EC: IEA); GO_0004473 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8187880); GO_0004473 (EC: ISS); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8187880); GO_0006108 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7622060); GO_0006741 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8187880); GO_0008948 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7622060); GO_0009725 (EC: ISS); GO_0009743 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8187880); GO_0030145 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7622060); GO_0043531 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7622060); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050661 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7622060); GO_0051262 (EC: IEA); GO_0051287 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7622060) PMID: 1088824; 2015102; 3169368; 4689040; 7496989; 7622060; 7757881; 8125298; 8187880; 8804575; 9174159; 11085912; 11352855; 11358520; 12121650; 12477932; 14574404; 15489334; 16344560; 16757477; 18029348; 18660489; 19293334; 19416979; 19464998; 20877624; 21139048; 21555518; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22456781; 22863883; 23114090; 23284632; 23334421 malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic Ensembl:ENSG00000065833 HGNC:6983 HPRD:01102 MIM:154250 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015111 Other designations: Malic enzyme, cytoplasmic|NADP-ME|NADP-dependent malic enzyme|malate dehydrogenase|malic enzyme 1, soluble|pyruvic-malic carboxylase ME1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 4257 9606 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004364 (EC: IDA); GO_0004602 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: IEA); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005778 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006749 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: ISS); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0033327 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0043295 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); ... (Note: Only 20 GO IDs shown. See more from web page source or RDF output.)" PMID: 1544849; 2307478; 3372534; 7566098; 7663172; 8812420; 10095775; 10524215; 10673221; 10777602; 11034337; 11587073; 11752456; 12359356; 12477932; 12818425; 14726533; 15338373; 15489334; 16384981; 17483957; 17714764; 18781797; 19343046; 20195357; 20727966; 21139048; 21963094; 22589738; 23314968; 23805041 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000008394 HGNC:7061 HPRD:00705 MIM:138330 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168816 MGST1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GST2 MGST-II WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 4258 9606 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004364 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8703034); GO_0004464 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8703034); GO_0004602 (EC: IBA); GO_0005635 (EC: IBA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9092565); GO_0006750 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8703034); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008047 (EC: IEA); GO_0010243 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019370 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8703034); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8703034); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: IBA); GO_1901687 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8703034; 8889549; 9092565; 9278457; 9302651; 10673221; 11322876; 12477932; 15489334; 16169070; 16344560; 16498398; 16773312; 19343046; 20379614; 23409838 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000085871 HGNC:7063 HPRD:03436 MIM:601733 MGST2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 4259 9606 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004364 (EC: IBA); GO_0004601 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_0004602 (EC: IBA); GO_0005635 (EC: IBA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: IBA); GO_0055114 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9278457); GO_1901687 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8125298; 9278457; 10673221; 12477932; 12898215; 15489334; 16169070; 16710414; 17207965; 17719568; 18781797; 19064610; 19322201; 19343046; 19471022; 19536175; 20360068; 20379614; 21116278; 21139048; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22939629; 24250222 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000143198 HGNC:7064 HPRD:05192 MIM:604564 Vega:OTTHUMG00000034627 MGST3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLG4 CLG4A MMP-II MONA TBE-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MMP2 matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72kDa gelatinase, 72kDa type IV collagenase) 4313 16q13-q21 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0001955 (EC: IEA); GO_0001957 (EC: IEA); GO_0004222 (EC: IEA); GO_0004252 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005578 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18492766); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006508 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2834383); GO_0007566 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030017 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030574 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0060325 (EC: IEA); GO_0060346 (EC: IEA); GO_0071230 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1460022; 1846313; 1851724; 2071140; 2158484; 2162831; 2834383; 7523391; 7583664; 7683678; 7694569; 7782289; 7935812; 7947821; 7998967; 8549817; 8663297; 8663332; 8692946; 8862926; 9119036; 9148753; 9182583; 9343394; 9344465; 9438380; 9640131; 9699154; 9737711; 9853262; 9933646; 10196161; 10356396; 10419448; 10551873; 10652000; 10652271; 10900205; 10947989; 10986281; 10991943; 11114309; 11134507; 11168762; 11179305; 11220743; 11368514; 11382769; 11420387; 11431697; 11485914; 11571304; 11598182; 11728453; 11748988; 11756567; 11762702; 11782389; 11790786; 11792711; 11824472; 11833938; 11839588; 11844598; 11854622; 11889208; 11895494; 11918086; 11920503; 11928808; 11928813; 11929863; 11935310; 11948127; 11956628; 11961384; 12007723; 12023034; 12029498; 12032297; 12034345; 12039803; 12077518; 12085233; 12087091; 12103254; 12115722; 12122099; 12147229; 12147339; 12149192; 12193399; 12194986; 12198653; 12225805; 12235151; 12371906; 12372458; 12374789; 12376362; 12393408; 12393872; 12431239; 12438229; 12439941; 12451991; 12470034; 12471459; 12473650; 12475252; 12477932; 12479097; 12486137; 12522578; 12559990; 12569569; 12586836; 12587534; 12589095; 12601782; 12602913; 12614934; 12615834; 12632066; 12632084; 12642591; 12651627; 12657623; 12676736; 12684625; 12753080; 12764090; 12810672; 12832446; 12845641; 12861074; 12873995; 12878157; 12879005; 12880418; 12914776; 12939660; 12952836; 12967855; 12970394; 12970724; 14500349; 14519487; 14520690; 14580155; 14583471; 14604886; 14614057; 14644155; 14644777; 14661256; 14666611; 14679018; 14694003; 14697951; 14710472; 14713104; 14732714; 14744781; 14766248; 14871985; 14973177; 14981939; 14982725; 14983226; 14990702; 14990972; 14996438; 15004438; 15009703; 15015767; 15051038; 15056834; 15067014; 15102849; 15146192; 15165255; 15201662; 15241180; 15248212; 15248826; 15250832; 15254682; 15255544; 15265790; 15271946; 15277330; 15280384; 15280448; 15317806; 15317818; 15351863; 15375490; 15381707; 15449075; 15475447; 15485653; 15489233; 15489334; 15492291; 15522165; 15541021; 15557756; 15567754; 15569994; 15604254; 15609121; 15609318; 15609323; 15616792; 15621117; 15632190; 15637056; 15651999; 15665288; 15665394; 15672417; 15691365; 15731163; 15743799; 15754118; 15756447; 15820246; 15831360; 15841469; 15866216; 15878967; 15885317; 15904490; 15911696; 15929171; 15944607; 15949313; 15955221; 15955448; 15955449; 15983226; 15998676; 15998788; 16005367; 16018746; 16023005; 16023011; 16042227; 16082623; 16083752; 16097959; 16134528; 16142392; 16142692; 16146757; 16158251; 16168111; 16188099; 16188574; 16213873; 16260653; 16275157; 16306050; 16308106; 16313894; 16338908; 16339461; 16341461; 16344560; 16356191; 16359987; 16361361; 16364202; 16379022; 16407830; 16413616; 16414983; 16424893; 16425263; 16438723; 16453304; 16456793; 16458924; 16476613; 16510149; 16551362; 16575904; 16585124; 16615109; 16647062; 16718267; 16718824; 16722933; 16728425; 16739355; 16755991; 16772717; 16776850; 16778129; 16803520; 16829143; 16840178; 16884384; 16888681; 16891619; 16894529; 16897078; 16919028; 16940985; 16961137; 16967187; 16987162; 17000679; 17008230; 17012225; 17029196; 17033924; 17065436; 17067460; 17070879; 17071711; 17081126; 17088079; 17088321; 17089188; 17099140; 17109104; 17151781; 17175151; 17177839; 17178858; 17181997; 17182940; 17188706; 17189319; 17203213; 17203468; 17205957; 17208328; 17217338; 17226791; 17236757; 17237723; 17243139; 17258390; 17265493; 17289174; 17299802; 17299841; 17314270; 17320450; 17326127; 17335808; 17350093; 17357514; 17363400; 17364896; 17367869; 17374529; 17377415; 17383306; 17384031; 17409012; 17429393; 17435175; 17437609; 17448043; 17473191; 17486447; 17487426; 17488654; 17493172; 17493602; 17516913; 17540340; 17541305; 17545513; 17546628; 17559909; 17563705; 17564313; 17570740; 17589947; 17593815; 17607721; 17611666; 17613170; 17616173; 17623663; 17624083; 17624726; 17638886; 17640671; 17650671; 17653824; 17660250; 17661346; 17666398; 17671679; 17678975; 17680282; 17699594; 17706116; 17706812; 17718386; 17725804; 17786346; 17845054; 17851253; 17876296; 17879021; 17886098; 17893005; 17893430; 17901377; 17908800; 17923814; 17943549; 17949555; 17950725; 17958893; 17962725; 17972522; 17981679; 17986062; 18000234; 18025061; 18029348; 18031543; 18035073; 18035727; 18038907; 18042068; 18045645; 18049448; 18052707; 18062285; 18063683; 18069632; 18070420; 18081721; 18088350; 18091353; 18093986; 18155181; 18160708; 18166633; 18172354; 18177474; 18177649; 18182154; 18185989; 18187184; 18194849; 18205826; 18208802; 18210196; 18214299; 18217401; 18220784; 18236174; 18251742; 18253117; 18256065; 18265895; 18283635; 18288638; 18288718; 18291374; 18292822; 18292932; 18295959; 18298353; 18308831; 18314110; 18329693; 18330957; 18332090; 18332634; 18337444; 18340378; 18359774; 18366007; 18378414; 18398039; 18400453; 18424416; 18425389; 18426670; 18431027; 18438431; 18444803; 18455130; 18462748; 18468407; 18469019; 18472160; 18473733; 18477480; 18483282; 18492766; 18496568; 18498066; 18506186; 18543216; 18552985; 18560213; 18575776; 18579756; 18580857; 18593949; 18597705; 18611410; 18618693; 18627313; 18636124; 18641922; 18644390; 18644862; 18651826; 18652765; 18653973; 18663625; 18664479; 18665467; 18670324; 18683733; 18692810; 18701818; 18707587; 18711060; 18712166; 18713744; 18714566; 18757369; 18773430; 18782525; 18784838; 18802398; 18802702; 18805052; 18814268; 18818748; 18829111; 18829229; 18835646; 18852494; 18937938; 18940384; 18946196; 18950008; 18971037; 18971427; 18974156; 19007982; 19019335; 19020757; 19022775; 19088110; 19088827; 19094228; 19100442; 19101987; 19105397; 19109975; 19116140; 19117773; 19121849; 19122458; 19124506; 19132754; 19134348; 19141395; 19159011; 19165813; 19176371; 19188819; 19189315; 19191857; 19196101; 19199380; 19212830; 19221481; 19223381; 19236750; 19241124; 19243899; 19248107; 19249761; 19266599; 19274436; 19281093; 19286653; 19287959; 19288452; 19295411; 19303106; 19324884; 19330734; 19331801; 19332048; 19337556; 19338750; 19345347; 19358835; 19360430; 19386107; 19391484; 19395678; 19426551; 19438747; 19445018; 19448672; 19449375; 19454611; 19455469; 19459623; 19460733; 19464975; 19465902; 19466389; 19469865; 19477063; 19484988; 19507256; 19515587; 19523650; 19523958; 19525975; 19527514; 19528914; 19529860; 19546837; 19551542; 19551856; 19560452; 19562509; 19574670; 19575173; 19577357; 19578796; 19580633; 19581306; 19594729; 19610062; 19615732; 19617223; 19617714; 19625121; 19637058; 19643940; 19653001; 19671357; 19682073; 19687355; 19698156; 19700865; 19709349; 19716817; 19723042; 19723139; 19724860; 19724922; 19731823; 19760465; 19780834; 19786072; 19787626; 19789190; 19814619; 19816602; 19820359; 19821096; 19853299; 19861308; 19874467; 19875168; 19875755; 19885578; 19887570; 19889076; 19901964; 19903768; 19903858; 19913121; 19921476; 19930715; 19939245; 19954064; 19956847; 19995403; 19995435; 19997654; 20003765; 20021962; 20021964; 20031158; 20044778; 20064641; 20071690; 20082877; 20091096; 20100617; 20110530; 20113256; 20129576; 20133364; 20138860; 20140262; 20145123; 20160036; 20175118; 20195229; 20207476; 20211062; 20211065; 20216978; 20219012; 20222942; 20230421; 20233617; 20305284; 20333791; 20346360; 20353950; 20360147; 20364697; 20372784; 20375027; 20381119; 20382120; 20394501; 20404912; 20416077; 20432471; 20435584; 20450704; 20452482; 20453000; 20453486; 20455995; 20473759; 20482566; 20484597; 20485444; 20501419; 20501425; 20510080; 20514432; 20514437; 20514447; 20529817; 20541540; 20563853; 20565774; 20576603; 20586027; 20587546; 20590473; 20600798; 20616161; 20616708; 20625418; 20625691; 20628086; 20628624; 20634891; 20646497; 20646600; 20652762; 20654108; 20654122; 20672350; 20673868; 20685029; 20717917; 20724289; 20725135; 20730428; 20730561; 20808730; 20811691; 20843706; 20845079; 20855151; 20864363; 20887714; 20889295; 20921293; 20932173; 20936527; 20936699; 20937816; 20948207; 20963502; 20970160; 20977637; 21041295; 21041693; 21045016; 21048031; 21053100; 21086628; 21103065; 21104439; 21104440; 21116502; 21142815; 21145461; 21147512; 21148629; 21151391; 21165404; 21174062; 21174909; 21193558; 21205070; 21206012; 21212676; 21228795; 21229878; 21248144; 21261731; 21264536; 21265099; 21276823; 21277149; 21307882; 21316839; 21331614; 21334717; 21336947; 21343160; 21344498; 21349701; 21359202; 21378341; 21393869; 21397857; 21401309; 21418186; 21421877; 21427648; 21432777; 21437624; 21453685; 21454822; 21461859; 21463121; 21471148; 21478099; 21483125; 21489023; 21503582; 21515251; 21516345; 21524920; 21526499; 21531813; 21541352; 21541674; 21565179; 21569377; 21574189; 21575462; 21576412; 21590355; 21611838; 21612407; 21620625; 21620672; 21624249; 21624510; 21627988; 21630198; 21637818; 21641389; 21656154; 21661398; 21667117; 21681346; 21687932; 21694463; 21705840; 21707819; 21712445; 21721010; 21722821; 21723775; 21734530; 21735328; 21745270; 21750404; 21756063; 21760911; 21764444; 21777461; 21782323; 21784671; 21794897; 21813640; 21820153; 21839835; 21842128; 21857898; 21858102; 21858104; 21880183; 21889192; 21901248; 21908153; 21909361; 21924036; 21928345; 21938405; 21956669; 21957576; 21958210; 21965295; 21968416; 21969874; 21989104; 21993452; 22006368; 22010139; 22020421; 22024074; 22030137; 22072145; 22082680; 22094096; 22110735; 22117411; 22169692; 22199296; 22200256; 22200661; 22200690; 22200710; 22204652; 22212960; 22227305; 22237453; 22252755; 22286800; 22288519; 22289521; 22291969; 22302011; 22303700; 22309692; 22323339; 22327101; 22327326; 22336124; 22342364; 22349830; 22374248; 22391064; 22396544; 22402435; 22406112; 22428754; 22448134; 22451655; 22455335; 22460086; 22472880; 22490679; 22490851; 22493443; 22509276; 22513045; 22513785; 22515887; 22519916; 22522455; 22527932; 22527933; 22531681; 22532131; 22534113; 22534634; 22546345; 22550139; 22551568; 22577146; 22580443; 22590832; 22591362; 22618590; 22634718; 22642972; 22646815; 22651889; 22652796; 22659470; 22669775; 22672240; 22684547; 22694915; 22707264; 22727191; 22783577; 22785600; 22820140; 22835601; 22836342; 22846578; 22848537; 22863019; 22865631; 22876575; 22883193; 22883459; 22898815; 22901190; 22931588; 22936257; 22938472; 22951829; 22959677; 22960198; 22964525; 22968857; 22985025; 23005037; 23006733; 23013132; 23038275; 23043936; 23057632; 23059760; 23064462; 23093058; 23096596; 23098370; 23100088; 23107277; 23107342; 23114726; 23134156; 23136827; 23146278; 23158991; 23164104; 23166329; 23171686; 23184003; 23201304; 23205572; 23220260; 23232575; 23242659; 23254288; 23257253; 23261429; 23264224; 23271497; 23271813; 23273944; 23280016; 23292837; 23306155; 23313298; 23320481; 23333895; 23343958; 23349885; 23357697; 23364396; 23375518; 23378725; 23381805; 23384723; 23387827; 23388341; 23388475; 23390835; 23395821; 23412981; 23424616; 23428182; 23440286; 23465389; 23494562; 23498792; 23510467; 23510472; 23516489; 23544610; 23557756; 23559867; 23566884; 23577575; 23588386; 23613407; 23623988; 23637955; 23650722; 23651923; 23660954; 23661021; 23661254; 23663265; 23673111; 23676485; 23685894; 23696025; 23696797; 23705892; 23716178; 23725476; 23736018; 23737137; 23763335; 23766685; 23768069; 23773714; 23791966; 23793312; 23796708; 23807209; 23814095; 23814098; 23817219; 23819399; 23832737; 23847438; 23852912; 23855590; 23870474; 23886165; 23897811; 23915070; 23915071; 23922934; 23936390; 24037915; 24047437; 24062440; 24067484; 24122234; 24164447; 24297171; 24335416; 24344010; 24374173; 24479343; 24479348 matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72kDa gelatinase, 72kDa type IV collagenase) Ensembl:ENSG00000087245 HGNC:7166 HPRD:00386 MIM:120360 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133202 Other designations: 72 kDa gelatinase|72 kDa type IV collagenase|MMP-2|collagenase type IV-A|gelatinase A|matrix metalloproteinase-2|matrix metalloproteinase-II|neutrophil gelatinase MMP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLG4B GELB MANDP2 MMP-9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MMP9 matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase, 92kDa type IV collagenase) 4318 20q11.2-q13.1 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001501 (EC: IEA); GO_0001503 (EC: IEA); GO_0004222 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16192646); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16512877); GO_0005518 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2251898); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005578 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2251898); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2551898); GO_0007566 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2251898); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030225 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2251898); GO_0030574 (EC: TAS); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0050900 (EC: IEA); GO_0051549 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17704059) PMID: 1281792; 1371271; 1400481; 1645657; 1653055; 1653238; 1851724; 1932376; 2158484; 2251898; 2551898; 7669817; 7694569; 7762981; 7896811; 8012988; 8216228; 8426746; 8568270; 8691515; 8978762; 9261109; 9268487; 9344465; 9360944; 9378998; 9578462; 9590175; 9789069; 9878537; 10095777; 10339412; 10389762; 10419448; 10580107; 10598806; 10636480; 10642956; 10644727; 10652271; 10706134; 10796887; 10859319; 10900205; 10988146; 11023497; 11081634; 11134254; 11168762; 11179305; 11279011; 11410119; 11468147; 11486009; 11546917; 11557670; 11576356; 11606713; 11675412; 11688724; 11708786; 11742492; 11756567; 11780052; 11781819; 11813159; 11827795; 11827968; 11830485; 11833938; 11839588; 11839746; 11854622; 11875051; 11876767; 11890521; 11916008; 11920503; 11920505; 11935310; 11940298; 11956628; 11958288; 11971760; 11978564; 11986939; 11994547; 11999552; 12004062; 12029498; 12034345; 12050187; 12051944; 12054499; 12062817; 12063180; 12077439; 12081477; 12082590; 12082592; 12084167; 12103254; 12105194; 12126625; 12127674; 12183836; 12193399; 12205736; 12208863; 12219015; 12231534; 12235127; 12235151; 12356580; 12372334; 12376362; 12398893; 12414663; 12431239; 12431981; 12437116; 12443715; 12444074; 12452001; 12464265; 12471459; 12477932; 12479097; 12479099; 12559990; 12569569; 12586837; 12587534; 12589095; 12606037; 12612199; 12615834; 12626459; 12642591; 12651627; 12663332; 12668489; 12671895; 12704537; 12712078; 12717622; 12717827; 12724312; 12727228; 12728308; 12745093; 12750540; 12753719; 12769333; 12789238; 12791318; 12810681; 12811828; 12824186; 12830465; 12847101; 12850503; 12861851; 12865405; 12866035; 12874388; 12879005; 12880418; 12914776; 12921631; 12947332; 12949792; 12950257; 12952836; 12958623; 12960156; 12960961; 12967855; 12970724; 14500349; 14520690; 14550288; 14550924; 14551878; 14561155; 14581136; 14605329; 14607966; 14624478; 14633819; 14644158; 14661062; 14661256; 14675172; 14676438; 14681642; 14687896; 14697951; 14705229; 14719079; 14744773; 14766231; 14767860; 14963289; 14973177; 14981939; 14982353; 14983226; 14990702; 15009705; 15015767; 15022328; 15033492; 15034761; 15064242; 15067014; 15070833; 15075244; 15084374; 15085249; 15094060; 15105396; 15118287; 15122332; 15123665; 15131051; 15132991; 15146197; 15165255; 15169910; 15191941; 15201662; 15204835; 15212936; 15214991; 15223247; 15239215; 15241180; 15247301; 15248826; 15254682; 15256791; 15265790; 15271946; 15277439; 15288392; 15311942; 15313474; 15316122; 15327032; 15328199; 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17077165; 17077200; 17089188; 17091328; 17109104; 17110919; 17116693; 17126384; 17129456; 17134708; 17137622; 17137715; 17151782; 17161405; 17161406; 17163537; 17174275; 17175378; 17176047; 17178858; 17182940; 17186550; 17200207; 17205957; 17208328; 17214970; 17221318; 17222798; 17223007; 17224907; 17226791; 17237723; 17243139; 17261792; 17275003; 17275949; 17278189; 17289174; 17298441; 17299841; 17310847; 17311279; 17311292; 17320450; 17320799; 17332331; 17334233; 17346338; 17350093; 17357517; 17364896; 17367869; 17383306; 17384080; 17389601; 17394006; 17397984; 17407789; 17418871; 17437609; 17448043; 17448220; 17465457; 17473191; 17475671; 17485071; 17486447; 17487763; 17488482; 17489740; 17493172; 17493236; 17493602; 17498910; 17502998; 17505560; 17531242; 17540340; 17541305; 17546628; 17559070; 17559909; 17562263; 17564313; 17572184; 17572495; 17572998; 17574455; 17575075; 17581602; 17581988; 17582780; 17589947; 17597813; 17599356; 17599818; 17601679; 17607721; 17611666; 17617834; 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21321391; 21336947; 21349701; 21354279; 21355964; 21367627; 21371122; 21376533; 21389674; 21391238; 21391788; 21393869; 21401309; 21424088; 21425178; 21425912; 21427648; 21428178; 21429222; 21430243; 21437624; 21437990; 21439274; 21442180; 21454378; 21454822; 21455563; 21455583; 21455597; 21461577; 21461859; 21462131; 21463121; 21473134; 21481333; 21485219; 21491088; 21496113; 21503582; 21503589; 21505993; 21506705; 21515251; 21516345; 21519142; 21525012; 21535601; 21541352; 21541674; 21550738; 21553521; 21557297; 21559401; 21559835; 21565179; 21567393; 21574189; 21577212; 21600177; 21601305; 21612954; 21616098; 21620482; 21620625; 21620672; 21621856; 21624249; 21641584; 21652634; 21655354; 21663729; 21664966; 21667159; 21672616; 21676452; 21678108; 21681346; 21687932; 21707819; 21707906; 21710351; 21710717; 21717058; 21718298; 21721010; 21723775; 21726963; 21733941; 21735328; 21737808; 21740772; 21742938; 21750188; 21752154; 21760532; 21760911; 21762266; 21763143; 21764478; 21764480; 21777517; 21781516; 21791204; 21802713; 21813510; 21814723; 21819758; 21824169; 21833719; 21839130; 21840940; 21842128; 21844877; 21855630; 21857898; 21857935; 21860087; 21861843; 21867689; 21872914; 21873432; 21881840; 21882477; 21889192; 21900582; 21913037; 21915713; 21922298; 21923032; 21928345; 21933581; 21933988; 21936677; 21940962; 21946941; 21956669; 21957576; 21958210; 21959615; 21963461; 21963570; 21963718; 21965756; 21969093; 21975935; 21983728; 21989104; 21993004; 21993452; 22005258; 22009750; 22020222; 22027013; 22030137; 22041445; 22052126; 22053594; 22086927; 22092736; 22094096; 22094285; 22107133; 22112973; 22113040; 22116092; 22117411; 22118839; 22121096; 22126484; 22132194; 22138288; 22139647; 22142952; 22151540; 22167195; 22178867; 22194464; 22197032; 22197408; 22200256; 22200563; 22200661; 22200690; 22204652; 22206665; 22210296; 22213073; 22215147; 22220395; 22220905; 22227305; 22228328; 22229442; 22232962; 22234512; 22237453; 22237587; 22241750; 22244537; 22252121; 22253805; 22259987; 22270366; 22272343; 22275073; 22278305; 22280559; 22288519; 22289521; 22289522; 22289852; 22291969; 22303700; 22304569; 22305865; 22309286; 22309692; 22321809; 22327326; 22336124; 22343748; 22391064; 22392094; 22394598; 22395516; 22395947; 22402435; 22402936; 22406112; 22406264; 22407864; 22410369; 22428754; 22433859; 22433968; 22439866; 22446321; 22448134; 22455335; 22459050; 22461694; 22465218; 22465234; 22472880; 22490156; 22490851; 22496335; 22513045; 22514348; 22516898; 22527933; 22528837; 22531699; 22532131; 22534634; 22541398; 22542663; 22547904; 22550024; 22573202; 22581515; 22582506; 22582975; 22591361; 22591362; 22608171; 22613329; 22619232; 22640376; 22640735; 22645431; 22646815; 22658256; 22664146; 22667130; 22674412; 22675930; 22677171; 22684547; 22684781; 22692967; 22694915; 22695075; 22697069; 22706255; 22710862; 22727497; 22729913; 22730324; 22738689; 22740037; 22740332; 22752570; 22773464; 22782080; 22796276; 22806308; 22808470; 22809399; 22810092; 22819245; 22821546; 22829602; 22832979; 22847199; 22848630; 22860023; 22863720; 22865631; 22866313; 22868188; 22878890; 22879913; 22880464; 22883193; 22883281; 22883459; 22884843; 22887854; 22888638; 22890115; 22906271; 22907074; 22914468; 22922035; 22923171; 22931588; 22936257; 22938481; 22942228; 22950839; 22954486; 22955446; 22957785; 22960198; 22964525; 22967049; 22969161; 22974233; 22977287; 22984561; 22985578; 22990627; 22994087; 23010359; 23011799; 23016931; 23018543; 23019342; 23031673; 23054355; 23064462; 23071279; 23076139; 23085464; 23091417; 23100088; 23104504; 23107277; 23107342; 23110201; 23114726; 23122824; 23123160; 23128233; 23134156; 23136157; 23146278; 23150684; 23151854; 23170789; 23175213; 23176145; 23179648; 23182966; 23183822; 23190621; 23201304; 23213753; 23221126; 23229548; 23232575; 23238437; 23240894; 23249715; 23252412; 23257253; 23257658; 23258534; 23263825; 23264211; 23269605; 23271730; 23273944; 23288142; 23292863; 23295196; 23303633; 23306155; 23307113; 23313298; 23317273; 23320481; 23326131; 23328249; 23341882; 23343958; 23349885; 23350235; 23353996; 23356642; 23372434; 23373240; 23375032; 23377317; 23387490; 23387827; 23388475; 23390835; 23401127; 23401274; 23409137; 23441116; 23454149; 23456480; 23476138; 23490413; 23504993; 23509357; 23510467; 23510472; 23516489; 23525277; 23525523; 23526143; 23536722; 23544610; 23547785; 23550278; 23554968; 23555986; 23557756; 23559867; 23566884; 23570558; 23575435; 23580092; 23601700; 23606791; 23615401; 23617547; 23637955; 23639553; 23650722; 23657566; 23660954; 23661254; 23663265; 23673111; 23679245; 23681803; 23696797; 23696833; 23697266; 23708302; 23715826; 23725476; 23742776; 23762835; 23768069; 23770289; 23770367; 23792205; 23793312; 23794948; 23801886; 23805466; 23807209; 23807291; 23814095; 23819814; 23824974; 23825535; 23829879; 23847438; 23870474; 23886165; 23897811; 23901237; 23908067; 23922934; 23936495; 23987197; 23991961; 23993112; 24025248; 24039251; 24065232; 24067484; 24072693; 24075964; 24099107; 24099425; 24122234; 24136650; 24141084; 24174628; 24210229; 24291031; 24297171; 24326842; 24330623; 24335416; 24344010; 24344026; 24374173; 24479343; 24479348 matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase, 92kDa type IV collagenase) Ensembl:ENSG00000100985 HGNC:7176 HPRD:00387 MIM:120361 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033044 Other designations: 92 kDa gelatinase|92 kDa type IV collagenase|macrophage gelatinase|matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase, 92kDa type IV collagenase)|matrix metalloproteinase-9|type V collagenase MMP9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MOX1 MOX2 MRC OX-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CD200 CD200 molecule 4345 My033 3q13.2 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3032785); GO_0050776 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2902568; 3032785; 10981966; 11099416; 11260322; 11726033; 12477932; 12960329; 15489334; 15699757; 15955564; 16177086; 16303743; 16344560; 16354172; 17964286; 18008004; 18040859; 18060403; 18060862; 18164423; 18838168; 18946351; 19086995; 19151626; 19230971; 19386363; 20050020; 20375636; 20379614; 20442224; 20959655; 21164290; 21206086; 21982860; 21988832; 22064604; 22319630; 22334534; 22363701; 22430636; 22462561; 22496920; 22575528; 22621248; 22875025; 22899296; 23179394; 23206327; 23489112; 23541619; 23560298; 23643150; 23690219; 23841472; 24045551; 24183830; 24344047 CD200 molecule Ensembl:ENSG00000091972 HGNC:7203 MIM:155970 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159248 Other designations: CD200 antigen|MRC OX-2 antigen|OX-2 membrane glycoprotein|antigen identified by monoclonal antibody MRC OX-2 CD200 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B-MYB BMYB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MYBL2 v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2 4605 20q13.1 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000086 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17159899); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0031523 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: TAS); GO_0090307 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1376749; 1717494; 1984793; 3060855; 7642110; 8062924; 8123011; 8125298; 8142646; 8314782; 8812502; 9012818; 9840932; 10095772; 10544265; 10593981; 10645009; 10656684; 10744766; 10766737; 10770937; 10871850; 11259168; 11264176; 11423988; 11522824; 11733503; 11780052; 11973331; 11997503; 12439743; 12475768; 12477932; 12645566; 12673206; 12748276; 12927788; 12947099; 14506250; 14769798; 15256398; 15302935; 15489334; 15618219; 16055500; 16476973; 16551698; 17081983; 17098733; 17159899; 17531812; 17563750; 17588787; 17671431; 18026132; 18548008; 18676680; 19016757; 19043454; 19170196; 19383908; 19471022; 19625176; 19692168; 19725879; 19821490; 20211142; 20360068; 20734103; 20857481; 20864510; 21148321; 21187425; 21304178; 21367750; 21419759; 21480327; 21693764; 21900206; 21988832; 22910183; 23032261; 23555285; 24199710 v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000101057 HGNC:7548 HPRD:03247 MIM:601415 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033062 Other designations: myb-like protein 2|myb-related protein B|v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2 MYBL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MRTL MYCC bHLHe39 c-Myc WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MYC v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog 4609 8q24.21 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9924025); GO_0000165 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17873522); GO_0001658 (EC: ISS); GO_0002053 (EC: ISS); GO_0003677 (EC: ISS); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10597290); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9924025); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10597290); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11793365); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17558397); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17558397); GO_0005819 (EC: IEA); GO_0006112 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9924025); GO_0006338 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: TAS); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0006879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9924025); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17873522); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10962037); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS); GO_0007219 (EC: TAS); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15674325); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15994933); GO_0010332 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19179467); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010468 (EC: IDA); GO_0015671 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9924025); GO_0032204 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17765874); GO_0032403 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18987311); GO_0032873 (EC: ISS); GO_0034644 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17873522); GO_0035690 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17873522); GO_0042493 (EC: IEP, PMID: 18291362); GO_0043066 (EC: ISS); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17873522); GO_0043280 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19179467); GO_0044346 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10962037); GO_0045656 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9924025); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10962037); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9924025); GO_0045944 (EC: TAS); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA); GO_0048146 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18987311); GO_0048146 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15674325); GO_0048147 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10962037); GO_0050679 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18987311); GO_0051276 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10962037); GO_0051782 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10962037); GO_0060070 (EC: IDA); GO_0070491 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15674325); GO_0070848 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18987311); GO_0070888 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18818310); GO_0090096 (EC: ISS); GO_2000573 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9924025); GO_2001022 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19179467) PMID: 1318011; 1559612; 1597196; 1651323; 1748630; 1914517; 2006410; 2430795; 2663470; 2834731; 3033665; 3243428; 3277717; 3540591; 3778453; 6298632; 6304538; 6304729; 6321164; 6324175; 6414718; 6419122; 6431612; 6547209; 6578511; 6714223; 7565735; 7642555; 7651436; 7729426; 7838535; 7892279; 7957875; 8076603; 8220424; 8224841; 8247524; 8266081; 8377829; 8386367; 8668343; 8755740; 9129988; 9155018; 9184233; 9187264; 9207092; 9308237; 9312026; 9315742; 9461566; 9528857; 9680483; 9689053; 9708738; 9788437; 9792694; 9797456; 9924025; 9927431; 10229200; 10319872; 10380878; 10421840; 10446203; 10465786; 10551811; 10593926; 10597290; 10611234; 10899308; 10918583; 10962037; 11046155; 11182042; 11208609; 11274368; 11282029; 11283613; 11306501; 11311202; 11431533; 11441001; 11443860; 11509179; 11511539; 11567024; 11585818; 11602341; 11673469; 11777933; 11793365; 11795828; 11804592; 11817538; 11839798; 11840336; 11844794; 11848444; 11848471; 11850082; 11861398; 11877042; 11877298; 11877389; 11891322; 11909963; 11916966; 11956070; 11960382; 11968011; 12027803; 12031912; 12032779; 12036888; 12049739; 12072203; 12077335; 12080043; 12082260; 12091391; 12130502; 12149248; 12149649; 12177005; 12196529; 12209953; 12213716; 12226097; 12237776; 12356725; 12360279; 12362975; 12379776; 12391307; 12394763; 12420224; 12435808; 12446731; 12452058; 12477932; 12490316; 12509468; 12529648; 12538578; 12545156; 12553908; 12562237; 12575534; 12584560; 12637327; 12637527; 12644583; 12646176; 12660246; 12673205; 12688321; 12706874; 12721301; 12729735; 12748187; 12769844; 12776177; 12776737; 12783888; 12808131; 12818373; 12821782; 12824159; 12824180; 12829833; 12842909; 12855588; 12857727; 12873812; 12909717; 12944920; 12963825; 12970749; 14532990; 14559996; 14563837; 14576301; 14612409; 14625288; 14645543; 14645547; 14663479; 14663583; 14672406; 14697225; 14724288; 14744757; 14749374; 14760071; 14769798; 14991929; 15048125; 15067010; 15071503; 15077166; 15083194; 15084259; 15098029; 15103331; 15108364; 15126105; 15150404; 15160911; 15190416; 15191563; 15192039; 15198123; 15199070; 15199147; 15210690; 15243561; 15282543; 15286700; 15287031; 15355849; 15358760; 15361884; 15457447; 15459488; 15468060; 15474507; 15489334; 15498494; 15502847; 15516975; 15522869; 15528212; 15542830; 15572685; 15580293; 15595642; 15601838; 15616584; 15616592; 15629428; 15645079; 15663936; 15674325; 15688026; 15697230; 15716988; 15723053; 15723054; 15735755; 15739117; 15743499; 15756435; 15763593; 15769738; 15780936; 15800668; 15808510; 15839202; 15856024; 15878876; 15910003; 15929079; 15937962; 15944709; 15965094; 15972952; 15986448; 15988031; 15991278; 15992821; 15994933; 16007143; 16023596; 16081735; 16085756; 16094360; 16107691; 16107734; 16116477; 16126174; 16139224; 16140957; 16167342; 16169462; 16172399; 16173081; 16174239; 16201965; 16205115; 16210249; 16247449; 16260605; 16269333; 16287840; 16293596; 16295419; 16308474; 16316993; 16328057; 16352593; 16367922; 16376880; 16378632; 16410719; 16410805; 16423995; 16423996; 16432227; 16455494; 16466700; 16478988; 16490593; 16494045; 16508012; 16537449; 16537801; 16541139; 16543245; 16552729; 16554306; 16572399; 16582589; 16596619; 16628215; 16631470; 16675879; 16682952; 16690525; 16705173; 16706751; 16724113; 16785237; 16788099; 16797278; 16809765; 16857742; 16874304; 16878156; 16940161; 16964280; 16984727; 16996503; 17001014; 17028906; 17046748; 17050536; 17070983; 17072308; 17081983; 17082179; 17082780; 17093053; 17114293; 17141659; 17145812; 17146437; 17146439; 17151361; 17157259; 17158641; 17159920; 17170079; 17219990; 17264126; 17268552; 17289033; 17297307; 17308053; 17310999; 17314511; 17353931; 17363738; 17401363; 17401366; 17404030; 17404512; 17418410; 17419941; 17419945; 17431415; 17444495; 17445886; 17452451; 17466258; 17466981; 17471507; 17482131; 17485441; 17486099; 17503467; 17525531; 17541401; 17558397; 17560940; 17567920; 17568564; 17573914; 17587243; 17597761; 17599065; 17606868; 17613764; 17616526; 17622571; 17632056; 17634226; 17643117; 17646408; 17656250; 17670825; 17698969; 17699159; 17700029; 17700062; 17704800; 17706770; 17726380; 17728244; 17765874; 17766436; 17784791; 17785433; 17785457; 17822678; 17873522; 17877160; 17881732; 17881904; 17885207; 17908964; 17913706; 17917571; 17927853; 17959148; 17967894; 17989722; 17993259; 18003922; 18024371; 18026954; 18059336; 18059365; 18060517; 18066065; 18084761; 18085637; 18089500; 18157115; 18190704; 18204787; 18206534; 18206725; 18216297; 18235046; 18240345; 18242516; 18247372; 18256156; 18256542; 18262050; 18271930; 18291362; 18292777; 18297523; 18308950; 18314492; 18320361; 18321953; 18323656; 18345030; 18348166; 18348176; 18349290; 18365874; 18369647; 18375382; 18381641; 18382371; 18393360; 18398700; 18408012; 18413597; 18422165; 18426604; 18426731; 18433872; 18451027; 18460403; 18483244; 18483343; 18490439; 18498136; 18535662; 18542060; 18544539; 18556416; 18559552; 18562319; 18566574; 18567993; 18586674; 18593994; 18597608; 18621930; 18623111; 18628098; 18628958; 18632605; 18642056; 18647998; 18676680; 18677108; 18679422; 18713946; 18714337; 18722373; 18752058; 18752503; 18754028; 18776924; 18780787; 18782427; 18794855; 18808065; 18809243; 18813796; 18813857; 18816594; 18818310; 18818322; 18838534; 18851746; 18852287; 18923429; 18932273; 18937283; 18950845; 18953412; 18985155; 18987311; 18987359; 19008924; 19017648; 19020659; 19020761; 19022255; 19022256; 19022773; 19033664; 19038003; 19061835; 19061838; 19084934; 19086036; 19087307; 19111069; 19118200; 19119907; 19126644; 19131971; 19134217; 19143767; 19147754; 19164469; 19170058; 19170196; 19174556; 19176757; 19179467; 19180571; 19202062; 19204574; 19211792; 19219026; 19259613; 19269368; 19270750; 19276364; 19287990; 19322201; 19330026; 19330811; 19331129; 19332536; 19336552; 19351506; 19358757; 19364925; 19379561; 19387923; 19395026; 19398483; 19407242; 19453846; 19454499; 19461583; 19470954; 19481339; 19497851; 19524285; 19535347; 19549807; 19549847; 19554081; 19560862; 19561607; 19562729; 19564413; 19568426; 19573080; 19574298; 19575869; 19578763; 19581307; 19586553; 19594747; 19596917; 19596922; 19597184; 19602047; 19623651; 19625176; 19633646; 19672269; 19673870; 19684017; 19690609; 19692168; 19696787; 19700410; 19704118; 19729955; 19730683; 19740707; 19748357; 19755676; 19766114; 19773279; 19786833; 19787269; 19815507; 19818711; 19821490; 19840458; 19843847; 19855079; 19857615; 19881537; 19895682; 19900447; 19908297; 19923826; 19934275; 19956635; 19966299; 19966300; 19996270; 20008140; 20008325; 20010808; 20010876; 20063409; 20065031; 20071475; 20086171; 20087644; 20113841; 20118770; 20133585; 20133671; 20143187; 20144848; 20170530; 20173740; 20190818; 20194507; 20195357; 20208519; 20212154; 20215511; 20221419; 20232342; 20233711; 20300622; 20308430; 20348956; 20359089; 20378577; 20379146; 20382893; 20383333; 20402410; 20416159; 20423888; 20426839; 20434984; 20440510; 20442643; 20453196; 20473309; 20487546; 20493879; 20498406; 20509972; 20515470; 20520840; 20551172; 20561405; 20562918; 20564213; 20573831; 20579853; 20596624; 20598117; 20607354; 20634801; 20643075; 20647308; 20659471; 20661666; 20662834; 20691906; 20697356; 20714214; 20716114; 20716118; 20737197; 20737421; 20820186; 20848231; 20852628; 20852632; 20873543; 20878079; 20890087; 20936779; 20946988; 20949568; 20950152; 20956327; 20962620; 20970423; 20972266; 20972438; 20974848; 20974860; 20981461; 21036740; 21039844; 21048031; 21054888; 21059853; 21059911; 21060841; 21073496; 21092188; 21098095; 21098324; 21113618; 21120662; 21129250; 21131959; 21135252; 21138684; 21148746; 21150319; 21173787; 21187426; 21217079; 21219856; 21242960; 21245140; 21262914; 21264535; 21284881; 21298377; 21302450; 21317922; 21324178; 21336720; 21346144; 21378543; 21383696; 21390222; 21394210; 21400515; 21405945; 21406394; 21406400; 21412688; 21419292; 21435462; 21441954; 21447796; 21460180; 21468039; 21478095; 21478429; 21497295; 21527520; 21533051; 21556123; 21557726; 21575199; 21610111; 21618595; 21620836; 21627565; 21628855; 21638011; 21640157; 21643008; 21646687; 21667531; 21668996; 21692100; 21693596; 21693764; 21708481; 21724525; 21741827; 21769863; 21774525; 21781227; 21783402; 21793975; 21795698; 21807902; 21808024; 21833088; 21835891; 21851818; 21856782; 21862873; 21876152; 21878679; 21882178; 21885567; 21890444; 21890473; 21903590; 21906983; 21908617; 21909081; 21913186; 21915097; 21941025; 21941367; 21949397; 21963094; 21969377; 21975934; 21986497; 21987572; 21988832; 21998677; 22002311; 22002575; 22005580; 22010341; 22011035; 22015605; 22016811; 22020439; 22022427; 22025562; 22037351; 22068108; 22081066; 22090452; 22094256; 22108803; 22120970; 22121953; 22128178; 22145969; 22155254; 22157079; 22158906; 22159222; 22168746; 22169291; 22172699; 22178210; 22184109; 22186139; 22205151; 22235332; 22245592; 22249265; 22253833; 22281794; 22285861; 22286234; 22307329; 22310977; 22314191; 22317895; 22326218; 22327960; 22328504; 22330139; 22333584; 22333947; 22364879; 22371483; 22383169; 22384171; 22393362; 22417306; 22429595; 22430491; 22448750; 22453922; 22456335; 22484426; 22484818; 22496461; 22505724; 22510570; 22535747; 22543587; 22545246; 22547830; 22573578; 22573825; 22578181; 22581054; 22614067; 22615405; 22623531; 22623730; 22661084; 22665062; 22665537; 22670178; 22706665; 22707729; 22710719; 22713676; 22733550; 22736142; 22739149; 22754359; 22768805; 22791812; 22801218; 22804688; 22814375; 22826122; 22826319; 22833560; 22842522; 22844532; 22851565; 22863009; 22880082; 22884659; 22887866; 22889122; 22897848; 22912356; 22941468; 22942279; 22945648; 22949148; 22957790; 22967991; 22976378; 22986535; 22992334; 22999547; 23000965; 23012230; 23012233; 23018644; 23024800; 23029531; 23042398; 23045412; 23053136; 23062488; 23071356; 23079660; 23079661; 23088399; 23089465; 23106691; 23108410; 23112173; 23113893; 23135913; 23143306; 23143645; 23145106; 23155275; 23175515; 23177619; 23178486; 23178487; 23237560; 23237807; 23239811; 23243310; 23249808; 23250739; 23266555; 23266556; 23269272; 23277542; 23291854; 23308051; 23318434; 23330001; 23335369; 23341364; 23355209; 23364919; 23380875; 23389829; 23424671; 23438603; 23449635; 23455924; 23466707; 23468463; 23504319; 23507140; 23509080; 23521519; 23530127; 23532756; 23535729; 23535730; 23538750; 23552692; 23555992; 23560086; 23560736; 23574779; 23576579; 23578955; 23583198; 23588620; 23588859; 23589839; 23601184; 23603171; 23603392; 23613397; 23649631; 23704919; 23714368; 23716601; 23720054; 23770341; 23775087; 23776131; 23791182; 23792459; 23797802; 23816886; 23817571; 23821202; 23860446; 23860775; 23861098; 23894778; 23901000; 23907459; 23908595; 23930820; 23939148; 23982173; 23994632; 24009228; 24036151; 24053468; 24063893; 24095110; 24140063; 24157866; 24169826; 24216476; 24249258; 24259667; 24272483; 24316975; 24333422 v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog Ensembl:ENSG00000136997 HGNC:7553 HPRD:01818 MIM:190080 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128475 Other designations: avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog|class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 39|myc proto-oncogene protein|myc-related translation/localization regulatory factor|proto-oncogene c-Myc|transcription factor p64|v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog MYC Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MODED MYCNOT N-myc NMYC ODED bHLHe37 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MYCN v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog 4613 2p24.3 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000785 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3796607); GO_0001502 (EC: IEA); GO_0002053 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10597290); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10597290); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10597290); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3796607); GO_0010942 (EC: IEA); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0042733 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA); GO_0048704 (EC: IEA); GO_0048712 (EC: IEA); GO_0048754 (EC: IEA); GO_2000378 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1419902; 1425701; 1549498; 1695323; 2006410; 2582423; 2834684; 2869488; 2987858; 3008339; 3299258; 3437890; 3510398; 3552210; 3796607; 3940169; 6575396; 6700732; 6719137; 6728001; 8668343; 9856457; 10229200; 10407192; 10597290; 10677303; 11593398; 11602341; 11826111; 11850545; 11861392; 11881792; 12153570; 12192602; 12219017; 12232763; 12438307; 12477932; 12545167; 12569580; 12660036; 12670915; 12808116; 12819037; 12907629; 14645238; 14647433; 14719101; 14737110; 15117961; 15198123; 15218241; 15258910; 15302935; 15314226; 15316056; 15331636; 15489334; 15547663; 15632181; 15644444; 15660126; 15833843; 16166307; 16278682; 16516635; 16596176; 16906565; 16912187; 16912192; 17020972; 17023822; 17055458; 17172827; 17213019; 17289033; 17327229; 17464317; 17495526; 17506115; 17525631; 17535087; 17554788; 17611020; 17643814; 17704800; 17710228; 18004567; 18059033; 18097563; 18165268; 18198336; 18278068; 18281664; 18335505; 18348317; 18391076; 18470948; 18488021; 18504438; 18591937; 18610847; 18671284; 18769732; 18785023; 18851746; 18949372; 18955045; 19006223; 19047142; 19047152; 19061778; 19111882; 19208763; 19301388; 19401549; 19495417; 19608868; 19615087; 19649205; 19656550; 19724862; 19766596; 19852433; 19885598; 19924232; 19946337; 19956635; 19997598; 20007697; 20017904; 20080637; 20103633; 20144241; 20145147; 20173740; 20179233; 20180881; 20190806; 20236072; 20301770; 20332316; 20395439; 20409325; 20424123; 20425471; 20478998; 20575024; 20607354; 20697349; 20719933; 20811720; 20946988; 20961996; 20980091; 21046119; 21073496; 21112821; 21123453; 21173028; 21214410; 21224895; 21258086; 21288077; 21297076; 21304178; 21370425; 21378543; 21384249; 21498633; 21501490; 21508638; 21533284; 21572098; 21646478; 21698133; 21725357; 21731748; 21750863; 21796614; 21796619; 21822304; 21856782; 21862876; 21882282; 21908575; 21929510; 21963094; 22035742; 22052359; 22065083; 22068108; 22090452; 22120721; 22123490; 22146831; 22202125; 22218692; 22286764; 22337647; 22383024; 22439933; 22484425; 22544364; 22623531; 22624711; 22751132; 22907398; 22907436; 22921766; 22952844; 22975311; 23042116; 23091029; 23152863; 23186832; 23284291; 23284678; 23308108; 23317189; 23320395; 23341988; 23358695; 23362253; 23430699; 23498719; 23563570; 23578955; 23639551; 23812427; 23901000; 23962557; 24011394; 24130166; 24260886 v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog Ensembl:ENSG00000134323 HGNC:7559 HPRD:01278 MIM:164840 Vega:OTTHUMG00000039579 Other designations: N-myc proto-oncogene protein|class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 37|neuroblastoma MYC oncogene|neuroblastoma-derived v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene|oncogene NMYC|pp65/67 MYCN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GADD45BETA MYD118 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GADD45B growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta 4616 19p13.3 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000185 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0000186 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12052864); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0006469 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006950 (EC: IEA); GO_0007275 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0046330 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA); GO_1900745 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9827804) PMID: 1899477; 8700517; 8889548; 9151207; 9827804; 10101024; 10773677; 10828065; 10872826; 10973963; 11078829; 11498536; 12052864; 12124778; 12162804; 12477932; 12716909; 12759252; 12855571; 14630914; 14743220; 15057824; 15342556; 15489334; 15509538; 15546867; 15616591; 15642734; 16144844; 16256071; 17437852; 17485467; 17591973; 18343408; 18515079; 18576389; 19064572; 19834918; 19877043; 20530689; 20558744; 20942912; 21062976; 21127053; 21139048; 21810943; 22048458; 22096849; 22797925; 23110778; 24104471; 24104474 growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta Ensembl:ENSG00000099860 HGNC:4096 HPRD:05382 MIM:604948 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180434 Other designations: growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta|myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD118|negative growth regulatory protein MyD118 GADD45B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NAP1 NAP1L NRP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NAP1L1 nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 4673 12q21.2 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11940655); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8297347); GO_0006334 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8297347); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7821789; 8297347; 11073993; 11940655; 12477932; 12777385; 14702039; 14966293; 15308774; 15345747; 15489334; 16169070; 16196087; 16287874; 16565220; 16964243; 17081065; 17081983; 17339334; 17620599; 17725712; 18226242; 18781797; 18985028; 19322201; 19339032; 19471022; 19884766; 19888548; 20002496; 20195357; 20473970; 20639865; 20697350; 20972266; 21044950; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21319273; 21333655; 21565611; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22134777; 22145905; 22174317; 22242598; 22505724; 22586326; 22810585; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23251661; 23438482; 23455922; 23691099; 23824909 nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000187109 HGNC:7637 HPRD:01248 MIM:164060 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169786 Other designations: HSP22-like protein interacting protein|NAP-1 related protein|NAP-1-related protein|hNRP NAP1L1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CMT1F CMT2E NF-L NF68 NFL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NEFL neurofilament, light polypeptide 4747 8p21 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12432080); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12837694); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005883 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15857389); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS); GO_0008022 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12226091); GO_0008089 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15857389); GO_0008090 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15857389); GO_0019896 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15857389); GO_0030424 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14662745); GO_0030674 (EC: ISS); GO_0033596 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 12226091); GO_0033693 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12432080); GO_0033693 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15857389); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12432080); GO_0045109 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12432080) PMID: 1497855; 1902666; 2516804; 3034332; 3036423; 3121319; 3145240; 6135695; 8125298; 8180132; 8344946; 8530496; 8615909; 8621664; 8665664; 8863508; 9388258; 9425014; 9481670; 9763415; 10373510; 10841809; 11220745; 12133495; 12226091; 12231460; 12403814; 12432080; 12477167; 12477932; 12481988; 12566280; 12730211; 12815021; 12837694; 12911634; 14622581; 14662745; 14733962; 15111691; 15122254; 15241803; 15324660; 15383276; 15489334; 15654615; 15686490; 15857389; 16084104; 16169070; 16344560; 16452125; 16678934; 16930284; 17052987; 17290105; 17475803; 17620486; 17683050; 17903209; 17923616; 18023247; 18758688; 19034380; 19110265; 19123978; 19158810; 19286384; 19488899; 19678766; 19950375; 20039262; 20086018; 20201926; 20213320; 20301366; 20301384; 20301462; 20381070; 21039366; 21044950; 21139048; 21197541; 21860087; 21890473; 21983493; 22246235; 22288874; 22302611; 22319610; 22586326; 22680408; 22765307; 22797925; 23455924; 23705811; 23827424; 23870535; 24244333 neurofilament, light polypeptide HGNC:7739 HPRD:01206 MIM:162280 Other designations: light molecular weight neurofilament protein|neurofilament light polypeptide|neurofilament protein, light chain|neurofilament subunit NF-L|neurofilament triplet L protein|neurofilament, light polypeptide 68kDa NEFL Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NFNS VRNF WSS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NF1 neurofibromin 1 4763 17q11.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000165 (EC: ISS); GO_0001649 (EC: ISS); GO_0001656 (EC: ISS); GO_0001666 (EC: ISS); GO_0001889 (EC: ISS); GO_0001937 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16648142); GO_0001938 (EC: IEA); GO_0001952 (EC: ISS); GO_0001953 (EC: IEA); GO_0005099 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1568247); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11356864); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS, PMID: 1550670); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS, PMID: 1550670); GO_0006469 (EC: ISS); GO_0007154 (EC: ISS); GO_0007265 (EC: ISS); GO_0007406 (EC: ISS); GO_0007420 (EC: ISS); GO_0007422 (EC: ISS); GO_0007507 (EC: ISS); GO_0007519 (EC: IEA); GO_0008429 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17187824); GO_0008542 (EC: ISS); GO_0008625 (EC: IEA); GO_0014044 (EC: ISS); GO_0014065 (EC: ISS); GO_0016525 (EC: IEA); GO_0021510 (EC: ISS); GO_0021897 (EC: ISS); GO_0021915 (EC: IEA); GO_0021987 (EC: ISS); GO_0022011 (EC: ISS); GO_0030036 (EC: ISS); GO_0030198 (EC: ISS); GO_0030199 (EC: ISS); GO_0030325 (EC: ISS); GO_0030336 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16648142); GO_0030424 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1550670); GO_0030425 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1550670); GO_0031210 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17187824); GO_0031235 (EC: IBA); GO_0032228 (EC: IEA); GO_0032318 (EC: IMP, PMID: 1570015); GO_0032320 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2121371); GO_0032320 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16648142); GO_0032320 (EC: ISS); GO_0035021 (EC: IEA); GO_0042060 (EC: ISS); GO_0042992 (EC: ISS); GO_0043065 (EC: ISS); GO_0043407 (EC: ISS); GO_0043409 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16648142); GO_0043409 (EC: ISS); GO_0043473 (EC: ISS); GO_0043525 (EC: ISS); GO_0043535 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17404841); GO_0045124 (EC: ISS); GO_0045671 (EC: IEA); GO_0045685 (EC: ISS); GO_0045762 (EC: ISS); GO_0045765 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17404841); GO_0046580 (EC: IBA); GO_0046929 (EC: IEA); GO_0048147 (EC: ISS); GO_0048169 (EC: IEA); GO_0048485 (EC: ISS); GO_0048593 (EC: ISS); GO_0048712 (EC: IEA); GO_0048715 (EC: ISS); GO_0048745 (EC: ISS); GO_0048844 (EC: ISS); GO_0048853 (EC: ISS); GO_0050890 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17299016); GO_1902043 (EC: IEA); GO_2001241 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1302608; 1329097; 1339276; 1457041; 1550670; 1568247; 1570015; 1662505; 1715669; 1719426; 1745350; 1757093; 1783401; 1923522; 1937470; 2114220; 2116237; 2121370; 2121371; 2125369; 2134734; 2491776; 7519874; 7570581; 7633431; 7633452; 7649559; 7686513; 7774960; 7874161; 7903661; 7904209; 7959746; 7981679; 7981724; 8069310; 8081387; 8176268; 8317503; 8417346; 8544190; 8602361; 8619474; 8628317; 8664912; 8807336; 8825042; 8825634; 8834249; 8836031; 8931693; 9002664; 9003501; 9101300; 9110174; 9150739; 9298829; 9300663; 9529361; 9639526; 9668168; 9706718; 10220149; 10336779; 10553997; 10607834; 10625171; 10712197; 10721668; 10862698; 11140831; 11258625; 11356864; 11704931; 11727199; 11727265; 11735023; 11748857; 11751683; 11754043; 11857752; 11896214; 11896613; 11934389; 12073021; 12077339; 12095621; 12152785; 12191989; 12199909; 12368469; 12387455; 12438263; 12477932; 12483293; 12522551; 12552569; 12566521; 12660952; 12707950; 12730209; 12746402; 12807981; 12872266; 12963615; 13679444; 13680360; 14647436; 14722914; 14988005; 15096131; 15146197; 15146469; 15233998; 15302935; 15342556; 15371411; 15389774; 15520408; 15523626; 15523642; 15583390; 15627836; 15735964; 15767669; 15944227; 15988004; 15999204; 16005615; 16081245; 16083285; 16116616; 16138909; 16169856; 16199547; 16344560; 16374483; 16380919; 16405917; 16467218; 16470740; 16479075; 16565220; 16644864; 16648142; 16741618; 16773574; 16813595; 16830335; 16835260; 16835897; 16908010; 16914719; 16944271; 16944272; 17036045; 17053831; 17096025; 17102080; 17160901; 17187824; 17200120; 17216419; 17295913; 17299016; 17353900; 17404841; 17426081; 17514731; 17563086; 17581973; 17668375; 17726231; 17876295; 17880527; 17914445; 17960768; 17999360; 18021924; 18055911; 18086893; 18172006; 18183042; 18212816; 18214791; 18215124; 18218617; 18316778; 18331998; 18407053; 18484666; 18485440; 18503770; 18511569; 18546366; 18592002; 18802710; 18948576; 19041782; 19048115; 19061981; 19120036; 19142971; 19144660; 19215943; 19220708; 19221814; 19238080; 19291764; 19292874; 19351817; 19417008; 19449407; 19601812; 19650418; 19718661; 19773259; 19845691; 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23437333; 23455922; 23460398; 23481210; 23528211; 23583712; 23624750; 23668869; 23906300; 23947441; 24249802; 24250222; 24255178 neurofibromin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000196712 HGNC:7765 HPRD:01203 MIM:613113 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132871 Other designations: neurofibromatosis-related protein NF-1|neurofibromin NF1 NRF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 4780 2q31 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000785 (EC: IEA); GO_0001102 (EC: IPI); GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18554677); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16888629); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005813 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7937919); GO_0010499 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19424503); GO_0016567 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15983046); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11256947); GO_0030194 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA); GO_0036003 (EC: IMP); GO_0043161 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15983046); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18202225) PMID: 7868116; 7937919; 9150357; 9872330; 9887101; 10419538; 10510468; 10747902; 10930400; 11013233; 11035812; 11256947; 11274184; 11439354; 11683914; 11909699; 12020345; 12084617; 12084707; 12145307; 12198130; 12360409; 12370194; 12435735; 12441344; 12446695; 12477932; 12490281; 12506115; 12556532; 12805554; 12947090; 14517290; 14517554; 14529549; 14565864; 14585973; 14612418; 14985350; 15020583; 15282312; 15358217; 15367669; 15379550; 15475350; 15489334; 15525690; 15572695; 15601839; 15734732 abhydrolase domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000116044 HGNC:7782 HPRD:02732 MIM:600492 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133620 NFE2L2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EBP-1 KBF1 NF-kB1 NF-kappa-B NF-kappaB NFKB-p105 NFKB-p50 NFkappaB p105 p50 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NFKB1 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 4790 4q24 9606 4 GO_0000122 (EC: IC, PMID:16938301); GO_0000122 (EC: IMP, PMID:19881551); GO_0000975 (EC: IDA, PMID:17426251); GO_0000976 (EC: IDA, PMID:18718911); GO_0001071 (EC: IDA, PMID:17426251); GO_0001818 (EC: IEA); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10023675); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID:1992489); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID:1992489); GO_0006979 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IDA, PMID:18270204); GO_0009617 (EC: IEA); GO_0010744 (EC: IC, PMID:16938301); GO_0010884 (EC: IC, PMID:16938301); GO_0010956 (EC: IDA, PMID:15243130); GO_0010957 (EC: IC, PMID:15243130); GO_0031072 (EC: IEA); GO_0031293 (EC: TAS); GO_0032269 (EC: IC, PMID:16938301); GO_0032375 (EC: IC, PMID:16938301); GO_0032481 (EC: TAS); GO_0033256 (EC: TAS, PMID:16938301); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS, PMID:10811897); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID:16938301); GO_0045083 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID:17426251); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP); GO_0045893 (EC: NAS, PMID:8096091); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046688 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0050728 (EC: IEA); GO_0050852 (EC: TAS); GO_0051092 (EC: TAS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0071347 (EC: IEP, PMID:12958148); GO_0090263 (EC: IMP); GO_1900127 (EC: IDA, PMID:17324121) PMID:1505523; 1508666; 1518839; 1527859; 1583734; 1612589; 1992489; 2017258; 2050119; 2108863; 2203531; 2234062; 2497520; 7494249; 7651415; 7690421; 7692236; 7694229; 7729429; 7739549; 7742037; 7788295; 7800480; 7823959; 7830764; 7838536; 7859743; 7862168; 7891711; 7933095; 7957556; 8087845; 8096091; 8113688; 8139561; 8151786; 8178481; 8196632; 8207793; 8246997; 8255759; 8290595; 8319912; 8423996; 8428580; 8441377; 8550813; 8615004; 8621941; 8627654; 8628291; 8631829; 8642313; 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19531477; 19533666; 19533738; 19538528; 19539971; 19540595; 19543231; 19543524; 19548306; 19553005; 19554506; 19558775; 19558856; 19562673; 19565503; 19570036; 19570822; 19573080; 19573161; 19584059; 19591457; 19593445; 19594441; 19614983; 19616539; 19618291; 19619938; 19625176; 19627002; 19628242; 19631649; 19638614; 19639214; 19648110; 19655301; 19656241; 19662350; 19666475; 19666608; 19668231; 19671685; 19672210; 19673747; 19674131; 19675099; 19681904; 19682689; 19683526; 19683540; 19686049; 19691956; 19692168; 19692203; 19693652; 19695220; 19702828; 19703278; 19706447; 19706536; 19709433; 19711042; 19720604; 19723036; 19723087; 19723088; 19723089; 19723090; 19723091; 19724876; 19725919; 19732770; 19733238; 19734419; 19736361; 19738286; 19746155; 19747262; 19752553; 19757154; 19758175; 19765958; 19773279; 19778281; 19783786; 19786027; 19787057; 19787256; 19795416; 19797428; 19800021; 19801678; 19805303; 19811499; 19812265; 19815424; 19817957; 19820695; 19821157; 19826638; 19829671; 19837667; 19838207; 19838218; 19844776; 19845758; 19862523; 19878981; 19879919; 19881551; 19884766; 19885551; 19885592; 19885862; 19887846; 19892748; 19897484; 19898747; 19901262; 19903813; 19903815; 19909783; 19911254; 19913121; 19915152; 19917706; 19928652; 19932734; 19940361; 19941056; 19943112; 19947250; 19948975; 19954665; 19955102; 19956647; 19956670; 19956890; 19958645; 19959479; 19966852; 19995347; 20004763; 20004764; 20006706; 20008294; 20009901; 20012522; 20027638; 20030038; 20038977; 20042710; 20043910; 20051109; 20051532; 20052674; 20061391; 20064526; 20065107; 20065354; 20066092; 20066093; 20066094; 20066113; 20068069; 20069553; 20073580; 20074357; 20086239; 20097762; 20100571; 20102618; 20103633; 20106524; 20107185; 20110362; 20110513; 20124446; 20126979; 20127012; 20127709; 20129940; 20130217; 20133937; 20138641; 20139130; 20139322; 20139419; 20140262; 20145198; 20148897; 20149620; 20154269; 20160043; 20164171; 20171262; 20172018; 20172044; 20194722; 20195357; 20198307; 20204281; 20211142; 20213318; 20218898; 20224721; 20226764; 20226854; 20228198; 20230666; 20230686; 20231411; 20237496; 20237821; 20298930; 20299603; 20301198; 20304615; 20307555; 20331378; 20332099; 20333648; 20336759; 20337891; 20346059; 20346360; 20350779; 20351780; 20353025; 20353939; 20354190; 20356387; 20356841; 20360864; 20367887; 20368414; 20372806; 20372820; 20375583; 20376775; 20379146; 20379614; 20380698; 20380700; 20385556; 20388715; 20389059; 20391111; 20392247; 20392262; 20398057; 20406326; 20406964; 20414006; 20414373; 20416077; 20416168; 20418905; 20419804; 20424119; 20424169; 20432452; 20433755; 20436512; 20438785; 20439115; 20448038; 20448286; 20449947; 20450542; 20451919; 20452482; 20453000; 20454998; 20458747; 20460684; 20470938; 20479762; 20482842; 20483790; 20484576; 20485444; 20492683; 20498636; 20501937; 20506652; 20507572; 20509140; 20511226; 20512787; 20514026; 20516073; 20519510; 20519647; 20521099; 20522558; 20523058; 20529849; 20534156; 20538607; 20547752; 20547759; 20558726; 20564628; 20564897; 20568106; 20568250; 20573281; 20573493; 20573495; 20573801; 20576420; 20587610; 20588308; 20592241; 20596086; 20599492; 20599623; 20600004; 20628086; 20631305; 20634424; 20644561; 20647010; 20652762; 20654108; 20657549; 20660165; 20665665; 20672329; 20673868; 20685965; 20688330; 20688878; 20688919; 20711808; 20713621; 20715085; 20716114; 20716621; 20717930; 20723297; 20723418; 20734064; 20735436; 20737960; 20739528; 20800578; 20803413; 20805787; 20810208; 20813154; 20817876; 20818133; 20825713; 20825717; 20826751; 20829347; 20833730; 20836841; 20850164; 20855151; 20855880; 20856938; 20862591; 20872151; 20882529; 20884048; 20890036; 20890592; 20932173; 20937840; 20946117; 20952681; 20957413; 20966071; 20977779; 20980497; 21035162; 21035469; 21037509; 21046104; 21048031; 21051440; 21054790; 21055061; 21061265; 21062959; 21067753; 21071608; 21081469; 21081472; 21091507; 21098302; 21098640; 21108840; 21110852; 21113131; 21132531; 21138333; 21139048; 21145111; 21145461; 21148792; 21149600; 21150337; 21155242; 21155719; 21159881; 21166501; 21172429; 21190575; 21203561; 21220295; 21222514; 21228323; 21242888; 21242976; 21245992; 21264233; 21266470; 21273489; 21293511; 21293853; 21300060; 21308734; 21324206; 21331078; 21333439; 21334713; 21338484; 21343618; 21344487; 21352816; 21364020; 21383007; 21387831; 21389131; 21389697; 21390241; 21399635; 21399639; 21402921; 21406399; 21408173; 21411116; 21411444; 21411734; 21414799; 21417823; 21423202; 21424730; 21434324; 21448225; 21451109; 21463955; 21464588; 21468605; 21471377; 21472776; 21479189; 21483817; 21486470; 21490402; 21490927; 21491088; 21501152; 21503877; 21507981; 21511059; 21518763; 21525354; 21526963; 21527635; 21527913; 21528358; 21529841; 21531730; 21535601; 21540330; 21547539; 21549062; 21569377; 21570865; 21571356; 21573030; 21573053; 21574100; 21575498; 21576089; 21592054; 21602448; 21604024; 21606198; 21613824; 21617575; 21617851; 21621419; 21623171; 21625939; 21626144; 21627565; 21628073; 21628458; 21629247; 21637819; 21641936; 21642544; 21646373; 21658842; 21663472; 21664164; 21674474; 21682737; 21689853; 21708986; 21712995; 21715489; 21715600; 21720550; 21726863; 21729627; 21731707; 21734368; 21738780; 21743832; 21743958; 21749603; 21752354; 21754991; 21760911; 21762706; 21763497; 21764057; 21765619; 21768353; 21777808; 21782444; 21782857; 21782934; 21787758; 21789858; 21803029; 21810613; 21811235; 21813290; 21820300; 21822306; 21826700; 21830064; 21833088; 21835421; 21842098; 21845735; 21846842; 21856935; 21857917; 21873235; 21882225; 21884980; 21886773; 21887310; 21889270; 21895511; 21895606; 21896491; 21902578; 21906983; 21910343; 21914069; 21918864; 21925591; 21929290; 21945445; 21951562; 21963094; 21979374; 21979375; 21980157; 21985363; 21987421; 21987722; 21988832; 21993017; 21994759; 21996578; 22001530; 22005258; 22005259; 22007481; 22009151; 22013068; 22013908; 22017875; 22021368; 22027397; 22046080; 22046434; 22063737; 22066734; 22067113; 22068612; 22072831; 22077140; 22083956; 22090103; 22090112; 22092568; 22093097; 22095071; 22096476; 22102915; 22118627; 22123322; 22131135; 22132199; 22132240; 22138609; 22138672; 22139845; 22145100; 22147524; 22152775; 22153345; 22156489; 22157716; 22170554; 22171160; 22172699; 22174879; 22184967; 22185489; 22187158; 22199285; 22207455; 22211660; 22212641; 22217202; 22226472; 22226621; 22226679; 22227305; 22229121; 22229442; 22248180; 22252121; 22258247; 22261743; 22264835; 22267549; 22284893; 22286758; 22287454; 22293503; 22306268; 22307688; 22320942; 22320981; 22321707; 22327383; 22328149; 22331067; 22334708; 22341466; 22343628; 22346248; 22347372; 22348310; 22354461; 22359280; 22362744; 22380486; 22384099; 22384168; 22386866; 22388891; 22394598; 22396537; 22406367; 22406815; 22417709; 22427141; 22429999; 22430136; 22450687; 22461522; 22464415; 22465880; 22479419; 22484638; 22490020; 22490899; 22496225; 22505595; 22507528; 22509384; 22513115; 22521419; 22526587; 22527100; 22528837; 22530801; 22534017; 22537555; 22538516; 22547075; 22552288; 22558282; 22562129; 22566686; 22581854; 22593154; 22593207; 22597534; 22605335; 22613333; 22614238; 22618514; 22641218; 22645312; 22674419; 22685329; 22685373; 22698986; 22699931; 22707304; 22735811; 22740410; 22742857; 22742859; 22749179; 22749770; 22749879; 22760211; 22762947; 22763043; 22764136; 22767505; 22768179; 22776619; 22798425; 22801426; 22806547; 22815893; 22825241; 22828805; 22833150; 22836752; 22843550; 22846605; 22849850; 22851693; 22851696; 22855173; 22855490; 22859938; 22863753; 22869145; 22874821; 22874878; 22880008; 22884975; 22887854; 22891614; 22898922; 22902396; 22917497; 22924768; 22927965; 22933289; 22936809; 22941344; 22945510; 22949302; 22952582; 22954486; 22955189; 22967049; 22967106; 22975586; 22984526; 22988296; 22995914; 23000144; 23001849; 23006728; 23009565; 23017833; 23027537; 23027628; 23028875; 23039130; 23041324; 23044494; 23053371; 23061681; 23066037; 23091063; 23092922; 23096115; 23110043; 23117246; 23123205; 23125120; 23128233; 23132271; 23132857; 23135727; 23152563; 23152895; 23153769; 23155052; 23160072; 23170789; 23174100; 23176038; 23178493; 23185316; 23193970; 23205493; 23219896; 23221546; 23224146; 23226410; 23230212; 23237063; 23249930; 23259994; 23261678; 23266528; 23269488; 23269842; 23271730; 23275439; 23280137; 23296075; 23299027; 23299493; 23310954; 23317209; 23319823; 23322360; 23322721; 23322906; 23322997; 23327061; 23328932; 23331079; 23332158; 23334076; 23339870; 23357300; 23364895; 23369793; 23378274; 23386606; 23392668; 23399035; 23402362; 23405894; 23416929; 23426622; 23428345; 23437386; 23439561; 23444213; 23451236; 23452206; 23457512; 23496811; 23503472; 23503975; 23504987; 23510475; 23530144; 23552418; 23563313; 23576799; 23577181; 23583295; 23585913; 23603894; 23615072; 23615397; 23616277; 23616566; 23618653; 23634218; 23634661; 23636254; 23656347; 23659359; 23664977; 23669642; 23671649; 23675986; 23684722; 23687337; 23690573; 23708311; 23715268; 23724129; 23728913; 23732112; 23732909; 23744075; 23751348; 23752607; 23754270; 23756813; 23757261; 23774208; 23791017; 23791833; 23806437; 23821202; 23831825; 23843455; 23861985; 23869088; 23880092; 23887394; 23900863; 23908590; 23911423; 23921373; 23935876; 23942618; 23954632; 23969028; 23982206; 24008839; 24027435; 24035972; 24041570; 24045046; 24048682; 24054986; 24065232; 24067962; 24077340; 24097561; 24098051; 24099783; 24109220; 24109241; 24113181; 24145029; 24145431; 24152244; 24175631; 24258200; 24270572; 24282904; 24297735; 24316229; 24321067; 24352326; 24367071; 24368180; 24436266; 24510559 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000109320 HGNC:7794 HPRD:01238 MIM:164011 Vega:OTTHUMG00000161080 Other designations: DNA binding factor KBF1|DNA-binding factor KBF1|NF-kappabeta|nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit|nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p50 subunit|nuclear factor kappa-B DNA binding subunit NFKB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CVID10 H2TF1 LYT-10 LYT10 NF-kB2 p105 p52 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NFKB2 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100) 4791 10q24 9606 10 GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002268 (EC: IEA); GO_0002467 (EC: IEA); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID:1876189); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11239468); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID:8360178); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0032481 (EC: TAS); GO_0033257 (EC: IDA, PMID:9407099); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0048536 (EC: IEA); GO_0051092 (EC: TAS) PMID:1473734; 1505523; 1531086; 1583734; 1612589; 1760839; 1876189; 7478612; 7494249; 7541912; 7597296; 7690421; 7729429; 7800480; 7823959; 7838536; 7859743; 7925301; 7933095; 7949142; 7969113; 8036016; 8108127; 8108136; 8113688; 8152812; 8207793; 8208540; 8336950; 8360178; 8378093; 8413211; 8423996; 8441377; 8453667; 8615004; 8627654; 8676466; 8709193; 8717528; 8724035; 8834464; 8887665; 9021684; 9110146; 9135156; 9264393; 9278385; 9315679; 9359707; 9384586; 9407099; 9510190; 9523851; 9525916; 9529131; 9566873; 9730685; 9792375; 9895331; 10207088; 10225209; 10384093; 10393859; 10400814; 10446807; 10480634; 10562553; 10580107; 10597218; 10644332; 10644726; 10671224; 10713675; 10723127; 10799874; 10823818; 10830747; 11044099; 11160671; 11239468; 11241736; 11299302; 11385624; 11468175; 11511100; 11522182; 11526476; 11579140; 11704662; 11707390; 11827962; 11833470; 11980335; 11994270; 12040437; 12167619; 12185077; 12351572; 12352969; 12374738; 12389034; 12427593; 12473373; 12477932; 12482669; 12485413; 12505990; 12524526; 12697057; 12808109; 12835724; 12874295; 12894228; 12917325; 12927781; 14532284; 14576817; 14676825; 14678988; 14743216; 15103018; 15140882; 15164054; 15258149; 15310758; 15469820; 15485830; 15489334; 15629778; 15677444; 15677466; 15782119; 15799966; 16009713; 16108830; 16223731; 16260623; 16303288; 16344560; 16368877; 16385451; 16477006; 16613850; 16651533; 16751281; 16940298; 16990795; 17003035; 17028057; 17039258; 17183367; 17197385; 17237370; 17254973; 17292587; 17363471; 17476277; 17548614; 17563756; 17703412; 17715223; 17962807; 18025196; 18025803; 18029348; 18160848; 18321863; 18377428; 18383001; 18434448; 18466468; 18538010; 18550535; 18617892; 18660489; 18781579; 18818748; 18971284; 19098713; 19219072; 19258923; 19302050; 19471022; 19479051; 19524538; 19527514; 19542561; 19573080; 19591173; 19773279; 19860880; 19913121; 19948975; 20037209; 20038584; 20211142; 20301476; 20346360; 20353939; 20388792; 20448286; 20460684; 20503287; 20558726; 20568250; 20598117; 20628086; 20628624; 20708837; 20734064; 20800578; 21048223; 21131783; 21139048; 21228035; 21325409; 21846842; 21871426; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22017875; 22083306; 22096027; 22198284; 22341466; 22388891; 22435556; 22642622; 22708077; 22734038; 22797925; 22864569; 22879398; 23211527; 23219896; 23301098; 23383273; 23389097; 23524849; 23699654; 23873932; 24008839; 24140114 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100) Ensembl:ENSG00000077150 HGNC:7795 HPRD:01239 MIM:164012 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018962 Other designations: DNA-binding factor KBF2|NFKB, p52/p100 subunit|lymphocyte translocation chromosome 10 protein|nuclear factor Kappa-B, subunit 2|nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit|nuclear factor of Kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells 2|oncogene Lyt-10|transcription factor NFKB2 NFKB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AWD GAAD NB NBS NDKA NDPK-A NDPKA NM23 NM23-H1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NME1 NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 4830 17q21.3 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11555662); GO_0000977 (EC: IEA); GO_0002762 (EC: IEA); GO_0003697 (EC: IEA); GO_0004536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11555662); GO_0004550 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12972261); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10602478); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12972261); GO_0005525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12972261); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16814409); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005813 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16814409); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006183 (EC: IEA); GO_0006228 (EC: IEA); GO_0006241 (EC: IEA); GO_0006308 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11555662); GO_0006897 (EC: IEA); GO_0007595 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1851158); GO_0010629 (EC: IEA); GO_0010976 (EC: IEA); GO_0014075 (EC: IEA); GO_0015949 (EC: TAS); GO_0019215 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0021766 (EC: IEA); GO_0032587 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16814409); GO_0033574 (EC: IEA); GO_0035690 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10602478); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0043015 (EC: IEA); GO_0043024 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16814409); GO_0043388 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17975005); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0050679 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16862176); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA); GO_0055086 (EC: TAS); GO_0071333 (EC: IEA); GO_0071398 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1851158; 2015608; 2056128; 2509941; 2566996; 7916650; 8047138; 8245015; 8270257; 8392752; 8395939; 8810265; 8858107; 9480811; 9488696; 9513729; 9593706; 10512675; 10602478; 10611312; 10618642; 11042679; 11231635; 11274357; 11280768; 11319942; 11555662; 11687967; 11726210; 11776896; 11835509; 11918081; 11919189; 11935309; 11960382; 11963831; 11998956; 12007505; 12105213; 12135660; 12137595; 12163590; 12174914; 12200143; 12405283; 12452062; 12474051; 12477932; 12490715; 12524539; 12601555; 12624546; 12628186; 12669312; 12684753; 12859952; 12883690; 12910292; 12972261; 14499630; 14558955; 14664140; 14960567; 15040016; 15073128; 15129904; 15280446; 15334673; 15489334; 15512982; 15568401; 15592684; 15645378; 15650182; 15684389; 15757202; 15777972; 15833843; 15870434; 15882758; 16011248; 16044917; 16130169; 16189514; 16196087; 16232196; 16277028; 16313181; 16317582; 16415009; 16466905; 16531762; 16631833; 16739125; 16739379; 16759016; 16814409; 16848180; 16862176; 16891807; 16944571; 16957985; 17008916; 17103045; 17155928; 17197349; 17283532; 17314099; 17348207; 17359290; 17578003; 17591363; 17655525; 17688968; 17695492; 17885583; 17918157; 17975005; 18029348; 18058029; 18089805; 18154714; 18219290; 18239814; 18301251; 18307927; 18330957; 18408655; 18440302; 18457437; 18470881; 18476632; 18635542; 18668641; 18676749; 18700747; 18728402; 18781797; 18810774; 18815136; 18996649; 19024519; 19026164; 19060904; 19170058; 19183483; 19186179; 19263457; 19332021; 19513384; 19615732; 19619546; 19624895; 19655221; 19664043; 19664078; 19724852; 19852809; 19951590; 19956735; 20099494; 20101217; 20113651; 20145075; 20209495; 20301782; 20304626; 20403806; 20448457; 20508983; 20559153; 20560137; 20570897; 20599259; 20639865; 20671611; 20713695; 20841469; 20872186; 20877624; 20955383; 20959063; 21045303; 21080107; 21081666; 21085602; 21121676; 21139048; 21169412; 21176535; 21221850; 21265090; 21270158; 21273640; 21350102; 21442621; 21448569; 21469425; 21478336; 21484438; 21553004; 21575865; 21769563; 21846466; 21890473; 21906983; 21913743; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22035418; 22053931; 22268729; 22290468; 22328561; 22349375; 22364921; 22421058; 22429576; 22451184; 22505724; 22531683; 22683585; 22718351; 22863883; 22869372; 22903495; 22920000; 22939629; 23000965; 23137649; 23158994; 23448979; 23464856; 23479363; 23519676; 23583378; 23679306; 23694823; 23725501; 23734265; 23768014; 23818346; 24457600 NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000239672 HGNC:7849 HPRD:01131 MIM:156490 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137474 Other designations: NDP kinase A|granzyme A-activated DNase|metastasis inhibition factor nm23|non-metastatic cells 1, protein (NM23A) expressed in|nucleoside diphosphate kinase A|tumor metastatic process-associated protein NME1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HEL-S-109 NEFA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUCB2 nucleobindin 2 4925 11p15.1 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7811391); GO_0005640 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005793 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15308636); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7811391); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7811391); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708) PMID: 7811391; 9639681; 10381334; 10915798; 11749975; 12087473; 12477932; 12909641; 14702039; 15308636; 15604093; 16344560; 16407280; 18029348; 18154733; 19199708; 19262995; 19351608; 19913121; 20030931; 20032201; 20427481; 20427483; 20625762; 20628086; 20813143; 20881960; 20937336; 21139048; 21145461; 21252251; 21459029; 21554911; 21653697; 21803054; 21890473; 21988594; 21988832; 22020667; 22036920; 22108805; 22203468; 22225987; 22270345; 22334726; 22367584; 22863883; 22950627; 23141462; 23155701; 23178145; 23266808; 23269222; 23346951; 23515787; 23613885; 23739643; 23764403; 23768444 nucleobindin 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000070081 HGNC:8044 HPRD:09726 MIM:608020 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166050 Other designations: DNA-binding protein NEFA|epididymis secretory protein Li 109|gastric cancer antigen Zg4|nesfatin-1|nucleobindin-2|nucleobinding 2|prepronefastin|prepronesfatin NUCB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He OT-R WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene OXTR oxytocin receptor 5021 3p25 20140408 9606 3 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001967 (EC: IEA); GO_0001975 (EC: IEA); GO_0004990 (EC: IEA); GO_0005000 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10858434); GO_0005902 (EC: IEA); GO_0005913 (EC: IEA); GO_0006936 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1313946); GO_0007166 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1313946); GO_0007204 (EC: IEA); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0007565 (EC: IEA); GO_0007595 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1313946); GO_0007613 (EC: IEA); GO_0010701 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0017046 (EC: IEA); GO_0021537 (EC: IEA); GO_0030431 (EC: IEA); GO_0032230 (EC: IEA); GO_0032355 (EC: IEA); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0034059 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0035176 (EC: IEA); GO_0042220 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042711 (EC: IEA); GO_0042713 (EC: IEA); GO_0042755 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: IEA); GO_0045777 (EC: IEA); GO_0048565 (EC: IEA); GO_0051965 (EC: IEA); GO_0051968 (EC: IEA); GO_0060137 (EC: IEA); GO_0060206 (EC: IEA); GO_0060406 (EC: IEA); GO_0060455 (EC: IEA); GO_0070371 (EC: IEA); GO_0070474 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1313946; 7607693; 7798245; 7921229; 8077313; 8593829; 8593830; 9283088; 9433921; 10027615; 10453463; 10698266; 10858434; 10910058; 11140838; 11279203; 11955056; 12126740; 12161007; 12166628; 12270111; 12477932; 12810550; 12843193; 12955084; 14664707; 14691010; 14749664; 15035619; 15044599; 15089975; 15089977; 15093695; 15452121; 15591449; 15705593; 15831296; 15992526; 16042376; 16333859; 16754659; 16888077; 16966388; 17148753; 17383819; 17492653; 17726073; 17728669; 17893705; 17939166; 17952758; 18082926; 18207134; 18312604; 19001515; 19015103; 19086053; 19126785; 19336370; 19347709; 19376182; 19423652; 19461999; 19515497; 19598235; 19777562; 19845972; 19934046; 19943975; 20094064; 20096818; 20097922; 20196918; 20303388; 20347913; 20400491; 20413116; 20436377; 20452482; 20488544; 20547007; 20547038; 20585395; 20647384; 20670427; 20673868; 20708845; 20711752; 20724662; 20832055; 20926803; 21090345; 21208749; 21561435; 21734268; 21876222; 21896752; 21906983; 21934640; 21963428; 21964067; 21984889; 22015110; 22064162; 22084107; 22123970; 22146101; 22212599; 22296985; 22336563; 22357335; 22372486; 22421562; 22457427; 22487732; 22510359; 22563705; 22763666; 22809402; 22882465; 22892716; 22986294; 22999795; 23040540; 23089921; 23219106; 23252931; 23284802; 23354128; 23355275; 23470776; 23637833; 23678036; 23684879; 23889750; 23915847; 24367110 oxytocin receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000180914 HGNC:8529 HPRD:01328 MIM:167055 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090537 OXTR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DSI ERBA2L GIT P4Hbeta PDI PDIA1 PHDB PO4DB PO4HB PROHB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene P4HB prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide 5034 17q25 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003756 (EC: IBA); GO_0004656 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 7753822); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12095988); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 14718574); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12095988); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0005793 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15308636); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: IBA); GO_0006662 (EC: IEA); GO_0015035 (EC: IEA); GO_0016222 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7753822); GO_0018401 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7753822); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0034976 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12095988); GO_0042157 (EC: TAS); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7753822); GO_0055114 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2846539); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0071456 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12095988); GO_1902175 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12095988) PMID: 1286669; 1339453; 1559965; 1597478; 1667665; 1677563; 1699755; 2079031; 2846539; 3032969; 3034602; 3342239; 3467900; 3611107; 7753822; 8111381; 8580850; 8672469; 9150948; 9399589; 10329688; 10383197; 10436013; 10636893; 11181151; 11257307; 11707400; 11790298; 11847130; 12095988; 12218051; 12218052; 12475965; 12477932; 12485997; 12493773; 12643545; 12665801; 12874193; 14500733; 14592831; 14702039; 14718574; 14871477; 15146195; 15158710; 15231747; 15308636; 15324660; 15358778; 15489334; 15590633; 15611098; 15644496; 15695804; 15952740; 16169070; 16303743; 16344560; 16847061; 17055437; 17081065; 17301129; 17353931; 17620599; 18029348; 18781797; 19199708; 19471022; 19890397; 19913121; 20000738; 20360068; 20628086; 20668226; 21081666; 21139048; 21145461; 21299467; 21319273; 21373848; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22079093; 22174317; 22190034; 22268729; 22304920; 22337587; 22536838; 22586326; 22863883; 22936677; 22939629; 23000965; 23141538; 23246001; 23337974; 23444257; 23455922; 23824909; 23862649; 23956138; 24244333; 24250222; 24457600 prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide Ensembl:ENSG00000185624 HGNC:8548 HPRD:07181 MIM:176790 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150269 Other designations: cellular thyroid hormone-binding protein|collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta|glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase|p55|procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate 4-dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), beta polypeptide|prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta|protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 1|protein disulfide isomerase-associated 1|protein disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase|protein disulfide-isomerase|protocollagen hydroxylase|thyroid hormone-binding protein p55 P4HB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PCCA propionyl CoA carboxylase, alpha polypeptide 5095 RP11-151A6.1 13q32 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004075 (EC: IEA); GO_0004658 (EC: IEA); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006635 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0006768 (EC: TAS); GO_0009374 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3460076); GO_0019626 (EC: TAS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19157941); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1427880; 2740237; 3460076; 3555348; 3687944; 7656816; 8125298; 8188292; 8434582; 8889548; 8895530; 10101253; 10329019; 10502773; 11136555; 11592820; 11749052; 12226704; 12385775; 12477932; 12559849; 14702039; 15059621; 15489334; 15890657; 16344560; 16751776; 17051315; 17966092; 18457437; 18678647; 19157941; 19157943; 19296078; 19913121; 20301313; 20379614; 20628086; 20725044; 20877624; 21139048; 21642987; 22156789; 22593918; 23396134; 23455922; 24244333 propionyl CoA carboxylase, alpha polypeptide Other designations: PCCase alpha subunit|pccA complementation group|propanoyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase alpha subunit|propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase, alpha polypeptide|propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial PCCA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PCDH9 protocadherin 9 5101 RP11-335P18.3 13q21.32 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007156 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030900 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9787079; 10716726; 10817752; 10835267; 12477932; 14702039; 15057823; 16147992; 16344560; 19322201; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 21552555; 21875946; 22300792; 22424883; 23064961; 24250222 protocadherin 9 Other designations: cadherin superfamily protein VR4-11|protocadherin-9 PCDH9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PEPCK-C PEPCK1 PEPCKC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PCK1 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) 5105 20q13.31 20140408 9606 20 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11851336); GO_0004613 (EC: ISS); GO_0005525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11851336); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14764811); GO_0006006 (EC: TAS); GO_0006094 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: ISS); GO_0006094 (EC: TAS); GO_0006107 (EC: IEA); GO_0006475 (EC: IDA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0017144 (EC: TAS); GO_0019003 (EC: IEA); GO_0030145 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11851336); GO_0031406 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11851336); GO_0032868 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14764811); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046327 (EC: ISS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 1492743; 1657985; 2993287; 8325643; 8432541; 8490617; 8547315; 11689615; 11780052; 11851336; 11997389; 12237288; 12324453; 12477932; 14744869; 14764811; 15046742; 15489334; 15951444; 16132948; 16144962; 16282543; 16341674; 16344560; 16620271; 16978381; 17192490; 17440948; 17495004; 18029348; 18460190; 18492826; 18660489; 18801732; 18830724; 18976975; 18996102; 19021757; 19056482; 19056867; 19070910; 19329064; 19578796; 19725958; 19913121; 20098747; 20134411; 20574532; 20602615; 20628086; 20682687; 20691246; 20800603; 21145461; 21152065; 21726808; 21832049; 21906983; 21988832; 22489460; 23092637; 23149075; 23300278; 23465595; 23940030 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) Ensembl:ENSG00000124253 HGNC:8724 HPRD:02028 MIM:614168 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032825 Other designations: PEP carboxykinase|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP]|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase|phosphopyruvate carboxylase PCK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PEPCK PEPCK-M PEPCK2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PCK2 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (mitochondrial) 5106 14q11.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004611 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8645161); GO_0004613 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: TAS); GO_0006090 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: IEA); GO_0006094 (EC: TAS); GO_0006107 (EC: IEA); GO_0006116 (EC: IEA); GO_0032024 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0071333 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8645161; 9657976; 12477932; 12916001; 15315819; 15489334; 16132948; 17097062; 18660489; 19521512; 19587243; 20682687; 20797423; 20877624; 21139048; 21733854; 21832049; 21906983; 21988832; 22955269 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (mitochondrial) Ensembl:ENSG00000100889 HGNC:8725 HPRD:02026 MIM:614095 Vega:OTTHUMG00000028791 Other designations: PEP carboxykinase|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial|phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase|phosphopyruvate carboxylase PCK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CGS-PDE PDE2A1 PED2A4 cGSPDE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PDE2A phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP-stimulated 5138 11q13.4 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0004112 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15938621); GO_0004118 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0005262 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10375378); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17329248); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10375378); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10375378); GO_0005759 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005794 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19252089); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 17329248); GO_0006198 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14687666); GO_0006198 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19252089); GO_0006626 (EC: ISS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15938621); GO_0008144 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15938621); GO_0008152 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0019933 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17704206); GO_0019934 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17704206); GO_0030224 (EC: IEP, PMID: 14687666); GO_0030424 (EC: IEA); GO_0030425 (EC: IEA); GO_0030552 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15938621); GO_0030553 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0030553 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15938621); GO_0030818 (EC: ISS); GO_0030911 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17329248); GO_0033159 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17329248); GO_0035690 (EC: IEP, PMID: 14687666); GO_0035690 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15938621); GO_0036006 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14687666); GO_0042734 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19828435); GO_0043116 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17704206); GO_0043117 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17704206); GO_0046069 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14687666); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10375378); GO_0050729 (EC: ISS); GO_0061028 (EC: ISS); GO_0070588 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10375378); GO_0071260 (EC: ISS); GO_0071321 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17704206); GO_0071560 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17704206); GO_0097011 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14687666) PMID: 8557689; 9210593; 10375378; 11156964; 12038792; 12271124; 12477932; 14687666; 14702039; 15650061; 15938621; 16344560; 17329248; 17704206; 19252089; 19390057; 19506089; 19689430; 19828435; 19913121; 20351714; 20395239; 20628086; 21697861; 21724846; 21766240; 21987572; 22446963; 23381931; 23810893; 23899287 phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP-stimulated Ensembl:ENSG00000186642 HGNC:8777 HPRD:04041 MIM:602658 Vega:OTTHUMG00000102045 Other designations: cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase|cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase 1|cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase 4|cyclic GMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase PDE2A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PDK4 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 5166 7q21.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004672 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18658136); GO_0004674 (EC: IEA); GO_0004740 (EC: ISS); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18658136); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8798399); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006090 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18658136); GO_0006468 (EC: ISS); GO_0006468 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8798399); GO_0006885 (EC: ISS); GO_0008286 (EC: IMP); GO_0009267 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14966024); GO_0010510 (EC: IMP); GO_0010510 (EC: TAS); GO_0010565 (EC: ISS); GO_0010906 (EC: IMP); GO_0042304 (EC: IMP); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0042594 (EC: ISS); GO_0044237 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045124 (EC: IEA); GO_0046320 (EC: ISS); GO_0071398 (EC: IMP); GO_0072593 (EC: IMP); GO_2000811 (EC: IMP) PMID: 7499431; 8125298; 8798399; 9787110; 11001762; 11485553; 11486000; 11701428; 11978179; 12145475; 12477932; 12573248; 12582211; 12606505; 12676647; 12690205; 12853948; 14702039; 14966024; 15047604; 15489334; 15516373; 15581486; 15618316; 15721319; 15776585; 15955060; 16344560; 16757381; 17623298; 17652214; 17669420; 18468620; 18519799; 18658136; 18660489; 20715114; 20877624; 21852536; 21883960; 21904029; 21906983; 21963094; 22019269; 23050013 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 Other designations: [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial|[Pyruvate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial|pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4|pyruvate dehydrogenase, lipoamide, kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial PDK4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NR3C3 PR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PGR progesterone receptor 5241 11q22-q23 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001542 (EC: IEA); GO_0002070 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3551956); GO_0003707 (EC: IEA); GO_0004879 (EC: IEA); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12771131); GO_0005496 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12011095); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005741 (EC: IEA); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1557371); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1557371); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010629 (EC: IEP); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12039952); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0050678 (EC: IEA); GO_0050847 (EC: IEA); GO_0060748 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1557371; 2328727; 2736623; 3551956; 6849751; 7481822; 7983041; 7989520; 8626413; 8671234; 9115274; 9223281; 9305541; 9598870; 9620806; 9671457; 9710597; 9891052; 10338464; 10480874; 10655479; 10684807; 10722692; 10750018; 10757795; 10819762; 10840043; 10903152; 11110801; 11117526; 11117529; 11323389; 11326686; 11545730; 11668223; 11668524; 11677150; 11689696; 11717311; 11821088; 11918216; 11948021; 12009358; 12010857; 12011095; 12021276; 12021930; 12038703; 12039952; 12048256; 12088866; 12090595; 12101239; 12113882; 12114521; 12149147; 12174912; 12218173; 12297552; 12402980; 12414909; 12446585; 12466272; 12511607; 12517594; 12529333; 12538866; 12554765; 12554776; 12556966; 12574227; 12579263; 12594000; 12612073; 12644308; 12650698; 12650714; 12672823; 12673676; 12699057; 12748280; 12759236; 12771131; 12861133; 12874288; 12899921; 12917342; 12943706; 14500352; 14519645; 14551264; 14557830; 14586360; 14617569; 14634838; 14667966; 14667967; 14684847; 14764828; 14769635; 14978266; 15001645; 15019994; 15036714; 15084343; 15084345; 15102680; 15171716; 15184270; 15219637; 15272913; 15272917; 15282304; 15282324; 15308690; 15330195; 15381922; 15509639; 15535845; 15555905; 15562029; 15563544; 15572421; 15579801; 15598772; 15601848; 15607534; 15613410; 15632380; 15654614; 15694343; 15694360; 15698546; 15718480; 15728178; 15743833; 15797250; 15798179; 15807882; 15863956; 15866121; 15937332; 15996107; 16109739; 16126772; 16168103; 16244490; 16323958; 16331541; 16339279; 16339776; 16352595; 16360811; 16384861; 16439457; 16477637; 16478993; 16481409; 16484338; 16524927; 16537702; 16614108; 16646051; 16647340; 16728408; 16740656; 16759928; 16762974; 16772530; 16799708; 16901007; 16920727; 16973758; 16985250; 16999816; 17006756; 17018785; 17021053; 17081988; 17224149; 17259978; 17277083; 17291258; 17293450; 17316413; 17347654; 17413977; 17484509; 17512111; 17522428; 17592773; 17599361; 17609436; 17609999; 17646097; 17717077; 17727850; 17785366; 17805208; 17845055; 17847935; 17885486; 17896177; 17914494; 17919323; 17950525; 17951080; 17958742; 17965625; 17992477; 18029348; 18042733; 18048499; 18096667; 18184269; 18189290; 18197009; 18202149; 18215457; 18219286; 18249378; 18276950; 18281038; 18313072; 18316616; 18321550; 18375150; 18378698; 18384825; 18386458; 18391223; 18392676; 18394649; 18421469; 18481002; 18483177; 18483761; 18508999; 18510611; 18511503; 18557990; 18617611; 18628428; 18629635; 18631401; 18636124; 18645713; 18665217; 18668363; 18676680; 18681990; 18683043; 18686353; 18691687; 18722616; 18776045; 18798271; 18801410; 18818748; 18819936; 18835831; 18850387; 18980792; 19019335; 19031960; 19056530; 19061285; 19064572; 19093516; 19094228; 19095059; 19106225; 19124506; 19147544; 19147702; 19152063; 19154258; 19170196; 19175383; 19196877; 19205874; 19205877; 19208263; 19208313; 19211567; 19217090; 19220894; 19258476; 19267271; 19284643; 19296948; 19299443; 19309393; 19330259; 19336370; 19339282; 19357364; 19367380; 19372234; 19382201; 19383545; 19389812; 19415745; 19419938; 19423537; 19423654; 19436038; 19458022; 19462450; 19476621; 19497994; 19499404; 19527514; 19551860; 19555469; 19574343; 19574486; 19604497; 19609353; 19625176; 19636371; 19657752; 19673915; 19676041; 19692168; 19696694; 19701771; 19706513; 19715581; 19720911; 19739075; 19762712; 19782484; 19809499; 19820388; 19835506; 19838027; 19846565; 19852793; 19887485; 19913121; 19940123; 19940364; 19952285; 19952937; 19961842; 19996313; 20000807; 20019164; 20026682; 20063045; 20076999; 20082859; 20082875; 20087430; 20087433; 20090851; 20096719; 20097334; 20123965; 20124487; 20140262; 20148360; 20167054; 20228224; 20299092; 20305341; 20308044; 20308837; 20335148; 20337826; 20374701; 20379614; 20381444; 20392877; 20400074; 20404095; 20436503; 20453000; 20467438; 20484415; 20547493; 20550710; 20557310; 20586553; 20592363; 20628086; 20634197; 20646629; 20661446; 20690804; 20713855; 20716560; 20719308; 20734064; 20814185; 20829392; 20844986; 20861224; 20872186; 20873988; 20890067; 20920367; 20946440; 20956022; 20959426; 20960162; 20962507; 21029696; 21062926; 21085752; 21086036; 21093858; 21095220; 21119048; 21141441; 21145845; 21148628; 21152100; 21152841; 21184272; 21184768; 21243274; 21269613; 21271213; 21273440; 21340479; 21397694; 21422407; 21432776; 21437249; 21444077; 21447625; 21459801; 21464042; 21491087; 21518957; 21531767; 21544804; 21600232; 21619605; 21655654; 21700456; 21730049; 21736840; 21749714; 21751163; 21762477; 21764500; 21815951; 21816898; 21840784; 21840910; 21877015; 21901395; 21980607; 22004841; 22022496; 22047608; 22057681; 22092403; 22093824; 22102068; 22105149; 22107784; 22119825; 22199306; 22201220; 22203942; 22217299; 22281037; 22329840; 22369759; 22394363; 22396492; 22414972; 22419721; 22466340; 22492871; 22496908; 22509838; 22529366; 22535964; 22545144; 22564243; 22580007; 22590818; 22613790; 22633539; 22697792; 22722322; 22727345; 22808109; 22891251; 22972951; 23018797; 23022996; 23029355; 23060300; 23177737; 23199240; 23209664; 23222299; 23307470; 23349706; 23397283; 23474171; 23485561; 23490124; 23506845; 23558572; 23570281; 23574718; 23603247; 23666965; 23668054; 23687977; 23699411; 23723333; 23764995; 23810009; 23812730; 23818346; 23818347; 23818363; 23859042; 23873108; 23880761; 23881388; 23907837; 23995840; 24036907; 24269135; 24302725 progesterone receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000082175 HGNC:8910 HPRD:07077 MIM:607311 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167531 Other designations: nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 PGR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PI3K-C2-gamma PI3K-C2GAMMA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIK3C2G phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 2 gamma 5288 12p12 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IBA); GO_0005942 (EC: IBA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006661 (EC: TAS); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0016303 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9878262); GO_0016307 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9878262); GO_0035005 (EC: IBA); GO_0035091 (EC: IEA); GO_0036092 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9878262); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8636073; 8798481; 9247029; 9341793; 9394803; 9446795; 9514948; 9516481; 9708406; 9808187; 9878262; 10208934; 10985305; 11154208; 11156964; 11289809; 11994280; 12077252; 12477932; 12526811; 12551992; 12584329; 12960231; 14602571; 15689238; 16081599; 16524887; 17157319; 17632570; 17893707; 17991425; 18453587; 18854243; 18996102; 20019835; 20602615; 20818790; 21029719; 21114830; 22369086; 24086445 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 2 gamma Ensembl:ENSG00000139144 HGNC:8973 HPRD:16416 MIM:609001 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168841 Other designations: PTDINS-3-kinase C2 gamma|phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit gamma|phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing gamma polypeptide|phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit gamma|phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 2, gamma polypeptide|ptdIns-3-kinase C2 subunit gamma PIK3C2G Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLOVE CWS5 MCAP MCM MCMTC PI3K p110-alpha WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIK3CA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha 5290 3q26.3 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001944 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19200708); GO_0004674 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10490823); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IBA); GO_0005942 (EC: ISS); GO_0005943 (EC: IDA); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006661 (EC: TAS); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0016301 (EC: TAS); GO_0016303 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2174051); GO_0030027 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030295 (EC: IEA); GO_0031295 (EC: TAS); GO_0033138 (EC: IEA); GO_0035004 (EC: ISS); GO_0035004 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19200708); GO_0035005 (EC: IBA); GO_0036092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2174051); GO_0038028 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19200708); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038096 (EC: TAS); GO_0040014 (EC: IEA); GO_0043491 (EC: IEA); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0043542 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19200708); GO_0043560 (EC: IEA); GO_0044029 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046854 (EC: ISS); GO_0046934 (EC: TAS); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0050852 (EC: TAS); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0060048 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19147653); GO_2000270 (EC: IEA); GO_2000653 (EC: IEA); GO_2000811 (EC: IMP) PMID: 1322797; 2174051; 7713498; 7820549; 7929193; 8020561; 8246987; 8636073; 8665852; 8702949; 8798481; 9043658; 9113989; 9119889; 9150145; 9247029; 9341793; 9394803; 9415396; 9446795; 9708406; 9808187; 9915850; 9916799; 10208934; 10213474; 10357815; 10358930; 10490823; 10571082; 10608806; 10620012; 10648629; 10783161; 10803462; 10921882; 10949031; 10985305; 11029009; 11154208; 11156964; 11157475; 11278864; 11279232; 11289809; 11334418; 11353842; 11438544; 11577104; 11606067; 11676480; 11912194; 11959846; 11969417; 11994280; 12077252; 12167717; 12477932; 12526811; 12538664; 12551992; 12584329; 12637493; 12660731; 12704201; 12754211; 12890670; 12893243; 12933652; 12954600; 12960231; 14511371; 14583609; 14602571; 14724584; 14729945; 15016963; 15213298; 15254419; 15289301; 15377662; 15467468; 15489334; 15520168; 15605984; 15632060; 15647370; 15664519; 15689238; 15707590; 15712344; 15784156; 15805248; 15834429; 15837735; 15924253; 15928251; 15930273; 15940673; 15950905; 15994075; 16034135; 16043515; 16081599; 16114017; 16135792; 16150119; 16150444; 16168105; 16203798; 16287065; 16288007; 16317585; 16322209; 16339173; 16339315; 16341083; 16344560; 16353168; 16354680; 16376301; 16380997; 16397024; 16406609; 16432179; 16522324; 16524887; 16533766; 16569657; 16582596; 16618717; 16627990; 16682946; 16728507; 16764926; 16775835; 16778113; 16788758; 16790501; 16806069; 16815198; 16820791; 16822308; 16837650; 16839745; 16840732; 16885334; 16930767; 16949921; 16968743; 17006756; 17050665; 17052259; 17060456; 17062663; 17141917; 17157319; 17202311; 17219054; 17222361; 17235514; 17237249; 17307335; 17314276; 17317825; 17332342; 17341442; 17363507; 17369495; 17376864; 17377809; 17426084; 17449641; 17468516; 17471559; 17487277; 17507466; 17546593; 17549376; 17575221; 17586693; 17590872; 17632570; 17635910; 17657213; 17669465; 17673550; 17681398; 17803655; 17827385; 17855350; 17875942; 17877460; 17923698; 17924977; 17936563; 17942548; 17947469; 17971428; 17982280; 17986027; 17990317; 18000091; 18022911; 18029348; 18064631; 18070887; 18074223; 18079394; 18084252; 18097548; 18180098; 18181165; 18183466; 18193083; 18216097; 18221484; 18224685; 18262558; 18270270; 18285463; 18317450; 18335034; 18343945; 18355852; 18371219; 18382359; 18418043; 18449193; 18453587; 18503601; 18516290; 18621636; 18624398; 18641990; 18660489; 18669866; 18676830; 18679714; 18691552; 18757405; 18769113; 18782444; 18794094; 18794883; 18798071; 18829572; 18835245; 18852163; 18854243; 18951408; 18980969; 18990689; 18996102; 19003996; 19012001; 19027487; 19029838; 19029981; 19064572; 19069650; 19076977; 19143676; 19147653; 19148475; 19164214; 19172191; 19196980; 19200708; 19223544; 19233141; 19234438; 19237633; 19240718; 19261849; 19272638; 19276248; 19305151; 19330652; 19349352; 19351817; 19366826; 19380724; 19380743; 19383818; 19394761; 19411071; 19418217; 19420344; 19440000; 19440799; 19443396; 19487299; 19549383; 19573809; 19584164; 19603024; 19608668; 19622295; 19633047; 19638206; 19654299; 19671852; 19679877; 19685490; 19686742; 19701705; 19704056; 19706770; 19735264; 19789314; 19789368; 19805105; 19807924; 19815551; 19818761; 19822807; 19826477; 19839777; 19844234; 19844788; 19845664; 19853286; 19861897; 19874421; 19891769; 19898424; 19903786; 19903845; 19913121; 20008098; 20018188; 20019835; 20022634; 20028853; 20030946; 20034918; 20041213; 20056178; 20098682; 20101210; 20103642; 20107891; 20130133; 20167866; 20177704; 20186503; 20237496; 20301425; 20308328; 20308428; 20331378; 20368287; 20379197; 20398348; 20407443; 20413299; 20416077; 20416519; 20447721; 20453000; 20479250; 20491626; 20493625; 20495538; 20508983; 20514448; 20526288; 20535651; 20551053; 20557351; 20569675; 20571907; 20593314; 20602615; 20616362; 20619739; 20622004; 20628086; 20629536; 20629539; 20652941; 20691427; 20699365; 20702582; 20703095; 20713702; 20718712; 20736745; 20813562; 20813970; 20818790; 20824703; 20826237; 20827662; 20838624; 20857497; 20860430; 20881644; 20937558; 20940279; 20953381; 20954287; 20959404; 21029719; 21035469; 21042767; 21048031; 21051183; 21062993; 21071597; 21072204; 21092549; 21093899; 21103049; 21113138; 21113787; 21123564; 21127054; 21139048; 21168197; 21169263; 21179398; 21185392; 21191416; 21209852; 21209903; 21225506; 21228233; 21252315; 21255011; 21258250; 21266528; 21290341; 21300060; 21303542; 21310649; 21332555; 21345071; 21355052; 21357506; 21358673; 21367892; 21372221; 21377268; 21406404; 21407159; 21408138; 21412012; 21419810; 21424126; 21440011; 21442372; 21454528; 21468554; 21469098; 21474066; 21480388; 21482133; 21482677; 21490305; 21499215; 21501368; 21507233; 21531001; 21531708; 21538027; 21557211; 21558396; 21594665; 21595858; 21617917; 21620836; 21620963; 21622527; 21646525; 21660567; 21663621; 21667306; 21673026; 21676217; 21682666; 21706016; 21708979; 21711108; 21713404; 21725367; 21735444; 21765914; 21768115; 21769475; 21788516; 21789382; 21822287; 21824802; 21829508; 21830111; 21861134; 21872252; 21887250; 21893189; 21899695; 21906875; 21932420; 21937609; 21945955; 21949775; 21970855; 21990951; 21991326; 21994334; 21997360; 22006429; 22020193; 22026810; 22033276; 22037177; 22039088; 22045127; 22064833; 22072736; 22095222; 22105580; 22107784; 22120431; 22135231; 22146375; 22146979; 22157930; 22172323; 22185283; 22188534; 22188813; 22190283; 22208359; 22209294; 22212451; 22214007; 22227580; 22258409; 22271473; 22285706; 22285928; 22287190; 22301279; 22302350; 22315990; 22325221; 22330809; 22336203; 22336586; 22340730; 22351695; 22355357; 22357840; 22363436; 22363598; 22383975; 22417847; 22430133; 22430209; 22460814; 22463491; 22471665; 22488590; 22495819; 22498935; 22522453; 22522847; 22552288; 22556157; 22556379; 22575839; 22579930; 22586484; 22619175; 22623730; 22635024; 22640628; 22648906; 22649008; 22658544; 22662165; 22675430; 22675553; 22683270; 22689060; 22704443; 22705003; 22705004; 22723903; 22729222; 22729223; 22729224; 22736407; 22737248; 22744290; 22768164; 22768179; 22779686; 22782554; 22798500; 22807617; 22840496; 22842715; 22851869; 22863784; 22870241; 22875023; 22880054; 22897848; 22897902; 22905202; 22912864; 22923510; 22928013; 22931052; 22936809; 22938585; 22940133; 22949056; 22949682; 22955107; 22964641; 22982396; 22988297; 22994622; 22994717; 22997091; 22998445; 23013731; 23021375; 23028762; 23051731; 23066026; 23066039; 23071680; 23082158; 23085752; 23092874; 23094721; 23100325; 23107319; 23110163; 23115297; 23125007; 23136191; 23136247; 23172887; 23182717; 23184205; 23185308; 23192871; 23219661; 23224067; 23233531; 23237847; 23243017; 23246288; 23248156; 23261389; 23266353; 23275335; 23292187; 23300780; 23301057; 23318440; 23335533; 23341541; 23345407; 23352210; 23374602; 23383294; 23386617; 23392229; 23401445; 23409016; 23417417; 23418602; 23429328; 23435830; 23453624; 23475955; 23523798; 23532889; 23538402; 23546602; 23548132; 23549875; 23563091; 23564819; 23568272; 23580570; 23583669; 23588386; 23592373; 23604317; 23612454; 23615713; 23624506; 23625205; 23626817; 23633456; 23640046; 23643389; 23660947; 23680019; 23684925; 23695676; 23708425; 23709421; 23725225; 23728071; 23734265; 23739063; 23743572; 23785428; 23787421; 23813545; 23832540; 23851329; 23867512; 23867821; 23884447; 23886157; 23891627; 23936502; 23946963; 23981382; 24001613; 24011934; 24062397; 24077110; 24099783; 24231454; 24233241; 24299208; 24314632; 24323026; 24323028; 24360885; 24364210; 24374682 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha HGNC:8975 HPRD:01382 MIM:171834 Other designations: PI3-kinase p110 subunit alpha|PI3K-alpha|phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, 110-KD, alpha|phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide|phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform|phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase 110 kDa catalytic subunit alpha|phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit, alpha isoform|phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide|ptdIns-3-kinase subunit p110-alpha|serine/threonine protein kinase PIK3CA PIK3CA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARP1 Brx1 IDG2 IGDS IGDS2 IHG2 IRID2 Otlx2 PTX2 RGS RIEG RIEG1 RS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PITX2 paired-like homeodomain 2 5308 4q25 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16449236); GO_0000976 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12612071); GO_0000978 (EC: IEA); GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0001078 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16449236); GO_0001085 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15466416); GO_0001102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12612071); GO_0001105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9685346); GO_0001191 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16449236); GO_0001569 (EC: IEA); GO_0001570 (EC: IEA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001764 (EC: IEA); GO_0002074 (EC: IEA); GO_0003171 (EC: IEA); GO_0003253 (EC: ISS); GO_0003350 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15385555); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16449236); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005667 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15385555); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15385555); GO_0007368 (EC: ISS); GO_0007520 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15385555); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008585 (EC: IEA); GO_0009725 (EC: IEA); GO_0016055 (EC: IEA); GO_0021763 (EC: IEA); GO_0021855 (EC: IEA); GO_0030334 (EC: IEA); GO_0031076 (EC: IEA); GO_0031490 (EC: IEA); GO_0033189 (EC: IEA); GO_0035116 (EC: IEA); GO_0035315 (EC: IC, PMID: 19251162); GO_0035886 (EC: IEA); GO_0035993 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18312615); GO_0042475 (EC: IEA); GO_0042476 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14630904); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12612071); GO_0043010 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9618168); GO_0043021 (EC: IC, PMID: 19174163); GO_0043388 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15466416); GO_0048536 (EC: ISS); GO_0048557 (EC: IEA); GO_0051219 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19174163); GO_0055009 (EC: IEA); GO_0055015 (EC: IEA); GO_0060126 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10372733); GO_0060127 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10372733); GO_0060412 (EC: IEA); GO_0060460 (EC: IEA); GO_0060577 (EC: IEA); GO_0060578 (EC: IEA); GO_0061031 (EC: IEA); GO_0061072 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9437321); GO_0061325 (EC: ISS); GO_0070986 (EC: ISS); GO_2000288 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1303248; 7581385; 8942889; 8944018; 9437321; 9539779; 9618168; 9685346; 9708732; 10051017; 10372733; 11157981; 11487566; 11763998; 11774072; 11821690; 11948188; 12130547; 12223489; 12381896; 12464179; 12477932; 12612071; 12732450; 14630904; 14975719; 14985297; 15255117; 15342556; 15385555; 15466416; 15489334; 15591271; 15728254; 15895993; 16274491; 16449236; 16498627; 16638984; 16834779; 16876867; 16884686; 16936096; 17065505; 17167399; 17197537; 17486624; 17558846; 17603472; 17850355; 17965955; 18312615; 18331556; 18339718; 18616618; 18711169; 18775326; 18946986; 19052653; 19174163; 19218601; 19233404; 19251162; 19513095; 19597492; 19801652; 19913121; 19954729; 20022124; 20170812; 20173747; 20211142; 20301552; 20332099; 20372070; 20478579; 20628086; 20634891; 20875405; 20881290; 20881294; 20978111; 21221769; 21278591; 21282332; 21414601; 21427120; 21479692; 21498098; 21511879; 21531708; 21574119; 21617755; 21803613; 21810944; 21837767; 22224469; 22495974; 22544366; 22555092; 22569110; 22615897; 22735262; 23041239; 23042660; 23088713; 23132660; 23229549; 23354914; 23505501; 23913021; 24083357; 24162257; 24250222 paired-like homeodomain 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000164093 HGNC:9005 HPRD:03328 MIM:601542 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132837 Other designations: ALL1-responsive protein ARP1|all1-responsive gene 1|homeobox protein PITX2|paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2|pituitary homeobox 2|rieg bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor 1|solurshin PITX2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PLA2 PLA2A PPLA2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLA2G1B phospholipase A2, group IB (pancreas) 5319 12q24.31 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000187 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384); GO_0002446 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16005851); GO_0004623 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1918029); GO_0005102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1918029); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 7721806); GO_0005509 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7060561); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7060561); GO_0006633 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1918029); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006654 (EC: TAS); GO_0007015 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9886417); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9886417); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1918029); GO_0010524 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384); GO_0015758 (EC: ISS, PMID: 1918029); GO_0019370 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16005851); GO_0030141 (EC: IEA); GO_0030593 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16005851); GO_0032052 (EC: ISS, PMID: 7060561); GO_0032431 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17981679); GO_0032637 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384); GO_0032869 (EC: ISS, PMID: 1918029); GO_0035556 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384); GO_0036148 (EC: TAS); GO_0036149 (EC: TAS); GO_0036150 (EC: TAS); GO_0036151 (EC: TAS); GO_0036152 (EC: TAS); GO_0044240 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7060561); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045740 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1918029); GO_0045944 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384); GO_0046470 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7060561); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0047498 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7060561); GO_0048146 (EC: IC, PMID: 1918029); GO_0050482 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12423354); GO_0050714 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17981679); GO_0050778 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16005851); GO_0051092 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15528384) PMID: 1918029; 2052621; 3028739; 6349696; 6477929; 7060561; 7584826; 7590434; 7721806; 8175726; 8300559; 8358438; 9188469; 9377118; 9745929; 9847074; 9848887; 9886417; 10509674; 10551547; 10735945; 10873103; 10905638; 10964913; 11025364; 11353443; 11510783; 11807183; 11851982; 12423354; 12477932; 12759552; 14557262; 14998370; 15220446; 15489334; 15528384; 15736947; 16005851; 16391564; 16392040; 16495221; 16541075; 16567514; 17065600; 17223797; 17434532; 17470210; 17488462; 17981679; 18212756; 18492292; 18636547; 19297324; 19913121; 20536387; 20628086; 21988832; 22528125; 22680611 phospholipase A2, group IB (pancreas) Ensembl:ENSG00000170890 HGNC:9030 HPRD:01396 MIM:172410 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169343 Other designations: phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 1B|phospholipase A2 PLA2G1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FRFB GV-PLA2 PLA2-10 hVPLA(2) WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLA2G5 phospholipase A2, group V 5322 1p36-p34 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006663 (EC: IEA); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0016042 (EC: IEA); GO_0019370 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0036148 (EC: TAS); GO_0036149 (EC: TAS); GO_0036150 (EC: TAS); GO_0036151 (EC: TAS); GO_0036152 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0047498 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0050482 (EC: IEA); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8300559; 8838795; 8889548; 9377118; 9745929; 9767110; 10531350; 10751642; 10839997; 10873151; 11080676; 11522612; 11741884; 12124392; 12423354; 12477932; 12796497; 12963740; 14702039; 15259375; 15377291; 15489334; 16040605; 16115226; 16146426; 16476735; 16601231; 16710414; 16785555; 16794232; 17545304; 19913121; 20083228; 20448053; 20628086; 22041135; 22137173; 23650617 phospholipase A2, group V HGNC:9038 HPRD:03117 MIM:601192 Other designations: Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2|calcium-dependent phospholipase A2|phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 5 PLA2G5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CMD1P CMH18 PLB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLN phospholamban 5350 RP3-509L4.2 6q22.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002026 (EC: IC, PMID: 19708671); GO_0004857 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12032137); GO_0005246 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15598648); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0006816 (EC: IEA); GO_0008015 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8406504); GO_0008016 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16432188); GO_0010043 (EC: IEA); GO_0010459 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16432188); GO_0010881 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_0031966 (EC: IEA); GO_0031982 (EC: IEA); GO_0032780 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_0032780 (EC: ISS); GO_0033017 (EC: IEA); GO_0033574 (EC: IEA); GO_0042030 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_0042030 (EC: ISS); GO_0042802 (EC: ISS); GO_0043086 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12032137); GO_0048471 (EC: ISS); GO_0048738 (EC: IEA); GO_0051117 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12032137); GO_0051260 (EC: IEA); GO_0051480 (EC: IC, PMID: 19708671); GO_0051924 (EC: IDA); GO_0051924 (EC: ISS); GO_0051926 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_0055119 (EC: TAS); GO_0060314 (EC: IEA); GO_0086004 (EC: IC, PMID: 19708671); GO_0086023 (EC: IEA); GO_0086036 (EC: IC, PMID: 19708671); GO_0086092 (EC: IEA); GO_0090281 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12032137); GO_0090534 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_1901020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_1901020 (EC: ISS); GO_1901877 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_1901877 (EC: ISS); GO_1901894 (EC: IDA); GO_1901895 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19708671); GO_1901897 (EC: IC, PMID: 19708671); GO_1902081 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1828805; 3759968; 7586307; 7749920; 7779806; 8406504; 8862513; 9345259; 9468536; 9512019; 9845327; 10096878; 10198197; 10551848; 10809745; 11526231; 11854448; 12032137; 12080135; 12477932; 12480535; 12525698; 12610310; 12639993; 12692302; 12705874; 12804600; 14530977; 15342556; 15489334; 15598648; 15640069; 15736939; 16043693; 16235537; 16382369; 16432188; 16476846; 16829191; 17009399; 17010801; 17515962; 17655857; 17766390; 17905829; 18192322; 18241046; 18708665; 19139388; 19305408; 19305409; 19324307; 19584346; 19587794; 19638213; 19671701; 19708671; 19875404; 20301486; 20301725; 20474083; 20634894; 20639392; 21076409; 21108950; 21167350; 21282613; 21332051; 21576492; 21687864; 21988832; 22137083; 22155237; 22172806; 22247554; 22427649; 22820313; 23166209; 23308118; 23349452; 23871674 phospholamban Ensembl:ENSG00000198523 HGNC:9080 HPRD:01395 MIM:172405 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015462 Other designations: cardiac phospholamban PLN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APR NOXA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PMAIP1 phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 5366 18q21.32 20140408 9606 18 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15705586); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12879012); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14500711); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15705586); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17599062); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IEA); GO_0009411 (EC: IEA); GO_0010165 (EC: IEA); GO_0010498 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15901672); GO_0010907 (EC: IDA); GO_0010917 (EC: ISS, PMID: 14699081); GO_0032461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17024184); GO_0042149 (EC: IMP); GO_0042771 (EC: IEA); GO_0043029 (EC: ISS); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043280 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14699081); GO_0043331 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15705586); GO_0043517 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15102863); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0046902 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14500711); GO_0048147 (EC: IEA); GO_0051607 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15705586); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP, PMID: 14699081); GO_0072332 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15102863); GO_0072593 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14699081); GO_0090200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14500711); GO_0090200 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15705586); GO_0097193 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14500711); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1902043 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15705586); GO_2001244 (EC: IDA); GO_2001244 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2398525; 10807576; 11181995; 12477932; 12879012; 14500711; 14699081; 15102863; 15299072; 15489334; 15572378; 15694340; 15705586; 15856024; 15901672; 16169070; 16697956; 16782027; 16888645; 16928686; 17024184; 17038534; 17216584; 17227835; 17289999; 17599062; 18192275; 18231856; 18354037; 18398749; 18408751; 18630524; 18708163; 18784742; 19050264; 19148187; 19164757; 19269851; 19298224; 19322201; 19372561; 19452318; 19515722; 19540835; 19815839; 20051518; 20085765; 20156337; 20223826; 20393480; 20639865; 20694148; 20802529; 20935673; 21048031; 21113147; 21139048; 21139584; 21145489; 21153863; 21353614; 21454712; 21516346; 21518486; 21613222; 21628457; 21698224; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21907705; 21911456; 22053931; 22216287; 22219388; 22245094; 22361683; 22430213; 22446329; 22548841; 22590594; 22615771; 22718761; 23000965; 23014529; 23300762; 23302226; 23341456; 23429261; 23499448; 23669352; 23684722; 23770605; 23798675 phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000141682 HGNC:9108 HPRD:12002 MIM:604959 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132765 Other designations: PMA-induced protein 1|adult T cell leukemia-derived PMA-responsive|immediate-early-response protein APR|protein Noxa PMAIP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Sec53 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PMM1 phosphomannomutase 1 5372 22q13.2 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16540464); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006013 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16540464); GO_0006488 (EC: TAS); GO_0009298 (EC: IEA); GO_0009298 (EC: TAS); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0019307 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9070917; 9119384; 9271215; 9376685; 9603909; 10085245; 10591208; 12477932; 12789572; 14702039; 15461802; 15489334; 16189514; 16540464; 17054774; 17186415; 18591914; 18854154; 18927083; 21078624; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 23000965 phosphomannomutase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000100417 HGNC:9114 HPRD:03473 MIM:601786 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150972 Other designations: PMM 1|PMMH-22|brain glucose-1,6-bisphosphatase PMM1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPR CYPOR P450R WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene POR P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase 5447 7q11.2 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003420 (EC: IEA); GO_0003958 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19448135); GO_0003958 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10048323); GO_0004128 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008941 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: IEA); GO_0009437 (EC: IEA); GO_0009812 (EC: IEA); GO_0010181 (EC: IEA); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA); GO_0018393 (EC: IEA); GO_0019395 (EC: IEA); GO_0019899 (EC: IEA); GO_0032332 (EC: IEA); GO_0032770 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19448135); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9618440); GO_0043602 (EC: IEA); GO_0045542 (EC: IEA); GO_0045880 (EC: IEA); GO_0046210 (EC: IEA); GO_0047726 (EC: IEA); GO_0050660 (EC: IEA); GO_0050661 (EC: IEA); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19448135); GO_0055114 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10048323); GO_0060192 (EC: IEA); GO_0070988 (EC: IEA); GO_0071372 (EC: IEA); GO_0071375 (EC: IEA); GO_0090031 (EC: IEA); GO_0090346 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19448135) PMID: 1550342; 2513880; 2516426; 7703255; 8460938; 8615895; 8812989; 9335117; 9398194; 9618440; 9642268; 9787138; 9847074; 9888582; 10048323; 10448278; 10990198; 11035953; 11118675; 11123926; 11181502; 11329262; 11329263; 11350900; 11716457; 11926825; 11971899; 12477932; 12626517; 12688675; 12725870; 12782579; 12787027; 12901793; 14758361; 14999778; 15220035; 15264278; 15342556; 15483095; 15489334; 15666840; 15680923; 15793702; 16169070; 16344560; 16434211; 16445284; 16467261; 16520232; 16574318; 16998238; 17018578; 17440066; 17505056; 17580970; 17595315; 17635179; 17827787; 17881660; 18216718; 18230729; 18259105; 18397975; 18551037; 18559916; 18630181; 18681889; 18781797; 19161969; 19258400; 19374516; 19448135; 19598235; 19744540; 19805543; 19837910; 19858215; 19884324; 19913121; 20096935; 20301592; 20628086; 20697309; 20722625; 20732302; 20844025; 20849814; 20879989; 20940534; 21070833; 21081644; 21084761; 21139048; 21164260; 21252943; 21265736; 21393444; 21655236; 21726529; 21741353; 21762695; 21770725; 21843508; 21890473; 21900206; 21900384; 21963094; 21973081; 21988832; 22162478; 22177374; 22462747; 22545110; 22547083; 22797925; 23000965; 23353702; 23911089; 24196959 P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase Ensembl:ENSG00000127948 HGNC:9208 HPRD:00485 MIM:124015 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130413 Other designations: NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase|NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase POR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BRN5 MPOU TCFB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene POU6F1 POU class 6 homeobox 1 5463 12q13.13 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7908264); GO_0007507 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7908264); GO_0007517 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7908264); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1408763; 7908264; 8102789; 8567814; 8889548; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 18029348; 18323601; 18976975; 19450691; 19874398; 20134265 POU class 6 homeobox 1 HGNC:9224 HPRD:17883 Other designations: POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 1|brain-5|brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 5|brn-5|mPOU homeobox protein POU6F1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NR1C1 PPAR PPARalpha hPPAR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PPARA peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha 5465 SC22CB-5E3.5 22q13.31 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12700342); GO_0001103 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19955185); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10860941); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0003700 (EC: ISS); GO_0003707 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0004879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12955147); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11915042); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16271724); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7684926); GO_0006631 (EC: IEA); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0008144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12955147); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12955147); GO_0008544 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010745 (EC: IC, PMID: 12700342); GO_0010745 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19114110); GO_0010871 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12700342); GO_0010887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19114110); GO_0010891 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12700342); GO_0015908 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16271724); GO_0019902 (EC: IEA); GO_0019904 (EC: IEA); GO_0030522 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12955147); GO_0031624 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19955185); GO_0032000 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16271724); GO_0032091 (EC: IEA); GO_0032099 (EC: ISS); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0035095 (EC: IEA); GO_0042060 (EC: IEA); GO_0042157 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: ISS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045776 (EC: IEA); GO_0045820 (EC: IC, PMID: 19955185); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12955147); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0046321 (EC: ISS); GO_0051525 (EC: IEA); GO_0070166 (EC: IEA); GO_0072363 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0072366 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0072369 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0097371 (EC: IEA); GO_1901215 (EC: IEA); GO_2000678 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7684926; 7981125; 8621574; 8910358; 8993548; 9113987; 9238002; 9407140; 9610365; 9626662; 9627117; 9653119; 9748221; 9792666; 9795230; 9915808; 10022764; 10187842; 10195690; 10336495; 10377439; 10403814; 10542237; 10591208; 10669761; 10681503; 10731636; 10786636; 10860941; 10862523; 10872826; 10903152; 11119019; 11226238; 11337467; 11375929; 11409711; 11466580; 11587644; 11668221; 11698662; 11733490; 11818483; 11840500; 11845213; 11852057; 11864924; 11891224; 11897617; 11897821; 11914252; 11915042; 11923467; 11934839; 11940516; 11980898; 11981036; 12006394; 12023905; 12039952; 12042669; 12048138; 12055195; 12118000; 12118038; 12161442; 12163133; 12189208; 12203367; 12208475; 12395215; 12408750; 12468272; 12477932; 12482853; 12544508; 12554753; 12562861; 12594295; 12594814; 12615366; 12655356; 12700342; 12709436; 12745064; 12810707; 12835617; 12847522; 12855749; 12897377; 12914524; 12932225; 12938026; 12955147; 12962497; 14515181; 14519597; 14523052; 14633846; 14641801; 14671555; 14677049; 14702039; 14730379; 14764586; 14999402; 15001458; 15001550; 15051727; 15067378; 15083308; 15111510; 15128052; 15131257; 15196699; 15199365; 15221005; 15231516; 15258199; 15309680; 15318936; 15456881; 15461802; 15497675; 15500444; 15521013; 15539630; 15549499; 15608561; 15615782; 15642120; 15677519; 15685545; 15699244; 15699916; 15735069; 15759454; 15797250; 15811118; 15870285; 15888456; 15935279; 15940190; 16042408; 16043164; 16162941; 16169070; 16189514; 16221474; 16226051; 16239970; 16271724; 16275545; 16285997; 16288935; 16288986; 16297361; 16309557; 16377806; 16416313; 16492688; 16506057; 16511589; 16554032; 16630553; 16637234; 16652134; 16763159; 16806233; 16822823; 16847426; 16875506; 16956579; 17001213; 17008383; 17084382; 17129741; 17150915; 17181634; 17184146; 17195188; 17200111; 17244467; 17272748; 17300045; 17317762; 17331954; 17342071; 17355223; 17356846; 17363697; 17363837; 17431031; 17436029; 17492134; 17608096; 17616429; 17646210; 17655842; 17700210; 17705849; 17850927; 17926914; 17951966; 17962186; 17963696; 17991667; 17998026; 18003597; 18004978; 18061194; 18172578; 18182682; 18184928; 18219093; 18245819; 18255343; 18268046; 18292238; 18313368; 18336366; 18388689; 18394939; 18398047; 18440986; 18518955; 18541586; 18549840; 18586686; 18652775; 18660489; 18680716; 18710415; 18713766; 18725353; 18726867; 18727927; 18786524; 18787507; 18797151; 18848838; 18853997; 18855529; 18955051; 18977277; 18981151; 18996102; 19070893; 19114110; 19115207; 19118026; 19119483; 19141539; 19157507; 19208777; 19217440; 19223982; 19254215; 19255064; 19263263; 19279199; 19357976; 19362162; 19367093; 19386311; 19420105; 19422369; 19422653; 19433068; 19451226; 19453261; 19458633; 19527689; 19560472; 19628794; 19653005; 19660836; 19681917; 19706994; 19710929; 19733654; 19748481; 19776627; 19780876; 19782026; 19789836; 19822141; 19823578; 19828088; 19878569; 19887568; 19913121; 19937854; 19948841; 19948975; 19955185; 20016041; 20044476; 20045185; 20070029; 20178979; 20214982; 20238044; 20346360; 20379614; 20384434; 20385772; 20399568; 20400503; 20414453; 20421589; 20426853; 20450745; 20452482; 20466884; 20485444; 20496064; 20602615; 20620111; 20628086; 20638986; 20647061; 20653996; 20656057; 20673868; 20679960; 20682687; 20800603; 20810571; 20811626; 20825652; 20838448; 20855565; 20862655; 21030426; 21125992; 21159535; 21245137; 21282101; 21291392; 21304969; 21326871; 21430558; 21443859; 21487230; 21540177; 21562928; 21785974; 21967852; 21988832; 21990353; 22040870; 22065208; 22068265; 22089192; 22092351; 22168458; 22205725; 22215653; 22266374; 22315317; 22336959; 22349506; 22378291; 22435679; 22479552; 22510778; 22547144; 22647601; 22649490; 22654113; 22685582; 22920733; 22932900; 22940187; 22944052; 22983821; 22989886; 23141142; 23144166; 23158661; 23160450; 23208589; 23262340; 23295386; 23329136; 23372804; 23455924; 23476056; 23502212; 23522297; 23567058; 23583468; 23645771; 23657974; 23666678; 23707408; 23711995; 23736812; 23811234; 23814018; 23821302; 23891824; 23919842; 23930676; 24140347; 24169559; 24309288 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Ensembl:ENSG00000186951 HGNC:9232 HPRD:01369 MIM:170998 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150443 Other designations: PPAR-alpha|nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1|peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, alpha|peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor alpha variant 3 PPARA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AMPK AMPKa1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRKAA1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit 5562 5p12 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000187 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11546797); GO_0001666 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8557660); GO_0003682 (EC: ISS); GO_0004672 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17028174); GO_0004679 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18439900); GO_0004691 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8557660); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16306228); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005622 (EC: IC, PMID: 8557660); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17028174); GO_0006633 (EC: IEA); GO_0006695 (EC: IEA); GO_0006914 (EC: IEA); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8557660); GO_0008022 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008610 (EC: ISS); GO_0009631 (EC: IEA); GO_0010332 (EC: ISS); GO_0010508 (EC: ISS); GO_0010628 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17028174); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0016055 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0019395 (EC: IEA); GO_0019900 (EC: IEA); GO_0031000 (EC: IEA); GO_0031588 (EC: ISS); GO_0031669 (EC: ISS); GO_0032007 (EC: ISS); GO_0035174 (EC: ISS); GO_0042149 (EC: ISS); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0042752 (EC: ISS); GO_0043066 (EC: ISS); GO_0045542 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8557660); GO_0045821 (EC: ISS); GO_0046318 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11165240); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0047322 (EC: IEA); GO_0048511 (EC: IEA); GO_0050321 (EC: IEA); GO_0050405 (EC: IEA); GO_0050995 (EC: ISS); GO_0051291 (EC: IEA); GO_0055089 (EC: ISS); GO_0060627 (EC: IEA); GO_0070301 (EC: IEA); GO_0071361 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IEA); GO_2000505 (EC: ISS); GO_2001274 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1322130; 2900138; 7907095; 8094892; 8163463; 8557660; 8626596; 8663446; 8910387; 9091312; 9224708; 9710607; 9845345; 9857077; 10698692; 10760274; 10862786; 11042152; 11052978; 11165240; 11171059; 11500364; 11546797; 11903059; 11913976; 11971957; 11997383; 12091379; 12194824; 12368907; 12391032; 12477932; 12788940; 12791703; 12847291; 12853467; 12869384; 12890675; 14557259; 14651849; 14702039; 14709557; 14970221; 14976552; 14985344; 14985505; 15024086; 15261145; 15485651; 15489334; 16054041; 16054095; 16306228; 16344560; 16405649; 16466905; 16806233; 17028174; 17088252; 17584647; 18195011; 18276112; 18303014; 18347656; 18359290; 18403135; 18439900; 18614941; 18663353; 18674809; 18781797; 18801964; 18836454; 18950855; 18976975; 18996102; 19020741; 19049348; 19050283; 19138981; 19197243; 19211918; 19322201; 19442239; 19491292; 19502591; 19556893; 19616115; 19720090; 19723093; 19723094; 19723101; 19723105; 19728147; 19887561; 19913121; 19923924; 19948975; 19966861; 20080969; 20103647; 20167678; 20170185; 20217115; 20368287; 20368732; 20392842; 20421294; 20462511; 20538596; 20562859; 20564492; 20602615; 20622004; 20628086; 20660302; 20682687; 20821366; 20861072; 20876741; 21048031; 21072212; 21079763; 21088205; 21139048; 21209024; 21232561; 21344388; 21416543; 21432774; 21474997; 21651489; 21670147; 21678424; 21728993; 21768291; 21775054; 21807092; 21892142; 21906983; 21909354; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 21994947; 22007913; 22021095; 22037551; 22065577; 22212710; 22363791; 22378745; 22406815; 22419736; 22434430; 22462548; 22480519; 22553202; 22564965; 22607554; 22674476; 22688514; 22815988; 22833096; 22869372; 22897928; 22935535; 22939624; 22939629; 22988252; 23000302; 23022380; 23171948; 23221389; 23228943; 23291726; 23306156; 23324179; 23367447; 23376776; 23417417; 23418352; 23455922; 23463002; 23475945; 23506848; 23589839; 23592276; 23602568; 23625915; 23648710; 23671028; 23677989; 23712032; 23716691; 23723070; 23800577; 23819460; 23861218; 23878245; 23904275; 24047437; 24072697; 24095280; 24371122 protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000132356 HGNC:9376 HPRD:04115 MIM:602739 Vega:OTTHUMG00000162269 Other designations: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1|5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, catalytic alpha-1 chain|ACACA kinase|AMP -activate kinase alpha 1 subunit|AMP-activated protein kinase, catalytic, alpha-1|AMPK alpha 1|AMPK subunit alpha-1|HMGCR kinase|acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase|hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase|tau-protein kinase PRKAA1 PRKAA1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PRKACN2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PKIB protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor beta 5570 RP11-95G17.1 6q22.31 20140408 9606 6 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004862 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2052616; 7684369; 8889548; 10880337; 11978406; 12061725; 12477932; 12748276; 14574404; 15342556; 15489334; 19035091; 19460752; 19483721; 21906983; 21988832; 23224602; 24250222 protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor beta Ensembl:ENSG00000135549 HGNC:9018 HPRD:06075 MIM:606914 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015488 Other designations: PKI-beta|cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor 2|cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor beta PKIB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PKC-beta PKCB PRKCB1 PRKCB2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRKCB protein kinase C, beta 5579 16p11.2 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IDA); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0004697 (EC: IEA); GO_0005080 (EC: IPI); GO_0005246 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18162466); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15632189); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15632189); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: IMP); GO_0006468 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3755548); GO_0006816 (EC: IEA); GO_0006874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID: 3755548); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0010829 (EC: ISS); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030374 (EC: IMP); GO_0030949 (EC: ISS); GO_0035403 (EC: IDA); GO_0035408 (EC: IDA); GO_0035556 (EC: IEA); GO_0042113 (EC: ISS); GO_0042393 (EC: IDA); GO_0042953 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18981301); GO_0043123 (EC: ISS); GO_0045766 (EC: ISS); GO_0046627 (EC: ISS); GO_0050681 (EC: IDA); GO_0050853 (EC: ISS); GO_0050861 (EC: ISS); GO_0051092 (EC: ISS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA); GO_0071322 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1321150; 1324914; 1400396; 1556124; 1611098; 1714454; 1832084; 1970444; 2139676; 2140056; 2182321; 2757032; 3259291; 3658678; 3666134; 3677994; 3755548; 7499337; 7588787; 7642615; 7693453; 7716516; 7850771; 7876252; 7876254; 7880442; 7961692; 8034666; 8034726; 8080473; 8089108; 8163551; 8206685; 8327493; 8473314; 8557118; 8599832; 8626698; 8627654; 8631738; 8662663; 8663071; 8694767; 8749392; 8824244; 8898866; 8899875; 8914829; 8940095; 8940188; 8964400; 9021343; 9030777; 9052983; 9151826; 9244383; 9296367; 9446795; 9475183; 9671211; 9677319; 9694886; 9765207; 9814702; 9815893; 9856494; 10194441; 10212259; 10417813; 10433554; 10446219; 10480917; 10490850; 10491200; 10493829; 10502411; 10531036; 10542228; 10641798; 10828076; 10843712; 10856305; 10862698; 10871288; 11003709; 11035810; 11044099; 11063746; 11078718; 11120522; 11120743; 11123317; 11141237; 11145703; 11154208; 11179083; 11278382; 11278415; 11283022; 11306676; 11325528; 11376011; 11502742; 11504923; 11598012; 11700305; 11744714; 11749387; 11765038; 11781100; 11805327; 11833470; 11884598; 11901153; 11919157; 11930178; 12023512; 12033257; 12054501; 12056906; 12070292; 12080070; 12093536; 12118249; 12134071; 12147342; 12149258; 12167592; 12356761; 12435880; 12456365; 12477932; 12482669; 12509514; 12519779; 12551925; 12569090; 12618484; 12665801; 12679936; 12682249; 12724308; 12730099; 12743109; 12765965; 12766174; 12874455; 12917261; 12950453; 12958364; 14527960; 14561740; 14594954; 14602581; 14623273; 14654844; 14654845; 14699138; 14702039; 15037605; 15067001; 15090600; 15188402; 15213298; 15252133; 15322124; 15327405; 15381704; 15384959; 15488737; 15489334; 15499829; 15546881; 15591231; 15611095; 15632189; 15647851; 15689238; 15716278; 15741241; 15880462; 15894802; 15917249; 16000408; 16027742; 16055064; 16080189; 16102725; 16111671; 16224561; 16236825; 16331690; 16356855; 16430878; 16472601; 16517978; 16567829; 16574992; 16574993; 16626305; 16673150; 16775601; 16831865; 16854530; 16930534; 16954220; 17003377; 17069764; 17115053; 17121852; 17133356; 17167344; 17192257; 17203073; 17227757; 17455194; 17545677; 17625596; 17632570; 17719638; 17846295; 17893151; 17926183; 17936705; 17950644; 17991733; 18067888; 18162466; 18162471; 18167130; 18172602; 18278479; 18292183; 18303026; 18317465; 18440851; 18472156; 18497307; 18541226; 18557705; 18577246; 18596232; 18632858; 18637128; 18692180; 18701509; 18714023; 18768137; 18937679; 18981301; 19091746; 19112601; 19168795; 19277684; 19295663; 19363595; 19573263; 19681907; 19693767; 19738201; 19887445; 19895572; 19907441; 19913121; 19920073; 19949911; 19966859; 20015121; 20098747; 20099025; 20141354; 20164467; 20179100; 20228790; 20336759; 20346360; 20379614; 20439192; 20442744; 20511681; 20522523; 20534587; 20618341; 20628086; 20736472; 20842205; 20846475; 21044950; 21134959; 21323641; 21467074; 21482705; 21525390; 21651489; 21817106; 21997316; 22016563; 22114277; 22114345; 22162761; 22197823; 22322241; 22446963; 22479367; 22547057; 22633971; 22670899; 22833470; 22930730; 22939624; 23042805; 23128233; 23204109; 23280626; 23328482; 23337848; 23439007; 23455922; 23458603; 23503679; 23562913; 23960082; 23963366 protein kinase C, beta Ensembl:ENSG00000166501 HGNC:9395 HPRD:01499 MIM:176970 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131615 Other designations: PKC-B|protein kinase C beta type|protein kinase C, beta 1 polypeptide PRKCB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He JNK JNK-46 JNK1 JNK1A2 JNK21B1/2 PRKM8 SAPK1 SAPK1c WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MAPK8 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 5599 10q11.22 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001503 (EC: IEA); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14967141); GO_0004705 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10393177); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006950 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8137421); GO_0007254 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8654373); GO_0007254 (EC: TAS); GO_0007258 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14967141); GO_0009411 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14967141); GO_0010628 (EC: IMP); GO_0018105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15850461); GO_0018107 (EC: IDA); GO_0018107 (EC: IMP); GO_0031063 (EC: IMP); GO_0032091 (EC: IDA); GO_0032880 (EC: IDA); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035033 (EC: IMP); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042826 (EC: IPI); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14967141); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046686 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0051090 (EC: TAS); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445); GO_0090045 (EC: IMP); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_2000017 (EC: IEA); GO_2001235 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1748630; 7535770; 7642542; 7737129; 7737130; 7839144; 8001819; 8137421; 8177321; 8224842; 8586671; 8621542; 8632909; 8654373; 8846788; 8917518; 9020136; 9030579; 9045910; 9129988; 9162092; 9195981; 9199329; 9199504; 9207092; 9211903; 9223324; 9235954; 9343414; 9374537; 9393873; 9396779; 9399639; 9403476; 9405400; 9405416; 9520479; 9575168; 9621077; 9661668; 9670954; 9692890; 9724739; 9732264; 9733513; 9774977; 9788880; 9808624; 9851932; 9872331; 9889198; 10187783; 10346818; 10357815; 10383391; 10391943; 10393177; 10394361; 10419510; 10446219; 10471813; 10490659; 10509564; 10521505; 10523642; 10551811; 10567572; 10585392; 10597297; 10601313; 10629060; 10713157; 10722755; 10747973; 10756100; 10797012; 10799874; 10856240; 10878576; 10912793; 10913135; 10962563; 11042694; 11057897; 11062067; 11108663; 11153078; 11238452; 11260070; 11278395; 11278789; 11278799; 11279118; 11279197; 11279232; 11283254; 11323415; 11350938; 11387337; 11408587; 11432831; 11448159; 11468147; 11479302; 11489891; 11504923; 11517249; 11525649; 11551945; 11566021; 11602244; 11606564; 11698270; 11700324; 11707464; 11749722; 11781324; 11788583; 11865055; 11912216; 11931768; 11944898; 11948398; 11971973; 11983683; 11988087; 12023963; 12039864; 12052834; 12058026; 12058028; 12079429; 12089333; 12095152; 12097334; 12121974; 12135322; 12138158; 12140754; 12143039; 12148599; 12167088; 12171600; 12185592; 12189133; 12206715; 12223491; 12225289; 12228228; 12239168; 12242293; 12296995; 12351658; 12351702; 12354774; 12359245; 12376548; 12391307; 12413764; 12417588; 12421945; 12477932; 12478662; 12514174; 12538493; 12576423; 12591950; 12592382; 12646240; 12646564; 12659851; 12689591; 12697749; 12707267; 12714584; 12734330; 12756254; 12763138; 12775419; 12787561; 12788955; 12804775; 12810082; 12818176; 12821118; 12847227; 12853963; 12857973; 12859962; 12874243; 12878610; 12902351; 12917434; 12958075; 12960231; 12963725; 13130464; 14500675; 14500727; 14504284; 14514687; 14517282; 14532003; 14551213; 14557276; 14561739; 14572659; 14597672; 14612408; 14633987; 14637155; 14688370; 14699155; 14701702; 14701799; 14702039; 14724588; 14729602; 14764673; 14766760; 14967141; 14981905; 15013949; 15169762; 15184502; 15225643; 15238629; 15246824; 15276183; 15299005; 15302935; 15326485; 15334056; 15345747; 15383283; 15456887; 15474087; 15483136; 15516492; 15527495; 15528994; 15538975; 15542843; 15569856; 15590691; 15603708; 15629131; 15637062; 15655348; 15657352; 15659383; 15665513; 15677475; 15688026; 15693750; 15696159; 15721744; 15722200; 15733859; 15749833; 15755722; 15769735; 15778365; 15778501; 15827086; 15850461; 15857981; 15860507; 15890690; 15958389; 15979846; 15981086; 15998799; 16007099; 16038800; 16086581; 16105650; 16153436; 16157600; 16166642; 16176806; 16243842; 16260419; 16260609; 16264271; 16282329; 16283431; 16291755; 16307741; 16321971; 16328781; 16339571; 16344560; 16381010; 16395283; 16407310; 16412424; 16434970; 16446428; 16465391; 16481105; 16533805; 16539678; 16549498; 16569638; 16581800; 16611996; 16636664; 16648634; 16687404; 16699726; 16740711; 16760468; 16794185; 16802349; 16810318; 16814421; 16815888; 16824735; 16895791; 16912864; 16927023; 16972261; 16983342; 17008315; 17023523; 17054907; 17074809; 17079291; 17145805; 17158878; 17178870; 17189706; 17192257; 17255354; 17296730; 17303384; 17317777; 17363973; 17453826; 17478078; 17481915; 17496921; 17541429; 17545598; 17568996; 17584736; 17603935; 17620321; 17626013; 17640761; 17652454; 17690186; 17693927; 17699782; 17702750; 17703233; 17704768; 17719653; 17785464; 17875713; 17883418; 17904874; 17908987; 17913539; 17933493; 17942603; 17967471; 17982228; 18003900; 18025271; 18036196; 18055217; 18082745; 18086557; 18087676; 18094581; 18160848; 18164704; 18181766; 18199680; 18212053; 18218857; 18219313; 18249102; 18253836; 18256527; 18276794; 18286207; 18288129; 18292600; 18293403; 18297686; 18316600; 18316603; 18325654; 18337589; 18344085; 18348163; 18356158; 18373696; 18387958; 18401423; 18405916; 18429822; 18439101; 18457359; 18495129; 18506470; 18524773; 18540881; 18541008; 18547751; 18570871; 18573678; 18594007; 18603327; 18620777; 18636174; 18651223; 18663379; 18667537; 18681908; 18682391; 18703151; 18713649; 18713996; 18718914; 18723442; 18757369; 18769111; 18782768; 18813780; 18815275; 18818208; 18845538; 18922473; 18936517; 18950845; 18957422; 18978303; 18979912; 18982452; 18989785; 18996088; 19033664; 19036714; 19037093; 19041150; 19052872; 19056926; 19060920; 19069644; 19071215; 19074436; 19097143; 19153595; 19154785; 19159663; 19166930; 19168796; 19194824; 19204086; 19206162; 19234442; 19245816; 19248119; 19270716; 19275580; 19286999; 19287189; 19319745; 19339050; 19351724; 19352384; 19418584; 19424800; 19454725; 19468799; 19478459; 19479051; 19523467; 19527717; 19567513; 19570911; 19574423; 19589256; 19593445; 19596001; 19604147; 19616043; 19620725; 19638579; 19651615; 19664626; 19667122; 19676104; 19686584; 19690982; 19693773; 19695707; 19723092; 19723627; 19748889; 19778898; 19782079; 19801633; 19802005; 19803394; 19806201; 19815509; 19822148; 19822666; 19859790; 19862774; 19864026; 19877043; 19893453; 19900593; 19901160; 19910486; 19913121; 19923798; 19937141; 19940138; 19940360; 19966288; 19995557; 19996270; 20018857; 20027304; 20051532; 20056178; 20056910; 20060003; 20069553; 20070836; 20070945; 20074375; 20086174; 20088952; 20102411; 20103647; 20116378; 20130137; 20133937; 20138424; 20139358; 20142324; 20145041; 20150185; 20156194; 20173753; 20194509; 20225236; 20336759; 20371626; 20380698; 20432452; 20450729; 20452983; 20457808; 20483637; 20483734; 20490718; 20495362; 20510162; 20511226; 20512919; 20512932; 20525557; 20551953; 20566643; 20573157; 20581839; 20622336; 20628086; 20632440; 20647313; 20648623; 20680486; 20717968; 20732415; 20735357; 20829350; 20870032; 20878914; 20919940; 20944115; 20960177; 21106355; 21122381; 21123173; 21134350; 21139048; 21145111; 21148294; 21148313; 21152872; 21156789; 21172010; 21172429; 21187925; 21191018; 21212517; 21223552; 21237154; 21362231; 21364631; 21364637; 21368226; 21378396; 21384452; 21439937; 21444723; 21454558; 21465527; 21483469; 21483669; 21504622; 21511059; 21524306; 21526344; 21629969; 21651489; 21660049; 21697181; 21719561; 21729547; 21752354; 21757743; 21764057; 21768777; 21775054; 21806545; 21817106; 21822690; 21832049; 21856198; 21863240; 21900206; 21906983; 21930785; 21931671; 21943220; 21948112; 21959987; 21964465; 21984578; 21988832; 22005259; 22014979; 22021110; 22087220; 22100391; 22110360; 22114267; 22154358; 22164242; 22171160; 22184250; 22283740; 22327296; 22351776; 22357202; 22363806; 22394200; 22433870; 22435755; 22446103; 22447977; 22450687; 22456510; 22493283; 22493490; 22505724; 22506718; 22509080; 22689214; 22729748; 22749438; 22763043; 22766602; 22844345; 22850273; 22870247; 22902540; 22920299; 23020677; 23051914; 23056263; 23077074; 23237571; 23258237; 23273084; 23290789; 23326144; 23359252; 23393199; 23416355; 23440494; 23580093; 23602568; 23603344; 23608488; 23608534; 23615449; 23662689; 23712703; 23715767; 23770673; 23861391; 23906792; 23916702; 24023291; 24055030; 24091673; 24184208; 24225136 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000107643 HGNC:6881 HPRD:03100 MIM:601158 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018172 Other designations: JUN N-terminal kinase|MAP kinase 8|c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1|mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform JNK1 alpha1|mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform JNK1 beta2|stress-activated protein kinase 1|stress-activated protein kinase 1c MAPK8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MAPKK6 MEK6 MKK6 PRKMK6 SAPKK-3 SAPKK3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MAP2K6 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 5608 17q24.3 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000187 (EC: TAS); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0002931 (EC: IEA); GO_0004702 (EC: IBA); GO_0004708 (EC: IBA); GO_0004713 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15229216); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006975 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10848581); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10848581); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8621675); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279118); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042692 (EC: TAS); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0051149 (EC: TAS); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0060048 (EC: IEA); GO_0070423 (EC: TAS); GO_0072709 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7750576; 8125298; 8621675; 8622669; 8626699; 8663074; 8861944; 9218798; 9430721; 9768359; 9808624; 9841871; 10094049; 10497253; 10570156; 10702308; 10838074; 10848581; 10961885; 11062067; 11062068; 11104681; 11279118; 11460167; 11562357; 11689443; 11727828; 11836244; 11971971; 12054652; 12242293; 12477932; 12509443; 12556533; 12589052; 12609980; 12697810; 12761180; 12820963; 14633987; 15229216; 15276183; 15375157; 15489334; 15492008; 15516490; 15550393; 15590691; 15677464; 15717329; 15722372; 15764709; 15778394; 15790570; 15866172; 15923648; 16157600; 16313339; 16342939; 16344560; 16498455; 16728640; 16893890; 16960152; 17079228; 17255097; 17255949; 17363905; 17363973; 17384642; 18327563; 19047046; 19141286; 19234473; 19302196; 19672773; 19675569; 19737936; 19846005; 19913121; 20067578; 20162623; 20213747; 20364819; 20628086; 20706999; 20805296; 20869211; 20932476; 21078955; 21139048; 21308746; 21368234; 21890473; 21926646; 22154358; 22164285; 22383536; 22569225; 23606331; 23744074 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 HGNC:6846 HPRD:03155 MIM:601254 Other designations: MAPK/ERK kinase 6|MAPKK 6|MEK 6|SAPK kinase 3|dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6|protein kinase, mitogen-activated, kinase 6 (MAP kinase kinase 6)|stress-activated protein kinase kinase 3 MAP2K6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF2AK1 PKR PRKR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 5610 2p22-p21 9606 2 GO_0000186 (EC: IMP, PMID:15229216); GO_0001819 (EC: ISS); GO_0003725 (EC: IDA); GO_0004672 (EC: IDA, PMID:12882984); GO_0004672 (EC: IMP); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS, PMID:1695551); GO_0004694 (EC: TAS, PMID:10866685); GO_0004715 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10390359); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15121867); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006412 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID:19189853); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID:1351683); GO_0008601 (EC: TAS, PMID:10866685); GO_0009615 (EC: IMP, PMID:19189853); GO_0017148 (EC: IDA, PMID:12882984); GO_0017148 (EC: IMP, PMID:19189853); GO_0019048 (EC: TAS); GO_0019054 (EC: TAS); GO_0019058 (EC: TAS); GO_0030683 (EC: TAS); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA); GO_0032722 (EC: ISS); GO_0032874 (EC: ISS); GO_0033689 (EC: IMP, PMID:16216244); GO_0035455 (EC: IDA, PMID:19840259); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045071 (EC: IMP, PMID:19189853); GO_0045087 (EC: IEA); GO_0046777 (EC: IDA); GO_0046777 (EC: IMP, PMID:16216244); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID:15121867); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID:15121867); GO_0051607 (EC: IEA); GO_1900225 (EC: ISS); GO_1901224 (EC: ISS); GO_1901532 (EC: ISS); GO_1902033 (EC: ISS); GO_1902036 (EC: ISS) PMID:1351683; 1373553; 1373554; 1677563; 1695551; 1708818; 2180064; 7491766; 7568151; 7686883; 7686884; 7738010; 7757816; 8099444; 8576172; 8601309; 8812437; 8887659; 8889548; 8921913; 9079663; 9135145; 9143277; 9214631; 9447982; 9528799; 9687506; 9721103; 9726442; 9735304; 9736623; 9781815; 9819435; 10320367; 10330179; 10348343; 10390359; 10400669; 10400814; 10542257; 10557102; 10620360; 10648614; 10684936; 10723127; 10747897; 10848580; 10866685; 10884347; 11123929; 11152499; 11238927; 11278865; 11337501; 11350938; 11438532; 11438536; 11438540; 11447118; 11468270; 11526399; 11555640; 11773402; 11836380; 11921349; 11985496; 11991642; 12051728; 12055262; 12060652; 12138106; 12231563; 12349906; 12368306; 12368348; 12396729; 12397061; 12447867; 12473108; 12477932; 12483527; 12539042; 12609980; 12665801; 12679338; 12882984; 12944978; 13678666; 14638359; 14698665; 14765129; 14961569; 15121867; 15122791; 15207627; 15229216; 15299030; 15489334; 15535414; 15596837; 15607693; 15625311; 15635413; 15737233; 15815621; 15880455; 15907845; 16009940; 16156900; 16216244; 16271080; 16288713; 16339759; 16373505; 16446363; 16466763; 16580685; 16785445; 16861340; 16861808; 16924232; 16954686; 16957780; 16989899; 17202131; 17284445; 17290288; 17307214; 17318221; 17353931; 17420072; 17451862; 17522227; 17541283; 17596833; 17597457; 17612505; 17686861; 17716668; 17785458; 17851256; 17928244; 17928446; 17959656; 17975119; 17977969; 18023289; 18048689; 18063576; 18087277; 18362360; 18426922; 18496558; 18599499; 18684815; 18684960; 18728014; 18835251; 18927075; 18936160; 18957415; 18976633; 18991615; 19004947; 19023099; 19028691; 19106640; 19109397; 19151623; 19189853; 19210572; 19229320; 19259124; 19322201; 19349624; 19353519; 19364808; 19416861; 19434718; 19445956; 19507191; 19515768; 19605474; 19605483; 19642004; 19651874; 19710021; 19733181; 19744687; 19776135; 19812373; 19840259; 19846517; 19846675; 20006836; 20006840; 20171114; 20181660; 20309637; 20331378; 20353946; 20395957; 20447405; 20485506; 20587610; 20588308; 20628624; 20685959; 20930042; 21029237; 21048031; 21072047; 21123378; 21123651; 21139048; 21145461; 21294215; 21338484; 21377708; 21385567; 21464971; 21468538; 21504114; 21526770; 21698289; 21710204; 21715487; 21790829; 21846836; 21882225; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21907836; 22022264; 22102852; 22174754; 22190034; 22278235; 22281122; 22306812; 22381929; 22473766; 22647704; 22787234; 22801494; 22894766; 22896602; 22912486; 22939624; 22939629; 22948139; 22986343; 23064357; 23084476; 23115276; 23115300; 23148689; 23151878; 23221979; 23229543; 23302873; 23314571; 23320095; 23370317; 23372823; 23399035; 23455922; 23527187; 23682076; 23706307; 23853588; 24089560; 24163370; 24334130 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000055332 HGNC:9437 HPRD:01468 MIM:176871 Other designations: P1/eIF-2A protein kinase|double stranded RNA activated protein kinase|eIF-2A protein kinase 2|interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase|interferon-inducible elF2alpha kinase|p68 kinase|protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent|tyrosine-protein kinase EIF2AK2 EIF2AK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ERdj6 HP58 P58 P58IPK PRKRI WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 5611 13q32.1 9606 13 GO_0004860 (EC: TAS, PMID:7511204); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID:8666242); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0006469 (EC: TAS, PMID:7511204); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0031205 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051087 (EC: IEA); GO_0051603 (EC: IEA); GO_0051607 (EC: IEA); GO_0051787 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19199708) PMID:7511204; 8576172; 8666242; 8824806; 8824808; 9447982; 9920933; 11116152; 11147971; 11526399; 11939789; 11991713; 12034040; 12446838; 12477932; 12601012; 15057823; 15489334; 18568130; 19199708; 20237496; 20554776; 21139048; 21799829; 21906983; 21963094; 22064321; 22190034; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000102580 HGNC:9439 HPRD:03114 MIM:601184 Vega:OTTHUMG00000017227 Other designations: ER-resident protein ERdj6|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3|endoplasmic reticulum DNA J domain-containing protein 6|endoplasmic reticulum DnaJ protein 6|interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase inhibitor|protein kinase inhibitor of 58 kDa|protein kinase inhibitor p58|protein-kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent inhibitor DNAJC3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EP4 EP4R WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PTGER4 prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4) 5734 5p13.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004957 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8163486); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16424369); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006955 (EC: IEP, PMID: 8862514); GO_0007188 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8163486); GO_0007254 (EC: ISS); GO_0009612 (EC: IEP); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8163486); GO_0030278 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0033624 (EC: IDA); GO_0042093 (EC: ISS); GO_0050710 (EC: ISS); GO_0050715 (EC: ISS); GO_0050728 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16424369); GO_0050729 (EC: ISS); GO_0051492 (EC: ISS); GO_0060348 (EC: ISS); GO_0070371 (EC: ISS); GO_0071260 (EC: ISS); GO_2000420 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7759114; 8078484; 8163486; 8250933; 8661119; 8855294; 8862514; 9214685; 10880739; 11093764; 11344234; 11423555; 11470276; 11597569; 11706038; 11782353; 11876748; 11948128; 11951086; 12036966; 12149218; 12215436; 12228765; 12477932; 12566441; 14517215; 14709160; 15100359; 15290741; 15347673; 15489334; 15528329; 15970595; 16020747; 16424369; 16428339; 16432186; 16574793; 16857763; 17046175; 17130837; 17290397; 17447842; 17496729; 17525067; 17611676; 17631291; 17684544; 17877755; 18005048; 18083712; 18086382; 18254372; 18270204; 18319253; 18516068; 18587394; 18797183; 18802112; 18829529; 19227010; 19273625; 19336370; 19407222; 19407341; 19444759; 19445930; 19453261; 19525953; 19558693; 19760754; 19879194; 19913121; 20014019; 20018632; 20086108; 20145136; 20222910; 20237496; 20353998; 20452482; 20484658; 20503412; 20549515; 20551148; 20561984; 20587336; 20628086; 20673868; 20846217; 20962850; 20970516; 21052031; 21071691; 21072187; 21081469; 21102463; 21111772; 21297633; 21365278; 21424266; 21589857; 21600299; 21681739; 21683675; 21723865; 21743469; 21832044; 21833088; 21890473; 22037551; 22080750; 22199300; 22276108; 22353936; 22362924; 22412388; 22570697; 22580611; 22695889; 22704539; 22706114; 22732652; 22924768; 22936669; 23090667; 23128233; 23242524; 23300802; 23337716; 23613969; 23619266; 23759445; 23817569 prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4) Ensembl:ENSG00000171522 HGNC:9596 HPRD:03350 MIM:601586 Vega:OTTHUMG00000094769 Other designations: PGE receptor EP4 subtype|PGE receptor, EP4 subtype|PGE2 receptor EP4 subtype|prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype|prostanoid EP4 receptor PTGER4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MEG PTPMEG PTPMEG1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PTPN4 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 4 (megakaryocyte) 5775 2q14.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004726 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16169070); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10940933); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0006470 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1648233); GO_0008092 (EC: IEA); GO_0009898 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10940933); GO_0035335 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1648233) PMID: 1648233; 8910369; 8917530; 10748123; 10940933; 11054567; 12477932; 15489334; 16169070; 16226712; 17474147; 18614237; 21900206; 21988832; 23666597; 24250222 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 4 (megakaryocyte) Ensembl:ENSG00000088179 HGNC:9656 HPRD:01471 MIM:176878 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131436 Other designations: PTPase-MEG1|megakaryocyte phosphatase|megakaryocyte protein-tyrosine phosphatase|protein tyrosine phosphatase MEG1|protein-tyrosine phosphatase MEG1|tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 4 PTPN4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HCP HCPH HPTP1C PTP-1C SH-PTP1 SHP-1 SHP-1L SHP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PTPN6 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6 5777 12p13 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001784 (EC: IEA); GO_0002924 (EC: IEA); GO_0004725 (EC: TAS); GO_0005001 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11266449); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10206955); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10940933); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006470 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11266449); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10506221); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7781604); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008283 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11266449); GO_0008284 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19749791); GO_0008285 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10497187); GO_0014068 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19838216); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10506221); GO_0017124 (EC: IEA); GO_0018108 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18802077); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11266449); GO_0030154 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11266449); GO_0031295 (EC: TAS); GO_0042105 (EC: IEA); GO_0042130 (EC: IEA); GO_0042169 (EC: IEA); GO_0042267 (EC: IEA); GO_0043407 (EC: IEA); GO_0045577 (EC: IEA); GO_0050732 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19749791); GO_0050853 (EC: IEA); GO_0050860 (EC: IEA); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0060333 (EC: TAS); GO_0060334 (EC: TAS); GO_0060337 (EC: TAS); GO_0060338 (EC: TAS); GO_0060397 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070372 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11266449); GO_2000045 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19838216) PMID: 1639416; 1652101; 1732748; 1736296; 7512963; 7518460; 7528577; 7539038; 7539106; 7618087; 7629131; 7665165; 7673163; 7684496; 7716523; 7781604; 7889566; 8114715; 8125298; 8246974; 8524272; 8541543; 8574854; 8627166; 8632004; 8638162; 8647855; 8692915; 8760799; 8780698; 8790380; 8943344; 8943354; 9029147; 9045636; 9064344; 9074930; 9148918; 9151699; 9162089; 9211920; 9244303; 9254654; 9261115; 9285411; 9285412; 9305905; 9368621; 9379041; 9405464; 9482905; 9485206; 9507021; 9520455; 9528781; 9531263; 9590210; 9632636; 9632768; 9712903; 9733788; 9740800; 9765283; 9774441; 9774457; 9788431; 9813145; 9842885; 9867848; 9890995; 9973385; 10072516; 10082557; 10206955; 10228003; 10229828; 10350061; 10457220; 10458769; 10488096; 10497187; 10506221; 10506573; 10521452; 10574931; 10585470; 10617656; 10640770; 10660565; 10660620; 10747947; 10764762; 10772872; 10790433; 10800945; 10835420; 10903717; 10903736; 10940933; 11001933; 11027300; 11042209; 11114375; 11160222; 11162587; 11171044; 11178971; 11266449; 11278955; 11294838; 11328818; 11337495; 11356834; 11414741; 11489943; 11511520; 11544253; 11551923; 11714803; 11723252; 11786908; 11812650; 11826756; 11858824; 11895767; 11907066; 11920268; 11964172; 11986327; 11987243; 12051764; 12130517; 12145285; 12145687; 12163025; 12176037; 12176909; 12196526; 12198247; 12361947; 12393607; 12438221; 12459556; 12468540; 12468645; 12477932; 12482860; 12571228; 12591278; 12646642; 12705885; 12734331; 12774026; 12791978; 12796776; 12832410; 12882840; 12917349; 14500659; 14551136; 14630083; 14662855; 14672952; 14691303; 14976049; 15070900; 15184070; 15187115; 15197735; 15269224; 15339845; 15456853; 15489334; 15549731; 15557341; 15574429; 15579525; 15588985; 15701718; 15746253; 15831474; 15870198; 16169070; 16326706; 16341674; 16344560; 16453023; 16482509; 16501054; 17046078; 17079228; 17142110; 17143285; 17218319; 17227821; 17239936; 17272397; 17404032; 17561098; 17579069; 18029348; 18086677; 18174230; 18209728; 18377662; 18441283; 18502033; 18543080; 18604210; 18729074; 18802077; 18948549; 18952289; 19056867; 19096001; 19104650; 19147543; 19166311; 19167335; 19204726; 19234487; 19379557; 19398961; 19542910; 19543515; 19551406; 19561639; 19591923; 19619438; 19749791; 19789387; 19838216; 19874234; 19950550; 20068065; 20117097; 20130595; 20196786; 20351292; 20398180; 20424160; 20687222; 20696858; 20840866; 21291405; 21357539; 21406173; 21465528; 21505184; 21505186; 21536801; 21604205; 21719561; 21799016; 21806449; 21818116; 21821701; 21890473; 21900501; 21906983; 21964525; 22043923; 22180308; 22210881; 22258937; 22371396; 22458809; 22458980; 22488585; 22505724; 22539788; 22589543; 22730659; 22738830; 22939629; 22960265; 23074279; 23391724; 23406209; 23766558; 23842094; 23979523 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000111679 HGNC:9658 HPRD:01475 MIM:176883 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168518 Other designations: hematopoietic cell phosphatase|hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase|protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1C|protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1|tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 PTPN6 olfactory receptor family 3 subfamily A member 4 pseudogene NCBI-Human-GeneID:5820 PVT1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5820 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5820 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He D1S2223E HK33 PBD12A PMP1 PMPI PXF PXMP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PEX19 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 19 5824 OK/SW-cl.22 1q23.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10704444); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12924628); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12924628); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19114594); GO_0005777 (EC: ISS); GO_0005778 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15713480); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19114594); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006625 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16344115); GO_0006625 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10704444); GO_0007031 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11883941); GO_0007031 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9339377); GO_0016021 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10051604); GO_0016557 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10051604); GO_0016559 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18782765); GO_0031526 (EC: ISS); GO_0036105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14709540); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18174172); GO_0045046 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11402059); GO_0047485 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19197237); GO_0050821 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14709540); GO_0051117 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11453642); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0061077 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14709540); GO_0072321 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11402059); GO_0072663 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18782765); GO_1900131 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19715730) PMID: 8076834; 9339377; 9418908; 10051604; 10704444; 10777694; 11259404; 11390669; 11402059; 11453642; 11590176; 11883941; 12096124; 12154087; 12477932; 12581788; 12924628; 14558883; 14709540; 14713233; 14715663; 15007061; 15231748; 15252024; 15489334; 15713480; 15781447; 16280322; 16344115; 16459329; 16582619; 16763195; 16791427; 16895967; 16980692; 17069900; 18174172; 18782765; 19114594; 19195843; 19197237; 19322201; 19715730; 20301621; 20531392; 20554521; 20615514; 20683989; 21102411; 21139048; 21525035; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22053931; 22505724; 22624858; 22939629; 23000965; 23460677; 23956138 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 19 Ensembl:ENSG00000162735 HGNC:9713 HPRD:02610 MIM:600279 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033112 Other designations: 33 kDa housekeeping protein|housekeeping gene, 33kD|peroxin-19|peroxisomal farnesylated protein PEX19 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RAB13 RAB13, member RAS oncogene family 5872 GIG4 1q21.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003924 (EC: EXP); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16525024); GO_0005525 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 18779367); GO_0005802 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18779367); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005923 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12058051); GO_0006184 (EC: EXP); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA); GO_0010737 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15096524); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0016197 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18779367); GO_0016328 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12058051); GO_0030027 (EC: ISS); GO_0030139 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15528189); GO_0030658 (EC: IEA); GO_0030659 (EC: TAS); GO_0030866 (EC: ISS); GO_0031175 (EC: IMP); GO_0031410 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8294494); GO_0032456 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15528189); GO_0032593 (EC: ISS); GO_0032869 (EC: ISS); GO_0034236 (EC: IEA); GO_0035767 (EC: ISS); GO_0043005 (EC: IDA); GO_0044795 (EC: ISS); GO_0055037 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18779367); GO_0055038 (EC: IEA); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0070830 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12058051); GO_0090002 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15096524); GO_0097368 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8294494; 8375503; 9605854; 9712853; 9918381; 11076863; 12058051; 12477932; 14702039; 15096524; 15146197; 15489334; 15489336; 15528189; 15761153; 16381901; 16525024; 16710414; 16923123; 17891173; 18029348; 18779367; 19056867; 19273188; 19885626; 20360680; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 22178446; 22562557; 23000965; 23246001 RAB13, member RAS oncogene family Other designations: RAS-associated protein RAB13|cell growth-inhibiting gene 4 protein|growth-inhibiting gene 4 protein|ras-related protein Rab-13 RAB13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He R51H2 RAD51L1 REC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RAD51B RAD51 paralog B 5890 14q23-q24.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000400 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0000724 (EC: IMP); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9512535); GO_0003690 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12441335); GO_0003697 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12441335); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9512535); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005657 (EC: IDA); GO_0006200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12441335); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9512535); GO_0006310 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9512535); GO_0007131 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9441753); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008094 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12441335); GO_0010971 (EC: IMP); GO_0033063 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11751635) PMID: 4595808; 6261043; 8889548; 9207106; 9441753; 9512535; 9788630; 9878257; 9892177; 10565301; 10938124; 11744692; 11751635; 11751636; 11842112; 11842113; 11978964; 12118380; 12427746; 12441335; 12477932; 12508121; 12649198; 12975363; 14595808; 14704354; 15065660; 15115758; 15489334; 15701685; 18270339; 19329439; 19330030; 19657362; 19714462; 19850743; 20095854; 20195514; 20237344; 20379614; 20496165; 20522537; 20610542; 20881960; 21368091; 21399635; 21533530; 21852249; 21965664; 22017238; 22139419; 22232737; 22454379; 23001122; 23108668; 23251661; 23455636; 23535729; 23535732; 23810717; 24022229 RAD51 paralog B Ensembl:ENSG00000182185 HGNC:9822 HPRD:04255 MIM:602948 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157530 Other designations: DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2|RAD51 homolog B|RecA-like protein|recombination repair protein RAD51B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP107 PRB1 p107 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RBL1 retinoblastoma-like 1 5933 RP11-382A12.1 20q11.2 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 1331501); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006351 (EC: TAS); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16360038); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016568 (EC: IEA); GO_0043550 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16286473); GO_0045944 (EC: TAS); GO_0051726 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1331501; 1532458; 1833063; 7565695; 7739537; 7760804; 7791762; 7892279; 7935440; 7958924; 7958925; 8076603; 8230483; 8319904; 8622916; 8643455; 8657117; 8798463; 8816797; 8832394; 9242374; 9372959; 9464541; 9472014; 9501179; 9566894; 9697699; 9710587; 9721205; 9724724; 9724731; 9747874; 9858615; 9891079; 9927208; 10022926; 10082561; 10330166; 10376528; 10490602; 10540350; 10766737; 10863094; 11034201; 11313936; 11521194; 11571651; 11573202; 11642725; 11780052; 11799066; 11884610; 12006580; 12096339; 12150994; 12434308; 12439743; 12450794; 12466551; 12477932; 12549820; 12588981; 12621062; 12947099; 14555653; 14666683; 14671316; 15467457; 15479636; 15489334; 15631990; 15716956; 15735762; 15750587; 15827088; 15939381; 16135806; 16189514; 16286473; 16360038; 16537896; 16600870; 16620772; 16712791; 16943418; 17255935; 17531812; 17563750; 17620012; 17671431; 18086563; 18418057; 18799622; 19279001; 19453261; 19738611; 20379614; 20453000; 20663872; 21139048; 21900206; 21903422; 21988832; 22094256; 22157815; 22303805; 22673945; 23455922; 23602568; 23853093 retinoblastoma-like 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000080839 HGNC:9893 HPRD:00312 MIM:116957 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032406 Other designations: 107 kDa retinoblastoma-associated protein|cellular protein 107|retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107)|retinoblastoma-like protein 1 RBL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RFX3 regulatory factor X, 3 (influences HLA class II expression) 5991 RP11-32F11.1 9p24.2 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000790 (EC: IDA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8600444); GO_0003700 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8600444); GO_0003705 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8289803); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IC, PMID: 12411430); GO_0005667 (EC: IC); GO_0006355 (EC: ISS); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8289803); GO_0031018 (EC: ISS); GO_0042384 (EC: ISS); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12411430); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA); GO_0045944 (EC: ISS); GO_0048469 (EC: ISS); GO_0050796 (EC: ISS); GO_0060285 (EC: ISS); GO_0060287 (EC: ISS); GO_0072560 (EC: IEA); GO_2000078 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8289803; 8600444; 8889548; 10330134; 11682486; 12411430; 12477932; 14702039; 15024578; 15164053; 15489334; 16189514; 16344560; 19671664; 20211142; 21532573; 22415835; 23822649; 24058526 regulatory factor X, 3 (influences HLA class II expression) Other designations: DNA binding protein RFX3|transcription factor RFX3 RFX3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BAP-1 BAP1 DING HIPI3 RING1B RING2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RNF2 ring finger protein 2 6045 GS1-120K12.1 1q25.3 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: ISS); GO_0000151 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16714294); GO_0000278 (EC: IEA); GO_0001702 (EC: IEA); GO_0001739 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 16714294); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10369680); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16714294); GO_0009948 (EC: IEA); GO_0016604 (EC: IEA); GO_0031519 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16943429); GO_0035102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12167701); GO_0035518 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16943429); GO_0036353 (EC: ISS); GO_0071339 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15960975); GO_0071535 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16714294) PMID: 10369680; 11439343; 11513855; 11865070; 12167161; 12167701; 12183370; 12477932; 12589020; 14702039; 15009096; 15386022; 15489334; 15563468; 15761153; 15773819; 15931389; 15960975; 16169070; 16359901; 16624538; 16710298; 16710414; 16714294; 16751658; 16943429; 17070805; 17081983; 17088979; 17157253; 17379327; 17428788; 17468742; 17873902; 17936708; 18029348; 18051367; 18339675; 18616292; 18629613; 19337376; 19412891; 19549727; 19584075; 19636380; 19690564; 20237291; 20351251; 20601937; 20696397; 20800574; 20811636; 20854876; 21139048; 21179169; 21282530; 21347701; 21530438; 21596310; 21676867; 21772249; 21890473; 22031506; 22042911; 22099309; 22325352; 22427948; 22493164; 22797925; 22844243; 22902369; 22907436; 22910419; 23000965; 23022380; 23105109; 23207902; 23251661; 23318437; 23319651; 23383273; 23395003; 23455922; 23500468; 23671107; 23712474; 24163370; 24457600; 24614341 ring finger protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000121481 HGNC:10061 HPRD:07028 MIM:608985 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035391 Other designations: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2|HIP2-interacting protein 3|RING finger protein 1B|RING finger protein BAP-1|huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3|protein DinG RNF2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He D6S113E FSH FSRG1 NAT RING3 RNF3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BRD2 bromodomain containing 2 6046 DADB-17J1.3 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18406326); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006334 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18406326); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18406326); GO_0007283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9693039); GO_0016568 (EC: IEA); GO_0070577 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18406326) PMID: 1350857; 1352711; 1663500; 8595877; 8781126; 9373153; 9693039; 10934046; 10965846; 11502199; 11983150; 12145330; 12366783; 12477932; 12600283; 12830434; 14563639; 14574404; 14702039; 14731392; 15146197; 15302935; 15342556; 15489334; 15548137; 15949438; 16344560; 16512664; 16516380; 16786191; 16940503; 17081983; 17111193; 17148447; 17166848; 17848202; 17999746; 18406326; 19204726; 19322201; 19454010; 19766566; 19851445; 19953286; 20036832; 20048151; 20587610; 20709061; 20811636; 21139048; 21608014; 22035730; 22766109; 23115324; 23255218; 23455922; 23756480; 24049186; 24250222 bromodomain containing 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000204256 HGNC:1103 HPRD:03326 MIM:601540 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031241 Other designations: O27.1.1|bromodomain-containing 2|bromodomain-containing protein 2|female sterile homeotic-related gene 1|really interesting new gene 3 protein BRD2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He P160ROCK ROCK-I WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ROCK1 Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 6093 18q11.1 9606 18 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0001726 (EC: ISS); GO_0003383 (EC: IEA); GO_0004672 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10436159); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10652353); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10652353); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005814 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005856 (EC: ISS); GO_0005886 (EC: ISS); GO_0006468 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10436159); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006921 (EC: TAS); GO_0006939 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124); GO_0007159 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12082081); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10436159); GO_0007266 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8798490); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0016525 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19181962); GO_0017048 (EC: IEA); GO_0022614 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12082081); GO_0030027 (EC: ISS); GO_0030036 (EC: IEA); GO_0030155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124); GO_0032059 (EC: IEA); GO_0032060 (EC: IEA); GO_0032956 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0045616 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19997641); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0050900 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12082081); GO_0050901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12082081); GO_0051451 (EC: ISS); GO_0051492 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124); GO_0051893 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124); GO_0051894 (EC: ISS); GO_2000114 (EC: TAS); GO_2000145 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12778124) PMID: 2114109; 2155236; 7822264; 8617235; 8798490; 8816443; 9099667; 9354661; 9456324; 9516463; 9565595; 9722579; 9856983; 10209029; 10436159; 10508479; 10559936; 10574968; 10579722; 10601309; 10652353; 10818093; 10970850; 11018042; 11283607; 11340065; 11387207; 11739394; 11751986; 11818523; 11893932; 11931630; 11992112; 12034773; 12082081; 12177195; 12193698; 12220642; 12477932; 12482610; 12563012; 12600888; 12729902; 12748184; 12749591; 12773565; 12778124; 12850840; 14517206; 14610060; 14657354; 14660612; 14702039; 14716844; 14718574; 14962675; 15044207; 15096506; 15208091; 15231748; 15247219; 15252450; 15494373; 15611088; 15647781; 15665056; 15713824; 15723050; 15793569; 15797222; 15843433; 15855233; 15910744; 15956119; 16123592; 16141422; 16249185; 16344560; 16371346; 16407310; 16413470; 16543245; 16687572; 16712513; 16760434; 16772336; 16784244; 16825579; 16862148; 16891369; 16978606; 16983089; 17012370; 17028776; 17044646; 17138966; 17167780; 17172270; 17174923; 17244674; 17344417; 17346310; 17572668; 17620599; 17643375; 17651694; 17673200; 17728102; 17853893; 17855350; 18079197; 18187541; 18204440; 18239683; 18331468; 18353901; 18396681; 18477564; 18495812; 18499753; 18615591; 18648664; 18668558; 18684864; 18694941; 18695890; 18713748; 18723680; 18780293; 18852895; 18922892; 18941185; 18946488; 18948190; 18952846; 19001122; 19036714; 19131646; 19160018; 19167712; 19181962; 19403695; 19404162; 19406912; 19420982; 19549780; 19573309; 19590140; 19667069; 19913121; 19997641; 20039424; 20053635; 20056178; 20056645; 20064505; 20068229; 20070312; 20126978; 20130732; 20140017; 20223287; 20364104; 20379197; 20558775; 20682776; 20734064; 20801872; 20801873; 21035804; 21048031; 21051874; 21085597; 21119662; 21139048; 21206971; 21265091; 21305317; 21387396; 21417762; 21423810; 21445309; 21575520; 21739156; 21747168; 21840487; 21847509; 21906983; 21907926; 21908715; 21986457; 21994419; 22010828; 22031287; 22041269; 22085929; 22155728; 22197032; 22206673; 22232555; 22262769; 22328514; 22348083; 22363817; 22462535; 22493320; 22558309; 22563075; 22584506; 22798677; 22813839; 22846914; 22863883; 22913419; 22942252; 22975682; 22986902; 23022380; 23066013; 23094262; 23097497; 23168335; 23184937; 23188716; 23233531; 23328676; 23350987; 23355470; 23479079; 23602568; 23615712; 23665024; 23670799; 23720748; 23726972; 23775364; 23782575; 23789633; 23828571; 23872151; 23877263; 23936026; 24019071; 24149105; 24240172; 24250222; 24297045; 24324133 Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 HGNC:10251 HPRD:03414 MIM:601702 Other designations: Rho kinase|p160 ROCK-1|p160-ROCK|renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-35|rho-associated protein kinase 1|rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1|rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase I ROCK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He S29 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RPS29 ribosomal protein S29 6235 14q 20140408 9606 14 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000184 (EC: TAS); GO_0003735 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15883184); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: IC, PMID: 15883184); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006414 (EC: TAS); GO_0006415 (EC: TAS); GO_0006614 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8781548); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0015935 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15883184); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0019058 (EC: TAS); GO_0019083 (EC: TAS); GO_0022627 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15883184); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7772601; 8706699; 8722009; 8781548; 9582194; 10708601; 11751223; 11875025; 12477932; 12588972; 12625830; 15189156; 15489334; 15883184; 16196087; 17353931; 18029348; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22589738; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23455922; 23726511; 24250222 ribosomal protein S29 Ensembl:ENSG00000213741 HGNC:10419 HPRD:04698 MIM:603633 Vega:OTTHUMG00000140272 Other designations: 40S ribosomal protein S29 RPS29 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FADS5 MSTP008 SCD1 SCDOS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) 6319 PRO1933 10q24.31 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004768 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006633 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 21148; 6102994; 7909540; 8125298; 9362069; 10229681; 10922050; 11181995; 11397803; 11415448; 11677241; 12061775; 12401889; 12477932; 14683458; 14967817; 14967823; 15164054; 15489334; 15609334; 15610069; 15662557; 15708362; 15851470; 15855323; 15907797; 16213227; 16385451; 16723740; 17614770; 17636091; 17852835; 18029348; 18030445; 18286258; 18340007; 18499418; 18660489; 18697866; 18781797; 18813799; 18832746; 18952834; 19130493; 19154947; 19322201; 19478146; 19710915; 19913121; 19953087; 20032470; 20395685; 20565855; 20579763; 20599700; 20628086; 20639865; 20713121; 21045174; 21060977; 21139048; 21179554; 21331774; 21544602; 21658928; 21674150; 21775116; 21831035; 21832049; 21886157; 21890473; 21898701; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22026420; 22046234; 22049297; 22082156; 22209225; 22457791; 22505724; 22819528; 22946088; 23000965; 23013158; 23015656; 23019225; 23139775; 23208590; 23221600; 23331615; 23362303; 23455922; 23613812; 23633458; 24135379; 24357007 stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) Ensembl:ENSG00000099194 HGNC:10571 HPRD:04941 MIM:604031 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018906 Other designations: acyl-CoA desaturase|delta(9)-desaturase|delta-9 desaturase|delta-9-desaturase|fatty acid desaturase|predicted protein of HQ0998|stearoyl-CoA desaturase opposite strand SCD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SCOD1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SCO1 SCO1 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 6341 17p13.1 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005507 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9878253); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0006091 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9878253); GO_0006825 (EC: IEA); GO_0006878 (EC: IEA); GO_0008535 (EC: IEA); GO_0030016 (EC: IDA) PMID: 2543907; 2835635; 8619474; 8889548; 9110174; 9878253; 10218584; 10545952; 11013136; 11027508; 11579424; 12477932; 15229189; 15489334; 15659396; 16091356; 16344560; 16520371; 16735468; 17189203; 18458339; 19295170; 19336478; 19465909; 19913121; 20628086; 20864674; 20877624; 21139048; 21890473; 23345593; 24068947 SCO1 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein Ensembl:ENSG00000133028 HGNC:10603 HPRD:04705 MIM:603644 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130364 Other designations: SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 1|protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial SCO1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GDCF-2 HC11 HSMCR30 MCAF MCP-1 MCP1 SCYA2 SMC-CF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCL2 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 6347 17q11.2-q12 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000165 (EC: IMP); GO_0001525 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18334747); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0001938 (EC: IEA); GO_0002548 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12207323); GO_0004672 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9973507); GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10542238); GO_0005576 (EC: IDA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9670957); GO_0006874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10623817); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA); GO_0006959 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9548499); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007010 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10072545); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10198043); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10770925); GO_0007166 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9548499); GO_0007179 (EC: IEA); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10542238); GO_0007187 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10770925); GO_0007259 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9670957); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008009 (EC: IEA); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0008360 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10072545); GO_0009408 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009617 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16034137); GO_0009887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9364936); GO_0010332 (EC: IEA); GO_0010574 (EC: IEA); GO_0010759 (EC: IEA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: IEA); GO_0019079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10985244); GO_0019221 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12207323); GO_0019725 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18334747); GO_0030593 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0031663 (EC: IDA); GO_0031727 (EC: ISS); GO_0031727 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18021937); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0033552 (EC: IEA); GO_0034351 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12753088); GO_0035684 (EC: ISS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0043491 (EC: IMP); GO_0043524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12753088); GO_0043615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12271471); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044344 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9407497); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0046677 (EC: IEA); GO_0048010 (EC: IEA); GO_0048246 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12207323); GO_0048247 (EC: IEA); GO_0050806 (EC: IEA); GO_0050870 (EC: ISS); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0051770 (EC: ISS); GO_0060137 (EC: IEA); GO_0070098 (EC: IEA); GO_0071222 (EC: ISS); GO_0071346 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9407497); GO_0071346 (EC: ISS); GO_0071347 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9407497); GO_0071347 (EC: ISS); GO_0071356 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9407497); GO_0071356 (EC: ISS); GO_0071407 (EC: IDA); GO_0090265 (EC: IEA); GO_2000427 (EC: ISS); GO_2000502 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7545673) PMID: 1661560; 1857712; 2004761; 2071154; 2322286; 2357211; 2465924; 2501656; 2513477; 2518726; 2648385; 2923622; 7545673; 7651403; 8051410; 8107690; 8195247; 8627182; 8631787; 8639605; 8642344; 8898111; 8989326; 9287323; 9364936; 9405404; 9407497; 9501225; 9548499; 9558113; 9670957; 9789057; 9792375; 9792674; 9837883; 9973507; 10068657; 10072545; 10198043; 10453044; 10477718; 10529171; 10542238; 10587439; 10623817; 10644332; 10706668; 10734104; 10751368; 10770925; 10918580; 10982368; 10985244; 11083865; 11145723; 11154208; 11313374; 11350939; 11500196; 11544456; 11750041; 11751881; 11776402; 11844145; 11878903; 11912219; 11929421; 11989790; 11999660; 12009356; 12022754; 12067898; 12078856; 12082252; 12089333; 12093796; 12117737; 12127997; 12149192; 12183528; 12186702; 12195705; 12204371; 12207323; 12234797; 12239249; 12271471; 12351486; 12358851; 12372466; 12374865; 12391099; 12391196; 12393171; 12397639; 12399623; 12408680; 12410798; 12413001; 12419245; 12443832; 12460032; 12462338; 12470469; 12473373; 12477932; 12485413; 12488502; 12505750; 12520153; 12520365; 12540965; 12632067; 12651071; 12665582; 12724308; 12753088; 12758167; 12787135; 12805068; 12826189; 12826377; 12846738; 12904997; 12944979; 12946945; 12957789; 12960255; 13679391; 14517168; 14517792; 14550782; 14571188; 14576080; 14597108; 14602575; 14620921; 14647058; 14651522; 14660607; 14687706; 14733721; 14767014; 15005768; 15016614; 15022320; 15033992; 15034225; 15041705; 15067078; 15077296; 15081318; 15082170; 15110609; 15115316; 15123743; 15135805; 15167690; 15188361; 15191525; 15191888; 15191916; 15194470; 15203564; 15226634; 15257681; 15280531; 15288699; 15296827; 15302103; 15308783; 15312962; 15349727; 15389752; 15466648; 15468376; 15481145; 15488313; 15489334; 15492853; 15529362; 15545821; 15579297; 15599324; 15602730; 15607028; 15611878; 15627719; 15630704; 15654958; 15677312; 15722361; 15740484; 15745922; 15780578; 15832427; 15848524; 15866653; 15880317; 15883814; 15900302; 15919935; 15976326; 15979992; 16003740; 16004967; 16009177; 16009638; 16020745; 16034137; 16050950; 16078996; 16095529; 16105652; 16116069; 16129702; 16160188; 16164699; 16195477; 16204411; 16206161; 16206198; 16213182; 16214031; 16230097; 16249002; 16278381; 16280328; 16280979; 16307829; 16309586; 16318581; 16351713; 16352737; 16356504; 16358960; 16359995; 16362156; 16397773; 16415174; 16427785; 16436595; 16439461; 16439481; 16439891; 16445900; 16474202; 16479072; 16504689; 16516290; 16518346; 16524739; 16597919; 16609683; 16631114; 16636247; 16636603; 16672419; 16697212; 16697654; 16697675; 16705739; 16712788; 16719905; 16730843; 16733654; 16741188; 16750572; 16751386; 16781696; 16795034; 16802342; 16804844; 16814297; 16825597; 16828028; 16835702; 16867220; 16872505; 16873204; 16903979; 16934270; 16939660; 16980310; 16988194; 16997300; 17008880; 17032917; 17046994; 17052731; 17062130; 17065190; 17082648; 17091019; 17098977; 17138827; 17169533; 17187019; 17202846; 17207568; 17218539; 17262819; 17280738; 17283105; 17284607; 17307163; 17322498; 17364892; 17376903; 17379849; 17384985; 17390372; 17395051; 17404035; 17407231; 17416748; 17417600; 17424890; 17426779; 17431224; 17458901; 17465499; 17485071; 17486299; 17490777; 17495598; 17522215; 17525255; 17530707; 17582674; 17596666; 17625600; 17694504; 17700210; 17703277; 17703412; 17704101; 17706208; 17707134; 17728497; 17763208; 17767550; 17804911; 17822317; 17884268; 17886678; 17917677; 17920586; 17922439; 17928143; 17934860; 17940904; 17943082; 17949278; 17968528; 17968796; 17975143; 17977907; 17982227; 18021937; 18022660; 18032547; 18040846; 18042260; 18055544; 18060801; 18061474; 18069114; 18069417; 18070228; 18074388; 18089573; 18093183; 18093816; 18158188; 18164957; 18172114; 18186797; 18190912; 18191726; 18203956; 18205260; 18208975; 18230355; 18242157; 18266131; 18266972; 18270300; 18271757; 18272603; 18274642; 18276775; 18284633; 18310503; 18314120; 18334747; 18347511; 18371304; 18373164; 18381789; 18395486; 18395775; 18402383; 18436581; 18439751; 18443042; 18458846; 18469140; 18495743; 18506929; 18508485; 18515987; 18521742; 18522702; 18525219; 18528529; 18570214; 18611860; 18615095; 18619701; 18623207; 18636124; 18637012; 18646053; 18651322; 18656701; 18660381; 18660489; 18665050; 18678243; 18684531; 18690522; 18702087; 18702954; 18710415; 18718072; 18758234; 18762729; 18784079; 18790652; 18804983; 18808740; 18818748; 18824549; 18829011; 18837094; 18855195; 18937353; 18940815; 18953909; 18954908; 18962899; 18976655; 18976766; 18977211; 18996102; 18996288; 19001328; 19002595; 19009499; 19014891; 19017462; 19019335; 19020833; 19032843; 19032844; 19032966; 19034671; 19048368; 19055601; 19072670; 19074885; 19092169; 19099590; 19099689; 19100389; 19115220; 19132243; 19136823; 19147409; 19148342; 19152916; 19154405; 19155472; 19156168; 19166999; 19167353; 19168721; 19170716; 19176388; 19185603; 19187096; 19211266; 19215923; 19218821; 19228389; 19233564; 19234509; 19242604; 19247692; 19247801; 19258635; 19258923; 19267279; 19277984; 19281798; 19287949; 19288202; 19298002; 19317061; 19327225; 19328242; 19332042; 19347053; 19357773; 19360344; 19361458; 19364494; 19371341; 19373627; 19376162; 19379593; 19392835; 19409809; 19411748; 19420105; 19423540; 19426980; 19439012; 19441883; 19441886; 19443842; 19446037; 19450143; 19458908; 19465691; 19479998; 19494437; 19496969; 19506371; 19524871; 19525388; 19525846; 19526283; 19527514; 19555664; 19558503; 19565503; 19573434; 19576791; 19587356; 19587833; 19625220; 19628738; 19632522; 19639050; 19641159; 19642141; 19642908; 19644155; 19646633; 19658300; 19664934; 19668598; 19706805; 19711822; 19720836; 19726280; 19729601; 19736361; 19755790; 19755933; 19760754; 19773451; 19777601; 19781192; 19781803; 19782713; 19819989; 19822078; 19828696; 19833726; 19844201; 19851831; 19864434; 19865101; 19866475; 19881959; 19885629; 19893256; 19902472; 19904283; 19906815; 19913121; 19923858; 19926874; 19929093; 19938194; 19941075; 19942750; 19948975; 19957783; 19995900; 20000039; 20004457; 20016208; 20029197; 20029451; 20031554; 20038977; 20040767; 20041183; 20056091; 20056178; 20087947; 20097750; 20100200; 20102417; 20111728; 20121167; 20125127; 20137666; 20138641; 20140679; 20177146; 20179890; 20187772; 20193755; 20196868; 20221866; 20228199; 20231199; 20237358; 20237496; 20299238; 20299783; 20339010; 20339966; 20349326; 20351714; 20364004; 20368224; 20370601; 20374368; 20389059; 20406462; 20406964; 20414371; 20416077; 20423879; 20430117; 20431065; 20432237; 20437404; 20438785; 20442634; 20446021; 20449800; 20449809; 20451256; 20452482; 20484496; 20485444; 20488574; 20497022; 20503287; 20504881; 20523065; 20526368; 20531015; 20540976; 20546673; 20563852; 20570966; 20573518; 20576301; 20602615; 20605053; 20607592; 20610178; 20617559; 20625355; 20628086; 20634732; 20637631; 20650649; 20673868; 20677014; 20681057; 20692455; 20725607; 20726788; 20737475; 20811626; 20818133; 20825374; 20859200; 20861640; 20880493; 20934684; 20947712; 20950459; 20960176; 20962626; 20965747; 21033620; 21037509; 21072187; 21073393; 21087336; 21097527; 21102463; 21107756; 21114970; 21134984; 21135144; 21148795; 21181544; 21183736; 21187454; 21190865; 21199725; 21220697; 21224075; 21247529; 21251883; 21264298; 21264360; 21327296; 21328336; 21354997; 21361908; 21368227; 21376205; 21383955; 21384169; 21385934; 21397653; 21401388; 21413027; 21423810; 21447688; 21450101; 21486440; 21486949; 21504590; 21527853; 21529268; 21529952; 21532752; 21551367; 21556333; 21569455; 21574823; 21610567; 21615418; 21620438; 21627744; 21654748; 21691937; 21701898; 21726903; 21734368; 21744268; 21760952; 21774078; 21787749; 21799302; 21851000; 21855541; 21858104; 21859809; 21868018; 21868706; 21883707; 21890375; 21898402; 21900689; 21906274; 21910857; 21920519; 21924076; 21930770; 21951843; 21951854; 21961038; 21975431; 21991356; 21992868; 22026334; 22037282; 22037980; 22059352; 22081934; 22117412; 22117820; 22125641; 22131127; 22132892; 22138288; 22142522; 22147846; 22152380; 22159219; 22183310; 22197827; 22203484; 22210436; 22226505; 22240432; 22265030; 22276574; 22288595; 22300682; 22301094; 22303443; 22319587; 22319627; 22321225; 22362506; 22377751; 22378888; 22381103; 22384203; 22396538; 22412388; 22420243; 22422499; 22425139; 22427564; 22448134; 22466290; 22472119; 22476561; 22484917; 22487967; 22490648; 22493691; 22541401; 22543850; 22554651; 22558273; 22612293; 22617682; 22619484; 22641100; 22664781; 22669976; 22691208; 22694757; 22697070; 22707193; 22711527; 22721162; 22729037; 22733495; 22739041; 22750227; 22752804; 22759858; 22762377; 22763298; 22766373; 22815949; 22823210; 22848642; 22857869; 22859936; 22861370; 22868806; 22927430; 22942263; 22961048; 22980664; 22981148; 22985557; 22989614; 22992722; 23007133; 23017229; 23037589; 23039889; 23069648; 23090289; 23128233; 23135705; 23143679; 23151275; 23154550; 23160182; 23161207; 23166687; 23180368; 23185481; 23185512; 23192155; 23206327; 23211090; 23224211; 23255244; 23274856; 23300810; 23303452; 23349788; 23350010; 23352833; 23375122; 23383162; 23402987; 23408426; 23416968; 23418647; 23429817; 23434371; 23454776; 23474119; 23490412; 23529020; 23542734; 23548612; 23549806; 23555755; 23557387; 23559389; 23583295; 23629827; 23657965; 23686489; 23704830; 23712703; 23762283; 23770363; 23782302; 23816715; 23831464; 23845726; 23886148; 23887394; 23890452; 23939977; 23954399; 23982944; 23999007; 24058270; 24077340; 24078580; 24260304; 24273921 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000108691 HGNC:10618 HPRD:01149 MIM:158105 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132887 Other designations: C-C motif chemokine 2|monocyte chemoattractant protein 1|monocyte chemoattractant protein-1|monocyte chemotactic and activating factor|monocyte chemotactic protein 1|monocyte secretory protein JE|small inducible cytokine A2 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1, homologous to mouse Sig-je)|small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 2|small-inducible cytokine A2 CCL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CKA-3 GCP-2 GCP2 SCYB6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CXCL6 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 6372 4q13.3 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9164944); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8399143); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9164944); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9164944); GO_0008009 (EC: IEA); GO_0008201 (EC: IEA); GO_0060326 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8399143) PMID: 8399143; 8423327; 9057843; 9164944; 9465307; 9692902; 10343098; 10593335; 12477932; 12524079; 12533683; 12591113; 12628493; 12882792; 12950257; 15214047; 15342556; 15489334; 15652347; 15815621; 17022986; 17703412; 17827342; 18240029; 18443119; 18563170; 18577758; 18782286; 18842116; 19240061; 19258923; 19369450; 20503287; 20507572; 20628624; 21236563; 22886775; 23128233; 23814098 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000124875 HGNC:10643 HPRD:00735 MIM:138965 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130010 Other designations: C-X-C motif chemokine 6|Small inducible cytokine subfamily B (Cys-X-Cys), member b|chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein 2)|chemokine alpha 3|granulocyte chemotactic protein 2|small inducible cytokine subfamily B (Cys-X-Cys), member 6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein 2)|small-inducible cytokine B6 CXCL6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PRO1063 SEL1-LIKE SEL1L1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SEL1L sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like (C. elegans) 6400 UNQ128/PRO1063 14q31 20140408 9606 14 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18264092); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0007219 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0034976 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9417916; 9858735; 10051412; 10496078; 10746565; 11349831; 11544613; 11809711; 12030374; 12477932; 12553058; 12754519; 12975309; 14729273; 15307954; 15342556; 16186509; 16303743; 16331677; 16331889; 16344560; 16412574; 17822620; 17967421; 18264092; 18314878; 18502753; 18711132; 18811591; 19135427; 19204006; 19346256; 19524542; 19706418; 20416077; 21139048; 21359144; 21454652; 21632540; 21656579; 21857022; 21903092; 21903422; 21988832; 22119785; 22190034; 22268729; 22350780; 22905195; 22939629; 23097496; 23356641; 23363602; 23464991; 23867461; 23956138; 24043630 sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like (C. elegans) Ensembl:ENSG00000071537 HGNC:10717 HPRD:07532 MIM:602329 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171419 Other designations: Suppressor of lin 12 (sel-1), C. elegans, homolog of|protein sel-1 homolog 1|sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like 1|suppressor of lin-12-like protein 1 SEL1L Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ASF SF2 SF2p33 SFRS1 SRp30a WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SRSF1 serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 6426 OK/SW-cl.3 17q22 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0000395 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9885563); GO_0000398 (EC: IC, PMID: 11991638); GO_0000398 (EC: TAS); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0003723 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19561594); GO_0003723 (EC: IPI); GO_0003729 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10196197); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9885563); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS); GO_0006369 (EC: TAS); GO_0006376 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1830244); GO_0006397 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1830244); GO_0006406 (EC: TAS); GO_0008380 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016607 (EC: IDA); GO_0031124 (EC: TAS); GO_0035145 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 16314458); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0050733 (EC: IEA); GO_0060048 (EC: IEA); GO_0071013 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11991638) PMID: 1577277; 1741384; 1830244; 1855257; 7512732; 7543047; 8125298; 8139654; 8189522; 8208298; 8223481; 8261509; 8530103; 8617202; 8626563; 8639538; 8798720; 8816452; 9023367; 9237760; 9420331; 9447963; 9472028; 9473574; 9611241; 9671816; 9685421; 9799243; 9885563; 10022843; 10196197; 10225947; 10366588; 10390541; 10713112; 10757789; 10843177; 11101529; 11285240; 11418604; 11683387; 11779509; 11790298; 11801589; 11825891; 11967326; 11991638; 12135490; 12215544; 12221105; 12226669; 12234937; 12270705; 12477932; 12525645; 12565863; 12612063; 14555757; 14559993; 14623875; 15123677; 15163745; 15184380; 15208309; 15210956; 15243141; 15367627; 15452250; 15456888; 15489334; 15546619; 15592455; 15635413; 15652350; 15782174; 15798186; 15848144; 15907217; 15998806; 16000324; 16051665; 16096057; 16189514; 16196087; 16210245; 16223727; 16260492; 16314458; 16344560; 16376875; 16505493; 16611940; 16721827; 16982639; 17081983; 17310252; 17332742; 17353931; 17361185; 17517895; 17609381; 17670832; 17786225; 17959926; 18155240; 18243119; 18315555; 18391021; 18439897; 18457437; 18495665; 18586677; 18687337; 18832178; 18841201; 18945764; 19004959; 19073146; 19111562; 19116412; 19250906; 19322201; 19441081; 19464723; 19477182; 19523114; 19561594; 19602482; 19608861; 19633418; 19657567; 19710015; 19716452; 19738201; 19857271; 19966273; 20085707; 20118245; 20120036; 20139984; 20211142; 20308322; 20360068; 20385090; 20508642; 20516191; 20519389; 20637698; 20639865; 20657585; 20668893; 20682707; 20805487; 20923760; 21045158; 21078624; 21081666; 21139048; 21145461; 21182205; 21297941; 21536904; 21549307; 21622622; 21668763; 21832049; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22094256; 22245967; 22268729; 22365833; 22446626; 22454513; 22505724; 22545246; 22839530; 22855529; 22939629; 22952844; 22990118; 23000965; 23084401; 23184937; 23228155; 23319613; 23349975; 23398456; 23462647; 23478443; 23537643; 23592547; 23602568; 23658645; 23707382; 23748175; 24244333; 24250222; 24368769; 24457600 serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 HGNC:10780 HPRD:02887 MIM:600812 Other designations: ASF-1|SR splicing factor 1|alternative-splicing factor 1|pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2, P33 subunit|splicing factor 2|splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 1 SRSF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EAAT2 GLT-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC1A2 solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 6506 11p13-p12 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005313 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7521911); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19527721); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006811 (EC: TAS); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7521911); GO_0007632 (EC: IEA); GO_0009611 (EC: IEA); GO_0010259 (EC: IEA); GO_0015501 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7521911); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017153 (EC: IEA); GO_0021537 (EC: IEA); GO_0030534 (EC: IEA); GO_0030673 (EC: IEA); GO_0031668 (EC: IEA); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043200 (EC: IEA); GO_0046326 (EC: IEA); GO_0051938 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7521911); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0070779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7521911) PMID: 7521911; 7522567; 7587378; 8172925; 8619474; 9110174; 9450673; 9463476; 9539131; 9585360; 11031254; 11038258; 11071482; 11204345; 11357955; 11698255; 11744157; 11792462; 11860269; 11891650; 11994293; 12408226; 12477932; 12578975; 12890621; 12898275; 12950454; 14506254; 14662797; 14702039; 14982736; 15048885; 15135231; 15246112; 15265858; 15296513; 15337309; 15483603; 15494981; 15660126; 15822905; 15927426; 16061389; 16344560; 16567804; 16766085; 17311293; 17311320; 17535102; 17684493; 17823119; 17920768; 18314905; 18326497; 18378006; 18519826; 18658151; 18838545; 19023027; 19086053; 19151621; 19156168; 19268276; 19283393; 19338517; 19527721; 19660525; 19910676; 19998491; 20193040; 20379614; 20398908; 20399272; 20410850; 20416976; 20688910; 20936779; 21098017; 21110225; 21335552; 21471434; 21569822; 21707071; 21711518; 21792905; 21852380; 22069320; 22505712; 22513140; 22522966; 22561518; 22728822; 22750157; 22764253; 22903028; 23023733; 23356950; 23390085; 23415275; 23596072; 23706640; 24068947; 24334928 solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000110436 HGNC:10940 HPRD:02625 MIM:600300 Vega:OTTHUMG00000044391 Other designations: excitatory amino acid transporter 2|excitotoxic amino acid transporter 2|glutamate/aspartate transporter II|sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 2 SLC1A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GLUT3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC2A3 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 6515 12p13.3 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005355 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0008645 (EC: TAS); GO_0015758 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019852 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1417839; 1695905; 3170580; 7502272; 8457197; 9253355; 9477959; 10086067; 11991658; 12064911; 12112827; 12397394; 12477932; 12554125; 12583599; 14757434; 15123239; 15489334; 16049004; 16125330; 16136514; 16169070; 16303743; 17442736; 17559076; 17611657; 17920708; 18029348; 18172662; 18299470; 18401196; 18764953; 18802725; 18976975; 19261894; 19322201; 19536037; 19554504; 19659459; 19681047; 19782666; 19786962; 20308990; 20424473; 20428049; 20468064; 20599725; 20870738; 21890473; 21920790; 21963094; 21987572; 22000473; 22069254; 22113212; 22234467; 22265971; 22270867; 22645302; 22663547; 22706202; 22876317; 22901689; 22901702; 23341039; 23343953; 23720776; 23995067 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000059804 HGNC:11007 HPRD:00686 MIM:138170 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133685 Other designations: GLUT-3|glucose transporter type 3, brain|solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 SLC2A3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATR1 CSNU1 D2H NBAT RBAT WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC3A1 solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 1 6519 2p16.3 20140408 9606 2 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003333 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10799513); GO_0003824 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12167606); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005774 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IEA); GO_0005975 (EC: IEA); GO_0006520 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0006811 (EC: TAS); GO_0006865 (EC: TAS); GO_0015171 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10799513); GO_0015174 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0015184 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0015802 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0015811 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8054986); GO_0031526 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12167606); GO_0043169 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 7539209; 7568194; 7573036; 7575432; 7686906; 7789946; 8054986; 8125298; 8486766; 8663184; 9186880; 10574970; 10588648; 10799513; 11318953; 11458794; 11748844; 12060600; 12167606; 12234283; 12239244; 12372889; 12477932; 12820697; 14531788; 14561219; 14702039; 14991253; 15489334; 15635077; 15691362; 15815621; 15818800; 15818801; 15818802; 15913950; 16138908; 16358225; 17010017; 18195088; 18234729; 18332091; 18752446; 18778962; 19056867; 19782624; 20146678; 20800603; 21255007; 22796000; 23794250 solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 1 HGNC:11025 HPRD:00090 MIM:104614 Other designations: B(0,+)-type amino acid transport protein|SLC3A1 variant B|SLC3A1 variant C|SLC3A1 variant D|SLC3A1 variant E|SLC3A1 variant F|SLC3A1 variant G|amino acid transporter 1|neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT|solute carrier family 3 (cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters), member 1|solute carrier family 3 (cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1|solute carrier family 3 member 1 SLC3A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NTCP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC10A1 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter), member 1 6554 GIG29 14q24.1 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8132774); GO_0006810 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8132774); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008508 (EC: IEA); GO_0015721 (EC: TAS); GO_0016323 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8132774; 11031103; 12044156; 12477932; 12663868; 14660639; 14701722; 15489334; 15604201; 15922475; 16027164; 16123152; 16541252; 17207965; 17635184; 18976975; 19343046; 19815625; 20031551; 20346360; 20424473; 20679960; 20857261; 21109590; 21341987; 21988832; 22029531; 22098322; 22744337; 23150796; 23815591; 23886862; 23930675; 24342612 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter), member 1 HGNC:10905 HPRD:01672 MIM:182396 Other designations: Na(+)/bile acid cotransporter|Na(+)/taurocholate transport protein|Na/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide|cell growth-inhibiting gene 29 protein|growth-inhibiting protein 29|sodium/bile acid cotransporter|sodium/taurocholate cotransporter|sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide|solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 1|solute carrier family 10 member 1 SLC10A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCD541 GEMIN1 SMA SMA1 SMA2 SMA3 SMA4 SMA@ SMN SMNT T-BCD541 TDRD16A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SMN1 survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric 6606 5q13.2 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 7552146; 7581461; 7639755; 7813012; 8670859; 8808598; 8838816; 8922999; 9147655; 9158159; 9259265; 9302277; 9323129; 9389483; 9503025; 9600994; 9818944; 9837824; 9845364; 10205267; 10339583; 10369862; 10601333; 10725331; 10732802; 10732817; 10734235; 10767334; 10851237; 10942426; 11092763; 11135666; 11149922; 11313744; 11438536; 11448987; 11509230; 11522829; 11551898; 11574476; 11641277; 11704667; 11713266; 11714716; 11720283; 11748230; 11773003; 11791208; 11792806; 11835381; 11875052; 11907229; 11914277; 11935338; 11992267; 11996521; 12021369; 12065586; 12067652; 12095920; 12192051; 12221125; 12361597; 12374765; 12459587; 12477932; 12657835; 12663808; 12668731; 12679382; 12878704; 12975319; 14520560; 14697339; 14715275; 14742439; 14749338; 14972554; 15119481; 15222879; 15249625; 15304326; 15337310; 15345747; 15372022; 15459957; 15489334; 15494309; 15526170; 15580564; 15608400; 15726222; 15832310; 16087681; 16093455; 16118268; 16169070; 16189514; 16331551; 16439605; 16449646; 16481599; 16565220; 16617248; 16651888; 16786553; 16845275; 16931506; 16936383; 17023415; 17049859; 17081983; 17218272; 17250497; 17250498; 17392705; 17415510; 17475491; 17585203; 17592254; 17625510; 17635841; 17682539; 17850955; 17916631; 18071605; 18093976; 18172693; 18269687; 18332255; 18337729; 18533950; 18546169; 18624398; 18633133; 18651653; 18703124; 18752447; 18974562; 19050931; 19103745; 19134255; 19154529; 19179398; 19198020; 19215052; 19244360; 19271042; 19351384; 19447967; 19480685; 19538222; 19596235; 19625283; 19628962; 19648294; 19735367; 19922137; 19928837; 19997741; 20090376; 20188701; 20197730; 20301526; 20373854; 20442745; 20515750; 20563565; 20620147; 20637152; 20659551; 20696395; 20713032; 20947812; 21055263; 21082361; 21145461; 21172665; 21209906; 21233719; 21300694; 21333717; 21335981; 21338334; 21364876; 21462119; 21482919; 21496457; 21565611; 21610747; 21631299; 21672919; 21693563; 21705024; 21732698; 21785216; 21826391; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21920940; 21924051; 21956898; 21963094; 22085534; 22101937; 22118674; 22124016; 22161088; 22190034; 22197680; 22323753; 22324632; 22363433; 22365833; 22454514; 22607171; 22669976; 22824686; 22884440; 22939629; 22990118; 22994313; 23000965; 23112048; 23136128; 23185376; 23221635; 23246001; 23315303; 23398456; 23438482; 23455922; 23455924; 23477310; 23496866; 23615451; 23752268; 24457600 survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric Ensembl:ENSG00000172062 HGNC:11117 HPRD:02646 MIM:600354 Vega:OTTHUMG00000099361 Other designations: component of gems 1|gemin-1|survival motor neuron 1 protein|survival motor neuron protein|tudor domain containing 16A SMN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FZD11 Gx SMOH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SMO smoothened, frizzled class receptor 6608 7q32.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0001570 (EC: IBA); GO_0001649 (EC: IBA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001708 (EC: IEA); GO_0001755 (EC: IBA); GO_0001947 (EC: ISS); GO_0002052 (EC: IBA); GO_0002053 (EC: IBA); GO_0003007 (EC: IBA); GO_0003140 (EC: ISS); GO_0003323 (EC: IEA); GO_0004930 (EC: IEA); GO_0005113 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9811851); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19592253); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 11278759); GO_0005886 (EC: IBA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19304771); GO_0005901 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 11278759); GO_0005929 (EC: IBA); GO_0007224 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17850284); GO_0007224 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19304771); GO_0007228 (EC: ISS); GO_0007283 (EC: IBA); GO_0007368 (EC: IBA); GO_0007371 (EC: ISS); GO_0007494 (EC: ISS); GO_0008144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19304771); GO_0008406 (EC: IBA); GO_0010002 (EC: IBA); GO_0010628 (EC: ISS); GO_0010629 (EC: ISS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017147 (EC: IBA); GO_0021508 (EC: IBA); GO_0021561 (EC: IBA); GO_0021696 (EC: IBA); GO_0021794 (EC: IEA); GO_0021904 (EC: IBA); GO_0021910 (EC: IBA); GO_0021938 (EC: IBA); GO_0021953 (EC: IBA); GO_0021984 (EC: IBA); GO_0030165 (EC: IBA); GO_0030857 (EC: IEA); GO_0031017 (EC: IBA); GO_0031069 (EC: IEA); GO_0031076 (EC: IBA); GO_0031102 (EC: IBA); GO_0032474 (EC: IBA); GO_0034504 (EC: IEA); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0042307 (EC: IEA); GO_0042475 (EC: IBA); GO_0042693 (EC: IBA); GO_0042813 (EC: IBA); GO_0043025 (EC: IBA); GO_0043066 (EC: IBA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11278759); GO_0043392 (EC: ISS); GO_0045880 (EC: IBA); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0048557 (EC: IBA); GO_0048663 (EC: IBA); GO_0048702 (EC: IBA); GO_0048703 (EC: IBA); GO_0048752 (EC: IBA); GO_0048846 (EC: IBA); GO_0048853 (EC: ISS); GO_0050679 (EC: IBA); GO_0050821 (EC: IEA); GO_0051799 (EC: IEA); GO_0060070 (EC: IBA); GO_0060170 (EC: IEA); GO_0060248 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9422511); GO_0060413 (EC: IEA); GO_0060644 (EC: IEA); GO_0060684 (EC: IEA); GO_0060830 (EC: IBA); GO_0061053 (EC: ISS); GO_0061113 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0071397 (EC: ISS); GO_0072001 (EC: IEP, PMID: 17850284); GO_0072285 (EC: ISS); GO_0072372 (EC: TAS); GO_0090190 (EC: ISS); GO_2000036 (EC: IEA); GO_2000826 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8898207; 8906787; 9422511; 9581815; 9628830; 9764827; 9799615; 9811851; 11042037; 11278759; 11748145; 12123571; 12165511; 12192414; 12241103; 12477932; 12499255; 12690205; 12773389; 15489334; 15618519; 16147992; 16339184; 16344560; 16804411; 16867986; 16945339; 17850284; 17884791; 18359851; 18502968; 18543049; 19056867; 19237606; 19304771; 19351817; 19401682; 19432668; 19453261; 19473442; 19564910; 19592253; 19726788; 19730683; 20050020; 20067614; 20215540; 20561215; 20603613; 20819778; 20937227; 21210262; 21338440; 21757753; 22114142; 22231273; 22253573; 22486854; 22535603; 22864913; 22901214; 23063129; 23098507; 23334667; 23341351; 23348505; 23349881; 23379358; 23448715; 23508962; 23599646; 23636324; 23915072; 24148123; 24277750 smoothened, frizzled class receptor Ensembl:ENSG00000128602 HGNC:11119 HPRD:03294 MIM:601500 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158421 Other designations: frizzled family member 11|protein Gx|seven transmembrane helix receptor|smoothened homolog|smoothened, frizzled family receptor|smoothened, seven transmembrane spanning receptor SMO Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ASM ASMASE NPD WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SMPD1 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal 6609 11p15.4-p15.1 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004767 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006684 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7670466); GO_0006685 (EC: IEA); GO_0006687 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7670466); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7670466); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0016798 (EC: IEA); GO_0023021 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19279008); GO_0035307 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19279008); GO_0042220 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042599 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0043202 (EC: TAS); GO_0043407 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19279008); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046513 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19279011) PMID: 1292508; 1301192; 1391960; 1618760; 1711683; 1718266; 1740330; 1840600; 1885770; 2004772; 2023926; 2555181; 7670466; 8051942; 8407868; 8664904; 8680412; 8693491; 8889548; 9030779; 9110068; 11001565; 11238738; 11788605; 12208520; 12369017; 12477932; 12556236; 12631268; 12801930; 12815059; 12953170; 15175033; 15221801; 15241805; 15383576; 15509740; 15743760; 15769735; 15849201; 15877209; 15888438; 15997205; 16010684; 16051685; 16245071; 16472269; 16642440; 16787399; 17344303; 17381401; 17698617; 18052040; 18088425; 18264947; 18426979; 18628757; 18815062; 19050888; 19054571; 19059331; 19279008; 19279011; 19300439; 19322201; 19405096; 19817993; 19860808; 19878569; 19913121; 20137294; 20301544; 20386867; 20628086; 20807762; 20956541; 21098024; 21153367; 21294641; 21335555; 21900206; 22367733; 22558155; 22573858; 22613662; 22771321; 22824271; 22879933; 22890197; 22906436; 23356216; 23535491; 23618813; 23770692; 23871123 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal Ensembl:ENSG00000166311 HGNC:11120 HPRD:06353 MIM:607608 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165453 Other designations: acid sphingomyelinase|sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SREBP-1c SREBP1 bHLHd1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SREBF1 sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 6720 17p11.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0003062 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: ISS); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16407292); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14701856); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12202038); GO_0005635 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8156598); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12202038); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8156598); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8156598); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0008203 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: IEA); GO_0008610 (EC: ISS); GO_0009267 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16407292); GO_0009749 (EC: IEA); GO_0010867 (EC: ISS); GO_0012507 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019217 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0031065 (EC: IEA); GO_0032094 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0032526 (EC: IEA); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0032810 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16407292); GO_0033762 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043234 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045542 (EC: IEA); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12242332); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046676 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA); GO_0051591 (EC: IEA); GO_0071398 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7759101; 7903453; 8006035; 8156598; 8314806; 8402897; 8626610; 8918891; 9062340; 9070916; 9242699; 9634703; 9651391; 9765204; 10224053; 10235267; 10585876; 10619424; 10627507; 10915800; 10949029; 11257259; 11334418; 11485982; 11713202; 11834832; 11916923; 11929849; 11997338; 12021179; 12145339; 12177166; 12202038; 12213084; 12242332; 12436350; 12477932; 12531699; 12615929; 12640139; 12657626; 12730330; 12752570; 14615581; 14633850; 14654692; 14701856; 14702039; 14722127; 14742839; 14744869; 14747281; 14748724; 14988272; 15026365; 15085196; 15102555; 15123650; 15161980; 15277400; 15286454; 15317819; 15340088; 15358760; 15388640; 15550381; 15677507; 15769984; 15794649; 15798184; 15809359; 15833942; 16005884; 16007182; 16054087; 16055439; 16141315; 16153721; 16158080; 16162944; 16198472; 16249184; 16303770; 16306078; 16387548; 16407292; 16429400; 16480961; 16713569; 16799563; 16804073; 16806233; 16817902; 16825193; 16880739; 16885156; 17019602; 17081983; 17141191; 17160088; 17198935; 17296605; 17331464; 17344645; 17452746; 17636037; 17655842; 17681345; 17989724; 18065496; 18068676; 18072016; 18192539; 18195716; 18245227; 18267114; 18272927; 18281474; 18304434; 18334917; 18360697; 18385733; 18403372; 18420801; 18435918; 18559965; 18635549; 18654640; 18660489; 18682402; 18692268; 18727921; 18752865; 18774944; 18835813; 18854425; 18936756; 18996102; 19008011; 19032865; 19040658; 19048273; 19056350; 19056482; 19062325; 19126544; 19242521; 19252981; 19292868; 19303849; 19323650; 19336475; 19360318; 19470430; 19533843; 19578796; 19621387; 19720801; 19727213; 19727227; 19733654; 19811452; 19876004; 19878569; 19913121; 19913854; 19948975; 19966780; 20005944; 20026048; 20028734; 20031551; 20067991; 20071336; 20130133; 20145241; 20167577; 20171215; 20173757; 20235787; 20376806; 20466882; 20513236; 20534441; 20554776; 20595232; 20615871; 20628086; 20648548; 20655124; 20817729; 20863500; 20868688; 20965718; 20971080; 20980003; 21093473; 21139048; 21145868; 21146170; 21310851; 21325464; 21540177; 21609284; 21619898; 21645898; 21652712; 21664250; 21693764; 21738487; 21757781; 21775116; 21826653; 21836065; 21871872; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21993218; 22035958; 22059152; 22064655; 22152380; 22153697; 22258239; 22311022; 22331133; 22363740; 22384276; 22425645; 22429355; 22474125; 22505724; 22672904; 22678801; 22690709; 22786746; 22939624; 22966071; 22969152; 22984430; 23000965; 23106379; 23147115; 23208501; 23226416; 23422505; 23465592; 23515281; 23610160; 23680128; 23703028; 23825667; 23913732; 23985808; 24298052 sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000072310 HGNC:11289 HPRD:01701 MIM:184756 Vega:OTTHUMG00000059313 Other designations: SREBP-1|class D basic helix-loop-helix protein 1|sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 SREBF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SFRSK2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SRPK2 SRSF protein kinase 2 6733 7q22-q31.1 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000245 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0001525 (EC: ISS); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18559500); GO_0008380 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0010628 (EC: ISS); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0035063 (EC: ISS); GO_0035556 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9472028); GO_0043525 (EC: ISS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045070 (EC: IDA); GO_0045071 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12417631); GO_0045087 (EC: IC, PMID: 12417631); GO_0045787 (EC: ISS); GO_0048024 (EC: TAS); GO_0071889 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8208298; 9171351; 9446799; 9472028; 10196197; 12134018; 12417631; 12477932; 12565863; 12853948; 14702039; 15144186; 15489334; 15592455; 16122776; 16189514; 16344560; 17353931; 17620599; 18029348; 18425142; 18559500; 18654987; 19592491; 19902070; 20379614; 20498328; 21145461; 21157427; 21182205; 21832049; 21890473; 22365833; 22990118; 23000965; 23049088; 23326445; 23602568; 24457600 SRSF protein kinase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000135250 HGNC:11306 HPRD:04280 MIM:602980 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157405 Other designations: SFRS protein kinase 2|SR protein kinase 2|SR-protein-specific kinase 2|serine kinase SRPK2|serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase 2|serine/arginine-rich splicing factor kinase 2|serine/threonine-protein kinase SRPK2 SRPK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Mt-SSB SOSS-B1 SSBP mtSSB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SSBP1 single-stranded DNA binding protein 1, mitochondrial 6742 7q34 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18063578); GO_0003697 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0006260 (EC: IEA); GO_0042645 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18063578); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0051096 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12975372); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA); GO_0070584 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7789991; 8482537; 9033597; 9452467; 10827171; 11556757; 11964388; 12381786; 12464025; 12477932; 12479417; 12690205; 12853948; 12975372; 15161933; 15342556; 15489334; 15710247; 16407974; 16428295; 18029348; 18063578; 18305033; 18457437; 19066201; 19167051; 19605351; 19683501; 19738201; 19759019; 19786724; 20000738; 20028516; 20100872; 20186120; 20360068; 20434493; 20639865; 20843780; 20877624; 20972266; 21139048; 21145461; 21150319; 21242961; 21319273; 21360678; 21890473; 21906983; 21953457; 22153281; 22190034; 22242598; 22354994; 22505724; 22939629; 23000965; 23042605; 23184057; 23246001; 23290262; 23398456; 23438482; 23568457; 24244333 single-stranded DNA binding protein 1, mitochondrial Ensembl:ENSG00000106028 HGNC:11317 HPRD:02703 MIM:600439 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157572 Other designations: PWP1-interacting protein 17|single-stranded DNA-binding protein, mitochondrial SSBP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He TRAPG WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SSR3 signal sequence receptor, gamma (translocon-associated protein gamma) 6747 3q25.31 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005784 (EC: IEA); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006614 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0030176 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7916687; 9631292; 10471800; 12477932; 14667819; 15489334; 16344560; 17081983; 17353931; 18781797; 18976975; 19615732; 21139048; 21906983; 21963094; 22632162; 22939629; 23000965; 23660295 signal sequence receptor, gamma (translocon-associated protein gamma) Ensembl:ENSG00000114850 HGNC:11325 HPRD:16206 MIM:606213 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158632 Other designations: SSR gamma|SSR-gamma|TRAP-complex gamma subunit|TRAP-gamma|signal sequence receptor subunit gamma|translocon-associated protein gamma subunit|translocon-associated protein subunit gamma SSR3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CANDF7 ISGF-3 STAT91 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa 6772 2q32.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: ISS); GO_0000790 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18035482); GO_0000978 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18035482); GO_0000979 (EC: IDA); GO_0000983 (EC: IDA); GO_0001937 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16585190); GO_0002053 (EC: ISS); GO_0003340 (EC: ISS); GO_0003690 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9630226); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10820245); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 10820245); GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005164 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10848577); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10848577); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006357 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 10820245); GO_0006366 (EC: IDA); GO_0006915 (EC: ISS); GO_0007259 (EC: IDA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008015 (EC: ISS); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16585190); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI); GO_0030424 (EC: ISS); GO_0030425 (EC: ISS); GO_0031663 (EC: IEA); GO_0031730 (EC: IEA); GO_0032869 (EC: IEA); GO_0033209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10848577); GO_0034097 (EC: ISS); GO_0034240 (EC: IEA); GO_0035458 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18035482); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042542 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8605877); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9630226); GO_0042981 (EC: TAS, PMID: 12108949); GO_0043124 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10848577); GO_0043330 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0043542 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 16585190); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10973496); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10820245); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18035482); GO_0048661 (EC: ISS); GO_0051591 (EC: ISS); GO_0051607 (EC: IEA); GO_0060333 (EC: IDA); GO_0060333 (EC: ISS); GO_0060333 (EC: TAS); GO_0060334 (EC: TAS); GO_0060337 (EC: ISS); GO_0060337 (EC: TAS); GO_0060338 (EC: TAS); GO_0060397 (EC: TAS); GO_0061326 (EC: IMP); GO_0072136 (EC: ISS); GO_0072162 (EC: ISS); GO_0072308 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1496401; 1502203; 7510216; 7514165; 7543024; 7657660; 7690989; 7885841; 8125298; 8232552; 8549654; 8605877; 8608597; 8621447; 8631962; 8889548; 8943351; 8986769; 9037008; 9069288; 9121453; 9135145; 9205132; 9284918; 9344858; 9355737; 9373245; 9452495; 9484840; 9584171; 9630226; 9724754; 9804857; 9843502; 9880553; 9925928; 9989503; 10067896; 10358045; 10358079; 10446176; 10464260; 10490649; 10490982; 10506573; 10602027; 10652206; 10692450; 10702714; 10764778; 10792030; 10805787; 10820245; 10848577; 10848598; 10851046; 10851062; 10918587; 10954736; 10961983; 10964507; 10973496; 10982844; 11152457; 11226159; 11238845; 11248027; 11257227; 11278462; 11278865; 11294897; 11301323; 11418623; 11438544; 11442634; 11452125; 11520787; 11594781; 11675348; 11722592; 11752148; 11777927; 11804954; 11815625; 11835405; 11839738; 11843291; 11886859; 11909852; 11909970; 11923478; 11927559; 11932384; 11972023; 11981818; 12039028; 12048190; 12070153; 12108949; 12130529; 12138178; 12161037; 12165521; 12167251; 12171910; 12191570; 12223098; 12232043; 12232802; 12270932; 12356736; 12388709; 12403783; 12426389; 12447867; 12459177; 12477932; 12539042; 12551969; 12590259; 12610144; 12629155; 12634403; 12637327; 12722480; 12734330; 12748293; 12759242; 12777975; 12788789; 12804771; 12807916; 12817007; 12832402; 12846741; 12855573; 12855578; 12856330; 12867595; 12917439; 12923054; 12948935; 12960323; 12963127; 12967644; 14499622; 14500749; 14517261; 14557668; 14599788; 14600148; 14623896; 14654078; 14654702; 14656722; 14657353; 14674010; 14688135; 14690454; 14702039; 14704793; 14746803; 14751560; 14755057; 14963018; 14976049; 14978237; 15010467; 15055356; 15123634; 15140960; 15146197; 15165826; 15210729; 15213094; 15217838; 15221897; 15280488; 15284024; 15284440; 15322115; 15467722; 15489334; 15494521; 15527154; 15604419; 15638726; 15650219; 15695802; 15778351; 15780933; 15784679; 15795279; 15824515; 15825084; 15894584; 15919942; 15979846; 15996661; 15998520; 16009940; 16077199; 16148108; 16148142; 16189514; 16195225; 16195385; 16223733; 16236267; 16254375; 16257975; 16260419; 16273093; 16298512; 16306601; 16318585; 16335966; 16344560; 16388135; 16467883; 16481475; 16501077; 16511123; 16512786; 16531398; 16571725; 16572323; 16574066; 16585190; 16628196; 16703666; 16773129; 16799645; 16878149; 16897667; 16904741; 16918696; 16934001; 16935931; 16940534; 16951379; 16978698; 17030574; 17075845; 17145596; 17182865; 17196131; 17227821; 17237409; 17266440; 17287281; 17346710; 17351669; 17353931; 17371985; 17386941; 17427945; 17442890; 17475642; 17486072; 17490620; 17523873; 17538964; 17561467; 17596301; 17617740; 17620599; 17640695; 17680769; 17686504; 17703412; 17726060; 17804871; 17878351; 17897103; 17909067; 17918184; 17923090; 17928350; 17933493; 17938255; 17983380; 17986321; 18003888; 18029348; 18035482; 18037959; 18062835; 18218993; 18225539; 18280748; 18305014; 18305569; 18338947; 18348986; 18370868; 18381204; 18401423; 18424756; 18463151; 18483262; 18500930; 18566411; 18579584; 18586252; 18591661; 18633131; 18660489; 18676680; 18723680; 18771758; 18775329; 18787082; 18787531; 18789440; 18803832; 18818378; 18832710; 18950845; 18989459; 19007958; 19012493; 19017763; 19041714; 19046253; 19074829; 19088846; 19100922; 19124747; 19131965; 19170196; 19171783; 19211553; 19223260; 19231233; 19258923; 19279332; 19333953; 19342095; 19351818; 19380416; 19393742; 19404407; 19423540; 19424608; 19434718; 19436109; 19437244; 19439556; 19453261; 19464956; 19471022; 19478064; 19479051; 19502801; 19508864; 19515782; 19553685; 19561067; 19574556; 19582813; 19594299; 19596857; 19604093; 19622834; 19625176; 19646959; 19647793; 19652026; 19656875; 19667270; 19691533; 19692168; 19781967; 19801665; 19802007; 19834108; 19853614; 19857525; 19891767; 19913121; 19915063; 19915608; 19935876; 20011528; 20045654; 20065083; 20093796; 20098684; 20103601; 20180146; 20195357; 20211142; 20225206; 20331378; 20345984; 20347693; 20353823; 20379614; 20380698; 20403236; 20406964; 20428775; 20438785; 20457620; 20503287; 20519510; 20523058; 20562129; 20568281; 20576130; 20588308; 20624457; 20628086; 20628624; 20662656; 20798561; 20802378; 20810735; 20814891; 20829351; 20832538; 20833730; 20841510; 20936779; 20937132; 20937272; 20949125; 20974984; 20980339; 21056555; 21057861; 21079652; 21084836; 21091911; 21099673; 21115047; 21139048; 21207025; 21288140; 21303487; 21307288; 21311224; 21321110; 21346151; 21354905; 21362620; 21368418; 21372127; 21385873; 21466707; 21477834; 21533215; 21571862; 21572044; 21576370; 21593149; 21674123; 21689637; 21690236; 21697347; 21714643; 21727188; 21734056; 21752694; 21772053; 21795355; 21796151; 21886773; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21937453; 21988832; 22002246; 22022391; 22025054; 22038351; 22065572; 22115721; 22174846; 22178447; 22193460; 22194871; 22195034; 22217266; 22242177; 22253910; 22262126; 22320867; 22326919; 22381273; 22383882; 22401175; 22407921; 22425562; 22437822; 22474288; 22479354; 22488367; 22505724; 22514085; 22526675; 22535619; 22539792; 22558273; 22573496; 22647704; 22674974; 22693070; 22730530; 22748021; 22748593; 22757586; 22797925; 22805310; 22808166; 22811740; 22828446; 22833565; 22838736; 22844427; 22863883; 22920460; 22939629; 22942432; 22973045; 23000965; 23043228; 23068100; 23072252; 23076242; 23086340; 23108375; 23128233; 23153456; 23154639; 23180800; 23240025; 23271704; 23274199; 23306614; 23349666; 23363816; 23378427; 23383273; 23401241; 23403048; 23452095; 23471820; 23486482; 23487038; 23534974; 23541320; 23554911; 23582260; 23585528; 23588992; 23609054; 23621408; 23703473; 23704922; 23708675; 23740952; 23741352; 23756862; 23856440; 23910645; 23920124; 23940278; 23941832; 23956138; 23958647; 23984931; 24449862 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000115415 HGNC:11362 HPRD:02777 MIM:600555 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132699 Other designations: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta|signal transducer and activator of transcription-1|transcription factor ISGF-3 components p91/p84 STAT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APRF HIES WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor) 6774 17q21.31 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8675499); GO_0001103 (EC: IPI); GO_0001659 (EC: ISS); GO_0001754 (EC: ISS); GO_0003677 (EC: ISS); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7512451); GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0004879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17324931); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10688651); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: ISS); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15664994); GO_0006357 (EC: ISS); GO_0006606 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18234692); GO_0006928 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9670957); GO_0006953 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10205054); GO_0007259 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15664994); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10205054); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15664994); GO_0008283 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016310 (EC: ISS); GO_0019221 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15664994); GO_0019827 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: ISS); GO_0019903 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12359225); GO_0019953 (EC: ISS); GO_0030522 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17324931); GO_0031730 (EC: IEA); GO_0032355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12552091); GO_0032870 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12552091); GO_0035259 (EC: IEA); GO_0040014 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0042755 (EC: ISS); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17324931); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0045747 (EC: ISS); GO_0045893 (EC: ISS); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17324931); GO_0046983 (EC: ISS); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048708 (EC: ISS); GO_0060019 (EC: ISS); GO_0060396 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10925297); GO_0060397 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12552091); GO_0060397 (EC: ISS); GO_0060397 (EC: TAS); GO_0060548 (EC: IEA); GO_0070102 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12359225); GO_2001223 (EC: IEA) PMID: 3031469; 7512451; 7624343; 7701321; 7719938; 8140422; 8272872; 8608603; 8626374; 8626489; 8631962; 8657134; 8675499; 8889548; 8921406; 8923468; 9162009; 9211920; 9343414; 9373245; 9388192; 9398404; 9440692; 9484840; 9566874; 9584171; 9630560; 9647732; 9670957; 9714332; 9724754; 9756944; 9864141; 9872331; 9917912; 9923604; 9989503; 10037026; 10205054; 10358079; 10441580; 10446219; 10458605; 10464281; 10490649; 10506573; 10521505; 10570284; 10602027; 10660304; 10688651; 10764767; 10809230; 10825200; 10875894; 10878010; 10918587; 10925297; 10954736; 10982829; 11021801; 11076863; 11134330; 11163768; 11171987; 11239394; 11279133; 11294897; 11322786; 11328823; 11335711; 11350938; 11350939; 11418668; 11429412; 11438698; 11463827; 11470914; 11536047; 11585385; 11594781; 11722592; 11739197; 11751884; 11751994; 11773079; 11809683; 11815625; 11827956; 11843291; 11853668; 11856732; 11859072; 11861277; 11861839; 11872739; 11882364; 11923478; 11929748; 11940567; 11940572; 11959895; 11960372; 11987152; 12023369; 12039028; 12057007; 12060494; 12061840; 12067972; 12070153; 12089333; 12105218; 12168776; 12193474; 12207328; 12208879; 12235142; 12244095; 12359225; 12361954; 12389630; 12393476; 12396456; 12426389; 12444102; 12444174; 12466961; 12477932; 12506013; 12531804; 12540842; 12545153; 12547716; 12551922; 12552091; 12555068; 12556536; 12559950; 12562765; 12576423; 12600988; 12615922; 12623850; 12626508; 12628925; 12629155; 12629515; 12637318; 12637586; 12640143; 12670499; 12707028; 12738762; 12743296; 12748293; 12763138; 12775419; 12777975; 12782602; 12789269; 12804609; 12821944; 12824284; 12832402; 12833138; 12846741; 12865928; 12865943; 12867595; 12873986; 12900415; 12947115; 12960275; 12963127; 12969979; 14515142; 14522952; 14551213; 14593105; 14647442; 14672334; 14674010; 14688368; 14701810; 14702039; 14704793; 14712222; 14715251; 14715258; 14736711; 14737107; 14963038; 14966128; 14968112; 15007380; 15034082; 15064716; 15070700; 15077160; 15141228; 15143062; 15145953; 15150111; 15156153; 15161657; 15162527; 15163742; 15165826; 15184909; 15194700; 15194868; 15198092; 15207733; 15223310; 15229229; 15242774; 15254691; 15277698; 15284024; 15284113; 15286705; 15297310; 15313931; 15336564; 15343382; 15378007; 15465816; 15474458; 15476590; 15485908; 15489334; 15489336; 15522880; 15530426; 15575898; 15588985; 15590419; 15592455; 15604419; 15615703; 15629435; 15638726; 15643501; 15649887; 15650183; 15653507; 15659654; 15664994; 15665295; 15673499; 15677471; 15677474; 15682485; 15688010; 15735682; 15735720; 15735721; 15736426; 15764709; 15809078; 15821101; 15837065; 15845643; 15870198; 15878791; 15882975; 15894558; 15895073; 15905571; 15912144; 15917293; 15923602; 15935090; 15936715; 15944400; 15950906; 15951569; 15958548; 15979846; 15994929; 16007214; 16036105; 16061629; 16061651; 16081048; 16082218; 16098628; 16107692; 16125646; 16140268; 16142329; 16174774; 16186805; 16192633; 16231698; 16236134; 16236267; 16260903; 16273093; 16278387; 16285960; 16298512; 16306601; 16331268; 16377083; 16381901; 16382134; 16401721; 16407171; 16425286; 16432158; 16503733; 16512876; 16524883; 16531398; 16557588; 16568091; 16571725; 16619044; 16636048; 16651533; 16685378; 16709613; 16732314; 16807407; 16825495; 16828865; 16835372; 16840717; 16841088; 16861352; 16871275; 16877361; 16887796; 16904741; 16926159; 16931573; 16935931; 16946298; 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20196786; 20197401; 20199106; 20200543; 20204302; 20209132; 20211142; 20213502; 20222910; 20229017; 20232316; 20237496; 20301786; 20331378; 20331635; 20348091; 20351189; 20356901; 20359118; 20368117; 20371693; 20379614; 20380698; 20388777; 20399615; 20406964; 20422486; 20431064; 20438785; 20446017; 20447714; 20456494; 20459702; 20463008; 20463292; 20473906; 20483734; 20484656; 20490271; 20490331; 20503287; 20507639; 20514402; 20515335; 20516069; 20516148; 20519510; 20546860; 20558345; 20562100; 20568281; 20585009; 20618440; 20627814; 20628086; 20628624; 20634891; 20652679; 20661303; 20663948; 20668024; 20686606; 20691278; 20709283; 20716621; 20797623; 20802378; 20807804; 20816194; 20826784; 20830236; 20830487; 20860602; 20872151; 20873541; 20873543; 20881637; 20886065; 20888416; 20929863; 20930550; 20939893; 20942237; 20943775; 20962850; 20974051; 20977777; 20978825; 21058221; 21068102; 21072187; 21072904; 21085192; 21098664; 21098725; 21102463; 21115047; 21122157; 21131551; 21138684; 21139048; 21148399; 21148800; 21152001; 21166956; 21174186; 21177324; 21178271; 21183735; 21184768; 21209620; 21211286; 21216930; 21224490; 21245987; 21252943; 21257710; 21268011; 21282107; 21288777; 21293887; 21307288; 21310444; 21310826; 21311318; 21316706; 21320693; 21321954; 21325026; 21325207; 21333372; 21339300; 21343371; 21346774; 21364020; 21382889; 21385272; 21385902; 21398617; 21399864; 21402692; 21408055; 21410405; 21415216; 21418908; 21420464; 21426892; 21430300; 21436461; 21442485; 21443800; 21444672; 21447682; 21468569; 21470923; 21479358; 21481787; 21481788; 21481791; 21486470; 21486864; 21490132; 21494893; 21502401; 21518725; 21520044; 21539622; 21546410; 21549414; 21552420; 21562161; 21573184; 21575192; 21577321; 21586612; 21590492; 21607287; 21611796; 21619877; 21624746; 21625522; 21632716; 21633165; 21637744; 21643014; 21651859; 21658842; 21661417; 21668356; 21671179; 21674558; 21677772; 21681336; 21684622; 21684758; 21685938; 21689417; 21689689; 21690253; 21701559; 21711111; 21715323; 21720710; 21726118; 21726833; 21731057; 21733558; 21747171; 21749449; 21750002; 21779366; 21782857; 21788516; 21792878; 21796151; 21806788; 21818116; 21833088; 21835143; 21835168; 21866460; 21871555; 21875334; 21876460; 21886773; 21890473; 21890685; 21892329; 21897114; 21900397; 21903422; 21906983; 21913828; 21926348; 21937440; 21938013; 21948258; 21948749; 21953450; 21954831; 21957129; 21963094; 21977994; 21985363; 21987572; 21988832; 21991388; 21994466; 21997191; 22004076; 22006329; 22021169; 22030463; 22046235; 22050790; 22069317; 22074823; 22078209; 22082308; 22084247; 22093834; 22095036; 22095154; 22098470; 22104200; 22104307; 22104727; 22105366; 22108192; 22110249; 22116549; 22118528; 22120672; 22123322; 22126101; 22140473; 22147524; 22154363; 22168497; 22171994; 22174695; 22180308; 22189341; 22190364; 22190485; 22194466; 22194600; 22197944; 22203730; 22205606; 22205702; 22206672; 22208386; 22211709; 22218594; 22221142; 22233524; 22238455; 22252296; 22260073; 22269120; 22273698; 22279540; 22289525; 22301404; 22302289; 22303479; 22311708; 22312430; 22317895; 22319590; 22322297; 22328572; 22330135; 22331430; 22336225; 22340714; 22342309; 22349830; 22350508; 22364921; 22369852; 22374428; 22376160; 22378781; 22381273; 22394639; 22394684; 22396544; 22401280; 22407921; 22417306; 22417709; 22418867; 22418922; 22438130; 22450744; 22467101; 22480875; 22484976; 22488042; 22491065; 22492280; 22504301; 22504904; 22505724; 22506067; 22509288; 22521547; 22528488; 22532166; 22532634; 22535619; 22542455; 22547065; 22547799; 22562532; 22574813; 22575502; 22581330; 22581828; 22591296; 22613986; 22614117; 22624714; 22630347; 22634616; 22644781; 22656398; 22693070; 22709411; 22711165; 22712053; 22723956; 22735740; 22736176; 22743617; 22745305; 22750444; 22751114; 22751495; 22753649; 22753872; 22760497; 22761423; 22777388; 22783022; 22786753; 22789685; 22791907; 22799634; 22802294; 22808266; 22814105; 22842992; 22843679; 22844427; 22859607; 22863883; 22891351; 22895078; 22904633; 22905257; 22911368; 22927445; 22932892; 22938476; 22941903; 22959364; 22967106; 22967991; 22984561; 22987449; 23000965; 23007731; 23018644; 23018838; 23030674; 23042197; 23043161; 23056300; 23056515; 23063454; 23065274; 23066027; 23068100; 23074171; 23079657; 23083634; 23084476; 23089473; 23094050; 23097472; 23108098; 23108375; 23111066; 23124042; 23125416; 23127549; 23128233; 23134344; 23149124; 23158658; 23161342; 23166300; 23166328; 23172665; 23178493; 23185365; 23192865; 23193966; 23207521; 23220625; 23221979; 23226098; 23226414; 23228483; 23243289; 23246576; 23250732; 23253440; 23266558; 23266857; 23271731; 23274199; 23288901; 23295773; 23303450; 23317146; 23318430; 23322197; 23322822; 23326564; 23326583; 23329056; 23333300; 23333463; 23340171; 23351302; 23361365; 23364389; 23376640; 23378274; 23386590; 23386605; 23391827; 23402362; 23403044; 23406316; 23408403; 23416296; 23424038; 23434585; 23437123; 23438478; 23446809; 23454751; 23461823; 23483208; 23496892; 23504318; 23514705; 23526220; 23531596; 23531921; 23533997; 23545262; 23548897; 23555696; 23555719; 23563237; 23573315; 23583378; 23590971; 23590999; 23591770; 23604529; 23612755; 23613996; 23614738; 23618357; 23622344; 23623921; 23628554; 23633489; 23636127; 23636231; 23639951; 23650499; 23653350; 23659370; 23665025; 23665320; 23673666; 23674871; 23676499; 23677069; 23681230; 23703790; 23704922; 23716595; 23725032; 23734190; 23736381; 23740979; 23741012; 23756862; 23768868; 23782265; 23788661; 23791019; 23807222; 23820254; 23824569; 23824571; 23830147; 23856509; 23861822; 23874455; 23902772; 23904224; 23907460; 23911788; 23919497; 23920124; 23923047; 23926297; 23941832; 23941877; 23953057; 23956138; 23962558; 23966384; 23982944; 23984931; 23995109; 24004609; 24005672; 24027425; 24036113; 24048798; 24067369; 24082147; 24101550; 24114793; 24122993; 24123009; 24127267; 24135280; 24157808; 24158981; 24159173; 24184145; 24211205; 24218138; 24307657; 24315995; 24328557; 24342613; 24374144; 24395800; 24462277 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor) Ensembl:ENSG00000168610 HGNC:11364 HPRD:00026 MIM:102582 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150645 Other designations: DNA-binding protein APRF|acute-phase response factor|signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 STAT3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He STCH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HSPA13 heat shock protein 70kDa family, member 13 6782 21q11 9606 21 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8131751); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708) PMID: 8125298; 8131751; 8825657; 8889548; 8889549; 10675567; 10830953; 11319647; 12107410; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16087163; 16189514; 16713569; 18793616; 19199708; 19793966; 21139048; 21900206; 21988832; 22190034; 23303189 heat shock protein 70kDa family, member 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000155304 HGNC:11375 HPRD:03061 MIM:601100 Vega:OTTHUMG00000074261 Other designations: heat shock 70 kDa protein 13|microsomal stress 70 protein ATPase core|microsomal stress-70 protein ATPase core|stress 70 protein chaperone, microsome-associated, 60kD|stress 70 protein chaperone, microsome-associated, 60kDa|stress-70 protein chaperone microsome-associated 60 kDa protein HSPA13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LKB1 PJS hLKB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene STK11 serine/threonine kinase 11 6794 19p13.3 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12805220); GO_0001558 (EC: ISS); GO_0001894 (EC: IEA); GO_0001944 (EC: ISS); GO_0002039 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12595760); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12805220); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006112 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12805220); GO_0006914 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: IEA); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12805220); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS); GO_0007286 (EC: IEA); GO_0007409 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17216128); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0010212 (EC: ISS); GO_0016020 (EC: ISS); GO_0030010 (EC: ISS); GO_0030111 (EC: IEA); GO_0030275 (EC: IEA); GO_0030295 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19892943); GO_0030308 (EC: ISS); GO_0030511 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18311138); GO_0032147 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18854309); GO_0032147 (EC: IEA); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0033762 (EC: IEA); GO_0033993 (EC: IEA); GO_0036398 (EC: IEA); GO_0036399 (EC: IEA); GO_0042304 (EC: TAS); GO_0042593 (EC: ISS); GO_0043276 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19622832); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045059 (EC: IEA); GO_0045722 (EC: IEA); GO_0046777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832); GO_0050731 (EC: IEA); GO_0050772 (EC: IEA); GO_0050852 (EC: IEA); GO_0051291 (EC: IEA); GO_0051645 (EC: IEA); GO_0051896 (EC: IEA); GO_0060070 (EC: IEA); GO_0060770 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0072332 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11430832) PMID: 8889548; 8988175; 9425897; 9428765; 9537235; 9760200; 9837816; 10208439; 10362809; 10408777; 10508479; 10642499; 10642527; 11297520; 11430832; 11445556; 11668633; 11733352; 11741830; 11853558; 12097271; 12218179; 12234250; 12477932; 12489981; 12533684; 12552571; 12595760; 12753905; 12805220; 12847291; 12879020; 12912948; 14511394; 14511408; 14517247; 14517248; 14668798; 14676191; 14702039; 14976552; 14985505; 15077168; 15121768; 15183188; 15188174; 15231735; 15287029; 15292028; 15331174; 15485651; 15489334; 15561763; 15607222; 15608654; 15617552; 15731909; 15733851; 15774015; 15800014; 15987703; 16054041; 16169070; 16287113; 16311241; 16396636; 16407220; 16407837; 16540748; 16580634; 16582077; 16648371; 16822578; 16882735; 16912160; 16927138; 16953221; 17010524; 17026623; 17098823; 17108107; 17114342; 17212587; 17216128; 17234589; 17244606; 17319781; 17344591; 17384680; 17573348; 17575127; 17599048; 17637250; 17641416; 17676035; 17711506; 17766436; 17884763; 17921699; 17928927; 17950019; 18000088; 18029348; 18199157; 18245474; 18256292; 18303014; 18311138; 18321849; 18403917; 18483235; 18495044; 18594528; 18600394; 18676680; 18681789; 18687677; 18794113; 18854309; 18854318; 19029933; 19056867; 19068194; 19145097; 19165201; 19170196; 19177591; 19204826; 19229701; 19250387; 19287990; 19340305; 19351817; 19369417; 19386264; 19407487; 19414597; 19463221; 19507030; 19513107; 19520843; 19584313; 19615099; 19615732; 19622832; 19625176; 19692168; 19724060; 19727776; 19892943; 19908348; 20010869; 20018878; 20020146; 20057966; 20082862; 20193846; 20207041; 20227367; 20301443; 20354225; 20357370; 20368287; 20368693; 20400510; 20418665; 20423848; 20424326; 20428811; 20435009; 20452353; 20489196; 20497868; 20559149; 20562859; 20623358; 20668229; 20682687; 20686846; 20722467; 20818976; 20864035; 20881644; 20939895; 20956321; 20974850; 21048031; 21102257; 21118512; 21150337; 21191146; 21191700; 21192934; 21241696; 21396365; 21450399; 21532627; 21572398; 21706049; 21816872; 21832049; 21860411; 21876548; 21994947; 22005930; 22118009; 22168747; 22226967; 22265968; 22270359; 22384927; 22412893; 22457270; 22460425; 22487816; 22543132; 22575644; 22635025; 22775437; 22814264; 22848740; 22928647; 22939624; 22942091; 22983157; 22986809; 22988252; 23027127; 23044421; 23074285; 23086944; 23207623; 23322200; 23367447; 23393134; 23399955; 23415580; 23430953; 23451056; 23526220; 23572524; 23592276; 23612973; 23637231; 23645358; 23648482; 23679304; 23706335; 23788249; 23810581; 23861764; 23878245; 23892522; 24074562; 24154639; 24285539; 24362629 serine/threonine kinase 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000118046 HGNC:11389 HPRD:03740 MIM:602216 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180118 Other designations: liver kinase B1|polarization-related protein LKB1|renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-19|serine/threonine-protein kinase 11|serine/threonine-protein kinase LKB1|serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 STK11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ST1C1 ST1C2 SULT1C1 humSULTC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SULT1C2 sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 6819 2q12.3 20140408 9606 2 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9169148); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008146 (EC: IDA); GO_0009308 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9169148); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050427 (EC: TAS); GO_0051923 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7642552; 9034160; 9169148; 9635888; 9852044; 10481272; 10720750; 10783263; 11077054; 11154739; 11535246; 11740338; 12477932; 15489334; 16341674; 16507781; 16804942; 17425406; 18029348; 19343046; 19898482; 20453000; 20819778; 21044950; 21139048; 21988832 sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000198203 HGNC:11456 HPRD:03858 MIM:602385 Vega:OTTHUMG00000153215 Other designations: SULT1C#1|sulfotransferase 1C1|sulfotransferase 1C2|sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 1 SULT1C2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SM22 SMCC TAGLN1 WS3-10 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TAGLN transgelin 6876 11q23.2 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003779 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0007517 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9615232); GO_0030855 (EC: IDA) PMID: 1520290; 1872880; 7788527; 8117285; 8125298; 9242426; 9276683; 9384215; 9615232; 11053353; 11773051; 12200029; 12477932; 12521938; 15489334; 16009940; 17082327; 17305610; 17353931; 17629319; 18245174; 18291675; 18378184; 18446369; 19011151; 19188659; 19329940; 19724680; 19796641; 19848416; 19913121; 20012321; 20066125; 20098441; 20336793; 20379614; 20540360; 20628086; 20705054; 20707403; 21044950; 21051832; 21092460; 21139048; 21677441; 21763649; 21943158; 22245152; 22257561; 22365974; 22939629; 23138394; 23174934; 23331552; 23538046; 23824909 transgelin Ensembl:ENSG00000149591 HGNC:11553 HPRD:02891 MIM:600818 Vega:OTTHUMG00000167067 Other designations: 22 kDa actin-binding protein|SM22-alpha|smooth muscle protein 22-alpha|transgelin variant 2 TAGLN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MGC:5067 STAF31/32 TAF2G TAFII-31 TAFII-32 TAFII31 TAFII32 TAFIID32 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TAF9 TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa 6880 AD-004 5q13.2 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9674425); GO_0002039 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11278372); GO_0003677 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15601843); GO_0003713 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11564863); GO_0003713 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11278372); GO_0004402 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 11564863); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15489227); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005669 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14580349); GO_0006325 (EC: TAS); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0006368 (EC: TAS); GO_0006974 (EC: IC, PMID: 11278372); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0030307 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15899866); GO_0030914 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11564863); GO_0032435 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11278372); GO_0033276 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15899866); GO_0033613 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19251649); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15899866); GO_0043966 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11564863); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19251649); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11278372); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0050821 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15899866); GO_0060760 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15489227); GO_0070555 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15489227); GO_0070742 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19251649); GO_0070761 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17636026); GO_0071339 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15960975); GO_1902166 (EC: IC, PMID: 15899866) PMID: 1939271; 2449431; 7597030; 7667268; 7761466; 7809597; 7835343; 7836461; 7933101; 8121496; 8401585; 8680883; 8764009; 8764062; 8849451; 8946909; 9045704; 9054383; 9153318; 9171108; 9177216; 9405375; 9611234; 9674425; 9792714; 9885574; 10191103; 10449590; 10810093; 10821850; 10931946; 11005381; 11278372; 11406595; 11564863; 12101418; 12453419; 12477932; 12601814; 12660246; 12837753; 14580349; 15081896; 15489227; 15489334; 15601843; 15641800; 15899866; 15932940; 15960975; 16079131; 16169070; 16189514; 16713569; 17081983; 17636026; 17643375; 17884155; 17967894; 18250150; 19240132; 19251649; 19471022; 19615732; 19643037; 20186459; 20195357; 20946988; 21139048; 21693764; 21729782; 21832049; 21890473; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22505724; 22696218; 22939629; 23000965; 23246961 TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000085231 HGNC:11542 HPRD:15983 MIM:600822 Vega:OTTHUMG00000099359 Other designations: RNA polymerase II TBP-associated factor subunit G|transcription initiation factor TFIID 31 kD subunit|transcription initiation factor TFIID 31 kDa subunit|transcription initiation factor TFIID 32 kDa subunit|transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9 TAF9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He THBS THBS-1 TSP TSP-1 TSP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene THBS1 thrombospondin 1 7057 15q15 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000187 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0001666 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0001786 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18940719); GO_0001937 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17996481); GO_0001937 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0001948 (EC: NAS, PMID: 6438154); GO_0001953 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17416590); GO_0001968 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6693501); GO_0002040 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17879962); GO_0002544 (EC: IEP, PMID: 18674744); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0002581 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16882710); GO_0002605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16882710); GO_0003151 (EC: IEA); GO_0003197 (EC: IEA); GO_0003417 (EC: IEA); GO_0005178 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0005509 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11134179); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005577 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3997886); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0006955 (EC: IEP, PMID: 18674744); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17596205); GO_0007155 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008201 (EC: IDA, PMID: 101549); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009749 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18096704); GO_0009897 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6777381); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 2435757); GO_0010595 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0010596 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0010748 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17416590); GO_0010751 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17416590); GO_0010754 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17416590); GO_0010757 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6438154); GO_0010759 (EC: ISS); GO_0010763 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0010811 (EC: IEA); GO_0016477 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0016525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17596205); GO_0016529 (EC: ISS); GO_0017134 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17996481); GO_0018149 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3997886); GO_0030141 (EC: IDA, PMID: 101549); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030169 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6693501); GO_0030194 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3997886); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0030335 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15700281); GO_0030335 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0030511 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0031012 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0031012 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0031091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6777381); GO_0031093 (EC: TAS); GO_0032026 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6777381); GO_0032570 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0032695 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16882710); GO_0032914 (EC: ISS); GO_0033574 (EC: IEA); GO_0034605 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0034976 (EC: ISS); GO_0040037 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17996481); GO_0042327 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0042493 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19738618); GO_0042535 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18726995); GO_0042802 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0043032 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18757424); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18653767); GO_0043154 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18653767); GO_0043236 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6693501); GO_0043394 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0043536 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0043537 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0043652 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16882710); GO_0045727 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15700281); GO_0045766 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17413041); GO_0048266 (EC: ISS); GO_0050431 (EC: ISS); GO_0050431 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0050921 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18555217); GO_0051592 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18757424); GO_0051895 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9304800); GO_0051897 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18653767); GO_0051918 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6438154); GO_0070051 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6693501); GO_0070052 (EC: IDA, PMID: 6693501); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_0071356 (EC: IEA); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_1902043 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18726995); GO_2000353 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18726995); GO_2000379 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18757424); GO_2001237 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17879962) PMID: 101549; 1350660; 1550960; 2010551; 2335352; 2341158; 2430973; 2435757; 2478219; 2522013; 2544587; 2745554; 2918029; 3030396; 3084490; 3402455; 3461443; 3571333; 3997886; 6338048; 6438154; 6693501; 6777381; 7521539; 7775583; 8288588; 8408036; 8463250; 8550562; 8751720; 9045712; 9169439; 9304800; 9328841; 9334164; 9419208; 9459346; 9478926; 9657149; 9840442; 9867861; 10397731; 10398144; 10487979; 10698186; 10749676; 10772961; 10900205; 10922378; 10982388; 11023976; 11067851; 11094060; 11134179; 11358957; 11606713; 11773026; 11801541; 11820799; 11882904; 11920574; 11964147; 11980922; 11986954; 12054567; 12147243; 12147682; 12220191; 12358136; 12391027; 12443715; 12444143; 12450399; 12477932; 12482844; 12530526; 12553016; 12598312; 12609716; 12643280; 12658547; 12676576; 12679131; 12718556; 12759541; 12782324; 12824298; 12878157; 12902472; 12909644; 12927044; 12947001; 12964017; 14555767; 14557872; 14559817; 14561896; 14568985; 14583433; 14683523; 14718574; 14963009; 14991768; 15007078; 15014436; 15034804; 15037654; 15095410; 15113588; 15140581; 15166498; 15217952; 15258909; 15292271; 15342643; 15347840; 15356163; 15456750; 15503824; 15522326; 15583827; 15634279; 15634883; 15665307; 15696166; 15700281; 15730804; 15792551; 15799029; 15817447; 15820829; 15833768; 15855645; 15890262; 15907858; 15908066; 15927849; 15945504; 16006654; 16037098; 16100012; 16141331; 16147889; 16148025; 16150726; 16166434; 16263699; 16270194; 16335952; 16344560; 16388804; 16465407; 16478297; 16495290; 16618977; 16650813; 16684956; 16732887; 16740002; 16835379; 16882710; 16951312; 16962673; 17106256; 17175378; 17198740; 17289869; 17363705; 17374440; 17378161; 17413041; 17416590; 17487836; 17507668; 17572512; 17596205; 17620335; 17638877; 17706282; 17709727; 17879962; 17917789; 17996481; 18021253; 18035072; 18057090; 18089612; 18096704; 18178577; 18208671; 18222489; 18226512; 18275041; 18319354; 18321763; 18336597; 18384112; 18413367; 18425817; 18499674; 18515748; 18555217; 18641687; 18653767; 18661355; 18674744; 18675774; 18676351; 18688696; 18700275; 18712840; 18726995; 18757424; 18788631; 18853485; 18855616; 18855618; 18940719; 19056867; 19239428; 19250552; 19271751; 19322201; 19351925; 19383251; 19396698; 19414528; 19422532; 19435835; 19447890; 19485899; 19509293; 19531495; 19542224; 19570906; 19581582; 19584238; 19661269; 19687096; 19698122; 19706610; 19710505; 19715883; 19721725; 19732880; 19738618; 19747478; 19762163; 19805200; 19826414; 19906510; 19913121; 19958625; 19959938; 19998449; 20016205; 20056600; 20103648; 20182908; 20203415; 20204299; 20300551; 20346360; 20360068; 20372793; 20449626; 20452482; 20453000; 20458281; 20467328; 20470445; 20485444; 20492458; 20494556; 20498063; 20546609; 20625903; 20628086; 20655775; 20673868; 20705333; 20876797; 20923780; 20927579; 21107877; 21139048; 21142150; 21148423; 21152035; 21157449; 21161418; 21193465; 21217824; 21296375; 21307796; 21317461; 21343308; 21378271; 21402050; 21420687; 21437286; 21474793; 21501375; 21518247; 21526452; 21531776; 21565611; 21659549; 21762961; 21822266; 21845757; 21883885; 21899841; 22011138; 22014686; 22024541; 22028325; 22028813; 22035632; 22037878; 22136730; 22194599; 22198906; 22207555; 22231149; 22238753; 22247259; 22268819; 22308318; 22311024; 22318901; 22383169; 22403705; 22583901; 22592401; 22672426; 22796565; 22971480; 22982001; 23030305; 23085760; 23119050; 23145312; 23202046; 23315169; 23350987; 23380452; 23528972; 23614916; 23660684; 23667531; 23995838; 24314882 thrombospondin 1 HGNC:11785 HPRD:01765 MIM:188060 Other designations: thrombospondin-1|thrombospondin-1p180 THBS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLGI EPA EPO HCI TIMP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 7076 RP1-230G1.3 Xp11.3-p11.23 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002020 (EC: IEA); GO_0002576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16917503); GO_0005576 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1653055); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005604 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008191 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12714508); GO_0008284 (EC: TAS, PMID: 3839290); GO_0010951 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12714508); GO_0022617 (EC: TAS); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0030198 (EC: TAS); GO_0031093 (EC: TAS); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043249 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051045 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12714508); GO_1901164 (EC: IMP) PMID: 1420137; 1653055; 1730286; 2163605; 2171551; 2251898; 2921031; 3010309; 3460333; 3688834; 3839290; 3903517; 7507419; 8757599; 9063449; 9286280; 9288970; 9778693; 10071915; 10233411; 10441576; 10623524; 11279011; 11598182; 11606052; 11705862; 11762702; 11796725; 11876751; 11935340; 11940298; 12032189; 12034345; 12063180; 12081564; 12082592; 12147251; 12150976; 12218659; 12376362; 12406369; 12452001; 12475252; 12477932; 12479097; 12496489; 12538453; 12612199; 12614934; 12620441; 12626459; 12634064; 12651627; 12704667; 12714508; 12717827; 12771930; 12791318; 12834347; 12846741; 12861139; 12869573; 12873541; 12904305; 12921631; 12951656; 12970724; 14517716; 14605322; 14622947; 14630798; 14648584; 14652000; 14661256; 14669348; 14688084; 14710472; 14734567; 14871825; 14962256; 14973177; 14983226; 15028476; 15051730; 15073104; 15161657; 15225209; 15248826; 15277439; 15287862; 15313474; 15340161; 15363817; 15363818; 15465038; 15479729; 15485866; 15489334; 15494493; 15515157; 15516987; 15530852; 15557756; 15616792; 15754326; 15754388; 15797648; 15818737; 15841325; 15867221; 15888067; 15890357; 15896974; 15944607; 16005367; 16019435; 16042227; 16061701; 16100012; 16103240; 16107690; 16169070; 16188099; 16191301; 16219294; 16248458; 16263699; 16269968; 16280123; 16288711; 16289162; 16303743; 16335952; 16372907; 16407831; 16410344; 16474379; 16496359; 16555295; 16615041; 16631927; 16740002; 16754484; 16767366; 16772717; 16786122; 16840178; 16864898; 16877361; 16880228; 16917503; 16931892; 16935611; 16940985; 16960901; 16996520; 17008230; 17009408; 17012236; 17045024; 17050530; 17071711; 17072372; 17114213; 17136882; 17162914; 17182940; 17192464; 17202148; 17205957; 17209789; 17222415; 17226791; 17299802; 17301822; 17340613; 17350093; 17380436; 17409012; 17456311; 17478562; 17489740; 17493602; 17543340; 17549663; 17564313; 17572998; 17589947; 17634538; 17660250; 17703334; 17726014; 17763191; 17786346; 17878270; 17893005; 17899257; 17920311; 17928006; 17998244; 18025061; 18034264; 18042068; 18049028; 18063811; 18159069; 18214300; 18217401; 18236174; 18273688; 18291374; 18292822; 18298349; 18385523; 18391843; 18395263; 18474748; 18477480; 18487063; 18502033; 18630499; 18634035; 18636124; 18645261; 18683786; 18692810; 18704317; 18787947; 18850474; 18854176; 18945772; 18984437; 19012952; 19019896; 19020757; 19036126; 19134356; 19141395; 19246282; 19288452; 19331801; 19336475; 19358835; 19383295; 19383343; 19383344; 19387352; 19390929; 19430729; 19464975; 19506087; 19513566; 19524176; 19551542; 19560452; 19596921; 19608737; 19609944; 19629003; 19637058; 19653096; 19717938; 19723139; 19723899; 19728856; 19747478; 19758569; 19766963; 19781774; 19796534; 19814619; 19863693; 19875168; 19887890; 19889076; 19904223; 19911067; 19913121; 19927649; 20021931; 20030715; 20039537; 20041335; 20051489; 20095885; 20111696; 20164040; 20193458; 20215736; 20298300; 20305574; 20361393; 20371206; 20388222; 20423842; 20450704; 20452482; 20459644; 20484597; 20514432; 20533294; 20545111; 20545310; 20556397; 20584750; 20587546; 20595097; 20616161; 20628086; 20628624; 20646231; 20654099; 20655547; 20673868; 20685094; 20707923; 20798956; 20838751; 20853162; 20854182; 20889295; 20921293; 21041986; 21086628; 21094936; 21115936; 21128246; 21139048; 21163810; 21165404; 21167221; 21211402; 21283828; 21427648; 21437624; 21437772; 21454617; 21463121; 21487066; 21506705; 21524282; 21535601; 21547130; 21586274; 21684102; 21709637; 21720458; 21731773; 21745383; 21763297; 21786179; 21858035; 21860087; 21881840; 21882477; 21903858; 21906983; 21928345; 21946941; 21963094; 21963718; 21969093; 21987572; 21993004; 21995626; 22016393; 22020222; 22051851; 22110238; 22122951; 22139647; 22177802; 22199358; 22200256; 22200690; 22200710; 22204652; 22223664; 22257687; 22268729; 22286923; 22289852; 22291969; 22305865; 22364921; 22397869; 22402936; 22427646; 22457727; 22465225; 22516898; 22532131; 22544540; 22547904; 22558080; 22645431; 22667130; 22671570; 22706255; 22712305; 22718114; 22739984; 22788708; 22820628; 22859303; 22883459; 22901654; 22906271; 22957045; 22965799; 22971139; 22975753; 22985578; 23000965; 23016931; 23043898; 23057632; 23060593; 23064462; 23107442; 23122949; 23158994; 23175213; 23179318; 23223421; 23318123; 23388475; 23407481; 23412981; 23457635; 23509357; 23522389; 23525523; 23548070; 23555182; 23557756; 23563628; 23583449; 23592002; 23650722; 23660069; 23673111; 23763354; 23768069; 23815085; 23817219; 23834019; 23881388; 23893334; 23967215; 23993112; 24039251; 24174628; 24330623; 24479343 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000102265 HGNC:11820 HPRD:02371 MIM:305370 Vega:OTTHUMG00000021447 Other designations: TIMP-1|collagenase inhibitor|erythroid potentiating activity|erythroid-potentiating activity|fibroblast collagenase inhibitor|metalloproteinase inhibitor 1|tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 TIMP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARMD10 CD284 TLR-4 TOLL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TLR4 toll-like receptor 4 7099 9q33.1 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000187 (EC: ISS); GO_0001530 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16514062); GO_0001530 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10835634); GO_0001875 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19252480); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002322 (EC: IEA); GO_0002537 (EC: IEA); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004872 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10426995); GO_0004888 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11970998); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11441107); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15027902); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10426995); GO_0007249 (EC: TAS); GO_0007252 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0009897 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16514062); GO_0010008 (EC: TAS); GO_0010572 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16514062); GO_0016046 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11254600); GO_0030890 (EC: IEA); GO_0031663 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 10880523); GO_0031663 (EC: IGI, PMID: 10880523); GO_0032496 (EC: IC, PMID: 16514062); GO_0032496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12594207); GO_0032497 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19252480); GO_0032609 (EC: IEA); GO_0032689 (EC: ISS); GO_0032700 (EC: ISS); GO_0032707 (EC: ISS); GO_0032715 (EC: ISS); GO_0032720 (EC: ISS); GO_0032722 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0032727 (EC: ISS); GO_0032728 (EC: ISS); GO_0032729 (EC: ISS); GO_0032732 (EC: ISS); GO_0032733 (EC: ISS); GO_0032735 (EC: ISS); GO_0032755 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0032757 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0032760 (EC: ISS); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042088 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11970998); GO_0042116 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10835634); GO_0042346 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19740627); GO_0042535 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17951129); GO_0042742 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10426995); GO_0043123 (EC: IEA); GO_0045084 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15027902); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15356140); GO_0045348 (EC: IEA); GO_0045359 (EC: IEA); GO_0045416 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17951129); GO_0045429 (EC: IEA); GO_0045671 (EC: NAS, PMID: 12133979); GO_0045944 (EC: ISS); GO_0046330 (EC: IEA); GO_0046696 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19252480); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15027902); GO_0050729 (EC: IC, PMID: 19740627); GO_0050829 (EC: IC, PMID: 16514062); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12594207); GO_0051770 (EC: ISS); GO_0060729 (EC: ISS); GO_0060907 (EC: IEA); GO_0070373 (EC: ISS); GO_0070374 (EC: IEA); GO_0070430 (EC: IEA); GO_0070434 (EC: IEA); GO_0071222 (EC: ISS); GO_0071223 (EC: IEA); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID: 19593445) PMID: 9237759; 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22952638; 22956123; 22962435; 22964479; 22964787; 22965987; 22970235; 22983353; 22984080; 22985132; 22987288; 22996386; 22999059; 23000519; 23021866; 23027874; 23028414; 23035361; 23053976; 23055527; 23059983; 23062767; 23065292; 23065466; 23071313; 23083518; 23084080; 23086127; 23086480; 23091345; 23093310; 23103560; 23106544; 23108090; 23121518; 23129427; 23141927; 23142582; 23163570; 23170831; 23170858; 23179584; 23179660; 23200752; 23200920; 23201091; 23209313; 23211828; 23212905; 23234648; 23239500; 23239925; 23239997; 23241898; 23251661; 23252918; 23259689; 23272070; 23275193; 23281696; 23285751; 23289411; 23289617; 23297396; 23311681; 23316065; 23318418; 23322736; 23338716; 23347362; 23355465; 23356143; 23365080; 23380629; 23398566; 23402610; 23407387; 23411097; 23414695; 23417037; 23417289; 23425749; 23436141; 23437218; 23437263; 23455503; 23455702; 23457721; 23460645; 23465595; 23467413; 23470644; 23497941; 23504385; 23510418; 23525077; 23554896; 23555011; 23565226; 23574398; 23589304; 23592020; 23592986; 23611610; 23612767; 23629657; 23633568; 23639307; 23651260; 23665674; 23671673; 23673286; 23677465; 23678609; 23680697; 23690937; 23691015; 23692033; 23727604; 23738004; 23747880; 23752129; 23755898; 23761639; 23766695; 23786414; 23798430; 23799413; 23802631; 23821954; 23828139; 23836485; 23853092; 23855294; 23864765; 23871732; 23879541; 23880187; 23888080; 23888605; 23908180; 23910802; 23921128; 23936050; 23936790; 23949880; 23962979; 23980810; 23985798; 24021278; 24030146; 24044965; 24068665; 24076166; 24080332; 24084649; 24106112; 24172224; 24178299; 24277938; 24298017; 24307174 toll-like receptor 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000136869 HGNC:11850 HPRD:04325 MIM:603030 Vega:OTTHUMG00000021046 Other designations: hToll|homolog of Drosophila toll TLR4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CMD1T LAP2 LEMD4 PRO0868 TP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TMPO thymopoietin 7112 12q22 20140408 9606 12 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000785 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17284516); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17474147); GO_0005521 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8530026); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17284516); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8530026); GO_0005635 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8530026); GO_0005637 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA) PMID: 302007; 2158125; 6364989; 7517549; 7703909; 8324822; 8530026; 8619474; 8743987; 9110174; 9461618; 9490046; 9707448; 10393804; 10430029; 10806084; 10984438; 11034899; 11435115; 11500367; 11591818; 12475961; 12477932; 12538639; 12950172; 15302935; 15489334; 15546916; 16083285; 16129885; 16196087; 16247757; 16344560; 16606692; 16713569; 16760672; 17081983; 17207965; 17213199; 17227891; 17284516; 17314511; 17364180; 17474147; 17558393; 17620599; 18029348; 18403046; 19135240; 19394292; 19454010; 19471022; 19727227; 19913121; 19928837; 19929986; 20237496; 20301486; 20360068; 20462248; 20562859; 20628086; 21139048; 21252943; 21549307; 21679440; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21987572; 21990273; 22113938; 22145905; 22268729; 22412018; 22505724; 22751105; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23182705; 23184937; 23463506; 23673662; 23752268; 24457600 thymopoietin Ensembl:ENSG00000120802 HGNC:11875 HPRD:01777 MIM:188380 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170210 Other designations: LEM domain containing 4|TP alpha|TP beta/gamma|lamina-associated polypeptide 2|thymopoietin-related peptide isoform alpha|thymopoietin-related peptide isoforms beta/gamma TMPO Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DIF TNF-alpha TNFA TNFSF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TNF tumor necrosis factor 7124 DADB-70P7.1 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000060 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16280327); GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15345745); GO_0000165 (EC: IMP); GO_0000185 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15310755); GO_0000187 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0001775 (EC: IEA); GO_0001819 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17922812); GO_0001891 (EC: ISS); GO_0001934 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0002020 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12777399); GO_0002037 (EC: IEA); GO_0002439 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14512626); GO_0002740 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0002876 (EC: IEA); GO_0002925 (EC: IEA); GO_0003009 (EC: IEA); GO_0005125 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0005164 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14512626); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11878931); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18355445); GO_0006006 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16723520); GO_0006927 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3883195); GO_0006954 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0006959 (EC: IEA); GO_0007254 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0008625 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10521396); GO_0008625 (EC: NAS); GO_0008630 (EC: IEA); GO_0008652 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10490959); GO_0009651 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18355445); GO_0009887 (EC: IEA); GO_0009897 (EC: ISS); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18355445); GO_0010629 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15345745); GO_0010693 (EC: IEA); GO_0010888 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16464856); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0019722 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0030316 (EC: IEA); GO_0030730 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19032770); GO_0031334 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12813029); GO_0031622 (EC: ISS); GO_0031663 (EC: IDA); GO_0032715 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0032722 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10490959); GO_0032729 (EC: IEA); GO_0032741 (EC: IEA); GO_0032755 (EC: IEA); GO_0032800 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0033138 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17389591); GO_0033209 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10748004); GO_0034116 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10604883); GO_0042346 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17922812); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14512626); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16723520); GO_0043068 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16611992); GO_0043122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0043123 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15310755); GO_0043242 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17389591); GO_0043243 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12813029); GO_0043280 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11577081); GO_0043406 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12813029); GO_0043491 (EC: IMP); GO_0043507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17389591); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0044130 (EC: IEA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17350185); GO_0045071 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10490959); GO_0045080 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10490959); GO_0045121 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17010968); GO_0045416 (EC: IDA); GO_0045429 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8383325); GO_0045599 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16464856); GO_0045668 (EC: IEA); GO_0045672 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17888176); GO_0045840 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16895791); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15345745); GO_0045944 (EC: IGI, PMID: 16803872); GO_0045994 (EC: IEA); GO_0046325 (EC: IEA); GO_0046330 (EC: IEA); GO_0048566 (EC: IEP); GO_0048661 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16518841); GO_0050715 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0050796 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8383325); GO_0050806 (EC: IEA); GO_0050830 (EC: IEA); GO_0050901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10820279); GO_0050995 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19032770); GO_0051023 (EC: IEA); GO_0051044 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18373975); GO_0051091 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10748004); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10383454); GO_0051222 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15310755); GO_0051384 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10443688); GO_0051533 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16803872); GO_0051798 (EC: IEA); GO_0051897 (EC: IEA); GO_0055037 (EC: ISS); GO_0060557 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1690216); GO_0060559 (EC: IDA, PMID: 1690216); GO_0060664 (EC: IEA); GO_0060693 (EC: IEA); GO_0061048 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17350185); GO_0070374 (EC: NAS, PMID: 18606301); GO_0071230 (EC: IEA); GO_0071316 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18676776); GO_0071407 (EC: IDA); GO_0071677 (EC: NAS); GO_0071803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15220135); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11577081); GO_0097527 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11101870); GO_1902043 (EC: IEA); GO_2000010 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19366699); GO_2000343 (EC: IDA); GO_2001240 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10666185) PMID: 1279199; 1310388; 1331108; 1380260; 1402651; 1548758; 1550865; 1690216; 1905933; 1918997; 1918999; 1964681; 1993354; 2009860; 2158863; 2170559; 2413547; 2537468; 2551905; 2848815; 2922050; 2995927; 3001529; 3031624; 3139842; 3351931; 3417634; 3464978; 3552045; 3555974; 3856324; 3883195; 3932069; 6392892; 7494249; 7511078; 7523444; 7526541; 7536422; 7561697; 7664431; 7693046; 7695626; 7704970; 7706435; 7739525; 7758105; 7815507; 7818827; 7852363; 7859743; 7930591; 7935762; 7966397; 8182064; 8267288; 8288897; 8336080; 8336118; 8381971; 8383325; 8482849; 8499947; 8590321; 8597870; 8707350; 8724035; 8764000; 8806809; 8852605; 8869635; 8870842; 9034191; 9108403; 9110146; 9223523; 9225992; 9226228; 9230816; 9269771; 9269777; 9278385; 9334723; 9344703; 9378998; 9438495; 9442056; 9449720; 9488135; 9552007; 9568681; 9639071; 9651389; 9658081; 9670843; 9730685; 9744279; 9828130; 9920899; 10202016; 10205166; 10339575; 10369255; 10376933; 10383454; 10388525; 10415019; 10438928; 10443688; 10450718; 10490959; 10521396; 10604883; 10634209; 10666185; 10669763; 10747938; 10748004; 10775602; 10799478; 10820279; 10839541; 10843712; 10929056; 10964543; 11000208; 11023480; 11023482; 11023485; 11035665; 11037831; 11045789; 11057907; 11072751; 11083263; 11092520; 11097747; 11101870; 11106199; 11113269; 11118029; 11120931; 11121160; 11138328; 11144293; 11145126; 11153078; 11153913; 11157631; 11163081; 11163083; 11165717; 11167813; 11176446; 11179110; 11179116; 11192323; 11196671; 11196686; 11199329; 11211945; 11223972; 11230752; 11233912; 11241233; 11243953; 11244489; 11246532; 11250044; 11257271; 11258696; 11264025; 11266856; 11266927; 11266928; 11267084; 11273064; 11278695; 11285131; 11294926; 11298547; 11316066; 11316069; 11319038; 11319647; 11319665; 11324946; 11325850; 11328953; 11334675; 11349201; 11354638; 11371414; 11379335; 11389006; 11391238; 11401868; 11401880; 11404167; 11409121; 11411907; 11423177; 11427627; 11453117; 11500363; 11506397; 11506478; 11508580; 11522182; 11528523; 11533078; 11544427; 11544434; 11570978; 11571703; 11576577; 11577081; 11579140; 11585553; 11600224; 11602715; 11602932; 11607791; 11640949; 11640992; 11668577; 11689215; 11689614; 11697432; 11704803; 11715861; 11716174; 11722460; 11724772; 11725485; 11730934; 11735091; 11737072; 11737221; 11743056; 11744409; 11748357; 11751963; 11752507; 11756988; 11759867; 11774563; 11774822; 11775944; 11776328; 11781187; 11781708; 11792123; 11796554; 11798757; 11798770; 11799112; 11800584; 11801679; 11808761; 11816715; 11820636; 11824966; 11826759; 11828995; 11830340; 11830425; 11830590; 11831440; 11831864; 11832442; 11838837; 11841482; 11841484; 11841486; 11846846; 11847479; 11849390; 11849463; 11851889; 11852287; 11857057; 11858187; 11860474; 11861275; 11864973; 11868623; 11874184; 11874815; 11877397; 11878931; 11884401; 11886974; 11888514; 11891016; 11891022; 11893711; 11893712; 11896460; 11904678; 11906646; 11907116; 11909956; 11911478; 11916086; 11920321; 11922568; 11923482; 11924527; 11940577; 11954826; 11956055; 11958572; 11958574; 11960393; 11961180; 11962732; 11966578; 11968047; 11968052; 11971816; 11971973; 11975986; 11979305; 11980617; 11981433; 11983108; 11983212; 11988644; 11990931; 11991675; 12004062; 12006387; 12006640; 12009575; 12010662; 12011375; 12014672; 12019209; 12021142; 12022360; 12028020; 12030367; 12030733; 12031914; 12031976; 12032749; 12032830; 12034045; 12036088; 12039524; 12042033; 12047333; 12047360; 12048203; 12049175; 12050189; 12050565; 12054739; 12055326; 12058258; 12067299; 12067756; 12067976; 12074713; 12078789; 12082592; 12084660; 12086951; 12086962; 12089333; 12089610; 12089714; 12090473; 12091169; 12091338; 12091490; 12095061; 12097398; 12099552; 12100025; 12100575; 12101072; 12101079; 12102486; 12105273; 12107724; 12115605; 12115625; 12116197; 12117921; 12117943; 12117953; 12123862; 12124654; 12126516; 12133353; 12133434; 12135128; 12135369; 12135427; 12135759; 12142377; 12144133; 12145682; 12148593; 12149604; 12153747; 12160518; 12161098; 12161427; 12162435; 12162437; 12162871; 12163195; 12163370; 12164325; 12165487; 12165799; 12167698; 12169181; 12170268; 12171600; 12171811; 12173300; 12180762; 12183057; 12185082; 12187026; 12190096; 12192111; 12195699; 12198621; 12200397; 12202945; 12205044; 12213594; 12215823; 12220546; 12230503; 12232842; 12234707; 12235090; 12237295; 12240899; 12244188; 12270547; 12270556; 12296856; 12297049; 12297050; 12297113; 12297724; 12351419; 12368210; 12370346; 12370360; 12370403; 12370499; 12370503; 12372982; 12378118; 12383455; 12383917; 12387878; 12387879; 12390476; 12391248; 12391840; 12392301; 12392859; 12393608; 12393619; 12393699; 12393755; 12395215; 12396374; 12396377; 12396555; 12397597; 12404162; 12406900; 12411040; 12414751; 12415586; 12420104; 12423676; 12424537; 12438348; 12438370; 12438440; 12438965; 12439617; 12441140; 12441346; 12444137; 12445207; 12445803; 12447749; 12451269; 12451465; 12453902; 12457980; 12459320; 12459639; 12472577; 12472598; 12475426; 12477932; 12478078; 12482669; 12483736; 12485196; 12485861; 12488366; 12490310; 12492251; 12496175; 12496396; 12501066; 12504564; 12506026; 12507818; 12508775; 12513816; 12526952; 12528108; 12530117; 12530118; 12537602; 12538692; 12542496; 12545006; 12548461; 12548511; 12553033; 12554901; 12555203; 12558814; 12559632; 12559634; 12566517; 12568117; 12574335; 12574344; 12574959; 12579167; 12580317; 12581498; 12587980; 12590978; 12590981; 12591385; 12591926; 12594207; 12595628; 12595908; 12601524; 12603009; 12606947; 12607668; 12609060; 12609526; 12620429; 12622777; 12626032; 12626603; 12631070; 12632436; 12637641; 12640117; 12641410; 12644006; 12644590; 12645577; 12651071; 12653732; 12654235; 12654703; 12655064; 12657115; 12661999; 12663241; 12673844; 12679941; 12682890; 12687213; 12687247; 12690081; 12691703; 12691705; 12691826; 12692009; 12692291; 12694213; 12699902; 12702205; 12707271; 12707358; 12709814; 12714268; 12714269; 12714560; 12715715; 12717265; 12718576; 12720537; 12727482; 12730860; 12732844; 12743452; 12744771; 12746914; 12747595; 12749050; 12750172; 12750939; 12751024; 12753658; 12753742; 12756345; 12762136; 12768019; 12770792; 12770796; 12773519; 12777399; 12782345; 12783130; 12783210; 12787424; 12788886; 12792476; 12794406; 12794527; 12795334; 12795791; 12799216; 12802423; 12802709; 12804035; 12809834; 12810683; 12811429; 12811828; 12813029; 12815949; 12816730; 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23683942; 23703343; 23704210; 23712703; 23713409; 23717605; 23720844; 23723980; 23732752; 23732909; 23740956; 23745338; 23746176; 23746843; 23748363; 23751348; 23768164; 23774701; 23777202; 23785756; 23785788; 23793505; 23795660; 23800059; 23816715; 23821300; 23828749; 23834030; 23861398; 23864804; 23870134; 23877857; 23880295; 23884763; 23900678; 23911749; 23918043; 23923372; 23925283; 23935096; 23936398; 23936458; 23940760; 23943369; 23943614; 23965971; 23989985; 24012198; 24018067; 24041577; 24049437; 24067962; 24077340; 24078775; 24140406; 24145654; 24186266; 24265545; 24294778; 24299316; 24307062; 24307172; 24313836; 24314919; 24316671; 24338609; 24340926; 24371310; 24403490; 24409675; 24459820; 24611333; 24611335 tumor necrosis factor Ensembl:ENSG00000232810 HGNC:11892 HPRD:01855 MIM:191160 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031194 Other designations: APC1 protein|TNF, macrophage-derived|TNF, monocyte-derived|TNF-a|cachectin|tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2|tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCC7 LFS1 P53 TRP53 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TP53 tumor protein p53 7157 17p13.1 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000060 (EC: IEA); GO_0000122 (EC: IBA); GO_0000122 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15340061); GO_0000122 (EC: ISS, PMID: 19749791); GO_0000733 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8183576); GO_0000785 (EC: IBA); GO_0000790 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15710329); GO_0000979 (EC: IEA); GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0001085 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18549481); GO_0001228 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17146433); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001756 (EC: IEA); GO_0001836 (EC: IEA); GO_0002020 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11923872); GO_0002039 (EC: IBA); GO_0002309 (EC: IEA); GO_0002326 (EC: IEA); GO_0002360 (EC: IEA); GO_0002931 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IMP, PMID: 2144364); GO_0003682 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16322561); GO_0003684 (EC: IBA); GO_0003700 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18549481); GO_0005507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7824276); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10196247); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8183576); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11080164); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005657 (EC: IBA); GO_0005669 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 15053879); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12080348); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14744935); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12667443); GO_0005759 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IBA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14963330); GO_0006284 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15116721); GO_0006289 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7663514); GO_0006302 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7587074); GO_0006461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12915590); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14744935); GO_0006977 (EC: TAS); GO_0006978 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7958916); GO_0006983 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14744935); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15149599); GO_0007050 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10962037); GO_0007179 (EC: IEA); GO_0007219 (EC: TAS); GO_0007265 (EC: IEP, PMID: 9054499); GO_0007275 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10065150); GO_0007369 (EC: IEA); GO_0007406 (EC: IEA); GO_0007417 (EC: IEA); GO_0007569 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12080348); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008104 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16507995); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15053879); GO_0008156 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10065153); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10065150); GO_0008285 (EC: ISS); GO_0008340 (EC: ISS); GO_0009303 (EC: IEA); GO_0009651 (EC: IEA); GO_0010165 (EC: IBA); GO_0010332 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7958916); GO_0010666 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016363 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11080164); GO_0016604 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 10360174); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12006491); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10666337); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11546806); GO_0019903 (EC: IPI); GO_0030154 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10065150); GO_0030308 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8986812); GO_0030330 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15149599); GO_0030330 (EC: IMP); GO_0030512 (EC: IEA); GO_0030971 (EC: IPI); GO_0031065 (EC: IBA); GO_0031497 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16322561); GO_0031571 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7958916); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10415337); GO_0032461 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12667443); GO_0033077 (EC: IEA); GO_0034103 (EC: IEA); GO_0034613 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15340061); GO_0034644 (EC: IBA); GO_0035033 (EC: IEA); GO_0035035 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10518217); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0035690 (EC: IEP); GO_0042149 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14744935); GO_0042771 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14654789); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16291740); GO_0042981 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14744935); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12667443); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16131611); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9529249); GO_0043525 (EC: IBA); GO_0044212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15710329); GO_0045892 (EC: ISS, PMID: 19749791); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16322561); GO_0045893 (EC: IMP); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11672523); GO_0045944 (EC: IGI, PMID: 16061649); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17146433); GO_0046677 (EC: IEP); GO_0046902 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15116721); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10837489); GO_0047485 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11861836); GO_0048147 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10962037); GO_0048568 (EC: IEA); GO_0050731 (EC: ISS, PMID: 19749791); GO_0051087 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18086682); GO_0051097 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7663514); GO_0051262 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15116721); GO_0051402 (EC: IEA); GO_0051721 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17245430); GO_0070245 (EC: ISS); GO_0071158 (EC: IMP); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP); GO_0071479 (EC: IMP); GO_0071850 (EC: IEA); GO_0072332 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12172011); GO_0090200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12667443); GO_0090343 (EC: IEA); GO_0090399 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19951988); GO_0090403 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19951988); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16462759); GO_0097252 (EC: IDA, PMID: 7720704); GO_0097371 (EC: IEA); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1901525 (EC: IEA); GO_1902108 (EC: IEA); GO_2000378 (EC: IEA); GO_2000379 (EC: IMP); GO_2001244 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14963330) PMID: 1088347; 1303181; 1327751; 1349102; 1349175; 1394225; 1437144; 1454855; 1459726; 1465435; 1565143; 1565144; 1591732; 1600943; 1631137; 1631151; 1644930; 1647768; 1672732; 1673792; 1679237; 1683921; 1694291; 1699228; 1705009; 1737852; 1762941; 1848668; 1849234; 1868473; 1905840; 1915267; 1933902; 1939648; 1978757; 1999338; 2047879; 2141171; 2144364; 2156209; 2259385; 2263646; 2531845; 2839831; 2905688; 2946935; 2994241; 3001719; 3025664; 3456488; 3894933; 4006916; 6396087; 7587074; 7663514; 7682763; 7686617; 7720704; 7753047; 7761466; 7773777; 7777531; 7799929; 7809597; 7811761; 7818536; 7824276; 7853525; 7878469; 7887414; 7935417; 7935455; 7958916; 8013454; 8016121; 8023157; 8023159; 8028670; 8058315; 8090726; 8118819; 8125298; 8134127; 8183576; 8207805; 8221626; 8266092; 8316628; 8336944; 8361542; 8364550; 8380895; 8389468; 8401536; 8402617; 8423216; 8463313; 8513440; 8612585; 8617246; 8619474; 8623534; 8623910; 8632903; 8632915; 8639538; 8649785; 8668206; 8675009; 8729618; 8816502; 8825920; 8829627; 8829653; 8875926; 8875929; 8895579; 8921390; 8940078; 8943363; 8961277; 8986812; 9010216; 9054499; 9101296; 9110174; 9119221; 9129988; 9135004; 9143503; 9183006; 9194564; 9194565; 9215863; 9223638; 9226370; 9235949; 9278461; 9288740; 9288775; 9312058; 9312059; 9315650; 9321402; 9349507; 9363941; 9369221; 9372954; 9380510; 9393873; 9405613; 9419979; 9440695; 9444950; 9450901; 9472015; 9472029; 9482880; 9492043; 9514881; 9520163; 9529249; 9537326; 9556563; 9565608; 9569035; 9571186; 9582019; 9582267; 9620776; 9628871; 9653180; 9679063; 9685344; 9688277; 9724636; 9724739; 9732264; 9744860; 9765199; 9809062; 9811893; 9827557; 9837938; 9840937; 9843217; 9891054; 9891077; 9926942; 9935181; 10024883; 10065150; 10065153; 10078201; 10196247; 10198638; 10214938; 10347180; 10348343; 10358050; 10359315; 10360174; 10380882; 10415337; 10435622; 10468612; 10470151; 10477429; 10484981; 10518217; 10521394; 10544138; 10551785; 10557093; 10562557; 10597287; 10606744; 10608806; 10608892; 10629029; 10634809; 10640274; 10644693; 10644996; 10656684; 10656795; 10666337; 10673501; 10710310; 10713094; 10713716; 10721693; 10736619; 10744705; 10744722; 10747897; 10747903; 10749849; 10766163; 10777477; 10781812; 10788439; 10794522; 10822382; 10823891; 10825186; 10827196; 10837489; 10842192; 10848610; 10850547; 10853038; 10876243; 10882116; 10884347; 10891493; 10913176; 10913622; 10930427; 10942770; 10951572; 10958792; 10961991; 10962037; 11002423; 11002963; 11007800; 11023613; 11024482; 11025664; 11027293; 11045785; 11046142; 11050162; 11058590; 11070080; 11080152; 11080164; 11094089; 11097227; 11099047; 11106654; 11108663; 11118038; 11130248; 11146230; 11146555; 11152513; 11165394; 11172000; 11174479; 11175333; 11196199; 11223036; 11238924; 11239457; 11240705; 11245491; 11251186; 11251969; 11255264; 11258898; 11259085; 11278372; 11278647; 11283254; 11285227; 11293726; 11297531; 11311202; 11313951; 11327730; 11328884; 11340159; 11359905; 11360197; 11388671; 11399766; 11403041; 11409876; 11416144; 11420669; 11427532; 11429426; 11430832; 11447225; 11458982; 11459832; 11481490; 11483158; 11486030; 11500059; 11501650; 11504717; 11504770; 11507088; 11507974; 11511362; 11518545; 11519852; 11527429; 11528400; 11532197; 11535556; 11546806; 11551930; 11554448; 11554765; 11559355; 11562347; 11564578; 11566488; 11583632; 11593383; 11597128; 11597326; 11600572; 11602059; 11602639; 11668523; 11672523; 11682637; 11684014; 11687965; 11692157; 11704667; 11704853; 11706030; 11707401; 11707411; 11707426; 11708408; 11709713; 11710828; 11713287; 11718557; 11733360; 11737306; 11739724; 11740489; 11744990; 11746272; 11748221; 11748232; 11751390; 11751391; 11751402; 11751427; 11751853; 11753428; 11753641; 11755471; 11756653; 11763417; 11764099; 11776898; 11779500; 11779589; 11779855; 11780126; 11781842; 11782467; 11783017; 11783119; 11786482; 11788578; 11788906; 11792711; 11793443; 11793474; 11799106; 11804596; 11804609; 11804688; 11805092; 11805286; 11807792; 11809417; 11814547; 11815410; 11818510; 11818669; 11821948; 11828992; 11836677; 11838964; 11838966; 11839095; 11840332; 11842245; 11844595; 11844788; 11844800; 11844810; 11845987; 11852106; 11853669; 11854266; 11856771; 11857304; 11859067; 11859195; 11859970; 11861393; 11861400; 11861836; 11865061; 11867628; 11867732; 11872638; 11875057; 11875500; 11877378; 11877395; 11880381; 11881786; 11883440; 11883897; 11887018; 11888672; 11890931; 11892796; 11893247; 11893750; 11895857; 11896572; 11900485; 11900859; 11904448; 11907332; 11911244; 11914273; 11915341; 11917009; 11919562; 11920528; 11923280; 11923872; 11925430; 11925449; 11925591; 11927843; 11934017; 11935300; 11936585; 11940482; 11943780; 11948395; 11948396; 11948632; 11949842; 11949843; 11950834; 11953423; 11953436; 11953857; 11953859; 11956602; 11956638; 11957139; 11960374; 11960383; 11960904; 11960918; 11961303; 11964141; 11971958; 11971968; 11973333; 11978184; 11979459; 11980658; 11983168; 11983757; 11988847; 11992381; 11992547; 11992551; 11992552; 11996107; 11997498; 11999565; 12006491; 12007715; 12011055; 12011072; 12011430; 12014634; 12019159; 12032546; 12032659; 12032848; 12034444; 12034820; 12034830; 12036888; 12036913; 12036943; 12039466; 12045262; 12046064; 12046074; 12048243; 12049739; 12051912; 12060398; 12062821; 12064478; 12065086; 12068014; 12071291; 12071847; 12073053; 12077306; 12077343; 12080066; 12080348; 12082526; 12082529; 12082592; 12082608; 12082615; 12082636; 12084347; 12084746; 12085209; 12089322; 12091386; 12093899; 12096336; 12096338; 12099684; 12101184; 12101417; 12101418; 12105992; 12107116; 12110584; 12110597; 12112314; 12115545; 12119414; 12124396; 12127401; 12127695; 12135983; 12136132; 12136662; 12138177; 12138209; 12144687; 12144822; 12145207; 12145320; 12151395; 12154087; 12160929; 12161031; 12161427; 12162806; 12163498; 12164325; 12164929; 12165799; 12167711; 12167722; 12168882; 12168898; 12168936; 12169206; 12170762; 12171773; 12172011; 12172977; 12174591; 12174820; 12174901; 12174951; 12175902; 12186903; 12190289; 12194286; 12198151; 12203403; 12208736; 12209584; 12209590; 12209989; 12217802; 12221910; 12226108; 12232053; 12234998; 12235242; 12242109; 12242661; 12270344; 12324474; 12324477; 12351827; 12355087; 12365037; 12367518; 12368717; 12370303; 12370812; 12372430; 12372616; 12374798; 12376521; 12379483; 12379854; 12380307; 12381304; 12383858; 12384512; 12384701; 12386810; 12386819; 12388558; 12388812; 12392301; 12393814; 12393879; 12393902; 12397361; 12397362; 12403781; 12404120; 12411481; 12413700; 12419336; 12419825; 12420214; 12420220; 12421820; 12426395; 12427745; 12427754; 12429911; 12430182; 12432277; 12433927; 12434001; 12434121; 12434294; 12438652; 12439747; 12444079; 12445188; 12445252; 12445680; 12446718; 12446780; 12447653; 12451999; 12452037; 12452062; 12458344; 12459171; 12459315; 12459451; 12459463; 12459877; 12464630; 12467072; 12468914; 12470840; 12471108; 12471629; 12474051; 12477932; 12479364; 12479855; 12480939; 12482984; 12492368; 12492369; 12492370; 12494467; 12496062; 12496474; 12496479; 12496480; 12499093; 12501250; 12503212; 12505256; 12507430; 12507556; 12508351; 12509469; 12514174; 12514180; 12515622; 12518062; 12519780; 12524418; 12524540; 12526791; 12527466; 12527892; 12527938; 12529318; 12530090; 12532420; 12534345; 12534455; 12535653; 12538356; 12543796; 12548019; 12550754; 12552135; 12553064; 12556232; 12556559; 12562237; 12563316; 12565178; 12565873; 12567188; 12568865; 12569576; 12573582; 12574499; 12575207; 12575534; 12582031; 12584563; 12588988; 12591737; 12592393; 12600206; 12606552; 12606585; 12607595; 12607601; 12607604; 12609716; 12610779; 12612087; 12615706; 12615712; 12619118; 12620407; 12620801; 12628922; 12628923; 12634062; 12635827; 12637159; 12640129; 12642583; 12642697; 12642870; 12642871; 12646262; 12648751; 12654245; 12659830; 12660163; 12665570; 12667443; 12668287; 12669312; 12670525; 12670866; 12670900; 12673251; 12679912; 12684392; 12684648; 12687275; 12687276; 12690203; 12692266; 12694871; 12698195; 12698197; 12700230; 12702766; 12704785; 12706118; 12708345; 12712134; 12713809; 12716906; 12724314; 12725329; 12725330; 12725531; 12725534; 12727844; 12730672; 12731623; 12732139; 12734410; 12735900; 12738987; 12743423; 12743601; 12748190; 12749011; 12750254; 12750285; 12750368; 12750388; 12756247; 12756585; 12759240; 12759537; 12761448; 12766905; 12767266; 12768030; 12771886; 12772781; 12773566; 12779080; 12782403; 12782576; 12782597; 12788915; 12789271; 12789273; 12794118; 12794243; 12796380; 12800224; 12802680; 12804595; 12808109; 12809883; 12810724; 12811820; 12813031; 12818446; 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23462994; 23468244; 23470568; 23471665; 23472201; 23478443; 23482364; 23483203; 23483263; 23487038; 23487462; 23492369; 23492773; 23497522; 23499753; 23504554; 23507139; 23510323; 23514281; 23515929; 23516071; 23516500; 23519249; 23519469; 23521708; 23522190; 23524907; 23525475; 23525797; 23528269; 23528315; 23534750; 23536279; 23536437; 23543742; 23545415; 23545901; 23547411; 23550211; 23555186; 23555710; 23558569; 23559007; 23559009; 23563200; 23564481; 23571142; 23571737; 23572512; 23572574; 23573956; 23574746; 23575399; 23576507; 23576563; 23578198; 23578831; 23580068; 23583237; 23583409; 23583620; 23583669; 23585871; 23586029; 23588418; 23589328; 23589839; 23595149; 23595658; 23596757; 23599430; 23602568; 23603558; 23604351; 23607988; 23608226; 23608884; 23609977; 23612020; 23612969; 23612976; 23613387; 23613399; 23613406; 23620080; 23620409; 23620777; 23624524; 23624687; 23624782; 23624843; 23626008; 23630584; 23632916; 23639512; 23640975; 23643883; 23649769; 23649806; 23649808; 23650532; 23650552; 23652204; 23653000; 23653187; 23657012; 23663243; 23665236; 23665932; 23667851; 23670029; 23670238; 23671280; 23676490; 23677994; 23678008; 23678541; 23683469; 23684722; 23686119; 23686257; 23687300; 23687381; 23702906; 23706820; 23706821; 23708675; 23715779; 23716179; 23717592; 23718721; 23720736; 23722592; 23727578; 23727990; 23728348; 23729685; 23733769; 23736031; 23739040; 23742673; 23743335; 23744327; 23745682; 23747015; 23747308; 23747528; 23748877; 23752197; 23759592; 23760493; 23762372; 23764844; 23772552; 23775119; 23775793; 23785149; 23785201; 23786219; 23786650; 23788249; 23790165; 23793604; 23794094; 23796514; 23796712; 23799027; 23799104; 23800173; 23800953; 23802716; 23804139; 23811687; 23812725; 23812727; 23817390; 23818345; 23818355; 23818364; 23826318; 23835407; 23835706; 23836507; 23837945; 23841076; 23844043; 23844254; 23845906; 23851436; 23852341; 23860773; 23863845; 23870121; 23870475; 23873310; 23878395; 23880211; 23880345; 23880760; 23881403; 23886144; 23894400; 23896410; 23907539; 23908595; 23908596; 23915071; 23916609; 23918540; 23933584; 23935506; 23936455; 23942113; 23946421; 23954287; 23954291; 23954467; 23959174; 23959540; 23960076; 23962557; 23965232; 23966169; 23966171; 23966406; 23966881; 23967302; 23971040; 23973262; 23973461; 23977882; 23981578; 23982177; 23990016; 23991992; 23994832; 24001612; 24003224; 24006363; 24006461; 24008423; 24012673; 24014029; 24022481; 24023291; 24023325; 24025248; 24026986; 24029231; 24032713; 24038938; 24042100; 24043769; 24044511; 24045667; 24046089; 24052075; 24053468; 24056649; 24061453; 24067370; 24067899; 24067978; 24074410; 24076372; 24078252; 24091621; 24099634; 24101517; 24113167; 24113472; 24120139; 24122997; 24129246; 24134839; 24143256; 24145651; 24163369; 24164297; 24183724; 24190973; 24200963; 24209622; 24219989; 24220032; 24231352; 24239288; 24240685; 24241536; 24248600; 24256616; 24272483; 24285725; 24289924; 24314634; 24316591; 24323028; 24344030; 24361594; 24379070; 24379358; 24403473; 24434386; 24449575; 24617039 tumor protein p53 Ensembl:ENSG00000141510 HGNC:11998 HPRD:01859 MIM:191170 Vega:OTTHUMG00000162125 Other designations: antigen NY-CO-13|cellular tumor antigen p53|mutant tumor protein 53|p53 tumor suppressor|phosphoprotein p53|transformation-related protein 53|tumor protein 53 TP53 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ECGP GP96 GRP94 HEL-S-125m HEL35 TRA1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HSP90B1 heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 1 7184 12q24.2-q24.3 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001666 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15620698); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0003723 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11958450); GO_0005509 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10497210); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11907036); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0005788 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10497210); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0005789 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10497210); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9596688); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0015031 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15845869); GO_0019903 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19000834); GO_0030433 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18264092); GO_0030496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15166316); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0031247 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19000834); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 10497210); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16130169); GO_0043666 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19000834); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046790 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11958450); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10497210); GO_0050750 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15082773); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA); GO_0051208 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15192333); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0071318 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19000834); GO_0071682 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1512535; 1923827; 2377606; 2378869; 2546060; 2924290; 7523574; 7768954; 8460400; 8617772; 9006956; 9596688; 9694898; 10049727; 10497210; 10887119; 11557039; 11584270; 11726552; 11861214; 11907036; 11912201; 11958450; 12167617; 12397072; 12470827; 12471035; 12475965; 12477932; 12643545; 12654781; 12665801; 12754519; 14499622; 14500642; 15082718; 15082773; 15107540; 15166316; 15192333; 15257553; 15489334; 15576338; 15620698; 15637761; 15728573; 15845869; 15952740; 15962384; 16015374; 16130169; 16257961; 16263699; 16269234; 16288044; 16335966; 16497268; 16630554; 16754684; 17081065; 17082602; 17347446; 17431395; 17545519; 17558393; 17612505; 17726464; 17805476; 17936703; 18029348; 18155754; 18178560; 18190237; 18239673; 18264092; 18273841; 18331622; 18340425; 18411291; 18482745; 18554719; 18662321; 18781797; 18816836; 18941243; 19000834; 19135240; 19199708; 19212831; 19343720; 19578160; 19615732; 19697319; 19724918; 19752220; 19875450; 19895174; 19913121; 20000738; 20159978; 20176102; 20195357; 20232284; 20237496; 20300187; 20351288; 20352117; 20510162; 20562859; 20599762; 20628086; 20704820; 20721957; 20811636; 20839070; 20936779; 21081666; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21208614; 21319273; 21343306; 21472681; 21559462; 21565611; 21637029; 21642380; 21708117; 21739154; 21774995; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 21992474; 21998592; 22079093; 22174317; 22178446; 22190034; 22245095; 22268729; 22270544; 22304920; 22363530; 22427667; 22532561; 22554506; 22653265; 22672426; 22724016; 22777994; 22863883; 22938940; 22939629; 23000965; 23035116; 23077236; 23097496; 23109341; 23182705; 23190606; 23208072; 23266770; 23349634; 23428871; 23431407; 23455922; 23503679; 23589305; 23703321; 23755898; 23798571; 23862649; 24244333; 24457600; 24511009 heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000166598 HGNC:12028 HPRD:01860 MIM:191175 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170118 Other designations: 94 kDa glucose-regulated protein|endoplasmin|endothelial cell (HBMEC) glycoprotein|epididymis luminal protein 35|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 125m|heat shock protein 90 kDa beta member 1|stress-inducible tumor rejection antigen gp96|tumor rejection antigen (gp96) 1|tumor rejection antigen 1 HSP90B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MGC:45012 TRAP TRAP3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRAF2 TNF receptor-associated factor 2 7186 9q34 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002726 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15125833); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15258597); GO_0004871 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8702708); GO_0005164 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279055); GO_0005174 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10514511); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005938 (EC: IEA); GO_0006461 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8702708); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8702708); GO_0007250 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15125833); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0009898 (EC: ISS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16636664); GO_0019903 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15696169); GO_0030163 (EC: IEA); GO_0031435 (EC: IEA); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279055); GO_0031996 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279055); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0032743 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15125833); GO_0033209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11907583); GO_0034351 (EC: IEA); GO_0035631 (EC: ISS); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0042981 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11907583); GO_0043507 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11907583); GO_0043623 (EC: ISS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045121 (EC: IEA); GO_0046625 (EC: IDA); GO_0050870 (EC: IC, PMID: 15125833); GO_0051023 (EC: IEA); GO_0051091 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12296995); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11279055); GO_0051092 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12296995); GO_0051291 (EC: IEA); GO_0051865 (EC: IDA); GO_0051865 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16378096); GO_0070207 (EC: IPI); GO_0070534 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15258597); GO_0090073 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11278723); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_2001238 (EC: IMP); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7639698; 7758105; 8069916; 8125298; 8548810; 8565075; 8612133; 8627180; 8643514; 8662842; 8692885; 8702708; 8710854; 8875942; 8943045; 8985011; 8999898; 9020361; 9104814; 9153189; 9162022; 9168896; 9208847; 9244310; 9275204; 9353251; 9384571; 9418902; 9461607; 9464265; 9488716; 9500555; 9582383; 9607925; 9685412; 9692890; 9705938; 9712898; 9718306; 9733516; 9774460; 9774977; 9794406; 9827693; 9852070; 9990007; 10025951; 10037686; 10075662; 10206649; 10339433; 10346818; 10352240; 10411888; 10477597; 10490605; 10514511; 10521462; 10523862; 10544141; 10581243; 10617615; 10650002; 10753917; 10759890; 10764746; 10809768; 10837247; 10880535; 10882101; 10892748; 10903733; 10911999; 10980203; 10990461; 11035039; 11057907; 11064452; 11112773; 11181075; 11278268; 11278723; 11279055; 11340079; 11359906; 11384837; 11435475; 11466612; 11479302; 11562359; 11607847; 11728344; 11777919; 11784851; 11798190; 11804591; 11805080; 11821416; 11882293; 11907088; 11907583; 11909853; 11932422; 11971184; 12005438; 12136106; 12169272; 12220533; 12296995; 12411322; 12411493; 12477932; 12529173; 12547194; 12571250; 12591926; 12637493; 12796506; 12842894; 12843613; 12867425; 12887920; 12917689; 12917690; 12917691; 14517219; 14557256; 14585990; 14633987; 14644197; 14702039; 14741690; 14743216; 14982987; 15084608; 15121867; 15125833; 15208311; 15258597; 15265700; 15308666; 15310755; 15327770; 15383523; 15485634; 15485837; 15489334; 15670770; 15670977; 15696169; 15707590; 15708970; 15743837; 15861135; 15941918; 15944293; 16009713; 16153868; 16189514; 16214042; 16227629; 16260598; 16263936; 16282325; 16291755; 16304992; 16311516; 16341674; 16378096; 16446357; 16603398; 16611992; 16636664; 16713569; 16876162; 16891304; 16936264; 17015619; 17314283; 17379600; 17384642; 17389591; 17544371; 17599408; 17626074; 17724081; 17851586; 17923499; 18022363; 18024283; 18029348; 18069092; 18230756; 18271526; 18292192; 18312353; 18362156; 18362886; 18671942; 18776134; 18787502; 18818748; 18827186; 18950704; 18981220; 18990758; 19019335; 19150425; 19151112; 19234489; 19243308; 19287455; 19336370; 19380743; 19453261; 19506082; 19527514; 19573080; 19584093; 19586614; 19667091; 19690440; 19773279; 19795416; 19810754; 19815509; 19815541; 19937093; 20005846; 20047764; 20056178; 20064526; 20133937; 20138174; 20184394; 20237496; 20333651; 20348096; 20368287; 20385093; 20447407; 20448643; 20449947; 20562859; 20568250; 20577214; 20585848; 20614026; 20628086; 20676093; 20732415; 20856938; 20949042; 20972266; 20974987; 21041452; 21041727; 21071692; 21078302; 21078624; 21119000; 21139048; 21229359; 21266470; 21282461; 21282507; 21289304; 21325409; 21331077; 21421854; 21620750; 21653699; 21793045; 21810480; 21864338; 21886773; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21921033; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22029577; 22078441; 22167321; 22170762; 22179575; 22184250; 22195745; 22212761; 22271254; 22343716; 22505724; 22525270; 22550173; 22585859; 22685297; 22711886; 22732732; 22792062; 22847298; 22863753; 23000965; 23007157; 23051914; 23088713; 23142077; 23160117; 23188828; 23301098; 23319823; 23357418; 23381138; 23405219; 23414308; 23453969; 23524849; 23543740; 23595117; 23608757; 23624947; 23638224; 23690480; 23743189; 23754945; 23775076; 23885119; 23890813; 23918987; 23972990; 24008839; 24434549; 24457600 TNF receptor-associated factor 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000127191 HGNC:12032 HPRD:03538 MIM:601895 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020952 Other designations: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAF2|tumor necrosis factor type 2 receptor associated protein 3|tumor necrosis factor type 2 receptor-associated protein 3 TRAF2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAP-1 CAP1 CD40bp CRAF1 IIAE5 LAP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRAF3 TNF receptor-associated factor 3 7187 14q32.32 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001817 (EC: ISS); GO_0002224 (EC: ISS); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004842 (EC: IEA); GO_0004871 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7530216); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10791955); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005768 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7530216); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0009898 (EC: ISS); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0030162 (EC: IMP); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279055); GO_0031996 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11279055); GO_0032088 (EC: IMP); GO_0032480 (EC: TAS); GO_0032648 (EC: ISS); GO_0033209 (EC: IMP); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0035631 (EC: ISS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0042981 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0050688 (EC: ISS) PMID: 7527023; 7530216; 7533327; 7859281; 8565075; 8612133; 8626767; 8662842; 8663299; 8710854; 9122217; 9162022; 9168896; 9275204; 9384571; 9388227; 9418902; 9464265; 9488716; 9550380; 9582383; 9718306; 9774460; 9774977; 9794406; 9852070; 9990007; 10025951; 10037686; 10199393; 10207006; 10352240; 10514511; 10523862; 10557073; 10635328; 10644711; 10764746; 10781837; 10791955; 10799510; 10809768; 10837247; 10862698; 10903733; 10984535; 11035039; 11098060; 11226259; 11261798; 11278268; 11279055; 11384837; 11435475; 11562359; 11607847; 11728344; 11950878; 12005438; 12089335; 12136149; 12169272; 12220533; 12270937; 12471121; 12477932; 12529173; 12571250; 12637493; 12860972; 14517219; 14572659; 14716302; 14743216; 14982987; 15084608; 15208311; 15280356; 15383523; 15485634; 15489334; 15514968; 15585864; 15708970; 15941918; 15944293; 16009714; 16260598; 16280329; 16306936; 16311516; 16429118; 16582590; 16858409; 17544371; 17586463; 17608743; 17626074; 17692805; 17823124; 17878343; 17991829; 18042799; 18275617; 18607851; 18614628; 19023125; 19074885; 19419966; 19667091; 19693093; 19893624; 19913121; 19937093; 19954665; 19996094; 20008286; 20056178; 20080758; 20097753; 20138174; 20161788; 20174559; 20185819; 20237496; 20348096; 20504251; 20585848; 20614026; 20628086; 20800603; 20832341; 21041452; 21041727; 21084666; 21139048; 21200404; 21228035; 21660053; 21703539; 21864338; 21885437; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22011580; 22017431; 22022264; 22079989; 22330071; 22469134; 22709905; 22715070; 22792062; 22901541; 22908223; 22945920; 23303668; 23308279; 23329887; 23333941; 23334419; 23381138; 23524849; 23543740; 23612708; 23717208; 23962979; 23986588; 24260396 TNF receptor-associated factor 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000131323 HGNC:12033 HPRD:03539 MIM:601896 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171902 Other designations: CD40 associated protein 1|CD40 binding protein|CD40 receptor associated factor 1|LMP1-associated protein 1 TRAF3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DJ11 DJC7 TPR2 TTC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC7 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 7 7266 17q11.2 9606 17 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS, PMID:8836031); GO_0031072 (EC: IPI, PMID:12853476); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867); GO_0070389 (EC: IDA, PMID:12853476) PMID:8836031; 10567422; 11076863; 11147971; 11230166; 11573955; 12477932; 12853476; 15189447; 15231748; 15342556; 15489334; 15489336; 15592455; 15761153; 16381901; 17043677; 18029348; 18620420; 19056867; 19875381; 20473970; 20562859; 20661446; 20936779; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22118674; 22190034; 22337587; 22623428; 22863883; 22944692; 22990118; 23000965; 23261415; 23438482; 23455922 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000168259 HGNC:12392 MIM:601964 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180862 Other designations: TPR repeat protein 2|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 7|tetratricopeptide repeat domain 2|tetratricopeptide repeat protein 2 DNAJC7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACS3 BPES2 BPES3 CRS CRS1 SCS TWIST bHLHa38 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TWIST1 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 7291 7p21.2 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17690110); GO_0000981 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17332325); GO_0001503 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11001584); GO_0001649 (EC: IEA); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001764 (EC: IEA); GO_0001843 (EC: IEA); GO_0003180 (EC: IMP); GO_0003183 (EC: IEA); GO_0003203 (EC: IEA); GO_0003253 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18504427); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10749989); GO_0006366 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17332325); GO_0007517 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15545268); GO_0010628 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17003487); GO_0010718 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18297062); GO_0014067 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17003487); GO_0019904 (EC: IEA); GO_0030500 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19597909); GO_0032000 (EC: IMP); GO_0032720 (EC: IEA); GO_0032760 (EC: IMP); GO_0033128 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17690110); GO_0035067 (EC: IEA); GO_0035115 (EC: IEA); GO_0035116 (EC: IEA); GO_0035359 (EC: IEA); GO_0042473 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11001584); GO_0042476 (EC: IEA); GO_0042733 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11001584); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043425 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10749989); GO_0043433 (EC: IEA); GO_0043518 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17690110); GO_0045668 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16888803); GO_0045766 (EC: NAS, PMID: 17987801); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17332325); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12270142); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0048642 (EC: IEA); GO_0048701 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8988166); GO_0050679 (EC: IEA); GO_0060021 (EC: IEA); GO_0060363 (EC: TAS, PMID: 11001584); GO_0060900 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17070479); GO_0061029 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17070479); GO_0070888 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17332325); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_0071456 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18297062); GO_0071639 (EC: IMP); GO_2000147 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17332325); GO_2000147 (EC: NAS, PMID: 17332324); GO_2000276 (EC: IEA); GO_2000679 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12270142); GO_2000773 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17690110); GO_2000778 (EC: IMP); GO_2000780 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17690110); GO_2000793 (EC: IMP); GO_2000802 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1433226; 7296937; 7987323; 8968762; 8988166; 8988167; 8995765; 9073070; 9215678; 9259286; 9343420; 9934984; 10025406; 10465122; 10485844; 10749989; 11001584; 11062344; 11474656; 11748846; 11754069; 11854168; 11948912; 11977182; 12015302; 12142027; 12218784; 12270142; 12477932; 12553906; 12690205; 12791045; 12853948; 14513358; 14724576; 15210113; 15313894; 15489334; 15545268; 15555546; 15607966; 15735646; 15880747; 15900593; 15958559; 16229805; 16293629; 16322226; 16412561; 16502419; 16540516; 16737925; 16831897; 16888803; 17003487; 17070479; 17157810; 17236203; 17332324; 17332325; 17343269; 17394502; 17403902; 17414280; 17487558; 17512904; 17690110; 17785550; 17886095; 17893140; 17925286; 17967182; 17987801; 18062917; 18172301; 18231738; 18255367; 18297062; 18349132; 18353781; 18391499; 18440840; 18480983; 18504427; 18519689; 18549475; 18598946; 18663125; 18974133; 19051271; 19064546; 19094228; 19276370; 19345188; 19373776; 19381684; 19412634; 19453261; 19470737; 19513566; 19534813; 19597909; 19609939; 19644484; 19802001; 19816777; 19821482; 19851501; 19860490; 19863427; 19893041; 19954024; 20007935; 20019840; 20025748; 20079104; 20140954; 20219012; 20301368; 20388391; 20400975; 20400976; 20496080; 20505321; 20562331; 20564230; 20628624; 20634891; 20643727; 20646316; 20696219; 20714342; 20804746; 20818389; 20838384; 20857420; 20920982; 20943789; 20970163; 21083641; 21123820; 21138866; 21199805; 21208645; 21316706; 21317430; 21324165; 21333765; 21389145; 21397860; 21461979; 21464926; 21478681; 21502402; 21503964; 21532573; 21539816; 21559372; 21559426; 21594904; 21677079; 21732143; 21740802; 21748764; 21796367; 21822911; 21834956; 21854747; 21864967; 21866569; 21883379; 21884981; 21914771; 21919891; 21931630; 21983900; 21994965; 22002117; 22006115; 22006371; 22007485; 22020939; 22050045; 22056872; 22060274; 22102471; 22110753; 22155737; 22166980; 22178381; 22184289; 22241470; 22245869; 22253230; 22266852; 22272264; 22288519; 22290439; 22331730; 22349827; 22354994; 22360285; 22407364; 22457607; 22515221; 22532563; 22544111; 22576709; 22581441; 22581828; 22654667; 22668877; 22797064; 22820497; 22847601; 22896337; 22899291; 22961111; 22965800; 22974478; 22974479; 22975381; 22982861; 22983574; 23029385; 23052737; 23056278; 23095743; 23150175; 23158991; 23161342; 23167357; 23222305; 23232513; 23251661; 23329645; 23354436; 23375009; 23429988; 23500436; 23530115; 23613408; 23623921; 23664538; 23682613; 23684708; 23691243; 23696034; 23741524; 23775496; 23815808; 23825006; 23845905; 23873099; 23889968; 23928864; 23935104; 23990016; 23994666; 24051309; 24085799; 24148247; 24150986; 24157255; 24457449 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000122691 HGNC:12428 HPRD:03374 MIM:601622 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090821 Other designations: B-HLH DNA binding protein|H-twist|TWIST homolog of drosophila|class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 38|craniosynostosis|twist basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1|twist homolog 1|twist-related protein 1 TWIST1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GRIM-12 TR TR1 TRXR1 TXNR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TXNRD1 thioredoxin reductase 1 7296 12q23-q24.1 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001707 (EC: IEA); GO_0004791 (EC: EXP); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19820694); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8921404); GO_0008283 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: IEA); GO_0015035 (EC: IEA); GO_0015949 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA); GO_0050660 (EC: IEA); GO_0050661 (EC: IEA); GO_0055086 (EC: TAS) PMID: 2064786; 7589432; 8554614; 8577704; 8650234; 8921404; 8999974; 9177183; 9207062; 9671710; 9774665; 10383413; 10432307; 10786696; 11353774; 11375392; 11410332; 11737861; 11782468; 11953436; 12214272; 12435734; 12477932; 12574159; 12668662; 12949356; 12968334; 13679440; 14607844; 14676218; 14980707; 15123685; 15183196; 15199063; 15489334; 15592455; 15824742; 15879598; 16009940; 16169070; 16344560; 16424062; 16481328; 16750198; 16815975; 16868544; 16977661; 17382897; 17512005; 17601350; 17634480; 18029348; 18042542; 18163424; 18187038; 18267104; 18382651; 18483336; 18835810; 18977241; 18996185; 19020731; 19059456; 19124506; 19322201; 19555664; 19595745; 19620238; 19654027; 19766715; 19820694; 19896490; 20160040; 20536427; 20584310; 20877624; 20920480; 21139048; 21172426; 21206984; 21593104; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22230366; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 22977247; 23000965; 23063346; 23223577; 23413027; 23512591; 23603921; 24515614 thioredoxin reductase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000198431 HGNC:12437 HPRD:03068 MIM:601112 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166481 Other designations: KM-102-derived reductase-like factor|gene associated with retinoic and IFN-induced mortality 12 protein|gene associated with retinoic and interferon-induced mortality 12 protein|oxidoreductase|thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic|thioredoxin reductase GRIM-12|thioredoxin reductase TR1 TXNRD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HST422 TMS TS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TYMS thymidylate synthetase 7298 OK/SW-cl.29 18p11.32 9606 18 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: TAS); GO_0000083 (EC: TAS); GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0003729 (EC: IEA); GO_0004799 (EC: TAS); GO_0005542 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: IDA); GO_0005759 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005976 (EC: IEA); GO_0006139 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2987839); GO_0006206 (EC: TAS); GO_0006231 (EC: IEA); GO_0006235 (EC: IEA); GO_0006260 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0006281 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007623 (EC: IEA); GO_0008144 (EC: IEA); GO_0009157 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2987839); GO_0009636 (EC: IEA); GO_0019088 (EC: IEA); GO_0019860 (EC: IEA); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0032570 (EC: IEA); GO_0033189 (EC: IEA); GO_0034097 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045471 (EC: IEA); GO_0046078 (EC: IEA); GO_0046134 (EC: TAS); GO_0046653 (EC: IEA); GO_0046683 (EC: IEP, PMID: 16079077); GO_0048015 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15504738); GO_0048037 (EC: IEA); GO_0048589 (EC: IEA); GO_0051216 (EC: IEA); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA); GO_0051593 (EC: IEA); GO_0055086 (EC: TAS); GO_0060574 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1720706; 2243092; 2532645; 2656695; 2987839; 3839505; 8125298; 8449516; 8845352; 9148948; 11102983; 11251009; 11251164; 11278511; 11316879; 11329255; 11445856; 11697906; 11747337; 11799066; 11804689; 11937185; 11989786; 11992400; 12018454; 12067974; 12084458; 12084459; 12084460; 12084461; 12084462; 12147691; 12215845; 12220503; 12239455; 12466474; 12477932; 12530000; 12576451; 12576452; 12604405; 12640689; 12684695; 12706868; 12782596; 12845668; 12859954; 12907731; 12972956; 14519634; 14519641; 14576935; 14578129; 14586640; 14656021; 14702180; 14745930; 14760062; 14967037; 14970324; 14977639; 15093541; 15115918; 15161716; 15198953; 15213713; 15231747; 15244514; 15251465; 15259039; 15260847; 15284183; 15316940; 15355920; 15386366; 15386371; 15457444; 15459215; 15489334; 15504738; 15510613; 15571262; 15571263; 15571283; 15579479; 15585623; 15598787; 15677700; 15682292; 15713801; 15735113; 15736425; 15788669; 15797993; 15817609; 15897576; 15930032; 15952572; 15953655; 15985285; 15993511; 15999119; 16030402; 16045580; 16051637; 16077970; 16079077; 16130010; 16132996; 16141798; 16162288; 16182121; 16188144; 16219137; 16234002; 16242255; 16259621; 16284371; 16317430; 16328059; 16328315; 16333305; 16334126; 16365025; 16424979; 16447238; 16456808; 16467096; 16575011; 16580699; 16596248; 16609021; 16617381; 16622263; 16675565; 16722845; 16723031; 16773218; 16920564; 16929515; 17000685; 17018589; 17065089; 17181924; 17187508; 17201138; 17203168; 17220568; 17273745; 17290389; 17311259; 17317154; 17367411; 17369151; 17372271; 17377791; 17385677; 17395259; 17410198; 17417073; 17439323; 17449906; 17454638; 17512053; 17546637; 17549369; 17551301; 17581305; 17596206; 17655928; 17659576; 17661145; 17684410; 17684476; 17688376; 17716232; 17854149; 17891500; 17971770; 18095031; 18098291; 18174236; 18177869; 18192902; 18203297; 18221821; 18245544; 18267032; 18274813; 18281538; 18285546; 18299612; 18322994; 18336674; 18365142; 18370400; 18381794; 18406541; 18427977; 18430179; 18448328; 18458991; 18498133; 18505590; 18510611; 18540691; 18584349; 18589584; 18593893; 18597678; 18600534; 18607581; 18629514; 18635682; 18636124; 18642643; 18669903; 18676680; 18676755; 18677108; 18704422; 18722050; 18728661; 18781797; 18785313; 18830263; 18855534; 18976010; 18983896; 18985814; 18988749; 18989779; 18990369; 18992148; 19020309; 19020759; 19020767; 19048631; 19064578; 19074750; 19082493; 19147506; 19154585; 19159907; 19161160; 19162321; 19170196; 19190136; 19295264; 19306093; 19307503; 19332728; 19339270; 19339911; 19374805; 19384296; 19426394; 19427504; 19444465; 19460136; 19471022; 19493349; 19513514; 19546880; 19568409; 19571608; 19619240; 19621386; 19625176; 19632929; 19636001; 19651439; 19672780; 19692168; 19722231; 19724871; 19738201; 19748501; 19750576; 19751277; 19774638; 19822515; 19837268; 19850635; 19858398; 19858780; 19885596; 19888426; 19898266; 19913121; 19917450; 19956635; 19998340; 20012317; 20047592; 20061047; 20101025; 20112501; 20122156; 20151707; 20165956; 20177420; 20180013; 20216541; 20235210; 20237949; 20306339; 20310006; 20331623; 20368715; 20371218; 20372850; 20372856; 20381446; 20385995; 20387074; 20447923; 20453000; 20458436; 20501373; 20504250; 20515563; 20530282; 20531375; 20544798; 20565774; 20570913; 20571234; 20580582; 20615890; 20628086; 20628382; 20628391; 20634891; 20638924; 20647221; 20647341; 20651387; 20665215; 20670920; 20714149; 20714877; 20734048; 20737570; 20815815; 20819423; 20824655; 20837458; 20932673; 20944490; 20962453; 20966539; 20970877; 21036767; 21043562; 21048041; 21057378; 21064161; 21111509; 21131780; 21139048; 21167658; 21188629; 21206062; 21245530; 21254360; 21262916; 21269855; 21282454; 21321092; 21347782; 21362378; 21460376; 21463130; 21471424; 21550658; 21570215; 21603981; 21605004; 21618517; 21643952; 21716147; 21730794; 21788964; 21811101; 21824439; 21848426; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21919605; 21947036; 21948461; 21956592; 21963094; 21965773; 21987572; 22006578; 22074251; 22110208; 22143355; 22166040; 22172489; 22233820; 22270332; 22307944; 22384047; 22388795; 22397721; 22407825; 22486600; 22496803; 22502681; 22505724; 22551903; 22576918; 22580655; 22593457; 22623428; 22641663; 22713864; 22763757; 22819905; 22825513; 22863883; 22866924; 22882943; 22887475; 22895141; 22901148; 22938428; 22939629; 23000965; 23098521; 23148637; 23217244; 23249808; 23263912; 23336575; 23350714; 23468971; 23523421; 23645741; 23652803; 23675481; 23710599; 23722170; 23726796; 23736036; 23810585; 23838799; 23930679; 24067998; 24100087; 24123038 thymidylate synthetase Ensembl:ENSG00000176890 HGNC:12441 HPRD:01774 MIM:188350 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131473 Other designations: TSase|thymidylate synthase TYMS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C358B7.1 P18 UBC9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UBE2I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I 7329 LA16c-358B7.1 16p13.3 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19955185); GO_0000795 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8610150); GO_0001650 (EC: IEA); GO_0004842 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19955185); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10871618); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14752048); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006464 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8798754); GO_0006511 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8565643); GO_0007059 (EC: IEA); GO_0007067 (EC: IEA); GO_0008022 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19744555); GO_0010469 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9885291); GO_0016925 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19955185); GO_0016925 (EC: IEA); GO_0016925 (EC: TAS); GO_0019789 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 19955185); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17087506); GO_0030425 (EC: IEA); GO_0033145 (EC: IEA); GO_0043161 (EC: IEA); GO_0043398 (EC: IEA); GO_0043425 (EC: IEA); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045202 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16631117); GO_0051091 (EC: IEA); GO_0071535 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19407830) PMID: 8565643; 8610150; 8668125; 8668529; 8733011; 8798622; 8798754; 8824223; 8921390; 8940097; 9067428; 9197546; 9223484; 9257699; 9261152; 9333025; 9334332; 9353268; 9488727; 9497385; 9514881; 9563508; 9855622; 9885291; 9920803; 10377438; 10380882; 10383460; 10497239; 10535925; 10655495; 10694430; 10737800; 10759568; 10788439; 10806190; 10871618; 10961991; 11025202; 11085938; 11112409; 11157797; 11278381; 11278694; 11367701; 11384992; 11447110; 11451954; 11583632; 11709548; 11735126; 11779867; 11792325; 11812797; 11842083; 11853669; 11867732; 11877416; 11927605; 11960997; 12021447; 12023963; 12072434; 12082530; 12110916; 12150977; 12177000; 12192048; 12200128; 12354770; 12356736; 12419227; 12477932; 12565873; 12615929; 12620973; 12621041; 12633878; 12641448; 12674497; 12679040; 12727872; 12761287; 12788062; 12813045; 12887893; 12924945; 14516784; 14517060; 14517261; 14527952; 14531806; 14556380; 14578449; 14609633; 14673145; 14702039; 14752048; 14765993; 15087395; 15105549; 15123615; 15192080; 15210726; 15231748; 15246872; 15312759; 15327968; 15378033; 15489334; 15539951; 15546615; 15588942; 15592428; 15604093; 15608651; 15611122; 15611636; 15613319; 15616553; 15635413; 15637059; 15637079; 15666801; 15723523; 15735760; 15802564; 15806172; 15809060; 15820677; 15829507; 15876874; 15881673; 15882978; 15896780; 15931224; 15952105; 15958389; 15983381; 16029420; 16061479; 16098147; 16120648; 16148010; 16154161; 16166628; 16169070; 16189514; 16212558; 16248985; 16421094; 16421255; 16455055; 16455490; 16469311; 16494873; 16524884; 16566921; 16620772; 16631117; 16713569; 16730941; 16732283; 16998888; 17005699; 17036045; 17037517; 17087506; 17087659; 17105732; 17261810; 17283066; 17297476; 17314004; 17336575; 17353931; 17391059; 17466333; 17491593; 17498654; 17533377; 17548468; 17646165; 17671234; 17698038; 17704809; 17709345; 17823119; 17956732; 17967884; 17987106; 18087039; 18211895; 18321803; 18359863; 18408014; 18455188; 18538659; 18624398; 18625722; 18628979; 18655774; 18660489; 18684836; 18691969; 18706886; 18819927; 18946085; 19218564; 19287951; 19343802; 19358266; 19407830; 19471022; 19549727; 19553542; 19597476; 19616115; 19640976; 19684601; 19727227; 19744555; 19760037; 19765634; 19766626; 19836047; 19843541; 19859084; 19946338; 19955185; 19965618; 20016594; 20016603; 20023705; 20209145; 20351170; 20359522; 20360068; 20501649; 20555024; 20561671; 20671745; 20696768; 20797634; 20805487; 20863840; 20936779; 20972456; 21047957; 21070824; 21113135; 21120624; 21139048; 21139563; 21147068; 21174150; 21203974; 21216249; 21288202; 21319273; 21336309; 21344391; 21467194; 21510985; 21518904; 21693764; 21795333; 21829513; 21836637; 21880185; 21890473; 21906983; 21940674; 21949651; 21965678; 21971700; 21988832; 21998312; 22114711; 22155184; 22162396; 22194619; 22214662; 22403398; 22407595; 22411991; 22464730; 22578841; 22614022; 22623531; 22731716; 22797925; 22825850; 22863883; 22910413; 22939629; 23000965; 23128241; 23131550; 23155000; 23187003; 23264041; 23381475; 23395904; 23404503; 23417673; 23455924; 23470653; 23628505; 23686912; 23788427; 23860269; 23861967; 23871147; 23990779; 24068740; 24086615; 24260396; 24362530 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I Ensembl:ENSG00000103275 HGNC:12485 HPRD:09045 MIM:601661 Vega:OTTHUMG00000047845 Other designations: SUMO-1-protein ligase|SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9|SUMO-protein ligase|ubiquitin carrier protein 9|ubiquitin carrier protein I|ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9 homolog, yeast)|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (homologous to yeast UBC9)|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcE2A|ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1 conjugating enzyme|ubiquitin-protein ligase E2I|ubiquitin-protein ligase I UBE2I Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SLC25A9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UCP3 uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier) 7352 11q13.4 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000303 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0005215 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9196039); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9180264); GO_0005743 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10935638); GO_0006631 (EC: IEA); GO_0006839 (EC: IEA); GO_0007568 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0007585 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9180264); GO_0009409 (EC: IEA); GO_0014823 (EC: IEA); GO_0015992 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017077 (EC: IEA); GO_0022904 (EC: TAS); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0032870 (EC: IEA); GO_0044237 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0051384 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9180264; 9196039; 9305858; 9325252; 9480760; 9498661; 9769326; 10329378; 10620491; 10748196; 10772343; 10785390; 10935638; 10958796; 11126413; 11151767; 11238538; 11319649; 11683368; 11842047; 11875702; 11920154; 11994670; 12051710; 12075570; 12145158; 12145475; 12170470; 12217879; 12351640; 12395215; 12477932; 12612210; 12634927; 12670931; 12720538; 12734183; 12756473; 12824081; 12843208; 14671191; 14702039; 14708035; 15045692; 15120704; 15211595; 15346230; 15489334; 15496137; 15520825; 15564896; 15870396; 15910756; 15959859; 15978856; 16006788; 16046300; 16178820; 16215931; 16337086; 16344560; 16352674; 16373902; 16622580; 16631432; 16644712; 16741147; 16752430; 16966355; 17150099; 17351641; 17502873; 17512314; 17544366; 17571165; 17587402; 17676309; 17728536; 17786284; 17786291; 17870627; 18059082; 18167556; 18191161; 18223008; 18249216; 18305572; 18348082; 18426825; 18426866; 18484143; 18648851; 18660489; 18676680; 18755175; 18825612; 18924534; 18956255; 18996102; 19039313; 19056482; 19056576; 19073146; 19155787; 19170196; 19336475; 19369366; 19413708; 19468707; 19491387; 19578796; 19625176; 19653005; 19680556; 19692168; 19710539; 19753844; 19769793; 19876004; 19913121; 19913848; 19948975; 20031128; 20186155; 20416077; 20468064; 20538960; 20628086; 20679960; 20694293; 20734064; 20802238; 20877624; 21047682; 21074158; 21175267; 21336965; 21544083; 21613221; 21751002; 21775425; 21897112; 22241057; 22774401; 22811361; 23165529; 23266187; 23365654; 23412863; 23505621; 23521650; 23560041; 23639961; 24124336 uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier) Ensembl:ENSG00000175564 HGNC:12519 HPRD:03623 MIM:602044 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168109 Other designations: mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3|solute carrier family 25 member 9 UCP3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GCS GLCT1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UGCG UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase 7357 9q31 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006679 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8643456); GO_0006687 (EC: TAS); GO_0006688 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8643456); GO_0008120 (EC: IEA); GO_0008544 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9545298); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8643456); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1533793; 8643456; 8901638; 9545298; 9605861; 10945987; 11335714; 11915344; 12477932; 12489486; 12873973; 14766899; 15263008; 15489334; 15661399; 15747776; 16500619; 17709137; 18155680; 18560890; 19693666; 20533270; 20540746; 20843709; 21278235; 21380926; 21558327; 21617856; 21756066; 21832049; 21890473; 22270805; 22936806; 23133636; 23555901; 24510559 UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase HGNC:12524 HPRD:04190 MIM:602874 Other designations: GLCT-1|UDP-glucose:N-acylsphingosine D-glucosyltransferase|ceramide glucosyltransferase|glucosylceramide synthase UGCG Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He UDPGT 2B9 UDPGT2B7 UDPGTH2 UGT2B9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UGT2B7 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B7 7364 4q13 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001972 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2159463); GO_0008209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17442341); GO_0015020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17442341); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 2159463); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0052695 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17442341) PMID: 2159463; 7835904; 8125298; 8674824; 10024527; 10222050; 10748067; 10779377; 10833461; 11186130; 11883901; 12185559; 12477932; 12623074; 12629580; 12695355; 12746330; 12811366; 14660172; 14871856; 15001974; 15318931; 15319348; 15320866; 15472229; 15489334; 15611481; 15615884; 15689421; 15815621; 16103897; 16397224; 16466707; 16580900; 16595916; 16849011; 17115150; 17178267; 17241877; 17263731; 17329852; 17339869; 17363580; 17429314; 17440429; 17442341; 17446261; 17579197; 17670842; 17687269; 17706742; 17724700; 17924828; 17965522; 17978490; 18052087; 18161889; 18315786; 18496127; 18569595; 18597651; 18622261; 18622263; 18641546; 18647858; 18719619; 18946804; 19116784; 19225446; 19244109; 19289110; 19343046; 19352303; 19408577; 19424794; 19494809; 19574343; 19628728; 19644937; 19730281; 19779319; 19898482; 19956635; 20008037; 20056642; 20064729; 20142249; 20147615; 20216122; 20297805; 20379614; 20565459; 20567810; 20634197; 20679960; 20734064; 20814162; 20860463; 20973683; 21044367; 21056984; 21123165; 21415305; 21856742; 21881541; 21988832; 22028316; 22092298; 22188362; 22240840; 22462748; 22676193; 23099353; 23131697; 23223495; 23230132; 23251661; 23263737; 23700788; 23726609 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B7 Ensembl:ENSG00000171234 HGNC:12554 HPRD:02508 MIM:600068 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129404 Other designations: 3,4-catechol estrogen specific|3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT|UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2B7|UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7|UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9|UDP-glucuronyltransferase, family 2, beta-7|UDPGT 2B7|UDPGTh-2 UGT2B7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LXR-b LXRB NER NER-I RIP15 UNR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NR1H2 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 7376 19q13.3 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0001133 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7926814); GO_0003707 (EC: IEA); GO_0004879 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12393874); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12393874); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12393874); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010745 (EC: IC, PMID: 17693624); GO_0010867 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0010875 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0010884 (EC: IEA); GO_0010887 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17693624); GO_0032270 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0032369 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17693624); GO_0032376 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16141411); GO_0042632 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: IEA); GO_0045723 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0045861 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12393874); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16141411); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0046965 (EC: IEA); GO_0048384 (EC: IEA); GO_0048550 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17693624); GO_0051006 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17186944); GO_0060336 (EC: NAS); GO_0090108 (EC: IEA); GO_0090187 (EC: IEA); GO_0090340 (EC: IEA); GO_2000188 (EC: ISS) PMID: 7625741; 7760852; 7782080; 7926814; 7971966; 9874807; 10187832; 11158331; 11546778; 12040022; 12198243; 12393874; 12477932; 12663743; 12724417; 12736258; 12819202; 12957674; 14643652; 14699103; 14702039; 15489334; 15539633; 15548517; 15604093; 15774904; 16141411; 16189514; 16219912; 16298468; 16344560; 16354658; 16482468; 16524875; 16567856; 16904112; 16973760; 17045963; 17108812; 17110595; 17135302; 17186944; 17218271; 17391100; 17396233; 17405904; 17626048; 17693624; 17724434; 17766241; 17845217; 17900622; 17936707; 18026184; 18081155; 18182682; 18221307; 18372238; 18597895; 18636124; 18660489; 18782758; 18854425; 19060904; 19105208; 19242521; 19292929; 19303409; 19426978; 19436111; 19481530; 19796621; 19837721; 19913121; 19933273; 19948975; 20159957; 20176747; 20219900; 20364260; 20628086; 20655109; 20836841; 20855565; 20939869; 21042792; 21315073; 21331046; 21356276; 21507939; 21900206; 21937108; 21951066; 21988832; 22027013; 22029530; 22257474; 22367754; 22610535; 22723445; 22766509; 22939629; 22969086; 22990668; 23018104; 23223141; 23455924; 23838803; 23867501; 23987069; 24100084; 24398515 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000131408 HGNC:7965 HPRD:02660 MIM:600380 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183036 Other designations: LX receptor beta|liver X nuclear receptor beta|nuclear orphan receptor LXR-beta|nuclear receptor NER|oxysterols receptor LXR-beta|steroid hormone-nuclear receptor NER|ubiquitously-expressed nuclear receptor NR1H2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FIP bHLHb12 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene USF2 upstream transcription factor 2, c-fos interacting 7392 19q13 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000430 (EC: IC, PMID: 8576131); GO_0000432 (EC: IMP, PMID: 7852331); GO_0000432 (EC: ISS); GO_0000978 (EC: IEA); GO_0003690 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003705 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8576131); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19505873); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006366 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8576131); GO_0007595 (EC: IEA); GO_0019086 (EC: IC, PMID: 8576131); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8576131); GO_0043425 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8576131); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8576131); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP, PMID: 8576131); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8576131); GO_0055088 (EC: ISS) PMID: 1450663; 1589769; 7852331; 8576131; 8619474; 8954795; 9053857; 9070273; 9099698; 9108421; 9110174; 10434034; 11058604; 11583024; 11945176; 11948912; 12477932; 12611894; 12663044; 12791656; 12857727; 12917334; 12970752; 14502648; 15014447; 15042619; 15057824; 15187018; 15242350; 15276216; 15358760; 15489334; 15741164; 15767439; 15864740; 16199862; 16386222; 16870626; 16943425; 17081983; 17353931; 17379962; 17823260; 17846119; 18165439; 18167349; 18817855; 18845576; 18970934; 19074828; 19087304; 19089909; 19505873; 19730683; 19846536; 20180799; 20626032; 20814220; 20936779; 21139048; 21653943; 21813151; 21890473; 21921026; 22891280; 22966206; 23560079 upstream transcription factor 2, c-fos interacting Ensembl:ENSG00000105698 HGNC:12594 HPRD:02668 MIM:600390 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183182 Other designations: FOS-interacting protein|c-fos interacting protein|class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 12|major late transcription factor 2|upstream stimulatory factor 2 USF2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He VAV-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene VAV2 vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7410 9q34.1 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005085 (EC: EXP); GO_0005085 (EC: TAS); GO_0005089 (EC: IEA); GO_0005154 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11390470); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7762982); GO_0007264 (EC: TAS); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0016477 (EC: IEA); GO_0030032 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038096 (EC: TAS); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043087 (EC: EXP); GO_0043087 (EC: TAS); GO_0043552 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0051056 (EC: TAS); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7762982; 8621483; 8986718; 9115846; 9269777; 9399639; 9438848; 10022833; 10618391; 10938113; 10982832; 11076863; 11080163; 11262396; 11313921; 11390470; 11448999; 11516622; 11606575; 11756498; 11909943; 12376548; 12376551; 12454019; 12477932; 12787561; 12810717; 14702039; 15345594; 15479739; 15489336; 15618286; 15848800; 15850391; 16273093; 16381901; 16397238; 17234718; 17686471; 18067320; 18271526; 18654987; 18729074; 18829495; 19322201; 19451809; 19531499; 19826000; 19911011; 20140013; 20140222; 20298788; 20463313; 20598377; 20808760; 20940296; 21810271; 22554804; 22750419; 22939629; 22946057; 23033535; 23033540; 23382691; 23402756; 23615439; 23724134 vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Ensembl:ENSG00000160293 HGNC:12658 HPRD:02694 MIM:600428 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020882 Other designations: guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2|vav 2 oncogene VAV2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WBSCR1 WSCR1 eIF-4H WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4H eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H 7458 7q11.23 9606 7 GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS, PMID:8812460); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:19203580); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:9516461); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:9516461); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:9516461); GO_0019953 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0048589 (EC: IEA) PMID:7584026; 7584028; 8812460; 9516461; 10585411; 11003705; 11418588; 12477932; 12588972; 12665801; 12690205; 12853948; 15078951; 15489334; 15592455; 16014927; 16094384; 16189514; 18448541; 18719248; 19203580; 19369421; 19738201; 19847924; 20360068; 20473909; 20549515; 21139048; 21427765; 21906983; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 23776612; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H Ensembl:ENSG00000106682 HGNC:12741 HPRD:11940 MIM:603431 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023025 Other designations: Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 1 EIF4H Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He TREB5 XBP-1 XBP2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene XBP1 X-box binding protein 1 7494 22q12.1|22q12 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1718857); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006366 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1718857); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0031017 (EC: IEA); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051602 (EC: IEA); GO_0060096 (EC: IEA); GO_0060691 (EC: IEA); GO_0071236 (EC: IEA); GO_1900103 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16645094) PMID: 1718857; 1903538; 2196176; 2321018; 8349596; 8657566; 9563853; 10591208; 10652269; 11076863; 11256614; 11779464; 11813207; 12067985; 12477932; 12586069; 12713871; 12805554; 12949534; 12954762; 14576841; 14634507; 14702039; 15063770; 15149721; 15184063; 15298659; 15331160; 15351732; 15380296; 15461802; 15489334; 15489336; 15598891; 15882996; 15892135; 15927087; 15936534; 16002735; 16009131; 16154272; 16342282; 16381901; 16461360; 16645094; 16958950; 17026957; 17034899; 17092596; 17418411; 17442311; 17660348; 17884689; 17898050; 17906960; 17928342; 17932454; 18082745; 18191223; 18192112; 18386815; 18417469; 18552212; 18583979; 18635891; 18676680; 18775308; 18840095; 18840627; 19009018; 19122331; 19154631; 19170196; 19176362; 19237300; 19265690; 19321437; 19380033; 19389935; 19403667; 19412428; 19416856; 19420237; 19435892; 19470730; 19471022; 19530237; 19543371; 19564049; 19622636; 19625176; 19669932; 19692168; 19722195; 19735688; 19751410; 19941857; 19958799; 20013084; 20170659; 20211142; 20368688; 20421453; 20688044; 20955178; 20980528; 21050047; 21061914; 21085187; 21129256; 21129257; 21138464; 21138840; 21233347; 21385877; 21423203; 21660045; 21693764; 21858728; 21906983; 21924241; 21963094; 22002058; 22370484; 22427205; 22445760; 22469468; 22505724; 22644804; 22669460; 22679299; 22787145; 22925926; 22960999; 23184933; 23277279; 23335490; 23421912; 23447676; 23470653; 23510626; 23560553; 23661758; 23737521; 24027308; 24029229; 24165480 X-box binding protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000100219 HGNC:12801 HPRD:01908 MIM:194355 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151094 Other designations: X-box-binding protein 1|tax-responsive element-binding protein 5 XBP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APOER2 HSZ75190 LRP-8 MCI1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LRP8 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, apolipoprotein e receptor 7804 RP5-1024G6.8 1p34 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: ISS); GO_0001523 (EC: TAS); GO_0004888 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8626535); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12950167); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005875 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11369809); GO_0006508 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11152697); GO_0006629 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11152697); GO_0006897 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8626535); GO_0006898 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8626535); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10380922); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0008035 (EC: IEA); GO_0014069 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IC, PMID: 11152697); GO_0019221 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11152697); GO_0019894 (EC: IEA); GO_0021541 (EC: ISS); GO_0021819 (EC: IEA); GO_0030229 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8626535); GO_0030425 (EC: IEA); GO_0032793 (EC: ISS); GO_0034185 (EC: IC, PMID: 8626535); GO_0038025 (EC: ISS); GO_0038026 (EC: ISS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043235 (EC: IDA); GO_0050731 (EC: ISS); GO_0050804 (EC: ISS); GO_0061003 (EC: ISS); GO_0061098 (EC: ISS); GO_0071363 (EC: IEA); GO_0071397 (EC: IEA); GO_1900006 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8626535; 9079678; 10218790; 10231386; 10380922; 10508213; 10571240; 10827173; 11152697; 11369809; 12167620; 12169628; 12399018; 12426372; 12477932; 12621059; 12670700; 12681505; 12807892; 12824284; 12871934; 12899622; 12950167; 14702039; 14732905; 15313836; 15459198; 15489334; 15950758; 16034672; 16332682; 16481437; 16642433; 16951405; 17470198; 17614163; 17847002; 18039658; 18089558; 18489431; 18592168; 19056482; 19116273; 19282863; 19439088; 19661487; 19720620; 19913121; 19948739; 20208369; 20331378; 20493228; 20628086; 21157031; 21316997; 21347244; 21554715; 21601501; 21906983; 21963094; 22109552; 22170052; 22404453; 22419519; 22589174; 22889673; 23192594; 23524007; 23739027 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, apolipoprotein e receptor HGNC:6700 HPRD:04002 MIM:602600 Other designations: ApoE receptor 2|low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 LRP8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PC3 TIS21 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BTG2 BTG family, member 2 7832 1q32 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001077 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11136725); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8944033); GO_0006479 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8944033); GO_0008285 (EC: IMP); GO_0008306 (EC: IEA); GO_0009612 (EC: IEA); GO_0009952 (EC: IEA); GO_0014070 (EC: IEA); GO_0017148 (EC: IDA); GO_0021542 (EC: IEA); GO_0021954 (EC: IEA); GO_0031175 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18773938); GO_0035914 (EC: IEA); GO_0043434 (EC: IEA); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0051602 (EC: IEA); GO_0060213 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18337750); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_2000178 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1713584; 8663146; 8891336; 8944033; 9712883; 9828097; 10200315; 10341341; 10617598; 10669755; 11136725; 11237868; 11267995; 11377414; 11429045; 11470758; 11814693; 11856371; 11930152; 11989967; 12135500; 12360398; 12477932; 12771185; 15056715; 15378000; 15489334; 15542835; 15741235; 15788397; 16418486; 16710414; 16782888; 16997058; 17353931; 17371797; 18029348; 18196550; 18288394; 18337750; 18393292; 18773938; 18840609; 18854154; 18974182; 19056867; 19117054; 19203451; 19468252; 19546886; 19615363; 19728149; 20020054; 20398657; 20553615; 20569234; 21120602; 21172304; 21173166; 22266859; 22392501; 22493435; 22562501; 22614007; 22975506; 23089312; 23299537; 23857284; 23907596; 24047462; 24308156; 24440351 BTG family, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000159388 HGNC:1131 HPRD:03357 MIM:601597 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035834 Other designations: B-cell translocation gene 2|NGF-inducible anti-proliferative protein PC3|nerve growth factor-inducible anti-proliferative|pheochromacytoma cell-3|protein BTG2 BTG2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARMET ARP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MANF mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor 7873 3p21.1 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002014 (EC: IEA); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8649854; 8971156; 9174057; 9230196; 10767373; 12477932; 12665801; 12794311; 14699964; 15146197; 15489334; 18561914; 18718866; 19258449; 19399876; 19641128; 20186704; 20685313; 21047780; 21139048; 21890473; 23000965; 23255601 mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor Ensembl:ENSG00000145050 HGNC:15461 HPRD:03558 MIM:601916 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156897 Other designations: arginine-rich, mutated in early stage tumors MANF Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He JTV-1 JTV1 P38 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AIMP2 aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 7965 PRO0992 7p22 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006418 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0031398 (EC: IEA); GO_0060510 (EC: IEA) PMID: 600859; 1651330; 8052601; 8078941; 8188258; 8449960; 8666379; 9278442; 9878398; 10913161; 11714285; 12477932; 12690205; 12729910; 12783850; 12819782; 12853948; 15479637; 15489334; 16049031; 16055448; 16125937; 16135753; 16189514; 16714300; 17512523; 18676680; 18695251; 18781797; 19060904; 19170196; 19584093; 19625176; 19692168; 19738201; 21044950; 21110914; 21139048; 21209200; 21483803; 21832049; 21890473; 21900206; 21988832; 22190034; 22285955; 22532625; 22562359; 22751010; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23455922; 23815603; 23824909; 23974709; 24250222 aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000106305 HGNC:20609 HPRD:02915 MIM:600859 Vega:OTTHUMG00000122077 Other designations: ARS-interacting multi-functional protein 2|aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2|multisynthase complex auxiliary component p38|multisynthetase complex auxiliary component p38|protein JTV-1 AIMP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCOX BRCACOX BRCOX THCCox WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOX2 acyl-CoA oxidase 2, branched chain 8309 3p14.3 9606 3 GO_0003995 (EC: IEA); GO_0003997 (EC: TAS); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID:2079609); GO_0005782 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0016402 (EC: TAS); GO_0033540 (EC: TAS); GO_0033791 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050660 (EC: IEA) PMID:2079609; 8387517; 8943006; 8993592; 9070889; 12477932; 15489334; 16756494; 20178365; 20379614; 21343950 acyl-CoA oxidase 2, branched chain Ensembl:ENSG00000168306 HGNC:120 HPRD:09037 MIM:601641 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159154 Other designations: 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase|3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase|THCA-CoA oxidase|acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 2, branched chain|peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2|peroxisomal branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase|trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase ACOX2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOX3 acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl 8310 4p15.3 9606 4 GO_0003995 (EC: IEA); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID:8993592); GO_0005782 (EC: TAS); GO_0016402 (EC: TAS); GO_0033540 (EC: IEA); GO_0033540 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050660 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 8387517; 8993592; 9271077; 12477932; 15231748; 15489334; 15599942; 16344560; 16756494; 20178365; 20677014; 20877624; 21659360; 21906983; 22505724 acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl Other designations: BRCACox|acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 3, pristanoyl|branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase|peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3|pristanoyl-CoA oxidase ACOX3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He H2A H2A.2 H2A/O H2A/q H2AFO H2a-615 HIST2H2AA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HIST2H2AA3 histone cluster 2, H2aa3 8337 1q21.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 2071153; 6326092; 8179821; 8543049; 8858345; 9439656; 9566873; 11080476; 11181995; 11375490; 11689053; 12408966; 12477932; 12628926; 14657027; 14759373; 14992727; 15010469; 15078818; 15386022; 15489334; 15527963; 15635413; 15823041; 16159877; 16319397; 16322561; 16359901; 16457589; 16702407; 16710414; 18688256; 19615732; 20525793; 20599239; 20639865; 20972266; 21041483; 21139048; 21179169; 21443952; 21693764; 21726816; 21772249; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22505724; 22810585; 22980979; 23000965; 23349634; 24457600 histone cluster 2, H2aa3 HGNC:4736 HPRD:08851 MIM:142720 Other designations: H2A histone family, member O|histone 2, H2aa3|histone H2A type 2-A HIST2H2AA3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He H2B.1A H2B/a H2BFA dJ221C16.8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HIST1H2BG histone cluster 1, H2bg 8339 6p21.3 20140408 9606 6 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 422550; 1916825; 8620898; 8814229; 9119399; 9439656; 9566873; 9973324; 11080476; 11689053; 11790298; 11859126; 12408966; 12477932; 12757711; 12860195; 14574404; 14595808; 14657027; 15019208; 15161933; 15489334; 16196087; 16283522; 16307923; 16319397; 16457587; 16627869; 16713563; 16916647; 18247557; 18457437; 20639865; 21130743; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22505724; 22616001; 22623428; 23000965 histone cluster 1, H2bg Ensembl:ENSG00000187990 HGNC:4746 HPRD:11897 MIM:602798 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014446 Other designations: H2B histone family, member A|histone 1, H2bg|histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I|histone H2B.1 A|histone H2B.a HIST1H2BG The protein encoded by this gene is an unusual orphan receptor that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a conventional DNA-binding domain. The gene product is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, a group of transcription factors regulated by small hydrophobic hormones, a subset of which do not have known ligands and are referred to as orphan nuclear receptors. The protein has been shown to interact with retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors, inhibiting their ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. In addition, interaction with estrogen receptors has been demonstrated, leading to inhibition of function. Studies suggest that the protein represses nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transactivation via two separate steps: competition with coactivators and the direct effects of its transcriptional repressor function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8431 OMIM:604630 SHP1 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2 NR0B2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8431 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8431 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AMCBX1 FIP-3 FIP3 Fip3p IKK-gamma IP IP1 IP2 IPD2 NEMO ZC2HC9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IKBKG inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma 8517 Xq28 9606 X GO_0000187 (EC: TAS); GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002755 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004871 (EC: TAS, PMID:9927690); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11113112); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:14651848); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID:9927690); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:9751060); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA, PMID:14651848); GO_0007249 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0007250 (EC: IEA); GO_0007254 (EC: TAS); GO_0008385 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0008385 (EC: TAS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID:16831874); GO_0009615 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID:15341735); GO_0032481 (EC: TAS); GO_0034134 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0034146 (EC: TAS); GO_0034162 (EC: TAS); GO_0034166 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0038123 (EC: TAS); GO_0038124 (EC: TAS); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA); GO_0043123 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0046982 (EC: IDA); GO_0050852 (EC: NAS, PMID:15125833); GO_0050852 (EC: TAS, PMID:16831874); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID:15620648); GO_0051092 (EC: TAS, PMID:18626576); GO_0051403 (EC: TAS); GO_0070423 (EC: TAS) PMID:9744859; 9751060; 9891086; 9927690; 10087442; 10364167; 10723127; 10733566; 10755617; 10839543; 10880512; 10944468; 10962024; 10962033; 10968790; 10980203; 11002417; 11047757; 11057907; 11064457; 11080499; 11113112; 11224521; 11242109; 11256614; 11262391; 11389905; 11410370; 11418127; 11485410; 11495908; 11551959; 11590134; 11673821; 11709543; 11830587; 11864612; 11877453; 11971901; 11971985; 12045264; 12133833; 12138192; 12192055; 12244103; 12435599; 12459277; 12477932; 12486103; 12530972; 12612076; 12657630; 12808104; 12867425; 12917689; 12917690; 12917691; 12943667; 14585847; 14585990; 14597638; 14651848; 14653779; 14684825; 14695475; 14726382; 14743216; 14748687; 14754897; 14764716; 15043934; 15100680; 15125833; 15184390; 15218148; 15229184; 15231748; 15276183; 15327770; 15341735; 15356572; 15371500; 15456791; 15474016; 15489334; 15578091; 15601829; 15601896; 15620648; 15670770; 15749833; 15802604; 15833158; 15870263; 16051665; 16126728; 16148947; 16227629; 16267042; 16301747; 16311516; 16319058; 16360037; 16379012; 16424386; 16497931; 16543241; 16547522; 16583354; 16603398; 16611882; 16627981; 16684768; 16697380; 16737960; 16794254; 16831874; 16874300; 16906147; 17000764; 17043643; 17047224; 17135271; 17145747; 17244613; 17314097; 17314283; 17363905; 17363973; 17401323; 17401626; 17468758; 17568778; 17626013; 17693255; 17702576; 17728323; 17766391; 17891179; 17910706; 17932497; 17939994; 17942533; 17948050; 17977820; 17997719; 18029035; 18029348; 18037881; 18079694; 18180283; 18187620; 18201555; 18207244; 18212736; 18216269; 18266324; 18266467; 18287044; 18313693; 18347055; 18350553; 18429822; 18511905; 18583959; 18617513; 18620544; 18625728; 18626576; 18685082; 18841575; 18851874; 18931663; 18949366; 18952891; 18957422; 19033441; 19064727; 19149237; 19185524; 19285159; 19303852; 19305025; 19327867; 19365808; 19373245; 19373254; 19404319; 19422324; 19453261; 19494296; 19531477; 19603533; 19609363; 19656162; 19656241; 19675569; 19687056; 19763089; 19815509; 19820708; 19854204; 19875381; 19880420; 19897484; 19948975; 19956647; 20005846; 20010814; 20026645; 20065354; 20098747; 20161788; 20164171; 20167598; 20211142; 20301198; 20301645; 20353939; 20368414; 20380930; 20412081; 20434027; 20484576; 20499091; 20529958; 20542322; 20586999; 20724660; 20837477; 20890435; 20923877; 20932475; 20932476; 20959607; 20970423; 21057728; 21097508; 21109981; 21113135; 21131783; 21139048; 21153314; 21184742; 21212807; 21217772; 21220427; 21286028; 21309033; 21383699; 21458669; 21474709; 21486954; 21512573; 21513986; 21518757; 21538482; 21606198; 21622571; 21622647; 21703539; 21704885; 21709223; 21722947; 21777808; 21790911; 21803029; 21811235; 21862579; 21862596; 21890473; 21896478; 21903422; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22054014; 22081069; 22099304; 22118674; 22176836; 22300264; 22341466; 22505724; 22513115; 22517901; 22525270; 22547678; 22605335; 22607974; 22732732; 22848449; 22863883; 22901541; 22939629; 22990857; 23000965; 23000966; 23007157; 23028469; 23032186; 23032187; 23102662; 23123196; 23131831; 23453969; 23483900; 23506214; 23524849; 23575687; 23690623; 23732909; 23746843; 23776175; 23807287; 23950712; 23986494; 24030825; 24100029; 24109239; 24240172; 24266532; 24270572 inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma Ensembl:ENSG00000073009 HGNC:5961 HPRD:02217 MIM:300248 Vega:OTTHUMG00000024234 Other designations: I-kappa-B kinase subunit gamma|IKKAP1|IKKG|IkB kinase gamma subunit|NF-kappa-B essential modifier|NF-kappa-B essential modulator|NFkappaB essential modulator|ikB kinase subunit gamma|ikB kinase-associated protein 1|incontinentia pigmenti|inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma IKBKG Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F2 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 2 8529 19p13.12 9606 19 GO_0000038 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0001676 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0003091 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0003095 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17474147); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006690 (EC: TAS); GO_0006691 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008217 (EC: IMP, PMID:18391101); GO_0008392 (EC: IDA); GO_0016324 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0017144 (EC: IMP); GO_0018685 (EC: IDA, PMID:18433732); GO_0019369 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0019373 (EC: IDA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030195 (EC: IMP, PMID:19297518); GO_0032304 (EC: IMP, PMID:18391101); GO_0032305 (EC: IMP, PMID:17341693); GO_0036101 (EC: IDA, PMID:10492403); GO_0042360 (EC: IDA); GO_0042371 (EC: IMP, PMID:19297518); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047057 (EC: IMP, PMID:19297518); GO_0050051 (EC: IDA, PMID:8026587); GO_0052869 (EC: IDA, PMID:10660572); GO_0052871 (EC: IDA); GO_0052872 (EC: IDA); GO_0055078 (EC: IEP, PMID:10660572); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:8026587; 8424651; 9068972; 9618440; 9799565; 10492403; 10660572; 10860554; 11162441; 11715494; 12477932; 12736711; 15057824; 15128046; 15489334; 16733892; 17142457; 17284776; 17341693; 17474147; 18065749; 18235092; 18250228; 18391101; 18433732; 18574070; 18662666; 18787519; 18971550; 19097922; 19207028; 19270263; 19279555; 19297518; 19297519; 19300499; 19343046; 19545555; 19578179; 19741565; 19794411; 19913121; 19957603; 19958090; 20072124; 20130494; 20149073; 20182420; 20227456; 20421126; 20442691; 20499136; 20504253; 20553802; 20555338; 20628086; 20653676; 20833655; 20861217; 21063236; 21084764; 21127708; 21150635; 21475774; 21562135; 21625857; 21729881; 21883387; 21887457; 21906983; 22188360; 22198820; 22393834; 22437554; 22452429; 22484021; 22528326; 22534826; 22549502; 22854539; 22855348; 23013706; 23018470; 23132553; 23215885; 23281178; 23510058; 23726967; 24138531 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000186115 HGNC:2645 HPRD:05112 MIM:604426 Vega:OTTHUMG00000185995 Other designations: CYPIVF2|cytochrome P450 4F2|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVF, polypeptide 2|cytochrome P450-LTB-omega|leukotriene B4 omega-hydroxylase|leukotriene-B(4) 20-monooxygenase 1|leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 1|leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase CYP4F2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIR pirin (iron-binding nuclear protein) 8544 Xp22.2 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003712 (EC: IMP); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10362352); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9079676); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9079676); GO_0008127 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15951572); GO_0030224 (EC: IMP); GO_0046872 (EC: IDA) PMID: 9079676; 10362352; 12477932; 12876364; 14573596; 15231748; 15489334; 15951572; 16344560; 17213182; 19766747; 20010624; 20089166; 20711196; 21514450; 22939629; 23716661; 24272884 pirin (iron-binding nuclear protein) Other designations: pirin|probable quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase PIR|probable quercetinase PIR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DYT16 PACT RAX WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRKRA protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator 8575 HSD14 2q31.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16424907); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9687506); GO_0008047 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9687506); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9687506); GO_0009615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9687506); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0030422 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17452327); GO_0034599 (EC: IEA); GO_0042473 (EC: IEA); GO_0042474 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17452327); GO_0043085 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9687506); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0048705 (EC: IEA); GO_2001244 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 9010216; 9687506; 10336432; 11230166; 11238927; 11256614; 11526399; 11985496; 12368348; 12477932; 12874289; 14702039; 15299031; 15489334; 15815621; 16169070; 16424907; 16861340; 16982605; 17081983; 17125937; 17353931; 17452327; 18243799; 18420150; 18936160; 19441135; 19580324; 19604093; 19913121; 20379614; 20468071; 20588308; 20628086; 20628624; 21139048; 21145461; 21501829; 21526770; 21595004; 21790829; 21882225; 21900206; 21903422; 21988832; 22025453; 22214662; 22473766; 22505724; 22586326; 22961479; 22990118; 23455922; 23472185; 23550157; 23602568; 23658827; 23661684; 23844083; 23870315; 24067967; 24457600 protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator Ensembl:ENSG00000180228 HGNC:9438 HPRD:04573 MIM:603424 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132576 Other designations: PKR-associated protein X|PKR-associating protein X|interferon-inducible double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A|interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A|protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase|protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA-dependent activator|protein kinase, interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent activator PRKRA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4E-BP3 4EBP3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4EBP3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 3 8637 5q31.3 9606 5 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15153109); GO_0008190 (EC: IEA); GO_0016281 (EC: NAS, PMID:9593750); GO_0030371 (EC: NAS, PMID:9593750); GO_0045947 (EC: NAS, PMID:9593750) PMID:9593750; 11865047; 12477932; 12482586; 14507920; 14557257; 15153109; 15489334; 16189514; 16271312; 17316564; 19615732; 20621385; 21088106; 21145461; 22684010 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000243056 HGNC:3290 HPRD:09149 MIM:603483 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129498 Other designations: eIF4E-binding protein 3|eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3 EIF4EBP3 ABC16 BRIC2 BSEP PFIC-2 PFIC2 PGY4 SPGP ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 11 8647 GO_0000139 (EC: IBA); GO_0005215 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006810 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008554 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0015126 (EC: IBA); GO_0015432 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0015721 (EC: TAS); GO_0015722 (EC: IBA); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0016021 (EC: IBA); GO_0016324 (EC: IBA); GO_0035725 (EC: TAS, PMID:9806540); GO_0042626 (EC: IBA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046581 (EC: IBA); GO_0055085 (EC: IBA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:9545351; 9806540; 10579978; 11172067; 11495894; 11600213; 11745042; 11783115; 11815775; 11829140; 12825874; 14762791; 14999697; 15077010; 15159385; 15300568; 15471871; 15791618; 16039748; 16290310; 16749857; 16763017; 16871584; 16890614; 16941683; 17264802; 17622941; 18176959; 18270374; 18395098; 18521185; 18660489; 18668439; 18676680; 18692205; 18987030; 19056867; 19060910; 19101985; 19170196; 19343046; 19408031; 19571440; 19625176; 19669124; 19692168; 19821532; 19833092; 19845854; 19888660; 19898482; 19913121; 19937311; 20010382; 20028269; 20147439; 20163776; 20232290; 20301474; 20379614; 20414253; 20447715; 20453000; 20628086; 20683201; 20702406; 20723035; 20855565; 20857261; 20858683; 20883210; 21139048; 21386085; 21490445; 21691112; 21766090; 21811948; 21909109; 21988832; 22001757; 22098322; 22161577; 22673116; 22681771; 23022423; 23279303; 23750872; 23876151; 23929842; 24058526; 24366234; 24378332 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 11 http://omim.org/entry/603201 Other designations: ABC member 16, MDR/TAP subfamily|ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11|bile salt export pump|progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2|sister p-glycoprotein ABCB11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3 EIF3S10 P167 TIF32 eIF3-p170 eIF3-theta p180 p185 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit A 8661 10q26 9606 10 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0001732 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005198 (EC: NAS, PMID:9150439); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11169732); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: NAS, PMID:9150439); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:2110361; 8590280; 8816444; 8995409; 8995410; 9054404; 9150439; 9341143; 9418880; 9790534; 9804427; 9822659; 9925932; 10444591; 10611228; 11102443; 11169732; 11384103; 11590142; 12124384; 12477932; 12588972; 12812986; 12878157; 12904573; 14519125; 15946946; 16385451; 16497727; 16541103; 16582619; 16829125; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17381544; 17403899; 17581632; 18000879; 18029348; 18354498; 18423202; 18502210; 18568671; 18599441; 18628297; 18725400; 18781797; 19245811; 19327350; 19454010; 19615732; 19738201; 20020773; 20056645; 20068067; 20360068; 20399188; 20562859; 20647036; 20818067; 20936779; 21078624; 21139048; 21319273; 21610145; 21625209; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22022972; 22053931; 22108332; 22145905; 22190034; 22268729; 22505724; 22623428; 22634302; 22863883; 22939629; 22952844; 23000965; 23127338; 23184937; 23393223; 23437357; 23455922; 23463506; 23530232; 23623729; 23766293; 23862649; 23921387; 24457600; 24515614 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit A Ensembl:ENSG00000107581 HGNC:3271 HPRD:03618 MIM:602039 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019144 Other designations: EIF3, p180 subunit|centrosomin homolog|cytoplasmic protein p167|eIF-3-theta|eIF3 p167|eIF3 p180|eIF3 p185|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 10|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 10 (theta, 150/170kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 10 (theta, 170kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 10 theta, 150/170kDa|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 10, 170kD EIF3A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3-ETA EIF3-P110 EIF3-P116 EIF3S9 PRT1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit B 8662 7p22.3 9606 7 GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:8995410); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11169732); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IDA, PMID:8995410); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0031369 (EC: IEA); GO_0032947 (EC: TAS, PMID:17322308); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:7693677; 8889548; 8995409; 8995410; 9388245; 9822659; 9847074; 11169732; 11331597; 12477932; 12588972; 12690205; 14519125; 14688252; 14702039; 15047060; 15302935; 15489334; 15592455; 15946946; 16159877; 16196087; 16286006; 16541103; 17053147; 17081983; 17190833; 17322308; 17403899; 17581632; 18423202; 18457437; 18599441; 18628297; 18781797; 19245811; 19454010; 19615732; 19738201; 20020773; 20060839; 20360068; 20508642; 20862284; 20972266; 21045808; 21081666; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22145905; 22190034; 22234522; 22268729; 22505724; 22623428; 22863883; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23184937; 23398456; 23455922; 23463506; 23575475; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit B Ensembl:ENSG00000106263 HGNC:3280 HPRD:06795 MIM:603917 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022839 Other designations: eIF-3-eta|eIF3 p110|eIF3 p116|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 9|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 9 (eta, 116kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 9 eta, 116kDa|hPrt1|prt1 homolog EIF3B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3CL EIF3S8 eIF3-p110 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3C eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit C 8663 16p11.2 9606 16 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18628297); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0031369 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8995409; 8995410; 9822659; 10493829; 10504338; 12477932; 12514125; 12588972; 14519125; 14702039; 15047060; 15146197; 15231748; 15302935; 15489334; 15840729; 15946946; 16083285; 16097034; 16169070; 16196087; 16286006; 16341674; 16964243; 17081983; 17322308; 17361185; 17403899; 17581632; 18599441; 18628297; 18781797; 19245811; 19615732; 19850743; 19915574; 20020773; 20360068; 20508642; 20972266; 21081666; 21102463; 21145461; 21209461; 21319273; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22016036; 22145905; 22190034; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23128233; 23455922; 23463506; 23733421; 23862649; 24092755; 24515614 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit C Ensembl:ENSG00000184110 HGNC:3279 HPRD:04889 MIM:603916 Vega:OTTHUMG00000099443 Other designations: cell migration-inducing protein 17|eIF3 p110|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 8|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 8 (110kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 8, 110kDa EIF3C Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3S7 eIF3-p66 eIF3-zeta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3D eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit D 8664 RP5-1119A7.12-003 22q13.1 9606 22 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0001732 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11369516); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8995409; 8995410; 9341143; 9822659; 10591208; 11331597; 11369516; 11590142; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 15047060; 15461802; 15489334; 15592455; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17403899; 17474147; 17581632; 18571626; 18599441; 18628297; 19615732; 19738201; 20171186; 20360068; 20890303; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22145905; 22190034; 22505724; 22586326; 22863883; 22939629; 22944692; 23000965; 23455922; 24092755; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit D Ensembl:ENSG00000100353 HGNC:3278 HPRD:04888 MIM:603915 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150599 Other designations: eIF-3-zeta|eIF3 p66|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 7|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 7 zeta, 66/67kDa|translation initiation factor eIF3 p66 subunit EIF3D Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3S5 eIF3-p47 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3F eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F 8665 11p15.4 9606 11 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0003743 (EC: TAS, PMID:9341143); GO_0004843 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18354498); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0005852 (EC: TAS, PMID:9341143); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0016579 (EC: IDA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:8995409; 8995410; 9341143; 9822659; 12446680; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 14702039; 15231748; 15489334; 15862967; 16159877; 16169070; 16189514; 16196087; 16286006; 16537434; 16541103; 16712791; 17207965; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17403899; 17581632; 17918192; 18354498; 18381585; 18599441; 18628297; 18724935; 19073596; 19237569; 19245811; 19454010; 19615732; 19738201; 19854136; 20360068; 20800221; 21081666; 21124883; 21139048; 21832049; 21963094; 22145905; 22190034; 22268729; 22457825; 22505724; 22797925; 22863883; 22939629; 23275563; 23463506; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F Ensembl:ENSG00000175390 HGNC:3275 HPRD:04887 MIM:603914 Other designations: deubiquitinating enzyme eIF3f|eIF-3-epsilon|eIF3-epsilon|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 5 (epsilon, 47kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 5 epsilon, 47kDa EIF3F Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3-P42 EIF3S4 eIF3-delta eIF3-p44 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3G eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit G 8666 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14688252); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA) PMID:8889549; 8995409; 8995410; 9341143; 9822659; 9973622; 10887144; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 14688252; 15231747; 15302935; 15489334; 16243297; 17094969; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17403899; 17581632; 18599441; 18628297; 19471022; 19615732; 20360068; 20406461; 21044950; 21139048; 21145461; 21832049; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 22190034; 22493286; 22863883; 22939629; 23398456; 23402259; 23463506; 24080033 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit G Ensembl:ENSG00000130811 HGNC:3274 HPRD:04886 MIM:603913 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180396 Other designations: eIF-3 RNA-binding subunit|eIF-3-delta|eIF3 p42|eIF3 p44|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 RNA-binding subunit|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 4|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit p42|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 4 (delta, 44kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 4 delta, 44kDa EIF3G Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3S3 eIF3-gamma eIF3-p40 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3H eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit H 8667 8q24.11 9606 8 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12812986); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:9341143); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:8125298; 8995409; 8995410; 9341143; 9822659; 11733359; 12477932; 12588972; 12812986; 14519125; 14578863; 14702039; 14997205; 15489334; 16159877; 16189514; 16196087; 16226712; 16263121; 16286006; 16344560; 16652384; 17043677; 17081983; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17403899; 17581632; 18029348; 18187620; 18372905; 18544531; 18599441; 18628297; 19056867; 19060904; 19204574; 19615732; 20016921; 20020773; 20360068; 20437058; 20508642; 20659471; 20862326; 21139048; 21319273; 21761138; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22108332; 22190034; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 22969067; 22990118; 23000965; 23184937; 23398456; 23402259; 23455922; 23463506; 24163370 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit H HGNC:3273 HPRD:04885 MIM:603912 Other designations: eIF-3-gamma|eIF3 p40 subunit|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 3|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 2 (beta, 36kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 3 (gamma, 40kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 3 gamma, 40kDa EIF3H Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3S2 PRO2242 TRIP-1 TRIP1 eIF3-beta eIF3-p36 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3I eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I 8668 RP4-675E8.1 1p34.1 9606 1 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14688252); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID:7566156; 7566158; 8125298; 8995409; 8995410; 9368056; 9599024; 9813058; 9822659; 10706629; 11781097; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 14688252; 15047060; 15231747; 15489334; 15592455; 15604093; 16159877; 16196087; 16236267; 16341674; 16541103; 16929481; 17314511; 17322308; 17353931; 17361185; 17403899; 17581632; 17620599; 18599441; 18624398; 18628297; 18781797; 19059401; 19329541; 19615732; 19738201; 20020773; 20360068; 20508642; 20972266; 21139048; 21145461; 21319273; 21378021; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22022972; 22053931; 22145905; 22174317; 22190034; 22505724; 22586326; 22623428; 22863883; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23349634; 23398456; 23402259; 23455922; 23463506; 23602568; 24163370; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I Ensembl:ENSG00000084623 HGNC:3272 HPRD:04884 MIM:603911 Vega:OTTHUMG00000007364 Other designations: TGF-beta receptor-interacting protein 1|TGFbeta receptor-interacting protein 1|eIF-3-beta|eIF3 p36|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 2 (beta, 36kD)|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 2 beta, 36kDa|predicted protein of HQ2242 EIF3I Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3S1 eIF3-alpha eIF3-p35 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3J eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit J 8669 PRO0391 15q21.1 9606 15 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14688252); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:9822659; 10672017; 11560931; 12477932; 14519125; 14688252; 14702039; 15146197; 15489334; 15703437; 15946946; 16169070; 16766523; 16964243; 17081983; 17190833; 17322308; 17403899; 17588516; 18599441; 18628297; 18658124; 19471022; 19615732; 20060839; 20360068; 21139048; 21890473; 22025682; 22113938; 22190034; 22804784; 22863883; 23000965; 23455922; 24163370 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit J Ensembl:ENSG00000104131 HGNC:3270 HPRD:04883 MIM:603910 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131158 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 1 (alpha, 35kD) EIF3J Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He eIF-4G 3 eIF4G 3 eIF4GII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4G3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 3 8672 RP11-190H11.1 1p36.12 9606 1 GO_0000339 (EC: TAS, PMID:9418880); GO_0001934 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:9418880); GO_0007283 (EC: IEA); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:9418880); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016281 (EC: TAS, PMID:9418880); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045727 (EC: IEA); GO_0060903 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 9418880; 9857202; 9878069; 10022874; 10737800; 10872469; 11172724; 12477932; 12663812; 12975586; 14507913; 15016848; 15146197; 15361857; 15489334; 16344560; 16964243; 17081983; 17353931; 18654987; 19615732; 19805454; 20020773; 20379614; 21139048; 21182205; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22505724; 22586326; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000075151 HGNC:3298 HPRD:06802 MIM:603929 Vega:OTTHUMG00000002624 Other designations: eIF-4-gamma 3|eIF-4-gamma II|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 EIF4G3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Hs.89862 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRADD TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain 8717 16q22 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005164 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 1040062); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11684708); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7758105); GO_0008625 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8612133); GO_0019900 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8612133); GO_0031264 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0032403 (EC: IEA); GO_0033209 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8612133); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11684708); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043235 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8612133); GO_0045121 (EC: IEA); GO_0051092 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_0051291 (EC: IEA); GO_0051798 (EC: IEA); GO_0060090 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8612133); GO_0070513 (EC: IPI, PMID: 8612133); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097191 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16611992); GO_0097191 (EC: TAS, PMID: 18309324); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1040062; 7758105; 8565075; 8612133; 8621670; 8681376; 8702708; 8934525; 8943045; 9020361; 9082980; 9356494; 9427646; 9430227; 9560245; 9714541; 9915703; 9916731; 9916988; 10187805; 10356400; 10400625; 10544141; 10848577; 10892748; 10911999; 10980203; 11032752; 11035039; 11112409; 11112773; 11181075; 11226577; 11435712; 11479302; 11684708; 11821416; 11934887; 12045187; 12107169; 12417987; 12446787; 12477932; 12576460; 12604596; 12665801; 12753742; 12761501; 12796506; 12887920; 12911633; 14585990; 14644197; 14660619; 14702039; 14743216; 15103018; 15247912; 15310755; 15485837; 15489334; 15707590; 15761471; 16006552; 16227624; 16344560; 16603398; 16611992; 17051333; 17235653; 17540176; 17702576; 17922260; 18174230; 18198944; 18309324; 18661484; 18776134; 18939944; 18990758; 19151112; 19176810; 19287455; 19336370; 19379743; 19453261; 19573080; 19773279; 19781631; 19815541; 19854717; 20005846; 20568250; 20628368; 21068102; 21421854; 21724995; 21906983; 22099304; 22170762; 22179575; 22297296; 22510408; 22561347; 23732909; 23908590; 23955153; 23982205; 24130170; 24250222; 24374337 TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain HGNC:12030 HPRD:04610 MIM:603500 Other designations: TNFR1-associated death domain protein|tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 associated death domain protein|tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein|tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-associated protein TRADD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APO2L Apo-2L CD253 TL2 TRAIL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TNFSF10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 8743 3q26 20140408 9606 3 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8663110); GO_0005125 (EC: IEA); GO_0005164 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10549288); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8663110); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0006919 (EC: TAS); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8663110); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8777713); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043280 (EC: IDA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0090200 (EC: IDA); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_2001238 (EC: IDA); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8663110; 8777713; 8793301; 9082980; 9242610; 9311998; 9314565; 9325248; 9430226; 9520411; 9613612; 9754559; 9830064; 10485660; 10542098; 10549288; 10651627; 10894160; 10960444; 11022932; 11027498; 11059770; 11094155; 11095979; 11243698; 11385301; 11466352; 11553609; 11568006; 11677236; 11739488; 11781716; 11830480; 11844843; 11852102; 11877293; 11936954; 11940602; 11956660; 11964312; 11994437; 12029096; 12036888; 12082620; 12082629; 12097384; 12097388; 12118245; 12140294; 12198154; 12221720; 12351634; 12359235; 12398939; 12407100; 12414956; 12421926; 12421985; 12421989; 12429913; 12439929; 12445619; 12447876; 12477932; 12488957; 12496482; 12517970; 12532461; 12539042; 12556488; 12574346; 12576447; 12592338; 12604406; 12642868; 12663665; 12707267; 12715915; 12738989; 12761501; 12761581; 12767990; 12787570; 12808117; 12813457; 12839575; 12874246; 12907654; 12915532; 12915677; 12920112; 12927928; 12934102; 12969966; 14534533; 14601052; 14637151; 14644197; 14645705; 14647456; 14670183; 14675194; 14691451; 14715264; 14726404; 14729397; 14742697; 15030996; 15033706; 15041704; 15064358; 15077162; 15093732; 15094456; 15110168; 15137068; 15201983; 15205263; 15241475; 15251327; 15256058; 15257094; 15285015; 15286701; 15292354; 15308561; 15326479; 15339846; 15361826; 15451437; 15459016; 15459191; 15475369; 15489334; 15498932; 15509531; 15511228; 15520016; 15531913; 15539085; 15557763; 15558024; 15569667; 15607733; 15615731; 15619633; 15634757; 15637055; 15653751; 15655781; 15671071; 15681838; 15688023; 15757891; 15760909; 15767553; 15774464; 15792357; 15806163; 15809718; 15828026; 15884050; 15887227; 15916713; 15962328; 15990565; 15996036; 16007425; 16026644; 16037944; 16040132; 16041267; 16046522; 16082383; 16116625; 16166346; 16169070; 16174727; 16178278; 16180223; 16199534; 16206163; 16215673; 16226105; 16229016; 16245299; 16288714; 16289694; 16344560; 16368536; 16382051; 16436464; 16449964; 16455983; 16459719; 16478725; 16514644; 16518756; 16574768; 16607283; 16627981; 16645643; 16731632; 16751802; 16785986; 16807984; 16820090; 16831934; 16857810; 16863850; 16887991; 16941746; 16950202; 16951203; 17012835; 17070520; 17079165; 17110373; 17187253; 17195089; 17278883; 17314102; 17352408; 17356300; 17384675; 17420249; 17431115; 17431792; 17479107; 17495957; 17513605; 17525260; 17540725; 17544413; 17548900; 17553352; 17554866; 17558561; 17571163; 17579120; 17583676; 17617740; 17638906; 17683987; 17686764; 17697742; 17701086; 17702740; 17703232; 17765202; 17767167; 17803681; 17881904; 17884184; 17895594; 17900262; 17907960; 17913827; 17932312; 17938258; 17940338; 17947462; 17956986; 17982483; 17983809; 18006822; 18006832; 18006836; 18031928; 18057577; 18063697; 18089811; 18174230; 18178561; 18187663; 18202704; 18220834; 18233993; 18243765; 18266928; 18266968; 18284918; 18287563; 18314443; 18330721; 18338379; 18339897; 18341587; 18343496; 18348311; 18362888; 18362891; 18375389; 18385934; 18413764; 18424742; 18430896; 18451172; 18474604; 18483205; 18491232; 18502726; 18519235; 18522940; 18566412; 18599181; 18599488; 18640940; 18644981; 18723061; 18726983; 18772312; 18780288; 18802096; 18814951; 18834856; 18838202; 18922903; 18942021; 19050264; 19058836; 19074436; 19074831; 19106633; 19147771; 19197243; 19199708; 19203346; 19212626; 19221598; 19223770; 19236007; 19261616; 19265041; 19270498; 19281785; 19289465; 19294332; 19305384; 19309556; 19349211; 19361506; 19379558; 19385057; 19398149; 19404407; 19406930; 19407827; 19412666; 19418484; 19427028; 19435900; 19449143; 19453261; 19470406; 19476940; 19481529; 19519609; 19533303; 19540229; 19573080; 19587531; 19597472; 19629467; 19632771; 19671825; 19674787; 19690337; 19724854; 19749795; 19767219; 19773279; 19782681; 19802013; 19812265; 19854352; 19890662; 19896469; 19948942; 19954364; 19954896; 19956887; 19962668; 19962958; 19967427; 20007807; 20042498; 20119620; 20123409; 20150555; 20154087; 20189551; 20204286; 20237496; 20308427; 20334827; 20339295; 20354842; 20372797; 20379197; 20393185; 20394499; 20400979; 20417200; 20424169; 20430391; 20443055; 20560677; 20568250; 20580220; 20580868; 20628624; 20638129; 20638385; 20671119; 20734142; 20802294; 20811726; 20819778; 20838376; 20839416; 20852190; 20862322; 20961336; 20977779; 21047948; 21059290; 21064084; 21086019; 21107885; 21120579; 21125311; 21156789; 21160038; 21167276; 21183948; 21209944; 21211989; 21248767; 21255088; 21279373; 21291526; 21305500; 21308719; 21317160; 21368892; 21381010; 21426505; 21435442; 21437625; 21437722; 21454681; 21465464; 21480222; 21482133; 21483669; 21485546; 21525012; 21538027; 21554547; 21603612; 21622121; 21670755; 21695716; 21697087; 21706325; 21732015; 21760914; 21769428; 21769834; 21802664; 21822306; 21824395; 21846721; 21859711; 21864851; 21926463; 21941373; 21952139; 21988644; 21993926; 22023762; 22034880; 22072062; 22110611; 22159760; 22194780; 22202560; 22266862; 22310286; 22320196; 22322844; 22328338; 22345097; 22354145; 22384114; 22392486; 22398750; 22408249; 22449797; 22462553; 22471587; 22496450; 22542907; 22554587; 22585859; 22698523; 22719861; 22729471; 22783581; 22883061; 22898820; 22899350; 22914768; 22922789; 22948392; 23014529; 23018355; 23053497; 23071256; 23085529; 23096115; 23142077; 23228130; 23247197; 23258590; 23277172; 23290504; 23306613; 23319802; 23375756; 23384657; 23392805; 23408429; 23426404; 23428290; 23437333; 23441146; 23456625; 23457619; 23468057; 23472162; 23481489; 23492767; 23579274; 23615398; 23636231; 23667901; 23674352; 23686163; 23699397; 23699656; 23703388; 23732517; 23774624; 23792015; 23932896; 23937794; 23959437; 23974204; 23981753; 24019170; 24078627; 24100030; 24167941; 24184557; 24223304; 24299309; 24344047 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 Ensembl:ENSG00000121858 HGNC:11925 HPRD:04670 MIM:603598 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156917 Other designations: Apo-2 ligand|TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TRAIL|chemokine tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10|tumor necrosis factor (ligand) family, member 10|tumor necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand splice variant delta|tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 TNFSF10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PEX11-ALPHA PMP28 hsPEX11p WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PEX11A peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 alpha 8800 15q26.1 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18782765); GO_0005778 (EC: TAS); GO_0005779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9714566); GO_0007031 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9792670); GO_0007165 (EC: IMP, PMID: 9792670); GO_0016557 (EC: IEA); GO_0016559 (EC: IDA); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044375 (EC: IDA); GO_0050873 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9714566; 9792670; 9922452; 10704444; 11839773; 12417726; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 16567422; 17220199; 18782765; 20531392; 20826455; 21419861 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 alpha Ensembl:ENSG00000166821 HGNC:8852 HPRD:04843 MIM:603866 Vega:OTTHUMG00000149809 Other designations: 28 kDa peroxisomal integral membrane protein|peroxin-11A|peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11A|peroxisomal membrane protein 11A|protein PEX11 homolog alpha PEX11A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FGF-18 ZFGF5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FGF18 fibroblast growth factor 18 8817 UNQ420/PRO856 5q34 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001957 (EC: IEA); GO_0001958 (EC: IEA); GO_0002063 (EC: IEA); GO_0005105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384934); GO_0005111 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16384934); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9742123); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9742123); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9742123); GO_0007399 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0009653 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9742123); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0030949 (EC: IEA); GO_0032332 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0070374 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1697263; 9660775; 9742123; 10353607; 10579907; 10629055; 10751172; 11076863; 11124520; 11256614; 11294897; 12477932; 12975309; 15199049; 15489334; 15489336; 15749088; 16019430; 16381901; 16384934; 16597617; 16756958; 17128416; 17133345; 17360555; 17890768; 18978678; 19197348; 19453261; 19727229; 19909293; 20507176; 21048031; 21319186; 21988832; 24018557 fibroblast growth factor 18 Ensembl:ENSG00000156427 HGNC:3674 HPRD:04766 MIM:603726 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130464 FGF18 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CASH CASP8AP1 CLARP Casper FLAME FLAME-1 FLAME1 FLIP I-FLICE MRIT c-FLIP c-FLIPL c-FLIPR c-FLIPS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator 8837 2q33-q34 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002020 (EC: IPI, PMID: 9208847); GO_0004197 (EC: IKR, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11741985); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18073330); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: IMP); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS); GO_0007519 (EC: ISS); GO_0008047 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9208847); GO_0014732 (EC: ISS); GO_0014842 (EC: ISS); GO_0014866 (EC: ISS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0031264 (EC: IDA); GO_0031265 (EC: IEA); GO_0035877 (EC: IBA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043085 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9208847); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0043403 (EC: ISS); GO_0051092 (EC: ISS); GO_0060544 (EC: IDA); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097342 (EC: IDA); GO_1901740 (EC: ISS); GO_1902042 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18202225); GO_2001237 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9208847); GO_2001237 (EC: IMP); GO_2001239 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8889548; 9208847; 9211860; 9217161; 9219695; 9228018; 9289491; 9325248; 9326610; 9380701; 9560245; 9575181; 9880531; 9990034; 10069390; 10200473; 10227994; 10329646; 10837247; 11002417; 11161814; 11193041; 11741985; 11830587; 11877293; 11940602; 11965497; 12031968; 12060768; 12097160; 12115181; 12215447; 12220669; 12393527; 12407100; 12432255; 12477932; 12477972; 12496285; 12496481; 12496482; 12552004; 12556488; 12574377; 12592338; 12716387; 12746452; 12761501; 12820373; 12887920; 13679070; 14562111; 14578361; 14637155; 14662022; 14759258; 15024054; 15078899; 15096587; 15183989; 15258564; 15273717; 15280356; 15297424; 15304499; 15334061; 15354734; 15459191; 15485835; 15489334; 15540114; 15557152; 15644494; 15653751; 15686714; 15701649; 15701651; 15722350; 15731171; 15760909; 15761846; 15815586; 15832422; 15843523; 15864316; 15886205; 15899875; 15917295; 15956881; 16014121; 16052233; 16052516; 16077198; 16211288; 16246840; 16247474; 16298825; 16304056; 16403915; 16436054; 16441226; 16472594; 16537561; 16611896; 16712791; 16720717; 16740746; 16901543; 17003335; 17047155; 17056549; 17070520; 17106251; 17110930; 17159907; 17272514; 17353931; 17376892; 17440816; 17441421; 17450141; 17513603; 17559541; 17573774; 17581950; 17638906; 17646662; 17659339; 17697742; 17726263; 17762208; 17912957; 17922291; 17932249; 17982483; 17988665; 18073330; 18084329; 18189268; 18202225; 18243739; 18257744; 18264131; 18314443; 18339897; 18391984; 18398344; 18414015; 18509086; 18559494; 18593367; 18603835; 18726983; 18767116; 18820704; 18823309; 18838202; 18840411; 18976975; 19090833; 19109151; 19115040; 19161534; 19177145; 19203346; 19223508; 19243385; 19249545; 19282655; 19321593; 19339247; 19343040; 19363595; 19372246; 19398149; 19409438; 19433309; 19439735; 19476635; 19543235; 19573080; 19604093; 19710364; 19728335; 19734124; 19773279; 19798106; 19802016; 19808964; 19816511; 19838173; 19890350; 19896469; 19906927; 19913121; 19949310; 19956887; 20016063; 20087343; 20218968; 20224598; 20227749; 20335528; 20372864; 20449949; 20453000; 20484045; 20508645; 20561424; 20568250; 20595005; 20628086; 20628624; 20689807; 20696707; 20802294; 20812013; 20876284; 20876774; 20882347; 20975036; 21048031; 21071136; 21107885; 21153369; 21307400; 21324892; 21394196; 21403465; 21435442; 21454681; 21474069; 21480219; 21483669; 21525012; 21562857; 21638304; 21691254; 21737329; 21803845; 21822306; 21856935; 21868755; 21890473; 21912376; 21988832; 22027693; 22072062; 22126763; 22190004; 22219201; 22266862; 22288650; 22322857; 22345097; 22393362; 22504646; 22683265; 22753273; 22781394; 22842544; 22864571; 22884570; 22948392; 23028678; 23142077; 23167276; 23230268; 23235765; 23247197; 23255321; 23256568; 23319802; 23322903; 23371318; 23483900; 23518915; 23519470; 23615398; 23696271; 23853530 CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator Ensembl:ENSG00000003402 HGNC:1876 HPRD:04671 MIM:603599 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132819 Other designations: FADD-like anti-apoptotic molecule|FADD-like antiapoptotic molecule 1|MACH-related inducer of toxicity|caspase homolog|caspase-eight-related protein|caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein|caspase-related inducer of apoptosis|cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein|inhibitor of FLICE|usurpin beta CFLAR Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CDK5P35 CDK5R NCK5A p23 p25 p35 p35nck5a WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CDK5R1 cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (p35) 8851 17q11.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000079 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7592934); GO_0001764 (EC: ISS); GO_0004672 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7592934); GO_0004693 (EC: IEA); GO_0005509 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10721722); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007158 (EC: ISS); GO_0007213 (EC: ISS); GO_0007411 (EC: ISS); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS); GO_0007413 (EC: ISS); GO_0007420 (EC: ISS); GO_0007420 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10915792); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8090221); GO_0009790 (EC: ISS); GO_0014069 (EC: ISS); GO_0016020 (EC: ISS); GO_0016301 (EC: ISS); GO_0016533 (EC: IEA); GO_0016534 (EC: IEA); GO_0018105 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12832520); GO_0018107 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12832520); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12832520); GO_0021549 (EC: IEA); GO_0021722 (EC: IEA); GO_0021766 (EC: IEA); GO_0021819 (EC: IEA); GO_0030182 (EC: ISS); GO_0030424 (EC: ISS); GO_0030425 (EC: ISS); GO_0030426 (EC: ISS); GO_0030517 (EC: IEA); GO_0031175 (EC: ISS); GO_0031594 (EC: ISS); GO_0032956 (EC: IEA); GO_0033136 (EC: IEA); GO_0035235 (EC: ISS); GO_0043025 (EC: ISS); GO_0043197 (EC: ISS); GO_0043292 (EC: ISS); GO_0043525 (EC: ISS); GO_0043539 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12832520); GO_0043539 (EC: ISS); GO_0045296 (EC: ISS); GO_0045664 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10721722); GO_0045892 (EC: IMP); GO_0046875 (EC: IEA); GO_0048013 (EC: ISS); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12832520); GO_0061001 (EC: ISS); GO_0070507 (EC: IEA); GO_0090314 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7556643; 7592934; 8090221; 9010203; 9038181; 9933594; 10604467; 10721722; 10753743; 10830966; 10915792; 11113134; 11168528; 11389014; 11583627; 11604394; 11741927; 11784720; 11882646; 12037672; 12084709; 12223541; 12226093; 12230554; 12477932; 12491158; 12688339; 12826674; 12832492; 12832520; 12859671; 14521924; 14702039; 14976144; 15013773; 15123618; 15175076; 15342635; 15489224; 15489334; 15492003; 15536496; 15689152; 15741232; 15917097; 16189514; 16407256; 16425041; 16678793; 17036052; 17060323; 17121855; 17207965; 17491008; 17493033; 17496813; 17591690; 17762160; 18053171; 18247371; 18325333; 18829967; 19081376; 19154537; 19638632; 19874574; 19913121; 19953087; 20097924; 20354813; 20518484; 20618441; 20628086; 21130530; 21220307; 21544067; 21625387; 21772061; 21832049; 22654103; 22964075; 23151508; 23455922; 23602568; 24085300 cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (p35) Ensembl:ENSG00000176749 HGNC:1775 HPRD:04586 MIM:603460 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132814 Other designations: CDK5 activator 1|TPKII regulatory subunit|cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1|cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1|neuronal CDK5 activator|regulatory partner for CDK5 kinase|tau protein kinase II 23kDa subunit CDK5R1 PXR nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 orphan nuclear receptor PXR pregnane X nuclear receptor variant 2 pregnane X receptor rphan nuclear receptor PAR1 NR1I2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DIF-2 DIF2 GLY96 IEX-1 IEX-1L IEX1 PRG1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IER3 immediate early response 3 8870 DADB-118P11.5 6p21.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001562 (EC: IEA); GO_0003085 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15451437); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0006282 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9196025); GO_0007095 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IEA); GO_0009653 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9196025); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0045732 (EC: IEA); GO_0045820 (EC: IEA); GO_0046822 (EC: IEA); GO_0050728 (EC: IEA); GO_1901029 (EC: IEA); GO_2000377 (EC: IEA); GO_2001020 (EC: IMP) PMID: 8125298; 8603392; 8653710; 9196025; 9588170; 9703517; 9781666; 9791001; 9878538; 10448082; 11455449; 11782530; 11844788; 11910304; 12032839; 12356731; 12477932; 12510147; 12682234; 12743274; 12761504; 15120418; 15451437; 15489334; 15767410; 15781630; 15855159; 16344560; 16456541; 16567805; 16702430; 16960879; 16973576; 17704804; 18026799; 18482256; 18564103; 19152102; 19285955; 19690192; 19773435; 19837266; 19851445; 20587610; 20713914; 20848476; 20934684; 21112119; 21250941; 21518511; 21832049; 21906983; 22085302; 23455636; 24311782 immediate early response 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000137331 HGNC:5392 HPRD:04295 MIM:602996 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031265 Other designations: PACAP-responsive gene 1 protein|anti-death protein|differentiation-dependent gene 2 protein|expressed in pancreatic carcinoma|gly96, mouse, homolog of|immediate early protein GLY96|immediate early response 3 protein|immediately early gene X-1|protein DIF-2|radiation-inducible immediate-early gene IEX-1 IER3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HDLCQ8 Tiff66 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene VNN1 vanin 1 8876 6q23-q24 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002526 (EC: ISS, PMID: 14966568); GO_0002544 (EC: ISS, PMID: 14966568); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006928 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9790769); GO_0006954 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15282320); GO_0006979 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17145956); GO_0015939 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11491533); GO_0016021 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17145956); GO_0016337 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11491533); GO_0017159 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11491533); GO_0031225 (EC: IEA); GO_0033089 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11491533); GO_0034235 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17145956); GO_0045087 (EC: ISS, PMID: 14966568); GO_1902176 (EC: ISS, PMID: 15282320) PMID: 8934567; 9790769; 10567687; 11491533; 12477932; 14574404; 14702039; 14966568; 15084671; 15282320; 15489334; 16335952; 17145956; 17312006; 18043751; 19322213; 20571492; 20641033; 21325602; 21544065; 21550219; 21907259; 23185446; 23978960; 24140347 vanin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000112299 HGNC:12705 HPRD:04651 MIM:603570 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015587 Other designations: pantetheinase|pantetheine hydrolase|vanin-1|vannin 1|vascular non-inflammatory molecule 1 VNN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He S1PL SPL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SGPL1 sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 8879 10q21 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001553 (EC: IEA); GO_0001570 (EC: IEA); GO_0001822 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14570870); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006672 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14570870); GO_0007283 (EC: IEA); GO_0008117 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14570870); GO_0008117 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11018465); GO_0008209 (EC: IEA); GO_0008210 (EC: IEA); GO_0009791 (EC: IEA); GO_0010761 (EC: IEA); GO_0016831 (EC: IEA); GO_0019752 (EC: IEA); GO_0030097 (EC: IEA); GO_0030148 (EC: TAS); GO_0030149 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11018465); GO_0030170 (EC: IEA); GO_0030176 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11018465); GO_0033327 (EC: IEA); GO_0040014 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048008 (EC: IEA); GO_0048705 (EC: IEA); GO_0060021 (EC: IEA); GO_0060325 (EC: IEA); GO_0097194 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14570870) PMID: 2061324; 9464245; 10574462; 11018465; 12477932; 14570870; 14702039; 15342556; 15489334; 16385451; 16777052; 17090686; 17373700; 18029348; 18172856; 19119317; 19322201; 20519401; 21139048; 21184844; 21304987; 21368890; 21565611; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21963094; 22190034; 22784711; 23000965; 23455922; 23956138; 24255178 sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000166224 HGNC:10817 HPRD:07224 MIM:603729 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018421 Other designations: SP-lyase 1|SPL 1|hSPL|sphingosine-1-phosphate aldolase SGPL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SMVT WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC5A6 solute carrier family 5 (sodium/multivitamin and iodide cotransporter), member 6 8884 2p23 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9516450); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0006768 (EC: TAS); GO_0006810 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9516450); GO_0008523 (EC: IEA); GO_0012506 (EC: IEA); GO_0015878 (EC: IEA); GO_0015887 (EC: IEA); GO_0015939 (EC: TAS); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9516450); GO_0031526 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS) PMID: 9516450; 10329687; 10334869; 11834205; 11955628; 12477932; 12646417; 14702039; 15123239; 15561972; 16303743; 16344560; 16749865; 16751776; 16959947; 17135299; 17904341; 19211916; 19898482; 20962270; 20980265; 21139048; 21183659; 21570947; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22015582; 22304562; 22732670; 22927035; 23000965; 23142496 solute carrier family 5 (sodium/multivitamin and iodide cotransporter), member 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000138074 HGNC:11041 HPRD:04934 MIM:604024 Vega:OTTHUMG00000097075 Other designations: Na(+)-dependent multivitamin transporter|Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter|sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter|solute carrier family 5 (sodium-dependent vitamin transporter), member 6|solute carrier family 5 member 6 SLC5A6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-2B EIF2B EIF2Bdelta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2B4 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 4 delta, 67kDa 8890 2p23.3 9606 2 GO_0001541 (EC: IMP, PMID:15507143); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:16289705); GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:11323413); GO_0005085 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:15054402); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15060152); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006417 (EC: NAS, PMID:12556349); GO_0006446 (EC: IBA); GO_0009408 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:12499492); GO_0009749 (EC: ISS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0014003 (EC: IMP, PMID:15217090); GO_0019509 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0031369 (EC: ISS); GO_0032057 (EC: ISS); GO_0042552 (EC: IMP, PMID:14566705); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0043087 (EC: IMP, PMID:15054402); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045947 (EC: IBA); GO_0046523 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0051716 (EC: IDA, PMID:8626696) PMID:7982969; 8626696; 8887689; 8929216; 9446619; 10805739; 10858531; 10931946; 11323413; 11835386; 12477932; 12499492; 12556349; 12707859; 14566705; 15054402; 15060152; 15217090; 15489334; 15507143; 16288713; 16289705; 18005052; 18061208; 18160716; 18263758; 18330844; 18539998; 18632786; 19158808; 19460752; 20016818; 20301435; 20434207; 20532202; 20709751; 20734064; 21139048; 21503715; 21890473; 21906983; 22505724; 22737209; 22939629; 23000965; 23382691 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 4 delta, 67kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000115211 HGNC:3260 HPRD:09459 MIM:606687 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151927 Other designations: eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor subunit delta|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B subunit 4 delta|translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit delta|translation initiation factor eIF-2b delta subunit EIF2B4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-2B EIF2Bgamma WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2B3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 3 gamma, 58kDa 8891 RP5-882O7.2 1p34.1 9606 1 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:10900014); GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:11323413); GO_0005085 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:15054402); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15060152); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:10900014); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008135 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:10900014); GO_0009408 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:12499492); GO_0009749 (EC: ISS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0014003 (EC: IMP, PMID:15217090); GO_0016779 (EC: IEA); GO_0032057 (EC: ISS); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0043087 (EC: IMP, PMID:15054402); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051716 (EC: IDA, PMID:8626696) PMID:8626696; 8889549; 10737800; 10805739; 10858531; 10900014; 11076863; 11230166; 11323413; 11835386; 12477932; 12499492; 12707859; 14702039; 15054402; 15060152; 15217090; 15489334; 15489336; 16169070; 16288713; 16289705; 16344560; 16381901; 16710414; 17353931; 18263758; 18632786; 20301435; 20379614; 21139048; 21484434; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22268729; 22312164; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23956138 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 3 gamma, 58kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000070785 HGNC:3259 HPRD:09379 MIM:606273 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008585 Other designations: eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor subunit gamma|translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit gamma EIF2B3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-2Bbeta EIF2B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2B2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 2 beta, 39kDa 8892 14q24.3 9606 14 GO_0001541 (EC: IMP, PMID:15507143); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:16289705); GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:11323413); GO_0005085 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:15054402); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15060152); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005525 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IBA); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:15060152); GO_0007417 (EC: IMP, PMID:15776425); GO_0009408 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:12499492); GO_0009749 (EC: ISS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0014003 (EC: IMP, PMID:15217090); GO_0019509 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0042552 (EC: IMP, PMID:14566705); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0043087 (EC: IMP, PMID:15054402); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0046523 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0051716 (EC: IDA, PMID:8626696) PMID:7596406; 8619474; 8626696; 8887689; 9110174; 9446619; 10805739; 10858531; 11323413; 11704758; 11959995; 12477932; 12499492; 12508121; 12707859; 14566705; 14993275; 15054402; 15060152; 15217090; 15489334; 15507143; 15776425; 16169070; 16225457; 16289705; 17878805; 18029348; 18263758; 18632786; 19913121; 20301435; 20434207; 20628086; 20734064; 21139048; 21795329; 21832049; 21890473; 21988832; 22053931; 22285377; 22729508; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23956138 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 2 beta, 39kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000119718 HGNC:3258 HPRD:05923 MIM:606454 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171764 Other designations: S20I15|S20III15|eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor subunit beta|translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit beta EIF2B2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CACH CLE EIF-2B EIF2Bepsilon LVWM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2B5 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 5 epsilon, 82kDa 8893 3q27.1 9606 3 GO_0001541 (EC: IMP, PMID:15507143); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:16289705); GO_0003743 (EC: NAS, PMID:8688466); GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:11323413); GO_0005085 (EC: IMP, PMID:15054402); GO_0005085 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:15060152); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005851 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0009408 (EC: IMP, PMID:15723074); GO_0009408 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:12499492); GO_0009749 (EC: ISS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0014002 (EC: IMP, PMID:15723074); GO_0014003 (EC: IMP, PMID:15217090); GO_0031369 (EC: ISS); GO_0032057 (EC: ISS); GO_0034976 (EC: IMP, PMID:16041584); GO_0035690 (EC: IDA, PMID:8626696); GO_0042552 (EC: IMP, PMID:14566705); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11323413); GO_0043087 (EC: IMP, PMID:15054402); GO_0043087 (EC: ISS); GO_0043434 (EC: ISS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045948 (EC: ISS); GO_0048708 (EC: IMP, PMID:15723074) PMID:8626696; 8688466; 9446619; 9468292; 10441579; 10805739; 10858531; 11323413; 11500362; 11704758; 12133000; 12325082; 12477932; 12499492; 12707859; 14566705; 14572143; 14702039; 14993275; 15054402; 15060152; 15217090; 15302935; 15489334; 15507143; 15723074; 16041584; 16097034; 16289705; 16730941; 17081983; 17353931; 17439913; 17646634; 18263758; 18294360; 18562513; 18565837; 18632786; 18854154; 19913121; 20301435; 20628086; 20734064; 20975056; 21204011; 21307862; 21503715; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 22472876; 22939629; 23956138 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 5 epsilon, 82kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000145191 HGNC:3261 HPRD:04898 MIM:603945 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156840 Other designations: eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor subunit epsilon|translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit epsilon EIF2B5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF2 EIF2B EIF2beta PPP1R67 eIF-2-beta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2S2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta, 38kDa 8894 20q11.2 9606 20 GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0002176 (EC: IEA); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS, PMID:3044606); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:16289705); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16288713); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005850 (EC: TAS, PMID:3044606); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:10805737); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID:1104615; 3044606; 8024572; 9079663; 9395514; 9442054; 9446619; 9933616; 10620360; 10648795; 10805737; 10805739; 11092890; 11739746; 11780052; 11959995; 12477932; 12588972; 12901717; 15489334; 15635413; 16169070; 16288713; 16289705; 16932749; 17081983; 18423202; 18639529; 18781797; 18850631; 20000738; 20434207; 20972266; 21139048; 21145461; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 22113938; 22174317; 22678362; 22813744; 22863883; 22939629; 22976474; 22990118; 23000965; 23455922; 24250222; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta, 38kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000125977 HGNC:3266 HPRD:04882 MIM:603908 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032287 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit beta|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 67 EIF2S2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PRAP RA70 SAPS SCAP2 SKAP-HOM SKAP55R WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SKAP2 src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2 8935 7p15.2 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005070 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9671755); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11390434); GO_0006461 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9671755); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9837776); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0009967 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9671755); GO_0042113 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 9671755; 9755858; 9837776; 10469599; 10527689; 10942756; 11063873; 11301322; 11390434; 12477932; 12690205; 12853948; 12893833; 15166227; 15489334; 15761153; 17081983; 17952125; 19380743; 19430480; 19807924; 19913121; 20378605; 20628086; 21719704; 21832049; 21906983; 22745667; 23128233; 23161539 src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000005020 HGNC:15687 HPRD:05558 MIM:605215 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023495 Other designations: Fyn-associated phosphoprotein SKAP55 homologue|Pyk2/RAFTK-associated protein|SKAP-55HOM|SKAP55 homolog|retinoic acid-induced protein 70|src family associated phosphoprotein 2|src family-associated phosphoprotein 2|src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2|src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 55-related protein|src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55-related protein|src-associated adapter protein with PH and SH3 domains|src-associated adaptor protein SKAP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ANG3 ANGPT3 ARP1 AngY UNQ162 dJ595C2.2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL1 angiopoietin-like 1 9068 PSEC0154 1q25.2 9606 1 GO_0005102 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:10025962); GO_0007169 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19199708) PMID:8125298; 8889548; 9286704; 10025962; 10051567; 10318855; 10473614; 12477932; 12624729; 15284220; 15489334; 15542434; 15940350; 15950186; 16303743; 16710414; 18182823; 18644593; 19199708; 20819778; 23434592 angiopoietin-like 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000116194 HGNC:489 HPRD:04851 MIM:603874 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035075 Other designations: ANG-3|angioarrestin|angiopoietin 3|angiopoietin Y1|angiopoietin-3|angiopoietin-like protein 1|angiopoietin-related protein 1|dJ595C2.2 (angiopoietin Y1) ANGPTL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He eIF-4C WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF1AY eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-linked 9086 Yq11.223 9606 Y GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12569173) PMID:9381176; 10747295; 12477932; 12569173; 12815422; 14660691; 15064832; 15252450; 15342556; 15489334; 15613541; 16713569; 16936303; 18029348; 19605777; 20031959; 20823116; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21906983; 22158087; 22365286; 22505724; 23000965; 23602568; 24319994 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-linked Ensembl:ENSG00000198692 HGNC:3252 HPRD:02455 MIM:400014 Vega:OTTHUMG00000036544 Other designations: eIF-1A Y isoform|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y chromosome|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-chromosomal|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4C EIF1AY Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HsT17299 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCNB2 cyclin B2 9133 15q22.2 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000079 (EC: IEA); GO_0000086 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15232106); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005813 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0007067 (EC: IEA); GO_0007077 (EC: TAS); GO_0015630 (EC: IDA); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0040007 (EC: IEA); GO_0043029 (EC: IEA); GO_0048538 (EC: IEA); GO_0051726 (EC: TAS) PMID: 1717476; 7474080; 7474100; 7494303; 7666531; 7737117; 8070405; 8125298; 9094673; 9356466; 9520381; 9539739; 9560267; 9926943; 10958988; 11076863; 11230166; 11256614; 11531413; 11878934; 11960377; 12477932; 12482752; 12727876; 14702039; 14718574; 15232106; 15489334; 15489336; 16381901; 17289878; 17388661; 17533373; 17549666; 18591933; 18692784; 19223528; 19454010; 19664331; 19738611; 19786724; 20360068; 20660152; 20972266; 21139048; 21161946; 21890473; 22916037; 22939629; 23282137; 23455922; 23602568 cyclin B2 Ensembl:ENSG00000157456 HGNC:1580 HPRD:04131 MIM:602755 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132715 Other designations: G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B2 CCNB2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SYNGR2 synaptogyrin 2 9144 UNQ352/PRO615 17q25.3 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0006605 (EC: IEA); GO_0008021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9760194); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 9446595; 9760194; 12477932; 12975309; 15489334; 17255364; 21139048; 21890473; 23000965 synaptogyrin 2 Other designations: cellugyrin|synaptogyrin-2 SYNGR2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LPC PC7 PC8 SPC7 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PCSK7 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 9159 11q23-q24 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004252 (EC: IBA); GO_0016486 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9341152); GO_0030173 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9341152) PMID: 7819324; 8125298; 8564950; 8615762; 8940009; 8995623; 9094426; 9341152; 9521771; 9820811; 10037747; 10050053; 10362256; 10409610; 10452538; 10715106; 10964928; 11051545; 11063880; 11104692; 11380615; 11723118; 12071862; 12084516; 12354117; 12477932; 14702039; 17242158; 18343183; 19322201; 20164418; 21075846; 21149283; 21209099; 21805236; 21805237; 21943158; 22294700; 22679642; 23390091; 23686857; 23775089 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 HGNC:8748 HPRD:05339 MIM:604872 Other designations: lymphoma proprotein convertase|prohormone convertase 7|prohormone convertase PC7|proprotein convertase 7|proprotein convertase 8|proprotein convertase PC7|subtilisin/kexin-like protease PC7 PCSK7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LZK MEKK13 MLK WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MAP3K13 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13 9175 3q27 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000186 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11726277); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9353328); GO_0004709 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11726277); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11726277); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11726277); GO_0007254 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11726277); GO_0008385 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 12492477); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9353328); GO_0019901 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9353328); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11163770); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11163770); GO_0046777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9353328); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051092 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12492477) PMID: 8274451; 9353328; 11163770; 11726277; 12186766; 12477932; 12492477; 14702039; 15489334; 20379614; 21988832; 22505724; 22623531; 22837378 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000073803 HGNC:6852 HPRD:05372 MIM:604915 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156673 Other designations: leucine zipper-bearing kinase|mixed lineage kinase MAP3K13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GUA GURDB RH-II/GU RH-II/GuA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDX21 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 21 9188 10q21 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003725 (EC: IEA); GO_0004004 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8614622); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0006200 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8614622); GO_0009615 (EC: IEA); GO_0043330 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID: 8614622; 9177271; 10860663; 11237763; 11790298; 11823437; 11891046; 12477932; 12777385; 14559904; 15164054; 15302935; 15367657; 15489334; 15635413; 15840729; 15848144; 16045751; 16159877; 16385451; 16565220; 17081983; 17353931; 18029348; 18180292; 18781797; 19394292; 19454010; 19596686; 19710015; 19738201; 20020773; 20360068; 20431927; 20462248; 20800221; 20873769; 21044950; 21139048; 21145461; 21149631; 21182205; 21252943; 21319273; 21385873; 21726808; 21890473; 21907836; 22108332; 22113938; 22174317; 22178446; 22268729; 22446626; 22586326; 22623428; 22751105; 22939629; 22952844; 23000965; 23145133; 23151878; 23184937; 23277564; 23398456; 23419719; 23455922; 23503679; 23602568; 24457600 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 21 Ensembl:ENSG00000165732 HGNC:2744 HPRD:05895 MIM:606357 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018366 Other designations: DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 21|DEAD box protein 21|DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 21|Gu protein|RH II/Gu|RNA helicase II/Gu alpha|gu-alpha|nucleolar RNA helicase 2|nucleolar RNA helicase Gu|nucleolar RNA helicase II DDX21 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NOPP130 NOPP140 NS5ATP13 P130 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NOLC1 nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 9221 10q24.32 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17620599); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006364 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7657714); GO_0007000 (EC: IEA); GO_0007049 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7657714); GO_0007067 (EC: TAS, PMID: 7657714); GO_0015030 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7584026; 7584028; 7657714; 8125298; 8630004; 8657117; 8889548; 8972203; 9013635; 9016786; 9553145; 9679133; 10567578; 11571651; 12167624; 12446766; 12477932; 12777385; 14702039; 15144186; 15146197; 15161933; 15302935; 15324660; 15385968; 16341674; 16344560; 16385451; 16964243; 17001309; 17038328; 17081983; 17342744; 17353931; 17531812; 17620599; 18029348; 18253863; 18790693; 19129172; 19381672; 19471022; 19541936; 19608861; 20360068; 21139048; 21264300; 21266110; 21693764; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 22178446; 22190034; 22586326; 22751105; 22863883; 22906532; 22939629; 22952844; 23000965; 23188192; 23398456; 23455922; 24218616; 24457600 nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000166197 HGNC:15608 MIM:602394 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018944 Other designations: 140 kDa nucleolar phosphoprotein|HCV NS5A trans-regulated protein 13|HCV NS5A-transactivated protein 13|hepatitis C virus NS5A-transactivated protein 13|nucleolar 130 kDa protein|nucleolar and coiled-body phosphprotein 1|nucleolar phosphoprotein p130|nucleolar protein p130 NOLC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He RECQ5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RECQL5 RecQ protein-like 5 9400 17q25 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000993 (EC: IDA); GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0003678 (EC: IDA); GO_0003678 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10710432); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10710432); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10710432); GO_0006259 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10710432); GO_0006260 (EC: IMP); GO_0006281 (EC: IMP); GO_0006310 (EC: IEA); GO_0007067 (EC: IMP); GO_0008026 (EC: IEA); GO_0016591 (EC: IDA); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA); GO_0032508 (EC: IDA); GO_0032508 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10710432); GO_0032508 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9878247); GO_0034244 (EC: IDA); GO_0051304 (EC: IMP) PMID: 9878247; 10471747; 10710432; 12477932; 15241474; 15342556; 15489334; 16169070; 16344560; 17003056; 18003859; 18029348; 18290761; 18419580; 18562274; 19270065; 19570979; 20081208; 20231364; 20348101; 20643585; 21145461; 21402780; 21890473; 21988832; 22633600; 22645136; 22939629; 22973052; 22990118; 23180761; 23627586; 23748380 RecQ protein-like 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000108469 HGNC:9950 HPRD:04806 MIM:603781 Vega:OTTHUMG00000179795 Other designations: ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5|DNA helicase, RecQ-like type 5 RECQL5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He D6D DES6 FADSD6 LLCDL2 SLL0262 TU13 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FADS2 fatty acid desaturase 2 9415 11q12.2 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004768 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9867867); GO_0006636 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9867867); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0033559 (EC: TAS); GO_0036109 (EC: TAS); GO_0043651 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 9445487; 9867867; 10860662; 12147235; 12477932; 12562861; 12713571; 12851727; 12951357; 14702039; 16196087; 16303743; 16344560; 16670158; 16713569; 16893529; 16908951; 17284757; 17852835; 17984066; 18320251; 18479586; 18626191; 18842780; 18936223; 18937842; 19060906; 19060910; 19060911; 19144731; 19148276; 19352218; 19546342; 19776639; 19809313; 19875987; 19913121; 19948371; 20045144; 20335541; 20339536; 20364269; 20379614; 20395685; 20427696; 20484448; 20562440; 20565855; 20615514; 20628086; 20644632; 20686565; 20691134; 20694148; 20714348; 20948998; 20972250; 20980488; 21040914; 21106917; 21139048; 21414826; 21560298; 21605700; 21629299; 21733300; 21793953; 21818279; 21829377; 21890473; 21917437; 21980057; 21987572; 22001757; 22140540; 22194195; 22286219; 22359512; 22505724; 22619218; 22629455; 22748975; 22877655; 22916037; 22960237; 23000965; 23128233; 23160180; 23211517; 23221573; 23362303; 23378610; 23414387; 23464991; 23555103; 23667444; 23737301; 23844124 fatty acid desaturase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000134824 HGNC:3575 HPRD:05854 MIM:606149 Vega:OTTHUMG00000163794 Other designations: delta(6) desaturase|delta(6) fatty acid desaturase|delta-6 desaturase|delta-6 fatty acid desaturase|delta-6-desaturase|linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-6-desaturase)-like 2 FADS2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CBAS3 CP7B SPG5A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP7B1 cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 9420 8q21.3 9606 8 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: IEA); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008203 (EC: IEA); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0008396 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0033147 (EC: IEA); GO_0033783 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0050679 (EC: IEA); GO_0060740 (EC: IEA) PMID:7987300; 9559267; 9802883; 10588945; 12477932; 12721789; 14521990; 15003524; 15007371; 15128046; 15181079; 15698543; 15751070; 16630558; 17467270; 17680536; 18055760; 18252231; 18331353; 18676680; 18790053; 18855023; 19170196; 19187859; 19343046; 19363635; 19439420; 19625176; 19687010; 19692168; 19732851; 19913121; 20628086; 21214876; 21452256; 21541746; 21567895; 21890473; 22174851; 23180418; 23393555; 23400010 cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000172817 HGNC:2652 HPRD:04753 MIM:603711 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164387 Other designations: 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 7B1|cytochrome P450, subfamily VIIB (oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase), polypeptide 1|oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase|oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase CYP7B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARC130 CRSP130 CRSP133 CRSP3 DRIP130 MRT18 SUR-2 SUR2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MED23 mediator complex subunit 23 9439 RP5-914N13.2 6q22.33-q24.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9989412); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17438371); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005667 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9989412); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9989412); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9989412); GO_0006367 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016592 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9989412; 10235266; 10235267; 10353252; 10574462; 10823961; 10993082; 11076863; 11230166; 11416138; 11834832; 11867769; 11934987; 12089346; 12242338; 12421765; 12477932; 12543799; 14574404; 14638676; 14657022; 14759369; 15175163; 15489336; 15572696; 15893730; 15989967; 16147992; 16204234; 16239144; 16381901; 16799563; 16964286; 17438371; 18418385; 18660489; 18691967; 19322201; 19913121; 20098423; 20133760; 20508642; 20628086; 20720539; 21139048; 21729782; 21868677; 21890473; 21906983; 22505724; 22797925; 22939629; 22988093; 23022380; 23275444; 23322298; 23340209; 23602568 mediator complex subunit 23 Ensembl:ENSG00000112282 HGNC:2372 HPRD:05436 MIM:605042 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015565 Other designations: 130 kDa transcriptional co-activator|133 kDa transcriptional co-activator|activator-recruited cofactor 130 kDa component|cofactor required for Sp1 transcriptional activation subunit 3|mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23|vitamin D3 receptor interacting protein MED23 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PEK PERK WRS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2AK3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 9451 2p12 9606 2 GO_0001501 (EC: ISS); GO_0001503 (EC: IMP, PMID:12086964); GO_0002063 (EC: ISS); GO_0004672 (EC: TAS, PMID:10026192); GO_0004674 (EC: ISS); GO_0004674 (EC: TAS); GO_0004694 (EC: IDA, PMID:10026192); GO_0004694 (EC: IMP, PMID:12086964); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:11907036); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: IC, PMID:11907036); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID:12086964); GO_0005789 (EC: ISS); GO_0005789 (EC: NAS, PMID:11907036); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: ISS); GO_0006919 (EC: ISS); GO_0006983 (EC: IDA, PMID:10677345); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0007029 (EC: ISS); GO_0007595 (EC: IEA); GO_0009967 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017148 (EC: TAS, PMID:12086964); GO_0019217 (EC: IEA); GO_0019722 (EC: ISS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI); GO_0019903 (EC: IPI); GO_0030073 (EC: ISS); GO_0030282 (EC: ISS); GO_0030968 (EC: IDA, PMID:10677345); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS, PMID:19816510); GO_0031018 (EC: IMP, PMID:12086964); GO_0031642 (EC: ISS); GO_0032057 (EC: TAS, PMID:10677345); GO_0032092 (EC: IEA); GO_0032933 (EC: IEA); GO_0034976 (EC: IMP, PMID:19061639); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID:11907036); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045444 (EC: IEA); GO_0046777 (EC: IDA, PMID:10026192); GO_0046777 (EC: IMP, PMID:12086964); GO_0048009 (EC: ISS); GO_0051260 (EC: IMP, PMID:11907036); GO_0070059 (EC: IEA) PMID:1677563; 8099443; 9819435; 10026192; 10542257; 10575235; 10677345; 10848580; 10932183; 11555640; 11907036; 12014989; 12086964; 12370288; 12446770; 12446838; 12477932; 12610133; 14517290; 15146197; 15220213; 15234121; 15483661; 15489334; 15650164; 16147992; 16148948; 16288713; 16344560; 16720581; 17229688; 17785458; 17823375; 18063576; 18216498; 18426796; 18451152; 18664456; 18787411; 19009018; 19029953; 19061639; 19586904; 19816510; 19837917; 19913121; 20072656; 20103619; 20202148; 20348950; 20371724; 20379614; 20457808; 20463975; 20628086; 20709135; 20800603; 20881960; 21385877; 21419175; 21464971; 21518408; 21648287; 21685912; 21709020; 22028037; 22072062; 22169477; 22246806; 22253692; 22354021; 22446326; 22795130; 22813743; 22915762; 22917505; 22956602; 23103912; 23110043; 23116876; 23160380; 23471998; 23585173; 23592989; 23759358; 24103755; 24114838; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000172071 HGNC:3255 HPRD:04942 MIM:604032 Vega:OTTHUMG00000155046 Other designations: PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3|hsPEK|pancreatic EIF2-alpha kinase EIF2AK3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4E-LP 4EHP EIF4EL3 IF4e WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4E2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 9470 2q37.1 9606 2 GO_0000339 (EC: TAS, PMID:9582349); GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16189514); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005845 (EC: IDA, PMID:17368478); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:9582349); GO_0017148 (EC: IMP); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID:14623119); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:9582349; 9653160; 11042152; 12477932; 14623119; 14702039; 15094042; 15153109; 15489334; 16189514; 16344560; 17289916; 17353931; 17368478; 17369309; 17979178; 19060904; 19615732; 20379614; 20467438; 20531386; 21079520; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 22751931; 23940030; 24250222; 24255178 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000135930 HGNC:3293 HPRD:05798 MIM:605895 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133256 Other designations: eIF-4E type 2|eIF4E-like cap-binding protein|eIF4E-like protein 4E-LP|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E homologous protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-like 3|mRNA cap-binding protein type 3 EIF4E2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSN1C LCB2 LCB2A NSAN1C SPT2 hLCB2a WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SPTLC2 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 2 9517 14q24.3 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004758 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19416851); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006686 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017059 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19416851); GO_0030148 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19416851); GO_0030170 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046511 (EC: IEA); GO_0046512 (EC: IEA); GO_0046513 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7506601; 8889549; 8921873; 9363775; 9628581; 10722674; 10737800; 12207934; 12445191; 12477932; 12508121; 15489334; 16147992; 17081983; 17194770; 17331073; 19416851; 20877624; 20920666; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 23658386 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000100596 HGNC:11278 HPRD:05755 MIM:605713 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171540 Other designations: LCB 2|SPT 2|long chain base biosynthesis protein 2a|serine palmitoyltransferase 2|serine palmitoyltransferase, subunit II|serine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase 2 SPTLC2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GDF-15 MIC-1 MIC1 NAG-1 PDF PLAB PTGFB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15 9518 19p13.11 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005125 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9326641); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9326641); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9348093); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9326641); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 9326641; 9348093; 9375789; 9426002; 9593718; 10524241; 10777512; 10811612; 11102463; 11134143; 11141057; 11259636; 11278594; 11445565; 11895857; 11994274; 12011055; 12082608; 12090982; 12139236; 12477932; 12514175; 12624183; 12855642; 12894347; 12900512; 12941831; 14575402; 14662774; 14726168; 15073115; 15316060; 15342369; 15670751; 15677629; 15757899; 15900300; 16154591; 16286461; 16388506; 16397141; 16484622; 16699947; 16741990; 16775185; 17050687; 17192395; 17328047; 17548705; 17637746; 17721544; 17908975; 17909264; 17982462; 18029348; 18264720; 18359786; 18398830; 18550273; 18624398; 18657084; 18676680; 18754039; 18801729; 18824595; 19047680; 19060904; 19074584; 19100681; 19125423; 19133249; 19152406; 19168526; 19170196; 19302795; 19341722; 19357976; 19375854; 19401523; 19470878; 19505289; 19505919; 19515791; 19521960; 19625176; 19692168; 19695766; 19913121; 19946339; 20024638; 20031597; 20067113; 20104227; 20130018; 20160200; 20167682; 20193126; 20215826; 20237496; 20357380; 20385121; 20431030; 20534737; 20576287; 20628086; 20800603; 20854422; 20855664; 20860541; 20884666; 20937742; 20966402; 20975101; 21097678; 21245963; 21312063; 21336029; 21437897; 21475976; 21487066; 21503121; 21504622; 21535154; 21548946; 21586550; 21616994; 21645023; 21773947; 21803025; 21809352; 21865063; 21881845; 21906983; 22023041; 22064648; 22144502; 22160844; 22180562; 22231869; 22301101; 22341306; 22365732; 22384099; 22484283; 22505696; 22511768; 22723347; 22815297; 22872134; 22975449; 23071585; 23146921; 23154866; 23262134; 23328263; 23335088; 23468844; 23503457; 23799024; 23836903; 23850849; 23996089; 24136234; 24345755 growth differentiation factor 15 Ensembl:ENSG00000130513 HGNC:30142 HPRD:05608 MIM:605312 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183360 Other designations: NRG-1|NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)-activated protein 1|NSAID-activated gene 1 protein|NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein|PTGF-beta|growth/differentiation factor 15|macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1|placental TGF-beta|placental bone morphogenetic protein|prostate differentiation factor GDF15 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IKK-E IKK-i IKKE IKKI WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IKBKE inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase epsilon 9641 RP11-534L20.1 1q32.1 9606 1 GO_0002224 (EC: TAS); GO_0002756 (EC: TAS); GO_0004704 (EC: IDA, PMID:10882136); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14743216); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID:10882136); GO_0006955 (EC: NAS, PMID:10421793); GO_0008384 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IMP); GO_0010008 (EC: TAS); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA); GO_0032480 (EC: TAS); GO_0034138 (EC: TAS); GO_0034142 (EC: TAS); GO_0035666 (EC: TAS); GO_0038061 (EC: IDA, PMID:10882136); GO_0043123 (EC: IEP, PMID:12761501); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS) PMID:8590280; 8889548; 9914500; 10421793; 10759890; 10882136; 11470787; 11839743; 11902829; 11959143; 12133833; 12477932; 12676577; 12692549; 12736252; 12761501; 14560022; 14702039; 14743216; 15276183; 15367631; 15489227; 15489334; 15550384; 15556946; 15661910; 15695821; 15767399; 15879144; 15939554; 16177806; 16281057; 16299251; 16344560; 16380379; 16393995; 16710414; 16731946; 16840782; 16888014; 16914100; 17003035; 17327220; 17328045; 17353931; 17468758; 17568778; 17574021; 17599067; 17823124; 18029348; 18353649; 18434448; 18636086; 18636090; 19153231; 19380491; 19481526; 19497997; 19786281; 19820708; 19913121; 19940156; 20188669; 20449947; 20581830; 20588308; 20628086; 20634891; 21171089; 21179067; 21200404; 21212807; 21221132; 21271611; 21464307; 21685032; 21718646; 21885437; 21903422; 21906983; 21908616; 21987572; 22065572; 22072751; 22079989; 22266464; 22330135; 22505724; 22531926; 22532683; 22552702; 22787218; 22851696; 22939624; 22942254; 23007157; 23096996; 23157677; 23308279; 23365428; 23453969; 23478265; 23535865; 23691078; 23816933; 23873932; 23950712 inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase epsilon Ensembl:ENSG00000143466 HGNC:14552 HPRD:05442 MIM:605048 Vega:OTTHUMG00000036346 Other designations: I-kappa-B kinase epsilon|IKK-epsilon|IKK-related kinase epsilon|inducible I kappa-B kinase|inducible IkappaB kinase|inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon IKBKE Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GCC185 RANBP2L4 REN53 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GCC2 GRIP and coiled-coil domain containing 2 9648 2q12.3 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000042 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16885419); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0005802 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16885419); GO_0006622 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16885419); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0031023 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17543864); GO_0034067 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16885419); GO_0034453 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17543864); GO_0034499 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16885419); GO_0042147 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17488291); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18243103); GO_0043001 (EC: IMP, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 16885419); GO_0070861 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17488291); GO_0071955 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17488291); GO_0090161 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16885419) PMID: 8889548; 9205841; 10508479; 11149944; 12200376; 12446665; 12477932; 12972563; 14702039; 15489334; 15522892; 15654769; 15815621; 16344560; 16885419; 16964243; 17488291; 17543864; 18029348; 18243103; 18946081; 19013454; 19615732; 19703403; 21139048; 21875948; 21890473; 22159419; 22939629; 23000965 GRIP and coiled-coil domain containing 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000135968 HGNC:23218 HPRD:11001 MIM:612711 Vega:OTTHUMG00000153214 Other designations: 185 kDa Golgi coiled-coil protein|CLL-associated antigen KW-11|CTCL tumor antigen se1-1|GCC protein, 185-kD|GRIP and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2|Golgi coiled-coil protein GCC185|Ran-binding protein 2-like 4|renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-53 GCC2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF5B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B 9669 2q11.2 9606 2 GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, PMID:10432305); GO_0003743 (EC: NAS, PMID:10200264); GO_0003924 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12569173); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IDA, PMID:10432305); GO_0006446 (EC: NAS, PMID:10200264); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8621719; 9872452; 10200264; 10432305; 11699879; 12477932; 12514125; 12569173; 14702039; 15302935; 16097034; 16964243; 17081983; 17161026; 17361185; 17568775; 18572216; 19135240; 19738201; 20195357; 20211142; 20562859; 21139048; 21145461; 21151833; 21697471; 21890473; 21907836; 21926972; 21963094; 22108332; 22113938; 22586326; 22678362; 22863883; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B Ensembl:ENSG00000158417 HGNC:30793 HPRD:07304 MIM:606086 Vega:OTTHUMG00000153242 Other designations: eIF-5B|translation initiation factor IF-2|translation initiation factor IF2 EIF5B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EDEM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EDEM1 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 1 9695 3p26.1 9606 3 GO_0004571 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:12610306); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16449189); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0030176 (EC: ISS); GO_0030433 (EC: ISS); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID:19524542) PMID:9039502; 11375934; 12477932; 12610305; 12610306; 15146197; 15489334; 15579471; 16449189; 16629899; 17353931; 17360537; 17380188; 17499246; 18303019; 18452703; 19266160; 19322201; 19524542; 19934218; 20065073; 21062743; 21388347; 21632540; 21917589; 22678362; 22905195; 23233672 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000134109 HGNC:18967 HPRD:09644 MIM:607673 Vega:OTTHUMG00000154896 Other designations: ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1 EDEM1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HERP Mif1 SUP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HERPUD1 homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1 9709 16q13 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005789 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10922362); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006511 (EC: IEA); GO_0006874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: IEP, PMID: 10708769); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0031396 (EC: IEA); GO_0032092 (EC: IEA); GO_0043154 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7584026; 8125298; 8619474; 9110174; 10708769; 10922362; 11112790; 11799129; 12153396; 12370023; 12477932; 14550564; 15489334; 16169070; 16189514; 16289116; 16344560; 16713569; 16940180; 17020760; 17310145; 17420289; 18042451; 18307982; 18656546; 19251110; 19447887; 19788048; 20031564; 20054003; 20147634; 20604806; 20694148; 20838585; 20936779; 21139048; 21149444; 21832049; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21965653; 23372434; 23505323; 23867461; 24120520 homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000051108 HGNC:13744 HPRD:07456 MIM:608070 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133276 Other designations: MMS-inducible|homocysteine-inducible endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein|homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein|methyl methanesulfonate (MMF)-inducible fragment protein 1 HERPUD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NS5ATP9 OEATC OEATC-1 OEATC1 PAF PAF15 p15(PAF) p15/PAF p15PAF WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene KIAA0101 KIAA0101 9768 L5 15q22.31 20140408 9606 15 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006260 (EC: IDA); GO_0006974 (EC: IDA); GO_0009411 (EC: IDA); GO_0019985 (EC: IMP); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA); GO_0051297 (EC: IMP); GO_0051726 (EC: IMP) PMID: 7788527; 11313979; 12477932; 15334068; 15489334; 15789362; 16288740; 16646990; 17207965; 17213182; 17875765; 18068894; 18727915; 18781797; 19219066; 20118010; 20639865; 20972266; 21070969; 21139048; 21263028; 21628590; 21673012; 21689861; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22096502; 22505724; 22576474; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23157749; 23209346; 23240630; 23593430; 23698777; 24055345; 24145239; 24197986 KIAA0101 Ensembl:ENSG00000166803 HGNC:28961 HPRD:13778 MIM:610696 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133017 Other designations: HCV NS5A-transactivated protein 9|PCNA-associated factor|PCNA-associated factor of 15 kDa|hepatitis C virus NS5A-transactivated protein 9|overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 1 KIAA0101 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DDX48 MUK34 NMP265 NUK34 RCPS eIF4AIII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4A3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 9775 17q25.3 9606 17 GO_0000184 (EC: IMP, PMID:16209946); GO_0000184 (EC: TAS); GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0000398 (EC: IC, PMID:11991638); GO_0003729 (EC: IDA); GO_0004004 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10523622); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006200 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0006364 (EC: IEA); GO_0008143 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016607 (EC: IEA); GO_0017148 (EC: IDA, PMID:10523622); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0035145 (EC: IDA, PMID:16601204); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045727 (EC: IMP, PMID:18423201); GO_0051028 (EC: IEA); GO_0071013 (EC: IDA, PMID:11991638) PMID:7788527; 10523622; 10623621; 11991638; 12127692; 12477932; 14730019; 14973490; 15024115; 15034551; 15324660; 15489334; 15635413; 15796914; 16159877; 16170325; 16189514; 16196087; 16209946; 16344560; 16452507; 16601204; 16923391; 16931718; 17190602; 17361185; 17456004; 17606899; 17632064; 17643375; 18337751; 18423201; 18427545; 18781797; 18954305; 18974867; 19417104; 19435936; 19471022; 19738201; 19884259; 20360068; 20371770; 20639865; 20972266; 21081666; 21110914; 21139048; 21145460; 21145461; 21319273; 21576267; 21853274; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22178446; 22268729; 22365833; 22505724; 22623428; 22863883; 22939629; 22952844; 22961380; 23000965; 23084401; 23602568; 24218557; 24360810; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 Ensembl:ENSG00000141543 HGNC:18683 HPRD:06482 MIM:608546 Vega:OTTHUMG00000177538 Other designations: ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX48|ATP-dependent RNA helicase eIF4A-3|DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 48|DEAD box protein 48|NMP 265|eIF-4A-III|eIF4A-III|eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III|eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-like NUK-34|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A|hNMP 265|nuclear matrix protein 265 EIF4A3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MAS20 MOM19 TOM20 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TOMM20 translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast) 9804 RP4-597N16.2 1q42 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14557246); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005742 (EC: NAS, PMID: 7498524); GO_0005742 (EC: TAS, PMID: 14557246); GO_0006626 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14557246); GO_0006626 (EC: TAS); GO_0015450 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14557246); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051082 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14557246); GO_0071806 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14557246) PMID: 7498524; 7584026; 7584028; 7589431; 9119086; 9211931; 9748310; 9756929; 10548729; 10980201; 10982837; 11027586; 11913975; 12477932; 14557246; 14699115; 15489334; 15644312; 15733919; 16169070; 16710414; 17081983; 18029348; 19322201; 20686565; 20877624; 21771790; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22280891; 22610502; 22939629; 23000965; 23165776; 23251661; 23275563; 23885119; 24250222 translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast) Ensembl:ENSG00000173726 HGNC:20947 HPRD:03507 MIM:601848 Vega:OTTHUMG00000039619 Other designations: mitochondrial 20 kDa outer membrane protein|mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog|outer mitochondrial membrane receptor Tom20|translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog type II TOMM20 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DJC6 PARK19 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC6 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 6 9829 1p31.3 9606 1 GO_0004725 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006892 (EC: TAS); GO_0017124 (EC: IEA); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS) PMID:8524399; 9455477; 9455484; 11031247; 11147971; 11252894; 11470803; 12477932; 12732633; 15342556; 15489334; 15502813; 16710414; 18489706; 19165527; 19851296; 20198315; 22216198; 22365833; 22563501; 22647716; 23211418 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000116675 HGNC:15469 HPRD:16326 MIM:608375 Vega:OTTHUMG00000009066 Other designations: DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6|auxilin|putative tyrosine-protein phosphatase auxilin DNAJC6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SEC24D SEC24 family member D 9871 4q26 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0002474 (EC: TAS); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006888 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10329445); GO_0006888 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0012507 (EC: TAS); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0019886 (EC: TAS); GO_0030127 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10329445); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048208 (EC: TAS); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS) PMID: 9872452; 10075675; 10329445; 11031247; 11252894; 12477932; 14702039; 15231748; 15580264; 16189514; 16344560; 17210573; 20332099; 20379614; 20889976; 21890473; 21906983; 22404651; 22863883; 22939629; 24250222 SEC24 family member D Other designations: SEC24 family, member D|SEC24 related gene family, member D|SEC24-related protein D|protein transport protein Sec24D SEC24D Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARK5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUAK1 NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 1 9891 12q23.3 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002039 (EC: IPI); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19927127); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19927127); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006974 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: IEA); GO_0015630 (EC: IDA); GO_0030155 (EC: IDA); GO_0035507 (EC: IDA); GO_0042127 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_2000772 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19927127) PMID: 9628581; 12409306; 12477932; 13679856; 14702039; 14976552; 15060171; 15273717; 15354411; 16044163; 16306228; 16488889; 17353931; 18254724; 19322201; 19927127; 20354225; 20602751; 20978832; 21317932; 21750233; 21832049; 22105900; 22460906; 23063350; 23080069; 23215946; 23419831; 23516026; 23934065; 23940030 NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000074590 HGNC:14311 HPRD:12171 MIM:608130 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169763 Other designations: AMP-activated protein kinase family member 5|AMPK-related protein kinase 5|NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 1|omphalocele kinase 1 NUAK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FAM34A FAM34A1 NET8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LPGAT1 lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 9926 1q32 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10942595); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016746 (EC: IEA); GO_0036148 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS) PMID: 9039502; 9637538; 10942595; 12477932; 15485873; 15489334; 17207965; 19322201; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 23362303; 23464991; 23505186 lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000123684 HGNC:28985 HPRD:14304 MIM:610473 Vega:OTTHUMG00000037120 Other designations: acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1|family with sequence similarity 34, member A LPGAT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BOV-1A BOV-1B BOV-1C C1DELq21.1 DEL1q21.1 MDS014 RBM8 RBM8B TAR Y14 ZNRP ZRNP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RBM8A RNA binding motif protein 8A 9939 HSPC114 1q21.1 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0000184 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16209946); GO_0000184 (EC: TAS); GO_0000381 (EC: IMP); GO_0000398 (EC: IC, PMID: 11991638); GO_0000398 (EC: TAS); GO_0003723 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11013075); GO_0003729 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11030346); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10662555); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11013075); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11030346); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006366 (EC: TAS); GO_0006369 (EC: TAS); GO_0006406 (EC: TAS); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0008380 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0016607 (EC: IEA); GO_0031124 (EC: TAS); GO_0035145 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16601204); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0071013 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11991638) PMID: 9222511; 9933612; 10662555; 11004516; 11013075; 11030346; 11042152; 11118221; 11447110; 11546873; 11546874; 11696323; 11707068; 11707413; 11991638; 12054603; 12093754; 12226669; 12477932; 12718880; 12730685; 12781131; 12944400; 14625303; 14730019; 15302935; 15489334; 15635413; 16083285; 16100109; 16159877; 16170325; 16189514; 16209946; 16303743; 16344560; 16452507; 16501559; 16601204; 16931718; 16964243; 17081983; 17456004; 18026120; 18029348; 18243119; 18503751; 19254694; 19410547; 19417104; 19471022; 19615732; 20098747; 20301781; 20371770; 21139048; 21145460; 21209085; 21832049; 22355610; 22365833; 22366785; 22939629; 22944692; 23084401; 23115303; 23602568; 23817415; 23940030; 23970407; 24244333; 24457600 RNA binding motif protein 8A Ensembl:ENSG00000131795 HGNC:9905 HPRD:05609 MIM:605313 Vega:OTTHUMG00000013736 Other designations: BOV-1|RNA binding motif protein 8B|RNA-binding motif protein 8A|RNA-binding protein 8A|RNA-binding protein Y14|binder of OVCA1-1|ribonucleoprotein RBM8|ribonucleoprotein RBM8A RBM8A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FGF19 fibroblast growth factor 19 9965 UNQ334/PRO533 11q13.1 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001755 (EC: IEA); GO_0005104 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10525310); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18829467); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9931477); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IGI, PMID: 18187602); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: IGI, PMID: 18187602); GO_0008543 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10525310); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046326 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17623664); GO_0046330 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12815072); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17623664); GO_0070858 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12815072) PMID: 9931477; 10525310; 10579907; 10652257; 11110663; 11294897; 11956156; 12057932; 12477932; 12792807; 12815072; 12975309; 14730967; 14976145; 15199049; 15340161; 15489334; 16597617; 17000708; 17339340; 17599042; 17623664; 17711860; 18187602; 18559909; 18829467; 19185005; 19233843; 19237543; 19681655; 20013647; 20018895; 20093562; 20453838; 20691689; 21397858; 21436455; 21437243; 21574752; 21653700; 21691104; 21747170; 21953282; 22166511; 22267484; 22396169; 22442730; 22561792; 23038264; 23064887; 23205607; 23329754; 23456506; 23940810; 24321096 fibroblast growth factor 19 Other designations: FGF-19 FGF19 This gene encodes a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is a key regulator of xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. The protein binds to DNA as a monomer or a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor and regulates the transcription of target genes involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance, such as cytochrome P450 family members. Unlike most nuclear receptors, this transcriptional regulator is constitutively active in the absence of ligand but is regulated by both agonists and inverse agonists. Ligand binding results in translocation of this protein to the nucleus, where it activates or represses target gene transcription. These ligands include bilirubin, a variety of foreign compounds, steroid hormones, and prescription drugs. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] https://omim.org/entry/603881 CAR Constitutive Activator Of Retinoid Response Constitutive Androstane Receptor MB67 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group I Member 3 NR1I3 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 RXR-interacting protein 14 bile acid receptor farnesoid X nuclear receptor farnesoid X-activated receptor farnesol receptor HRR-1 retinoid X receptor-interacting protein 14 NR1H4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HNUP153 N153 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUP153 nucleoporin 153kDa 9972 6p22.3 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005215 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8110839); GO_0005487 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11896061); GO_0005643 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12802065); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005975 (EC: TAS); GO_0007077 (EC: TAS); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0008645 (EC: TAS); GO_0010827 (EC: TAS); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0015758 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0017056 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15229283); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA); GO_0034399 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11839768); GO_0042405 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11839768); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI); GO_0043495 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12802065); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0044615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11839768); GO_0046718 (EC: IEA); GO_0046832 (EC: IDA); GO_0051028 (EC: IEA); GO_0051292 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12802065); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0075732 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7603572; 8110839; 9114010; 9275187; 9847314; 10069809; 10202161; 10601273; 10629106; 10668806; 10749866; 10891500; 11024021; 11073998; 11238447; 11266456; 11567018; 11574060; 11598013; 11777942; 11839768; 11896061; 12138183; 12163599; 12191473; 12192048; 12228227; 12477932; 12802065; 12894213; 12917407; 14578343; 14718558; 15229283; 15302935; 15522285; 15632149; 15659641; 16133350; 16344560; 16543150; 16964243; 17081983; 17255949; 17314511; 17426026; 17615301; 17916694; 18029348; 18068677; 18187620; 18391951; 18854154; 19158386; 19369352; 19454010; 19471022; 19596686; 19615732; 20126445; 20360068; 20561986; 20658144; 20936779; 21139048; 21145461; 21182205; 21318276; 21327100; 21327106; 21489275; 21555518; 21593146; 21693764; 21858095; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21983083; 22075984; 22082286; 22110128; 22118420; 22174692; 22249246; 22412018; 22505724; 22510057; 22586326; 22939629; 23000965; 23007389; 23251661; 23523133; 23752268 nucleoporin 153kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000124789 HGNC:8062 HPRD:04899 MIM:603948 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014312 Other designations: 153 kDa nucleoporin|nuclear pore complex protein Nup153|nuclear pore complex protein hnup153|nucleoporin Nup153 NUP153 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CED-4 FLASH RIP25 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP8AP2 caspase 8 associated protein 2 9994 RP11-63K6.3 6q15 9606 6 GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003714 (EC: IDA, PMID:12477726); GO_0005123 (EC: TAS, PMID:10235259); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12477726); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:12477726); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:12477726); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:17245429); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006919 (EC: IMP, PMID:17245429); GO_0006919 (EC: ISS); GO_0007049 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:10235259); GO_0008625 (EC: IMP, PMID:17245429); GO_0008625 (EC: ISS); GO_0008656 (EC: ISS); GO_0016505 (EC: ISS); GO_0016605 (EC: IDA, PMID:17245429); GO_0032184 (EC: IDA); GO_0036337 (EC: IMP, PMID:17245429); GO_0071260 (EC: IEP, PMID:19593445); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS, PMID:10235259) PMID:10235259; 10537104; 10718198; 11340079; 12168954; 12477726; 12477932; 14702039; 15069192; 15342556; 15489334; 15561718; 15592525; 15698540; 15840729; 16627760; 17003125; 17003126; 17245429; 17370265; 17696945; 18038312; 18408764; 18677100; 19406988; 19414860; 19471022; 19546234; 19573080; 19593445; 19615980; 19773279; 19854135; 20109966; 20237496; 20697732; 20801175; 20936779; 21139048; 21245389; 21338522; 21693764; 21696825; 21725362; 21906983; 21988832; 22216762; 22427918; 22595458; 23071092; 23086935; 23673342; 23953914 caspase 8 associated protein 2 HGNC:1510 HPRD:06048 MIM:606880 Other designations: CASP8 associated protein 2|CASP8-associated protein 2|FLASH homolog RIP25|FLICE associated huge|FLICE-associated huge protein|human FLASH CASP8AP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HNAACTE PTE-1 PTE-2 PTE1 PTE2 hACTE-III hTE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT8 acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 10005 RP3-337O18.2 20q13.12 9606 20 GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005782 (EC: IDA, PMID:10092594); GO_0005782 (EC: IMP, PMID:14709540); GO_0005782 (EC: TAS); GO_0006637 (EC: IDA, PMID:9299485); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016290 (EC: IDA, PMID:9299485); GO_0016559 (EC: IDA, PMID:15194431); GO_0033540 (EC: TAS); GO_0033559 (EC: TAS); GO_0033882 (EC: IEA); GO_0036109 (EC: TAS); GO_0043649 (EC: IDA, PMID:16141203); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047617 (EC: IDA, PMID:10092594); GO_0052815 (EC: IDA, PMID:9299485) PMID:9153233; 9299485; 10092594; 10799608; 10807905; 10944470; 11549316; 11755680; 11780052; 12477932; 14702039; 14709540; 15194431; 15489334; 16009940; 16103133; 16141203; 16335799; 16756494; 16940157; 17314511; 17624024; 20178365; 21139048; 21824805; 22002062; 22190034; 22810585; 23540296; 24457600 acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000101473 HGNC:15919 HPRD:06998 MIM:608123 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033045 Other designations: HIV-Nef associated acyl-CoA thioesterase|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 8|choloyl-CoA hydrolase|choloyl-coenzyme A thioesterase|long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA hydrolase|palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase|peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 1|peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A thioester hydrolase 1|peroxisomal long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase 1|thioesterase II|thioesterase III ACOT8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BAM BIM BOD WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BCL2L11 BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator) 10018 2q13 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001782 (EC: IEA); GO_0001783 (EC: IEA); GO_0001822 (EC: IEA); GO_0002262 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14596824); GO_0005741 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005874 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0006915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10381623); GO_0006919 (EC: IDA); GO_0007160 (EC: IEA); GO_0007283 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: IEA); GO_0008017 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0008017 (EC: IEA); GO_0008584 (EC: IEA); GO_0008630 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11546872); GO_0012505 (EC: IEA); GO_0019898 (EC: IEA); GO_0030879 (EC: IEA); GO_0032464 (EC: IDA); GO_0034976 (EC: IDA); GO_0035148 (EC: IEA); GO_0042475 (EC: IEA); GO_0043029 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0043065 (EC: TAS); GO_0043280 (EC: IEA); GO_0043525 (EC: IEA); GO_0043583 (EC: IEA); GO_0045787 (EC: IEA); GO_0046620 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048066 (EC: IEA); GO_0048070 (EC: IEA); GO_0048536 (EC: IEA); GO_0048538 (EC: IEA); GO_0048563 (EC: IEA); GO_0060139 (EC: IEA); GO_0060154 (EC: IEA); GO_0070242 (EC: IEA); GO_0090200 (EC: IGI); GO_0090200 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17289999); GO_0097140 (EC: IDA); GO_0097141 (EC: IDA); GO_0097190 (EC: TAS); GO_0097192 (EC: IEA); GO_0097193 (EC: TAS); GO_1900740 (EC: TAS); GO_1902110 (EC: IEA); GO_1902263 (EC: IEA); GO_2000271 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11997495); GO_2001244 (EC: IMP); GO_2001244 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8918887; 8929531; 9430630; 9463381; 9731710; 10198631; 10381623; 10576740; 10837489; 11050388; 11210187; 11301022; 11435715; 11546872; 11583631; 11734221; 11859372; 11997495; 12019181; 12095614; 12118373; 12198137; 12376548; 12388545; 12477932; 12486001; 12591950; 12787561; 12818176; 12844146; 14527951; 14555991; 14561217; 14596824; 14676826; 14681225; 14732682; 14764673; 14769789; 14970329; 14996839; 15014070; 15030401; 15096481; 15146197; 15147734; 15193260; 15378010; 15459900; 15486195; 15489334; 15509554; 15653751; 15661735; 15688014; 15694340; 15711598; 15721256; 15728578; 15731037; 15731089; 15767553; 15824087; 15843898; 15899862; 15989957; 16022280; 16051596; 16091744; 16148027; 16183168; 16213503; 16260615; 16282323; 16373335; 16476732; 16478725; 16697956; 16773715; 16810067; 16888645; 16951744; 17051334; 17062728; 17067554; 17074758; 17105963; 17151701; 17158029; 17188240; 17203211; 17207965; 17218274; 17251431; 17276340; 17289999; 17486061; 17499214; 17525735; 17531220; 17538248; 17637819; 17653091; 17686764; 17692808; 17698840; 17716672; 17717606; 17927446; 18006817; 18063582; 18064628; 18089817; 18165867; 18182577; 18195012; 18246127; 18251703; 18345036; 18348176; 18354037; 18391004; 18398508; 18413764; 18420585; 18508762; 18549468; 18651223; 18668139; 18677096; 18715233; 18715501; 18758461; 18806830; 18812174; 18925930; 18949058; 18981303; 19050264; 19052714; 19064725; 19100522; 19101511; 19141860; 19148187; 19150432; 19285955; 19300516; 19305426; 19308286; 19330811; 19332026; 19336552; 19403302; 19407828; 19494111; 19541822; 19573080; 19574221; 19587239; 19622586; 19622774; 19641506; 19737817; 19773279; 19773546; 19805519; 19850739; 19881544; 19893569; 19914305; 20010785; 20066663; 20074640; 20082325; 20086250; 20160166; 20206402; 20231287; 20237869; 20332261; 20348947; 20404322; 20431602; 20697841; 20700448; 20705940; 20819778; 20821734; 20841506; 20855536; 20861305; 20877573; 20878914; 20885957; 20959405; 21041309; 21130142; 21148306; 21148799; 21151127; 21247487; 21333317; 21339291; 21367852; 21375523; 21378313; 21415216; 21478148; 21481848; 21507240; 21533175; 21555518; 21613222; 21625639; 21655183; 21659544; 21671007; 21673341; 21729544; 21732363; 21808067; 21832049; 21899728; 21924351; 21937453; 21958719; 21984578; 21988832; 22071694; 22076535; 22081075; 22093624; 22131152; 22145099; 22160382; 22245094; 22270368; 22349704; 22388891; 22391963; 22426421; 22430213; 22516966; 22572381; 22609401; 22622039; 22628193; 22645134; 22742832; 22762551; 22788963; 22802411; 22819074; 22895567; 22905229; 23012423; 23047821; 23138847; 23152053; 23152504; 23235460; 23243017; 23270470; 23295054; 23301543; 23358890; 23382048; 23394612; 23402819; 23441183; 23500081; 23532334; 23633923; 23648111; 23681223; 23737756; 23770605; 23824909; 23874387; 23912711; 24074954; 24227856; 24239173 BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator) Ensembl:ENSG00000153094 HGNC:994 HPRD:04828 MIM:603827 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131256 Other designations: bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death|bcl-2 interacting protein Bim|bcl-2-like protein 11|bcl-2-related ovarian death agonist BCL2L11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DMRV GLCNE IBM2 NM Uae1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GNE glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase 10020 9p13.3 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9305888); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006045 (EC: IEA); GO_0006047 (EC: IEA); GO_0006054 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9305888); GO_0007155 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10334995); GO_0008761 (EC: IEA); GO_0009103 (EC: IEA); GO_0009384 (EC: IEA); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA); GO_0046380 (EC: IEA); GO_0046835 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9305888); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2443758; 2808337; 8439453; 8789455; 8889548; 9305887; 9305888; 10330343; 10334995; 10356312; 10431835; 11326336; 11528398; 11749051; 11916006; 12177386; 12325084; 12409274; 12473753; 12473769; 12473780; 12477932; 12497639; 12612874; 12743242; 12811782; 12913203; 12921793; 12927803; 14707127; 14972325; 15136692; 15146476; 15164053; 15342556; 15489334; 15670773; 15748884; 15833430; 15987957; 16810679; 16847058; 17118363; 17597614; 17698786; 17704511; 17718674; 18029348; 18373408; 18560563; 18653764; 18698493; 18815882; 19322201; 19841673; 19845164; 19917666; 20059379; 20175955; 20300792; 20301343; 20301439; 20346669; 21131200; 21139048; 21584309; 21708040; 21868336; 21906983; 21910480; 21963094; 22049060; 22196754; 22231866; 22343627; 22349865; 22507750; 22863883; 22883483; 23000965; 23238814; 23437777; 23549799; 24005727 glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase Ensembl:ENSG00000159921 HGNC:23657 HPRD:04825 MIM:603824 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019899 Other designations: N-acylmannosamine kinase|UDP-GlcNAc-2-epimerase/ManAc kinase|UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase|UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase|bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase GNE Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DJ4 DnaJ HHDJ1 HSJ-2 HSJ2 LGMD1D LGMD1E MRJ MSJ-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB6 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6 10049 tcag7.555 7q36.3 9606 7 GO_0001671 (EC: IDA, PMID:11896048); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10954706); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006457 (EC: IDA, PMID:11896048); GO_0030018 (EC: IDA); GO_0030036 (EC: IEA); GO_0030198 (EC: IEA); GO_0031072 (EC: IDA, PMID:10954706); GO_0032781 (EC: IDA, PMID:11896048); GO_0034504 (EC: IEA); GO_0043154 (EC: IDA, PMID:11896048); GO_0045109 (EC: IDA, PMID:10954706); GO_0045892 (EC: IEA); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID:10954706); GO_0051087 (EC: IDA, PMID:11896048); GO_0060710 (EC: IEA); GO_0060715 (EC: IEA); GO_0060717 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 10319584; 10954706; 11076863; 11147971; 11230166; 11256614; 11896048; 12069690; 12477932; 12690205; 12853948; 12974469; 14702039; 15182641; 15342353; 15489334; 15489336; 16196087; 16260608; 16381901; 16919237; 17081983; 17314511; 18029348; 18163532; 18184612; 18328103; 18373498; 18457437; 18624398; 18976975; 19002655; 20020773; 20159555; 20301582; 20301672; 20308539; 20372789; 20522561; 21139048; 21145461; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22334415; 22366786; 22455953; 22504047; 22505724; 22710984; 23000965; 23133382; 23394708; 23455922; 23612975; 23667531; 23752268; 24047968; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000105993 HGNC:14888 HPRD:07107 MIM:611332 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157242 Other designations: DnaJ-like 2 protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6|heat shock protein J2|limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1D (autosomal dominant) DNAJB6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AP1-mu2 HSMU1B MU-1B MU1B mu2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AP1M2 adaptor-related protein complex 1, mu 2 subunit 10053 19p13.2 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0005765 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006605 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10338135); GO_0006892 (EC: TAS); GO_0006903 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10338135); GO_0016032 (EC: TAS); GO_0019886 (EC: TAS); GO_0030131 (EC: IEA); GO_0030659 (EC: TAS); GO_0030665 (EC: IEA); GO_0032588 (EC: TAS); GO_0050690 (EC: TAS); GO_0061024 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7569928; 8125298; 8810314; 9714795; 9794796; 9882340; 10338135; 10535737; 10640811; 10887964; 11031247; 11157985; 11222723; 11252894; 11573956; 11694590; 12010461; 12086608; 12134076; 12477932; 14702039; 15182197; 15489334; 15569716; 16189514; 16343431; 16574660; 17145811; 17207965; 17220478; 17261850; 17381423; 18356317; 21048031; 21139048; 21163940; 21762802; 21890473; 21906983; 23000965; 23956138 adaptor-related protein complex 1, mu 2 subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000129354 HGNC:558 HPRD:06296 MIM:607309 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180584 Other designations: AP-1 complex subunit mu-2|AP-mu chain family member mu1B|HA1 47 kDa subunit 2|adaptor protein complex AP-1 mu-2 subunit|adaptor protein complex AP-1 subunit mu-2|adaptor-related protein complex 1 mu-2 subunit|adaptor-related protein complex 1 subunit mu-2|clathrin assembly protein complex 1 medium chain 2|clathrin assembly protein complex 1 mu-2 medium chain 2|clathrin coat assembly protein AP47 2|clathrin coat associated protein AP47 2|clathrin-associated adaptor medium chain mu2|golgi adaptor AP-1 47 kDa protein|golgi adaptor HA1/AP1 adaptin mu-2 subunit|mu-adaptin 2|mu1B-adaptin AP1M2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CALDAG-GEFI CALDAG-GEFII RASGRP V hRasGRP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RASGRP1 RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (calcium and DAG-regulated) 10125 15q14 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0001816 (EC: IEA); GO_0002437 (EC: IEA); GO_0005085 (EC: TAS); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9789079); GO_0007265 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9582122); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008289 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9582122); GO_0014066 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9582122); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0032252 (EC: IEA); GO_0032862 (EC: IEA); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0042629 (EC: IEA); GO_0043303 (EC: IEA); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0047496 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9582122; 9789079; 10087292; 11257115; 12477932; 12845332; 14583629; 15829980; 16344560; 17190838; 17283063; 17353931; 17576779; 17658605; 17702895; 17878389; 18711365; 18760455; 18840781; 19058789; 19100522; 19465406; 19960345; 20467438; 20670164; 21815871; 21829393; 21856938; 21966541; 21968647; 21976405; 22116551; 22939629; 22961080; 23128233 RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (calcium and DAG-regulated) Ensembl:ENSG00000172575 HGNC:9878 HPRD:04909 MIM:603962 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172379 Other designations: RAS guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein 1|RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1|calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II|guanine nucleotide exchange factor, calcium- and DAG-regulated, Rap1A|ras activator RasGRP RASGRP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He A121 EIF-1 EIF1A ISO1 SUI1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 10209 17q21.2 9606 17 GO_0003743 (EC: NAS, PMID:10347211); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID:10347211); GO_0006446 (EC: TAS, PMID:10347211); GO_0006950 (EC: NAS, PMID:10347211); GO_0008135 (EC: TAS, PMID:10347211); GO_0009048 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:7904817; 8889549; 10208429; 10228174; 10347211; 10754390; 11073994; 12477932; 15489334; 15592455; 16169070; 20921384; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22505724; 22813744; 22939629; 23000965; 23293029; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 HGNC:3249 HPRD:15449 Other designations: protein translation factor SUI1 homolog|sui1iso1 EIF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AngX CDT6 dJ647M16.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL7 angiopoietin-like 7 10218 RP4-647M16.2 1p36 9606 1 GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0006979 (EC: TAS, PMID:8026862) PMID:8026862; 8144038; 9727400; 11426320; 11682471; 12107410; 12477932; 12975309; 15340161; 15489334; 16710414; 17695521; 18421092; 21199193; 21697133; 21832049 angiopoietin-like 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000171819 HGNC:24078 HPRD:10818 Vega:OTTHUMG00000002002 Other designations: angiopoietin-like factor (CDT6)|angiopoietin-like protein 7|angiopoietin-related protein 7|cornea-derived transcript 6 protein ANGPTL7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GEPH GPH GPHRYN HKPX1 MOCODC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GPHN gephyrin 10243 14q23.3 20140408 9606 14 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0006777 (EC: IEA); GO_0007529 (EC: IEA); GO_0016740 (EC: TAS); GO_0030054 (EC: IEA); GO_0032324 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045211 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0061598 (EC: IEA); GO_0061599 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1319186; 1657993; 7546736; 9473484; 9990024; 10037506; 10325225; 10607391; 10718198; 10839351; 10900017; 10947798; 11095995; 11418245; 11554796; 11727829; 12097491; 12477932; 12535948; 12684523; 12754701; 12967995; 14622920; 14751928; 14760703; 15489334; 16964243; 17293395; 17347650; 18315564; 18334916; 18403029; 19615732; 19874574; 19913121; 20206270; 20301437; 20360068; 20379614; 20468064; 20622020; 20628086; 21071388; 21094642; 21139048; 21404332; 21726808; 21829170; 21988832; 22270318; 22778260; 22863883; 23077067; 23290196; 23393157; 23408424; 24128675; 24297911 gephyrin Ensembl:ENSG00000171723 HGNC:15465 HPRD:04893 MIM:603930 Vega:OTTHUMG00000029785 GPHN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CHIP HSPABP2 NY-CO-7 SDCCAG7 UBOX1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene STUB1 STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 10273 LA16c-313D11.6 16p13.3 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000151 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16275660); GO_0000209 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15781469); GO_0000209 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19713937); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15466472); GO_0004842 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19713937); GO_0004842 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16307917); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11146632); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006281 (EC: IEA); GO_0006511 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19713937); GO_0006515 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16831871); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16280320); GO_0019900 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17512523); GO_0030512 (EC: TAS); GO_0030544 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10330192); GO_0030579 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15781469); GO_0030674 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16307917); GO_0030911 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11146632); GO_0031371 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16307917); GO_0031398 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11146632); GO_0031625 (EC: IEA); GO_0031943 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11146632); GO_0032436 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11146632); GO_0034450 (EC: ISS); GO_0042405 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16831871); GO_0042803 (EC: ISS); GO_0043161 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15781469); GO_0045111 (EC: IDA); GO_0046332 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15781469); GO_0051604 (EC: TAS, PMID: 16307917); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16831871); GO_0051865 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16307917); GO_0051879 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11146632); GO_0070534 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16307917); GO_0071218 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16831871); GO_0090035 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16831871) PMID: 9610721; 10330192; 11146632; 11146634; 11157797; 11557750; 11676916; 11743028; 11805346; 12150907; 12200376; 12239347; 12477932; 12559985; 12574167; 12837759; 14532117; 14532270; 14612456; 14701756; 14962978; 15001357; 15046863; 15107424; 15189447; 15198682; 15215316; 15254225; 15302935; 15358145; 15447663; 15456869; 15466472; 15489334; 15525661; 15538384; 15611333; 15694383; 15708501; 15761032; 15761153; 15781469; 15911628; 15936278; 16037132; 16038411; 16111477; 16135753; 16169070; 16169850; 16207813; 16275660; 16280320; 16293251; 16307917; 16621797; 16682404; 16712791; 16714300; 16720573; 16725394; 16740632; 16809764; 16831871; 16895519; 16964243; 17081983; 17127076; 17157513; 17178836; 17209571; 17239458; 17304350; 17317785; 17324930; 17512523; 17545168; 17595347; 17666403; 17873020; 17875712; 17962192; 17963781; 18042044; 18094050; 18223694; 18292230; 18313385; 18388150; 18411298; 18436529; 18457437; 18485199; 18541707; 18655187; 18678647; 18718056; 18784277; 18818696; 18955503; 18988734; 19011619; 19056735; 19098309; 19103148; 19153604; 19165527; 19196961; 19198599; 19237536; 19240029; 19306926; 19362296; 19406989; 19465479; 19471022; 19478201; 19483080; 19524548; 19536328; 19648119; 19706771; 19713937; 19818709; 19875381; 19892702; 19913553; 19940151; 20029029; 20146531; 20151404; 20349136; 20413784; 20466727; 20588253; 20618441; 20661446; 20675402; 20677910; 20704274; 20724525; 20729196; 20811636; 20924358; 20943656; 20947504; 20947508; 20959453; 20974249; 20974815; 21044950; 21124777; 21139048; 21157430; 21209460; 21220432; 21268072; 21272160; 21293491; 21325980; 21358815; 21360678; 21454478; 21518764; 21549100; 21625540; 21652633; 21710689; 21767636; 21775628; 21793045; 21855799; 21860411; 21898230; 21911421; 21942715; 21988832; 21995445; 22038067; 22090276; 22101235; 22118674; 22128174; 22190034; 22190037; 22254155; 22271573; 22350907; 22350919; 22407479; 22427670; 22433856; 22492994; 22535373; 22543587; 22551455; 22670667; 22734001; 22824801; 22842904; 22863883; 22895543; 22939629; 23023377; 23109339; 23134341; 23237806; 23246967; 23256568; 23271055; 23322406; 23344957; 23410750; 23412384; 23431407; 23455922; 23482560; 23493285; 23554879; 23560854; 23602568; 23629654; 23679257; 23686137; 23729439; 23764847; 23865999; 23880665; 23904609; 23963841; 23973223; 23990462; 24023840; 24043303; 24250222; 24509416 STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Ensembl:ENSG00000103266 HGNC:11427 HPRD:06232 MIM:607207 Vega:OTTHUMG00000121140 Other designations: CLL-associated antigen KW-8|E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP|STIP1 homology and U box-containing protein 1|antigen NY-CO-7|carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein|heat shock protein A binding protein 2 (c-terminal)|serologically defined colon cancer antigen 7 STUB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GC20 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF1B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1B 10289 3p22.1 9606 3 GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0006446 (EC: NAS, PMID:7904817); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:7904817; 8125298; 10931946; 12477932; 15489334; 17353931; 19322201; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22053931; 22939629; 23000965; 23275563 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1B Ensembl:ENSG00000114784 HGNC:30792 HPRD:17032 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131388 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1b|protein translation factor SUI1 homolog GC20|translation factor sui1 homolog EIF1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DYT4 TUBB4 TUBB5 beta-5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TUBB4A tubulin, beta 4A class IVa 10382 19p13.3 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000086 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0003924 (EC: IEA); GO_0005200 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005874 (EC: IDA); GO_0005929 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS); GO_0007017 (EC: IEA); GO_0033269 (EC: IEA); GO_0043025 (EC: IEA); GO_0043209 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051084 (EC: TAS); GO_0051258 (EC: IEA) PMID: 3782288; 6462917; 6865944; 7790358; 8432555; 8619814; 8653701; 10908577; 11076968; 11120798; 12221128; 12477932; 12486001; 12840015; 12852856; 14702039; 15121898; 15188402; 15324660; 15331610; 15489334; 15691386; 15698476; 16196087; 16303743; 16462731; 16526095; 16565220; 16944923; 17360745; 17620599; 17627938; 18029348; 18553364; 18613978; 18781797; 19167051; 19299461; 19773279; 20171186; 20195357; 20473970; 20639865; 20972266; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21151833; 21525035; 21839816; 21890473; 21906983; 21956287; 21963094; 21987572; 22174317; 22266860; 22268729; 22505724; 22586326; 22797925; 22863883; 23000965; 23142642; 23190606; 23246001; 23349634; 23424103; 23455922; 23463506; 23503679; 23582646; 23595291; 23703321; 23956138 tubulin, beta 4A class IVa Ensembl:ENSG00000104833 HGNC:20774 HPRD:04045 MIM:602662 Vega:OTTHUMG00000181829 Other designations: dystonia 4, torsion (autosomal dominant)|tubulin beta-4 chain|tubulin beta-4A chain|tubulin, beta, 5 TUBB4A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ZMIZ5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIAS3 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 3 10401 1q21 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11060035); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0008022 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14715251); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0009725 (EC: IEA); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0015459 (EC: IEA); GO_0016925 (EC: IEA); GO_0016925 (EC: ISS); GO_0019789 (EC: IEA); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17087506); GO_0030425 (EC: IEA); GO_0033235 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17696781); GO_0045202 (EC: IEA); GO_0045838 (EC: IEA); GO_0047485 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9388184; 9724754; 10319586; 11060035; 11071847; 11117529; 11390395; 11429412; 11477070; 11709556; 12208521; 12387893; 12477932; 12804609; 12869526; 14630083; 14691252; 14702039; 14715251; 15138572; 15140884; 15171715; 15231748; 15489334; 15907835; 16029420; 16098628; 16368885; 16455055; 16522640; 16524884; 16679534; 17032498; 17087506; 17533377; 17565989; 17696781; 17987106; 18037959; 18212042; 18408014; 18550668; 18681895; 19217413; 19308990; 19322201; 19471022; 19569236; 19760037; 19903771; 20159969; 20231901; 20351170; 20516148; 20935639; 20936779; 21288202; 21317457; 21497567; 21532337; 21693764; 21733403; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22321011; 22584572; 22649547; 23092970; 23322197; 23704280; 23959540 protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000131788 HGNC:16861 HPRD:09068 MIM:605987 Vega:OTTHUMG00000013750 Other designations: E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS3|protein inhibitor of activated STAT protein 3|zinc finger, MIZ-type containing 5 PIAS3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LDP PGCP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CPQ carboxypeptidase Q 10404 8q22.2 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004180 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10206990); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10206990); GO_0005764 (EC: ISS); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005794 (EC: ISS); GO_0006508 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10206990); GO_0006590 (EC: ISS); GO_0042246 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12675526); GO_0043171 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10206990); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0070573 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10206990) PMID: 10206990; 12477932; 12591738; 12675526; 16303743; 16344560; 17214548; 20201926; 20379614; 20802479; 23725790; 23728906 carboxypeptidase Q Ensembl:ENSG00000104324 HGNC:16910 HPRD:07140 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164690 Other designations: Ser-Met dipeptidase|aminopeptidase|blood plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase|lysosomal dipeptidase CPQ Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DIL-1 DIL1 M-SPONDIN MINDIN WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SPON2 spondin 2, extracellular matrix protein 10417 UNQ435/PRO866 4p16.3 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005578 (EC: IEA); GO_0007155 (EC: IEA); GO_0007411 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10512675); GO_0045087 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 10512675; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15094111; 15489334; 16303743; 16344560; 16368877; 18239089; 19056867; 19153605; 19903741; 20379614; 21098016; 21632881; 22615945 spondin 2, extracellular matrix protein Ensembl:ENSG00000159674 HGNC:11253 HPRD:16174 MIM:605918 Vega:OTTHUMG00000089002 Other designations: differentially expressed in cancerous and non-cancerous lung cells 1|spondin-2 SPON2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HRMT1L5 IBP72 JBP1 SKB1 SKB1Hs WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRMT5 protein arginine methyltransferase 5 10419 14q11.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0000387 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17709427); GO_0000387 (EC: TAS); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16087681); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: NAS, PMID: 18404153); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18984161); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IBA); GO_0007088 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9843966); GO_0008168 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15369763); GO_0008283 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9843966); GO_0008469 (EC: IBA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0018216 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17709427); GO_0019918 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17709427); GO_0034660 (EC: TAS); GO_0034709 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18984161); GO_0035243 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17709427); GO_0035246 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15369763); GO_0042118 (EC: IMP); GO_0043021 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17709427); GO_0043985 (EC: NAS, PMID: 18404153) PMID: 9556550; 9843966; 10531356; 10734105; 11152681; 11713266; 11720283; 11747828; 11756452; 12101096; 12358155; 12477932; 12665801; 12718890; 12972618; 14559996; 14583623; 14702039; 15130578; 15324660; 15369763; 15485929; 15489334; 15654770; 15670829; 15701830; 15737618; 16087681; 16169070; 16300736; 16428440; 16699504; 16712789; 16969126; 16980624; 17409432; 17437848; 17452440; 17573539; 17620599; 17627275; 17643375; 17707232; 17709427; 17925232; 17974993; 18029348; 18347060; 18404153; 18562274; 18694959; 18781797; 18984161; 18992153; 19032343; 19086919; 19167051; 19188441; 19234465; 19380743; 19520849; 19738201; 19741270; 20195544; 20360068; 20421892; 20473970; 20495075; 20811636; 20951943; 21081503; 21081666; 21118156; 21139048; 21145461; 21159818; 21262773; 21316606; 21385873; 21592330; 21700716; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21917714; 21963094; 21975038; 21987572; 22143770; 22169276; 22179613; 22193545; 22199349; 22231400; 22266372; 22268729; 22269951; 22354994; 22365833; 22586326; 22708516; 22726390; 22797925; 22863883; 22939629; 22952863; 23071334; 23084401; 23133559; 23184937; 23246001; 23261437; 23292799; 23398456; 23455922; 23455924; 23569248; 23671120; 23862649; 23904475; 23912080; 24121109; 24163370; 24189068 protein arginine methyltransferase 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000100462 HGNC:10894 HPRD:04955 MIM:604045 Vega:OTTHUMG00000028709 Other designations: 72 kDa ICln-binding protein|HMT1 hnRNP methyltransferase-like 5|SKB1 homolog|histone-arginine N-methyltransferase PRMT5|jak-binding protein 1|protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5|shk1 kinase-binding protein 1 homolog PRMT5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B5 PCID1 TANGO7 hfl-B5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3M eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M 10480 GA17 11p13 9606 11 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0002183 (EC: IBA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18599441); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 12477932; 14702039; 15231747; 15919898; 15919899; 16169070; 17322308; 17353931; 17719568; 18599441; 18781797; 19471022; 19483676; 19615732; 20360068; 20379614; 20508642; 20676407; 20838379; 20972266; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22022972; 22053931; 22174317; 22190034; 22505724; 22678362; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23402259; 23455922; 23602568 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M HGNC:24460 HPRD:09969 MIM:609641 Other designations: B5 receptor|PCI domain containing 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator)|PCI domain-containing protein 1|dendritic cell protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit M|fetal lung protein B5|transport and golgi organization 7 homolog EIF3M Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GRP-170 Grp170 HSP12A ORP-150 ORP150 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HYOU1 hypoxia up-regulated 1 10525 11q23.1-q23.3 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002931 (EC: IEA); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9020069); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0006950 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9020069); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19199708); GO_0071682 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8125298; 8878445; 9006956; 9020069; 9645760; 10037731; 10837345; 10965054; 11231630; 11690552; 12477932; 12553534; 12754519; 15240565; 15342556; 15952740; 16263699; 16335952; 16543725; 17131193; 17330988; 17353931; 17481612; 18404158; 19106412; 19199708; 19225868; 19812200; 19913121; 20000738; 20626887; 20628086; 21139048; 21296878; 21319273; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 22190034; 22268729; 22586326; 22863883; 22939629; 23097496; 23645669; 23757447; 23862649; 24457600 hypoxia up-regulated 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000149428 HGNC:16931 HPRD:03448 MIM:601746 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166354 Other designations: 150 kDa oxygen-regulated protein|170 kDa glucose-regulated protein|hypoxia up-regulated protein 1|oxygen regulated protein (150kD) HYOU1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GLRX4 GRX3 GRX4 PICOT TXNL2 TXNL3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GLRX3 glutaredoxin 3 10539 HUSSY-22 10q26 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002026 (EC: ISS); GO_0005080 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10636891); GO_0005938 (EC: IEA); GO_0009055 (EC: IEA); GO_0010614 (EC: ISS); GO_0015035 (EC: IEA); GO_0030018 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051536 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 10636891; 11124703; 11774602; 12477932; 14702039; 15231748; 15342556; 15489334; 16169070; 16189514; 16385451; 17353931; 18258855; 18528843; 19471022; 19738201; 19797004; 20170406; 20226171; 20498481; 20800603; 21123948; 21139048; 21160409; 21575136; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 22309771; 22623428; 22678362; 22863883; 23000965; 23415866; 23615448; 24250222 glutaredoxin 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000108010 HGNC:15987 HPRD:10153 MIM:612754 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019267 Other designations: PKC-interacting cousin of thioredoxin|PKC-theta-interacting protein|PKCq-interacting protein|glutaredoxin 4|glutaredoxin-3|thioredoxin-like protein 2 GLRX3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HBXIP XIP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LAMTOR5 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 5 10542 1p13.3 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005085 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12773388); GO_0005764 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12773388); GO_0008361 (EC: IMP); GO_0009615 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9499022); GO_0019079 (EC: IEA); GO_0032008 (EC: IMP); GO_0032947 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12773388); GO_0043087 (EC: IDA); GO_0043154 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12773388); GO_0061462 (EC: IMP); GO_0071230 (EC: IMP); GO_0071986 (EC: IDA) PMID: 9499022; 11788598; 11925594; 12477932; 12773388; 14578865; 14702039; 15489334; 15955450; 16055925; 16169070; 16176273; 17050029; 17303008; 17428866; 18029348; 18032378; 18158869; 18976975; 19885569; 20811532; 20877624; 21139048; 21343296; 21651858; 21706058; 21988832; 22209835; 22293503; 22740693; 22939629; 22980980; 23266610; 23291272; 23352642; 23494474; 23537647; 23667255 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000134248 HGNC:17955 HPRD:09773 MIM:608521 Vega:OTTHUMG00000011568 Other designations: HBV X-interacting protein|HBx-interacting protein|hepatitis B virus x interacting protein|hepatitis B virus x-interacting protein (9.6kD)|late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and MTOR activator 5|ragulator complex protein LAMTOR5 LAMTOR5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC3 SDR44U1 TIP30 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HTATIP2 HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2, 30kDa 10553 11p15.1 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9482853); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15282309); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9482853); GO_0005635 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15282309); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9482853); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016491 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10611237); GO_0045765 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11313954); GO_0051170 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15282309) PMID: 8125298; 9174052; 9482853; 10395547; 10611237; 10698937; 10892349; 11313954; 12477932; 14695192; 15073177; 15124103; 15282309; 15342556; 15489334; 15493507; 15633220; 15728189; 16615932; 16799960; 17097132; 17997990; 18029348; 18519672; 18528861; 18537194; 18972434; 19010857; 19027726; 19104151; 19349353; 19798571; 19839715; 20374651; 21139048; 21150275; 21252234; 21543106; 21731680; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22490293; 22733137; 23000965; 23178973; 23251661; 23800048; 24037692 HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2, 30kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000109854 HGNC:16637 HPRD:09288 MIM:605628 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166015 Other designations: 30 kDa HIV-1 TAT-interacting protein|HIV-1 TAT-interactive protein 2|Tat-interacting protein (30kD)|oxidoreductase HTATIP2|short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 44U, member 1 HTATIP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CAP FLAF2 R85FL SH3D5 SH3P12 SORB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SORBS1 sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 10580 RP11-476E15.1 10q23.33 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001725 (EC: ISS); GO_0003779 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10085297); GO_0005070 (EC: IC, PMID: 11374898); GO_0005070 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9447983); GO_0005158 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11374898); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11371513); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11371513); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9447983); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005899 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 11374898); GO_0005913 (EC: ISS); GO_0005915 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10085297); GO_0005924 (EC: ISS); GO_0005925 (EC: IEA); GO_0006936 (EC: TAS); GO_0007160 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10085297); GO_0008092 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10085297); GO_0008286 (EC: ISS); GO_0009967 (EC: IC, PMID: 11374898); GO_0009967 (EC: ISS, PMID: 9447983); GO_0015758 (EC: ISS); GO_0016363 (EC: IEA); GO_0019901 (EC: IEA); GO_0032869 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11001060); GO_0043149 (EC: ISS); GO_0045121 (EC: ISS); GO_0045725 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11001060); GO_0046326 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11001060); GO_0046889 (EC: ISS, PMID: 11001060); GO_0048041 (EC: ISS); GO_0090004 (EC: ISS) PMID: 9447983; 9461600; 10085297; 10583506; 10718198; 11001060; 11076863; 11230166; 11371513; 11374898; 11481476; 11532984; 11557983; 11997497; 12079283; 12395215; 12421765; 12477932; 12504111; 12510380; 12650714; 12690089; 12765336; 12849814; 14627618; 14702039; 15031295; 15128873; 15489334; 15489336; 15716063; 15777793; 15939299; 16374509; 16381901; 16385451; 17082770; 17353931; 17462669; 17548467; 18029348; 18394047; 18660489; 19165527; 19282865; 19891780; 20129698; 20201926; 20379614; 20936779; 21041247; 21988832; 22094256; 22235335; 22745667; 23251661; 23382691; 23793025; 23892081; 24255178 sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000095637 HGNC:14565 HPRD:05587 MIM:605264 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018812 Other designations: Fas-ligand associated factor 2|SH3 domain protein 5|c-Cbl associated protein|ponsin|sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 SORBS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MAB21L2 mab-21-like 2 (C. elegans) 10586 4q31 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10556287); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0010172 (EC: IEA); GO_0043010 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10556287; 12477932; 14702039; 17207965; 21832049; 23602568 mab-21-like 2 (C. elegans) Other designations: protein mab-21-like 2 MAB21L2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ENH ENH1 LIM WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PDLIM5 PDZ and LIM domain 5 10611 L9 4q22 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003779 (EC: ISS); GO_0005080 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0014069 (EC: ISS); GO_0015629 (EC: IDA); GO_0016020 (EC: ISS); GO_0030054 (EC: IEA); GO_0042805 (EC: ISS); GO_0043005 (EC: IEA); GO_0045211 (EC: IEA); GO_0051963 (EC: ISS); GO_0061001 (EC: ISS) PMID: 7698749; 8889548; 8940095; 10429367; 10737800; 10833443; 11076863; 11230166; 11256614; 12477932; 12665800; 14743183; 15334068; 15342556; 15346770; 15362566; 15489334; 15489336; 15555569; 16044170; 16189514; 16213469; 16344560; 16381901; 16549780; 16595163; 16713569; 17081983; 17287082; 18021463; 18197271; 18296710; 18456508; 18496208; 18496210; 19328558; 19448850; 19596686; 19636345; 19738201; 19767753; 20564319; 20878950; 21139048; 21266195; 21890473; 21906983; 22118674; 22589738; 22741436; 22863883; 22939629; 23031404; 24457600 PDZ and LIM domain 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000163110 HGNC:17468 HPRD:05799 MIM:605904 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130973 Other designations: PDZ and LIM domain protein 5|enigma homolog|enigma-like LIM domain protein|enigma-like PDZ and LIM domains protein PDLIM5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PIR51 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RAD51AP1 RAD51 associated protein 1 10635 12p13.2-p13.1 20140408 9606 12 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000724 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9396801); GO_0003690 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9396801); GO_0003697 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9396801); GO_0003723 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9396801); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IC, PMID: 9396801); GO_0006281 (EC: NAS, PMID: 9396801); GO_0010569 (EC: IDA); GO_0071479 (EC: IDA) PMID: 8889548; 9396801; 12477932; 14702039; 14966907; 15489334; 16920159; 17207965; 17996710; 17996711; 18316552; 19615732; 19953087; 20201926; 20558539; 20871616; 21307306; 21832049; 21903585; 22375013; 22452920; 23263487 RAD51 associated protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000111247 HGNC:16956 MIM:603070 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168125 Other designations: RAD51-associated protein 1|RAD51-interacting protein RAD51AP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FIP-1 FIP1 RAGA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RRAGA Ras-related GTP binding A 10670 9p22.1 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11073942); GO_0005525 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14660641); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11073942); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11073942); GO_0005764 (EC: IDA); GO_0005765 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17897319); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0008219 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995684); GO_0019048 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995684); GO_0032008 (EC: NAS); GO_0034613 (EC: IMP); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14660641); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0045919 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995684); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11073942); GO_0051219 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8995684); GO_0071230 (EC: IMP) PMID: 7499430; 8995684; 9394008; 11073942; 12477932; 14660641; 14749727; 15164053; 15489334; 16189514; 17897319; 18029348; 18497260; 18685082; 19136632; 21816923; 21890473; 21981924; 23000965; 23151878; 23184942 Ras-related GTP binding A Ensembl:ENSG00000155876 HGNC:16963 HPRD:10205 MIM:612194 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019621 Other designations: adenovirus E3 14.7 kDa-interacting protein 1|adenovirus E3-14.7K interacting protein 1|rag A|ras-related GTP-binding protein A RRAGA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BOG RBBP10 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RBBP9 retinoblastoma binding protein 9 10741 20p11.2 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA); GO_0042127 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9697699; 10449909; 11780052; 12296629; 12477932; 12730717; 14702039; 15489334; 18029348; 19004028; 20080647; 21044950; 21139048; 21689726; 21890473; 21933118; 22430187 retinoblastoma binding protein 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000089050 HGNC:9892 HPRD:04217 MIM:602908 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031972 Other designations: B5T overexpressed gene protein|B5T-overexpressed gene protein|RBBP-10|RBBP-9|putative hydrolase RBBP9|retinoblastoma-binding protein 10|retinoblastoma-binding protein 9|retinoma-binding protein 9 RBBP9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SNK hPlk2 hSNK WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLK2 polo-like kinase 2 10769 5q12.1-q13.2 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15242618); GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19001868); GO_0004871 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005622 (EC: ISS); GO_0005813 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15242618); GO_0005814 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19001868); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA); GO_0007052 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19001868); GO_0007093 (EC: ISS); GO_0007265 (EC: ISS); GO_0007613 (EC: ISS); GO_0030425 (EC: ISS); GO_0032436 (EC: IEA); GO_0032486 (EC: ISS); GO_0043066 (EC: ISS); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0046599 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19001868); GO_0046599 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15242618); GO_0048167 (EC: ISS); GO_0060291 (EC: ISS); GO_0060292 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8889549; 10523297; 10557092; 11039900; 11696980; 11716500; 12477932; 12651910; 12761501; 12897130; 12972611; 14702039; 15242618; 15489334; 16169070; 16203730; 16344560; 17671831; 17706602; 17912033; 19001868; 19004816; 19506885; 19597481; 19706541; 19834535; 19889641; 19953087; 20054236; 20056645; 20352051; 20360068; 20508983; 20531387; 21067440; 21340720; 21402713; 21832049; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22100274; 22134238; 22138223; 22248692; 22289679; 22399798; 22828320; 22988096; 23466428; 23703673 polo-like kinase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000145632 HGNC:19699 HPRD:06118 MIM:607023 Vega:OTTHUMG00000097047 Other designations: PLK-2|serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK2|serine/threonine-protein kinase SNK|serum-inducible kinase PLK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-9 CDw199 GPR-9-6 GPR28 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR9 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 10803 3p21.3 9606 3 GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:10229797); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:10229797); GO_0006935 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: IEA); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID:10544196); GO_0007186 (EC: TAS, PMID:10544196); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:10229797); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0070098 (EC: TAS, PMID:10229797) PMID:2834384; 10229797; 10498628; 10544196; 10602049; 10640743; 10702689; 10974041; 11046037; 12477932; 12816994; 14559839; 15489334; 15623660; 15717282; 16344560; 17205512; 17570212; 18240029; 18245518; 18245522; 18577758; 19423540; 19525985; 19756884; 20036838; 20056178; 20081876; 20190752; 20406964; 20438785; 20738854; 20947433; 21075690; 21344163; 21511186; 21637913; 21984373; 23326330 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000173585 HGNC:1610 HPRD:09200 MIM:604738 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133450 Other designations: C-C chemokine receptor type 9|G protein-coupled receptor 28 CCR9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HPR6.6 MPR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PGRMC1 progesterone receptor membrane component 1 10857 Xq22-q24 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005496 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0007411 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9705155; 11697142; 12477932; 12493773; 14523988; 15302935; 15489334; 15702432; 15782218; 15970648; 16234411; 16565220; 17081983; 17215244; 17276356; 17353931; 18029348; 18249431; 18319313; 18440126; 18479732; 18782852; 18818748; 18922159; 19019335; 19292867; 19417032; 19527514; 19797399; 20140262; 20164297; 20537145; 20538600; 21081644; 21109987; 21131300; 21139048; 21145461; 21148105; 21455559; 21825115; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21918976; 22053931; 22190034; 22245528; 22492871; 22588913; 22939629; 23000965; 23116217; 23246001; 23455922; 23557589; 23798571 progesterone receptor membrane component 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000101856 HGNC:16090 HPRD:02338 MIM:300435 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022268 Other designations: membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1|progesterone binding protein PGRMC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CP46 CYP46 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP46A1 cytochrome P450, family 46, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 10858 14q32.1 9606 14 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID:10377398); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006707 (EC: IDA, PMID:18621681); GO_0006805 (EC: IDA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007399 (EC: TAS, PMID:10377398); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008395 (EC: TAS, PMID:10377398); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IDA, PMID:18621681); GO_0033781 (EC: IDA, PMID:18621681); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:9717719; 10377398; 11111082; 11698143; 12123847; 12232784; 12477932; 12533083; 12533085; 14640697; 14702039; 15034781; 15106838; 15128046; 15165699; 15172102; 15286456; 15331159; 15450677; 15489334; 15936520; 15975088; 16013913; 16055229; 16157450; 16258842; 16734927; 16960449; 17335784; 17550732; 17854420; 18511756; 18621681; 18842294; 18976975; 19059217; 19161969; 19212968; 19286353; 19363267; 19553612; 19647891; 20193040; 20535486; 20667828; 20682755; 20693622; 21049985; 21386929; 21729100; 22185844; 22528464; 22977134; 23070465; 23167762; 23288837; 23604141 cytochrome P450, family 46, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000036530 HGNC:2641 HPRD:04970 MIM:604087 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171510 Other designations: CH24H|cholesterol 24-hydroxylase|cytochrome P450 46A1|cytochrome P450, subfamily 46 (cholesterol 24-hydroxylase) CYP46A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He P15 PC4 p14 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SUB1 SUB1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 10923 5p13.3 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003697 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8062391); GO_0003713 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8062391); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11389848); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005667 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8062391); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8062391); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA) PMID: 7628453; 7809103; 8062391; 8062392; 9360603; 9482861; 9632764; 9660784; 9660958; 9792714; 9885563; 10024883; 10887206; 11005381; 11279157; 11313979; 11389848; 11741883; 12477932; 12565890; 12590132; 14966284; 15199162; 15302935; 15489334; 15635413; 15893730; 16415882; 16982701; 17081983; 17130840; 17317687; 17361185; 17785449; 18029348; 18854154; 19038270; 19047459; 19322201; 19471022; 19525231; 19706510; 19738201; 19759913; 20080105; 20305379; 20360068; 21139048; 21193408; 21319273; 21586571; 21832049; 21890473; 21906983; 21907836; 21963094; 21987572; 22113938; 22174317; 22505724; 22939629; 23000965; 23184937; 23455922; 23602568 SUB1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) Ensembl:ENSG00000113387 HGNC:19985 HPRD:02737 MIM:600503 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131071 Other designations: activated RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor 4|activated RNA polymerase II transcriptional coactivator p15|positive cofactor 4 SUB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ASM3A ASML3a yR36GH4.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SMPDL3A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, acid-like 3A 10924 6q22.31 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004767 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12442002); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0006685 (EC: IEA); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0016798 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12442002; 12477932; 14574404; 15174051; 15489334; 16344560; 22810003 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, acid-like 3A Ensembl:ENSG00000172594 HGNC:17389 HPRD:10244 MIM:610728 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015490 Other designations: 0610010C24Rik|ASM-like phosphodiesterase 3a|acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a SMPDL3A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ASK CHIF DBF4A ZDBF1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DBF4 DBF4 zinc finger 10926 7q21.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS); GO_0008047 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10373557); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0043085 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10373557) PMID: 10373557; 10517317; 10523313; 10846177; 12015319; 12420215; 12441400; 12477932; 12535533; 12614612; 12791985; 12853948; 12968034; 14702039; 15226314; 15231747; 15302935; 15374998; 15489334; 15707391; 16826239; 16899510; 16912045; 17276990; 17768177; 18286467; 18503552; 18536724; 18714392; 19111665; 19744312; 19864417; 21036905; 21536671; 22123827; 22990118; 24240236 DBF4 zinc finger Ensembl:ENSG00000006634 HGNC:17364 HPRD:10371 MIM:604281 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131034 Other designations: DBF4 homolog|DBF4 zinc finger A|DBF4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1|activator of S phase kinase|chiffon homolog A|protein DBF4 homolog A|zinc finger, DBF-type containing 1 DBF4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SEC61B Sec61 beta subunit 10952 9q22.32-q31.3 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000060 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17215517); GO_0002474 (EC: TAS); GO_0002479 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18555783); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006614 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016020 (EC: IDA); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID: 8107851); GO_0030433 (EC: IDA, PMID: 8945469); GO_0030970 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17215517); GO_0031205 (EC: ISS); GO_0042590 (EC: TAS); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0048408 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19602593) PMID: 8107851; 8125298; 8945469; 9512475; 9565615; 9585408; 9631292; 9792704; 10212142; 10508919; 10601334; 10799540; 12477932; 15164053; 15489334; 16015337; 16083285; 17081983; 17215517; 17360537; 18555783; 19602593; 19738201; 20516149; 20676083; 20937808; 21139048; 21182205; 21255561; 21343306; 22623428; 22645275; 22710939; 23129660; 23533635; 23606741; 23874384 Sec61 beta subunit Other designations: Sec61 complex, beta subunit|protein translocation complex beta|protein transport protein SEC61 beta subunit|protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta SEC61B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CTE-IA CTE1A MTE1 PTE2 PTE2A ZAP128 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT2 acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 10965 14q24.3 9606 14 GO_0000038 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0001676 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0006637 (EC: IDA, PMID:10944470); GO_0016290 (EC: IEA); GO_0047617 (EC: IDA, PMID:10944470) PMID:7596406; 8125298; 10944470; 12477932; 12665801; 14702039; 15007068; 15489334; 16103133; 16940157; 17353931; 19497300; 20178365; 20379614; 20877624; 21139048; 21890473; 21963094; 21987572 acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000119673 HGNC:18431 HPRD:10173 MIM:609972 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171608 Other designations: acyl-coenzyme A thioester hydrolase 2a|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 2, mitochondrial|long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase 2|mitochondrial acyl-CoA thioesterase 1|peroxisomal long-chain acyl-coA thioesterase 2 ACOT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CRISP7 GLIPR RTVP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 11010 12q21.2 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 7607567; 8973356; 9482873; 11971968; 12477932; 14702039; 14871827; 15489334; 16712791; 16714093; 17207965; 17825796; 18030365; 18199537; 19483285; 19913121; 20356381; 20628086; 21045302; 21777672; 21922325; 21931216; 22025562; 23333597; 23714687 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 HGNC:17001 HPRD:04071 MIM:602692 Other designations: GLI pathogenesis-related 1 (glioma)|gliPR 1|glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1|protein RTVP-1|related to testis-specific, vespid, and pathogenesis proteins 1|testes-specific vespid and pathogenesis protein 1 GLIPR1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ELP-1 ERD2.2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene KDELR2 KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 2 11014 tcag7.840 7p22.1 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005046 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1316805); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1316805); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1316805); GO_0005801 (EC: IEA); GO_0006621 (EC: IEA); GO_0006886 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1325562); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016192 (EC: IEA) PMID: 1316805; 1325562; 9118249; 11752456; 12071860; 12477932; 12690205; 12853948; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17353931; 19322201; 21139048; 21890473; 24250222 KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000136240 HGNC:6305 HPRD:06598 MIM:609024 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023103 Other designations: (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 2|ER lumen protein retaining receptor 2|ERD-2-like protein|ERD2-like protein 1|KDEL endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 2|KDEL receptor 2 KDELR2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATFA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF7 activating transcription factor 7 11016 12q13 9606 12 GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10376527); GO_0005634 (EC: NAS, PMID:8288576); GO_0005654 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IDA, PMID:8288576); GO_0008134 (EC: IDA, PMID:10376527); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0034399 (EC: IDA, PMID:17264123); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051019 (EC: IDA, PMID:10376527) PMID:1694576; 7769693; 8288576; 8649858; 8889548; 8939888; 10376527; 10698518; 11278933; 11566021; 12477932; 12805554; 14643450; 15342556; 15735663; 15867431; 16147992; 16344560; 17081983; 17264123; 18029348; 18671972; 18950637; 19471022; 20189936; 20195357; 21693764; 21858082; 21890473; 21998595; 22242598; 22939629; 23000965; 23426901; 23793025 activating transcription factor 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000170653 HGNC:792 HPRD:06968 MIM:606371 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169776 Other designations: cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-7|transcription factor ATF-A ATF7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DNAJW DjB4 HLJ1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB4 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 4 11080 1p31.1 9606 1 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: TAS, PMID:9546042); GO_0009408 (EC: TAS, PMID:9546042); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA) PMID:9546042; 11147971; 11371506; 12477932; 15489334; 15592455; 15661747; 15782117; 16009940; 16542645; 16788156; 18029348; 18794131; 20145123; 20360068; 20615403; 21345358; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22145905; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23306212; 23824909; 24318877 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 4 HGNC:14886 HPRD:07486 MIM:611327 Other designations: DnaJ-like heat shock protein 40|HSP40 homolog|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 4|heat shock 40 kDa protein 1 homolog|heat shock protein 40 homolog|human liver DnaJ-like protein DNAJB4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HFAF1s UBXD12 UBXN3A hFAF1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FAF1 Fas (TNFRSF6) associated factor 1 11124 CGI-03 1p33 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15688372); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15596450); GO_0005635 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15596450); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007253 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14600157); GO_0008219 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15743842); GO_0019887 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11713579); GO_0019901 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11713579); GO_0019904 (EC: IEA); GO_0030155 (EC: IEA); GO_0031072 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15596450); GO_0031265 (EC: NAS, PMID: 12702723); GO_0031334 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15688372); GO_0031625 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18775313); GO_0034098 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18775313); GO_0042176 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15743842); GO_0043065 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10462485); GO_0043130 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18775313); GO_0043161 (EC: NAS, PMID: 15743842); GO_0045859 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11713579); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11713579); GO_0051059 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14600157); GO_1902043 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8524870; 9740801; 10094392; 10462485; 10810093; 11243799; 11378439; 11527403; 11713579; 12087183; 12372427; 12477932; 12702723; 12832043; 12963981; 14600157; 14702039; 15207703; 15231748; 15489334; 15592455; 15596450; 15688372; 15743842; 16169070; 16807242; 17046979; 17684021; 17999750; 18573343; 18775313; 18790738; 19013454; 19174780; 19422935; 19471022; 19615732; 19722279; 19913121; 20057067; 20124726; 20195546; 20237496; 20379614; 20628086; 20639865; 20886065; 21076409; 21139048; 21282461; 21295280; 21411632; 21414298; 21645854; 21849551; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21914798; 21963094; 21978668; 21987572; 22053931; 22064162; 22102026; 22350894; 22505724; 22730322; 22863883; 22876279; 22939629; 23000965; 23293021; 23314748; 23383273; 23720822 Fas (TNFRSF6) associated factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000185104 HGNC:3578 HPRD:05124 MIM:604460 Other designations: FAS-associated factor 1|TNFRSF6-associated factor 1|UBX domain protein 3A|UBX domain-containing protein 12|UBX domain-containing protein 3A FAF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AdPLA H-REV107-1 HRASLS3 HREV107 HREV107-1 HREV107-3 HRSL3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLA2G16 phospholipase A2, group XVI 11145 11q12.3 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004623 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17374643); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: IDA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0008970 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016042 (EC: IEA); GO_0036149 (EC: TAS); GO_0036150 (EC: TAS); GO_0036151 (EC: TAS); GO_0036152 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045786 (EC: IEA); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0048471 (EC: IEA); GO_0052739 (EC: IEA); GO_0052740 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9771974; 10508479; 11337467; 11526504; 11973642; 12054741; 12477932; 15489334; 16189514; 16713569; 17003497; 17374643; 18614531; 19136964; 19615464; 20501645; 21139048; 21890473; 21963094; 22605381; 22923616 phospholipase A2, group XVI Ensembl:ENSG00000176485 HGNC:17825 HPRD:13671 MIM:613867 Other designations: Ca-independent phospholipase A1/2|H-rev 107 protein homolog|HRAS-like suppressor 1|HRAS-like suppressor 3|adipose-specific PLA2|adipose-specific phospholipase A2|group XVI phospholipase A1/A2|group XVI phospholipase A2|renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-65 PLA2G16 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DIPP2 DIPP2alpha DIPP2beta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUDT4 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 4 11163 HDCMB47P 12q21 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005622 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0008486 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10777568); GO_0009187 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0019722 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0019935 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0030515 (EC: ISS); GO_0035556 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0043647 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046831 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0046907 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10777568); GO_0050072 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0052840 (EC: TAS); GO_0052843 (EC: IEA); GO_0052844 (EC: IEA); GO_0052845 (EC: IEA); GO_0052846 (EC: IEA); GO_0052847 (EC: IEA); GO_0052848 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 9455484; 10777568; 11376937; 12121577; 12370170; 12477932; 15252450; 15489334; 18976975 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000173598 HGNC:8051 HPRD:14850 MIM:609229 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170155 Other designations: DIPP-2|diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate hydrolase 2|diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 2|diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase type 2 NUDT4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He YSA1 YSA1H YSAH1 hYSAH1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUDT5 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 5 11164 HSPC115 10p14 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18462755); GO_0005622 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10567213); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0009117 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10567213); GO_0009191 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18462755); GO_0017110 (EC: IEA); GO_0019144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10567213); GO_0019303 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10567213); GO_0030515 (EC: ISS); GO_0034656 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047631 (EC: EXP); GO_0050072 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0055086 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 10373642; 10567213; 10722730; 11042152; 12477932; 12717453; 15489334; 15592455; 16002790; 16169070; 16716086; 17052728; 17261271; 18462755; 19056867; 19699693; 20144704; 20176146; 20360068; 21139048; 21389046; 21768126; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22200976; 22351996; 22505724; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23184937 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000165609 HGNC:8052 HPRD:14851 MIM:609230 Other designations: 8-oxo-dGDP phosphatase|ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase NUDT5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CPF8 CYPIVF8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F8 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 8 11283 19p13.1 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006690 (EC: TAS); GO_0006693 (EC: TAS, PMID:10405341); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0018685 (EC: TAS, PMID:10405341); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:9068972; 10405341; 10791960; 11448449; 12464258; 14702039; 15128046; 15789615; 16112640; 16344560; 17353931; 19343046; 21281786; 22228203 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 8 HGNC:2648 HPRD:08518 MIM:611545 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4F8|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVF, polypeptide 8|flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase|microsomal monooxygenase CYP4F8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACH1 ACT BACH CTE-II LACH LACH1 hBACH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT7 acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 11332 RP1-120G22.10 1p36 9606 1 GO_0000062 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10578051); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0009062 (EC: IEA); GO_0015937 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0016290 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0036042 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0036114 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0036116 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID:10578051); GO_0043005 (EC: IEA); GO_0044297 (EC: IEA); GO_0051792 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867); GO_1900535 (EC: IDA, PMID:10578051) PMID:10578051; 12435388; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15592755; 15731883; 16103133; 16710414; 16713569; 18029348; 19056867; 19305408; 19724895; 19851296; 20198315; 21044950; 21110914; 21139048; 21319273; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22505724; 22863883; 23000965 acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000097021 HGNC:24157 HPRD:12517 MIM:602587 Vega:OTTHUMG00000001295 Other designations: CTE-IIa|acyl-CoA thioesterase 2|acyl-CoA thioesterase, long chain|brain acyl CoA hydrolase|brain acyl-CoA hydrolase|cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase|long chain acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase ACOT7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HU-K5 HUK5 MAGL MGL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MGLL monoglyceride lipase 11343 3q21.3 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004622 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9495531); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006629 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9495531); GO_0006633 (EC: IEA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9495531); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA); GO_0009966 (EC: ISS); GO_0019369 (EC: ISS); GO_0019433 (EC: IEA); GO_0019433 (EC: TAS); GO_0030168 (EC: TAS); GO_0036155 (EC: TAS); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19957260); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045202 (EC: IEA); GO_0046464 (EC: ISS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0047372 (EC: ISS); GO_0047372 (EC: TAS); GO_0050727 (EC: ISS); GO_0051930 (EC: ISS); GO_0060292 (EC: IEA); GO_2000124 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8619474; 8889548; 9110174; 9495531; 11470505; 12477932; 14702039; 15342556; 15489334; 16169070; 16344560; 16806233; 17621164; 18452279; 18721756; 19014633; 19233690; 19913121; 19957260; 19962385; 20079333; 20464001; 20628086; 20855465; 20976246; 21118518; 21308848; 21543155; 21802006; 22349814; 22664939; 22827915; 23455058; 23509962; 23553709; 24368842 monoglyceride lipase Ensembl:ENSG00000074416 HGNC:17038 HPRD:17574 MIM:609699 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159641 Other designations: lysophospholipase homolog|monoacylglycerol lipase MGLL Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATFX HMFN0395 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF5 activating transcription factor 5 22809 19q13.3 9606 19 GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003714 (EC: TAS, PMID:10373550); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10373550); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: IEA); GO_0009791 (EC: IEA); GO_0021891 (EC: IEA); GO_0031072 (EC: IEA); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0048712 (EC: IEA) PMID:1371974; 8889548; 10373550; 11087824; 11278933; 12477932; 12812986; 14702039; 15221005; 15342556; 15358120; 15489334; 15890932; 16164412; 16170340; 16300731; 16344560; 17346882; 18029348; 18055463; 18195013; 18276110; 18332083; 18458088; 18701499; 18832568; 19167516; 19251251; 19285020; 19531563; 20379614; 20423929; 21212266; 21521685; 21791614; 21972289; 21988832; 22442021; 22528486; 23018213; 23275563; 23661758; 23876217; 24250222 activating transcription factor 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000169136 HGNC:790 HPRD:05906 MIM:606398 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183065 Other designations: cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-5|transcription factor ATFx ATF5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSPC331 SPF31 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC8 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 8 22826 HSPC315 1p35.3 9606 1 GO_0000398 (EC: TAS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0008380 (EC: TAS); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS) PMID:11147971; 11790298; 12226669; 12234937; 12477932; 15489334; 15635413; 16159877; 16344560; 16710414; 17332742; 18850631; 19471022; 20098747; 20360068; 20379614; 21139048; 21693764; 21832049; 21890473; 22863883; 22939629; 22944692; 23602568; 23940030; 24163370 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000126698 HGNC:15470 HPRD:13236 Vega:OTTHUMG00000003538 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 8|splicing protein spf31 DNAJC8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CaMKP-N POPX1 PP2CH caMKN WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PPM1E protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent, 1E 22843 17q22 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004722 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11864573); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0006469 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11864573); GO_0035690 (EC: IDA); GO_0035970 (EC: IDA); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11864573); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0051496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11864573) PMID: 10470851; 11726284; 11864573; 12477932; 15496589; 15680915; 17043677; 17897624; 17903297; 18029348; 20801214; 23620142; 23666239 protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent, 1E HGNC:19322 HPRD:17888 Other designations: ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase N|caMKP-nucleus|nuclear calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase|partner of PIX 1|partner of PIX-alpha|partner of PIXA|protein phosphatase 1E|protein phosphatase 1E (PP2C domain containing) PPM1E Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CARD7 CIDED CLR17.1 DEFCAP DEFCAP-L/S NAC NALP1 PP1044 SLEV1 VAMAS1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NLRP1 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 22861 17p13.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11472070); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15212762); GO_0005622 (EC: IC, PMID: 11076957); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17164409); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006915 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11076957); GO_0006919 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15212762); GO_0006919 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11076957); GO_0008656 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11076957); GO_0019899 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11076957); GO_0019904 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16575408); GO_0032495 (EC: ISS); GO_0035872 (EC: TAS); GO_0042742 (EC: ISS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0050718 (EC: ISS); GO_0050727 (EC: IC, PMID: 15212762); GO_0051402 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15212762); GO_0072558 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12191486); GO_0072558 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8619474; 8781126; 9110174; 10231032; 11076957; 11113115; 11250163; 11270363; 11472070; 11592035; 12191486; 12477932; 12563287; 14527388; 14691733; 14702039; 15107016; 15174051; 15212762; 15749123; 16575408; 17164409; 17377159; 17418785; 17620097; 17637824; 18263805; 18348116; 18854154; 18946481; 19001869; 19074885; 19120479; 19223160; 19337385; 19727120; 19913121; 20152874; 20370570; 20379614; 20403135; 20502346; 20574744; 20628086; 20697295; 20800603; 21098108; 21149496; 21245836; 21252346; 21331694; 21376416; 21946017; 21976003; 22087307; 22117610; 22227487; 22235789; 22507623; 22524199; 22665479; 23053059; 23253924; 23349227; 23374100; 23380025; 23382179; 23508996; 23563199; 23940760; 24008734 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000091592 HGNC:14374 HPRD:07364 MIM:606636 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132419 Other designations: NACHT, LRR and PYD containing protein 1|NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 1|NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD (pyrin domain) containing 1|NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 1|caspase recruitment domain protein 7|caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 7|death effector filament-forming Ced-4-like apoptosis protein|nucleotide-binding domain and caspase recruitment domain|nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1 NLRP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATF6A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF6 activating transcription factor 6 22926 1q22-q23 9606 1 GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003713 (EC: TAS, PMID:10866666); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:16469704); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID:10564271); GO_0005635 (EC: TAS, PMID:10866666); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID:10564271); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS, PMID:10564271); GO_0006950 (EC: TAS, PMID:10866666); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0006990 (EC: TAS, PMID:9837962); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID:9271374); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS, PMID:19816510); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:2516827; 8889548; 9271374; 9837962; 10564271; 10866666; 11158310; 11163209; 11256944; 11287625; 11483355; 11805088; 11821395; 11909875; 12014989; 12076252; 12097557; 12477932; 12713871; 12782636; 12805554; 12949534; 14699159; 14765107; 15063770; 15299016; 15342556; 15489334; 15598891; 15899857; 16196087; 16469704; 16505252; 16710414; 17092596; 17101776; 17327457; 17440018; 17442311; 17522056; 17686766; 18022401; 18635891; 18650380; 18840095; 19122331; 19304306; 19420237; 19667116; 19693772; 19722195; 19723703; 19772629; 19816510; 19822759; 19913121; 20160352; 20219975; 20628086; 20732420; 20800603; 20936779; 21106748; 21131360; 21150130; 21211013; 21329801; 21329806; 21345978; 21355074; 21385877; 21454619; 21521793; 21693764; 21809331; 21832049; 21841196; 21906983; 21963094; 21988832; 22013072; 22102412; 22146569; 22268729; 22354938; 22577136; 22872700; 22917505; 22956602; 23011799; 23037953; 23382691; 23661758; 23864652; 23924739; 24043630 activating transcription factor 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000118217 HGNC:791 HPRD:16118 MIM:605537 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023961 Other designations: cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha|cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha ATF6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AFAR2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AKR7A3 aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A3 (aflatoxin aldehyde reductase) 22977 1p36.13 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004032 (EC: IEA); GO_0004033 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10383892); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10383892); GO_0006081 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10383892); GO_0009055 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10383892); GO_0046223 (EC: IEA); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 10383892; 12477932; 12879023; 15489334; 16189514; 16341674; 16710414; 19056867; 20453000; 21044950; 23824909 aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A3 (aflatoxin aldehyde reductase) HGNC:390 HPRD:07089 MIM:608477 Other designations: AFB1 aldehyde reductase 2|AFB1-AR 2|aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase 2|aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 3 AKR7A3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C1orf34 DEME-6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TTC39A tetratricopeptide repeat domain 39A 22996 1p32.3 20140408 9606 1 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0008150 (EC: ND) PMID: 9455484; 9461476; 12477932 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 39A Ensembl:ENSG00000085831 HGNC:18657 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008193 Other designations: TPR repeat protein 39A|differentially expressed in MCF7 with estradiol protein 6|tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39A TTC39A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PSR PTDSR PTDSR1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene JMJD6 jumonji domain containing 6 23210 17q25 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001822 (EC: IEA); GO_0002040 (EC: ISS); GO_0003723 (EC: TAS); GO_0003727 (EC: IDA); GO_0004872 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IDA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19574390); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14729065); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006397 (EC: IEA); GO_0007166 (EC: IEA); GO_0007507 (EC: IEA); GO_0008380 (EC: IEA); GO_0018395 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19574390); GO_0030324 (EC: IEA); GO_0033077 (EC: IEA); GO_0033746 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17947579); GO_0033749 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17947579); GO_0042116 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17534701); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI); GO_0043654 (EC: IEA); GO_0048024 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19574390); GO_0048821 (EC: IEA); GO_0060041 (EC: IEA); GO_0070078 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17947579); GO_0070079 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17947579); GO_0070782 (EC: IEA); GO_0070815 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19574390) PMID: 9628581; 10811223; 11877474; 12477932; 12559004; 12898702; 14645848; 14702039; 14729065; 15072554; 15193161; 15345036; 15453906; 15469976; 15489334; 15622002; 16983801; 17534701; 17947579; 18564434; 19492415; 19574390; 20574068; 20679243; 20684070; 21139048; 21300889; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22189873; 22505724; 22621393; 22701020; 22863883; 23303181; 23455924; 23595221; 23688307; 23776548; 24360279 jumonji domain containing 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000070495 HGNC:19355 HPRD:05371 MIM:604914 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169267 Other designations: bifunctional arginine demethylase and lysyl-hydroxylase JMJD6|histone arginine demethylase JMJD6|jmjC domain-containing protein 6|jumonji domain-containing protein 6|lysyl-hydroxylase JMJD6|peptide-lysine 5-dioxygenase JMJD6|phosphatidylserine receptor JMJD6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HDJC9 JDD1 SB73 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC9 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 23234 10q22.2 9606 10 GO_0035176 (EC: IEP) PMID:10231032; 11444854; 12477932; 14702039; 17182002; 19410544; 19710015; 19862764; 20099975; 20379614; 21139048; 21145461; 21531385; 21906983; 21963094; 22939629; 23000965; 24457600 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 HGNC:19123 HPRD:13237 MIM:611206 Other designations: DnaJ protein SB73|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 9 DNAJC9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He RME8 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC13 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 13 23317 3q22.1 9606 3 GO_0005765 (EC: IDA, PMID:17897319); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:9734811; 12438707; 12477932; 14702039; 15051737; 15302935; 15489334; 15538384; 15840729; 16179350; 17897319; 18256511; 18307993; 19056867; 19874558; 21139048; 21145461; 21674799; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22507240; 23402259; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000138246 HGNC:30343 HPRD:10915 MIM:614334 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159674 Other designations: DnaJ domain-containing protein RME-8|RME-8|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 13|required for receptor-mediated endocytosis 8 DNAJC13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC16 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 16 23341 RP4-680D5.1 1p36.1 9606 1 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA) PMID:10231032; 12168954; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16710414; 16751776; 19773279; 21906983; 21963094 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 16 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 16|novel DnaJ domain-containing protein DNAJC16 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARP2 HARP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL2 angiopoietin-like 2 23452 RP11-1M19.1 9q34 9606 9 GO_0005102 (EC: TAS, PMID:10473614); GO_0005615 (EC: TAS, PMID:10473614); GO_0007275 (EC: TAS, PMID:10473614); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:8619474; 9110174; 10473614; 12477932; 12624729; 12975309; 15164053; 15489334; 16303743; 17207965; 17347581; 18593905; 19056867; 19723494; 20304962; 21983347; 22281496; 22345152; 22556334; 22966088; 23333801; 23469106; 23602322 angiopoietin-like 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000136859 HGNC:490 HPRD:05415 MIM:605001 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020695 Other designations: angiopoietin-like protein 2|angiopoietin-related protein 2 ANGPTL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HEL-S-90n QPRTase WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene QPRT quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase 23475 16p11.2 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004514 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17868694); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0009435 (EC: IEA); GO_0019674 (EC: TAS); GO_0034213 (EC: IDA, PMID: 3409840); GO_0042803 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17868694); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0051259 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17868694) PMID: 3409840; 9473669; 10721107; 12477932; 14704851; 15489334; 16189514; 17868694; 19321014; 21139048; 21963094; 21988832; 22505724; 23000965 quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase HGNC:9755 HPRD:06950 MIM:606248 Other designations: QAPRTase|epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 90n|nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating)|nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] QPRT Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP14 caspase 14, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase 23581 19p13.1 9606 19 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0008544 (EC: TAS, PMID:10203698); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0031424 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0045095 (EC: IEA); GO_0070268 (EC: TAS, PMID:18309324); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA) PMID:1286667; 9792675; 9823333; 10203698; 11062009; 11121154; 11175259; 12181750; 12200134; 12445205; 12477932; 15331408; 15489334; 15619438; 16061209; 16061862; 16168224; 16341674; 16854378; 17207965; 17359582; 17436577; 17558860; 18309324; 18424262; 18762957; 19269008; 19414860; 19573080; 19615732; 19747408; 19773279; 19960512; 20237496; 20402676; 20533828; 20562859; 21139048; 21145461; 21539619; 21567094; 21800051; 21930782; 22354994; 22548721; 22825846; 22876114; 23349634; 23362869; 23377137; 23408445; 23580611; 23750785; 24244333 caspase 14, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase Other designations: CASP-14|apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase 14, apoptosis-related cysteine protease|caspase-14 CASP14 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ORC6L WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ORC6 origin recognition complex, subunit 6 23594 16q12 20140408 9606 16 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: TAS); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000808 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17716973); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15232106); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005664 (EC: IEA); GO_0006260 (EC: TAS); GO_0006261 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8266075; 10436018; 10523313; 10945994; 11076863; 11095689; 11125146; 11323433; 11593009; 11931757; 12004060; 12045100; 12169736; 12477932; 12614612; 14702039; 15226314; 15232106; 15489334; 15489336; 15684404; 15707391; 15910003; 16381901; 17081983; 17716973; 18234858; 18761675; 19112505; 19471022; 19541634; 21358632; 21461783; 21502537; 21832049; 21906983; 21963094; 22505724; 23000965; 24250222 origin recognition complex, subunit 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000091651 HGNC:17151 HPRD:06237 MIM:607213 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132539 Other designations: origin recognition complex subunit 6 ORC6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACATE2 MT-ACT48 MTACT48 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT9 acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 23597 CGI-16 Xp22.11 9606 X GO_0003986 (EC: ISS); GO_0005739 (EC: ISS); GO_0006637 (EC: ISS) PMID:10383425; 10810093; 12477932; 14702039; 16103133; 18781797; 20186120; 20360068; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22114354; 22268729; 22323290; 22797925; 23956138 acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000123130 HGNC:17152 HPRD:06438 MIM:300862 Vega:OTTHUMG00000021257 Other designations: acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase 9|acyl-Coenzyme A thioesterase 2, mitochondrial|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 9, mitochondrial|mitochondrial Acyl-CoA Thioesterase ACOT9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GADD34 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PPP1R15A protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A 23645 19q13.2 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11564868); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9153226); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9153226); GO_0007179 (EC: TAS); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 11517336); GO_0030512 (EC: TAS); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 9153226; 9413226; 10434033; 10490642; 10631107; 11104688; 11517336; 11564868; 12016208; 12168790; 12477932; 12556489; 12724406; 12813455; 14635187; 14670976; 14702039; 14718519; 15231748; 15541008; 16169070; 16337513; 16344560; 16455055; 17273797; 18362886; 18794359; 19131336; 19776135; 19901557; 20040105; 20467438; 20800603; 21145461; 21518769; 21988832; 22145905; 23412101; 24092754 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A Ensembl:ENSG00000087074 HGNC:14375 HPRD:06572 MIM:611048 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183330 Other designations: growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34|growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 34|myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD116 homolog|protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A|protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 15A PPP1R15A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACS GXVPLA2 LLPL LPLA2 LYPLA3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLA2G15 phospholipase A2, group XV 23659 UNQ341/PRO540 16q22.1 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004622 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10092508); GO_0005543 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10092508); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005764 (EC: ISS); GO_0005764 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11790796); GO_0006672 (EC: IEA); GO_0008374 (EC: ISS); GO_0009062 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10092508); GO_0046470 (EC: IEA); GO_0047499 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8125298; 10092508; 10230407; 10395961; 11790796; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 14754907; 15340161; 15489334; 16169070; 16303743; 16973413; 18029348; 18983494; 19461040; 19913121; 20628086; 20877624; 21906983; 22268729 phospholipase A2, group XV Ensembl:ENSG00000103066 HGNC:17163 HPRD:07128 MIM:609362 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137554 Other designations: 1-O-acylceramide synthase|LCAT-like lysophospholipase|group XV phospholipase A2|lysophospholipase 3 (lysosomal phospholipase A2)|lysosomal phospholipase A2 PLA2G15 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SDF2L1 stromal cell-derived factor 2-like 1 23753 UNQ1941/PRO4424 22q11.21 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005788 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10591208; 11162531; 12477932; 12975309; 15461802; 15489334; 16396496; 18781797; 19710015; 20811636; 21139048; 21145461; 22190034; 22268729; 22863883; 23444373; 24457600 stromal cell-derived factor 2-like 1 Other designations: OTTHUMT00000075032|PWP1-interacting protein 8|SDF2-like 1|SDF2-like protein 1|dihydropyrimidinase-like 2|stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein 1 SDF2L1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATG8D WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GABARAPL3 GABA(A) receptors associated protein like 3, pseudogene 23766 15q26.1 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000421 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005874 (EC: IEA); GO_0006914 (EC: IEA); GO_0031410 (EC: IEA); GO_0032590 (EC: IEA); GO_0032839 (EC: IEA); GO_0044297 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11414770; 22446963 GABA(A) receptors associated protein like 3, pseudogene HGNC:4069 GABARAPL3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Hsc40 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB5 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 5 25822 RP11-392A14.5 9p13.3 9606 9 GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: IEP, PMID:10570961); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA) PMID:7566098; 10570961; 11147971; 12477932; 14702039; 15456869; 18457437; 18555775; 21078624; 21139048; 23000965 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000137094 HGNC:14887 MIM:611328 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019840 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 5|heat shock cognate 40|heat shock protein Hsp40-2|heat shock protein Hsp40-3|heat shock protein cognate 40 DNAJB5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Epoc-1 OCT-11 OCT11 OTF-11 PLA-1 PLA1 Skn-1a WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene POU2F3 POU class 2 homeobox 3 25833 11q23.3 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12624109); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10473598); GO_0008544 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10473598); GO_0030216 (EC: IEA); GO_0042060 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9242494); GO_0043922 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14645924); GO_0045944 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8441607; 9242494; 10473598; 11429405; 12477932; 12624109; 14645924; 14702039; 15077167; 16005513; 16147992; 16607278; 17195013; 17562024; 17989732; 18029348; 18479461; 20379614; 20888799; 21074976; 21906983; 23000965 POU class 2 homeobox 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000137709 HGNC:19864 HPRD:09582 MIM:607394 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166140 Other designations: POU domain transcription factor OCT11a|POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3|octamer-binding protein 11|octamer-binding transcription factor 11|transcription factor PLA-1|transcription factor Skn-1 POU2F3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He E2IG4 LRRC54 TSK WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TSKU tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan 25987 UNQ850/PRO1788 11q13.5 20140408 9606 11 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0010468 (EC: IEA); GO_0021540 (EC: IEA); GO_0021670 (EC: IEA); GO_0021960 (EC: IEA); GO_0030178 (EC: IEA); GO_0061073 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11085516; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15231748; 15489334; 16303743; 16344560; 19710929; 22880013; 22995554 tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan Ensembl:ENSG00000182704 HGNC:28850 HPRD:12152 MIM:608015 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165238 Other designations: E2-induced gene 4 protein|leucine rich repeat containing 54|leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 54|tsukushi homolog|tsukushi small leucine rich proteoglycan homolog|tsukushin TSKU Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BFIT STARD14 THEA THEM1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT11 acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 26027 1p32.3 9606 1 GO_0005737 (EC: IC, PMID:11696000); GO_0006631 (EC: NAS, PMID:11696000); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA); GO_0009266 (EC: ISS); GO_0009409 (EC: ISS, PMID:11696000); GO_0035556 (EC: NAS, PMID:11696000); GO_0047617 (EC: TAS, PMID:11696000); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID:19056867) PMID:8125298; 9734811; 11696000; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16103133; 16344560; 19056867; 19913121; 20379614; 20470824; 20628086; 21738568; 22897136 acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000162390 HGNC:18156 HPRD:07075 MIM:606803 Vega:OTTHUMG00000009891 Other designations: START domain containing 14|StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 14|acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase 11|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 11|adipose-associated thioesterase|brown fat-inducible thioesterase|thioesterase superfamily member 1|thioesterase, adipose associated ACOT11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 2-HPCL HPCL HPCL2 PHYH2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HACL1 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 26061 HSPC279 3p25.1 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IEA); GO_0001561 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10468558); GO_0001561 (EC: TAS); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10468558); GO_0005782 (EC: TAS); GO_0016830 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10468558); GO_0016830 (EC: TAS); GO_0030976 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10468558); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048037 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15644336); GO_0051259 (EC: IDA) PMID: 10468558; 11042152; 12477932; 14561759; 14702039; 15489334; 15644336; 16189514; 16344560; 16756494; 17370265; 20178365; 21708296; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22002062; 22939629; 23000965 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000131373 HGNC:17856 HPRD:09183 MIM:604300 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129862 Other designations: 1600020H07Rik|2-hydroxyphytanol-CoA lyase|2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase|phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase 2|phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase 2 HACL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARFGAP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ARFGAP3 ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 3 26286 AL049757.1 22q13.2 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11172815); GO_0006886 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11172815); GO_0008060 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11172815); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0008565 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11172815); GO_0009306 (EC: IEP, PMID: 11172815); GO_0016192 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11172815); GO_0032312 (EC: IEA); GO_0043547 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11172815) PMID: 8076819; 10591208; 10704287; 11172815; 12477932; 12529303; 14702039; 15461802; 15489334; 15761153; 17081983; 17760859; 18029348; 19015319; 19299515; 20379614; 21139048; 21647875; 21832049; 21890473; 21988832; 23000965; 24250222 ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000242247 HGNC:661 HPRD:06444 MIM:612439 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150718 Other designations: ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 1|ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3|ARF GAP 3 ARFGAP3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FGF21 fibroblast growth factor 21 26291 UNQ3115/PRO10196 19q13.33 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18829467); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10858549); GO_0007267 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10858549); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IEA); GO_0010988 (EC: NAS); GO_0045716 (EC: NAS); GO_0046326 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17623664); GO_0070374 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17623664); GO_0090080 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10858549; 12477932; 12975309; 15199049; 15340161; 15902306; 17068132; 17452648; 17623664; 17926232; 18252893; 18559909; 18680716; 18722685; 18829467; 18840768; 19059246; 19117008; 19318452; 19322201; 19401423; 19487637; 19528204; 19531592; 19681655; 19699495; 19702724; 19720803; 19926712; 19953087; 20332535; 20362303; 20451522; 20452080; 20566462; 20566587; 20629328; 20675007; 20682689; 20717167; 21060863; 21123446; 21206918; 21309058; 21373720; 21502324; 21505329; 21521346; 21521350; 21525989; 21596453; 21664250; 21691104; 21696361; 21712364; 21750278; 21767451; 21812521; 21820356; 21849508; 21889884; 21926274; 21926972; 21949781; 21988350; 21988832; 22013098; 22046277; 22136913; 22152380; 22190000; 22233381; 22248288; 22293928; 22344195; 22378787; 22398021; 22438225; 22442730; 22523080; 22529197; 22539584; 22701542; 22740503; 22881230; 23123503; 23129782; 23270727; 23283977; 23372041; 23533568; 23545215; 23626003; 23636237; 23667629; 23759753; 23768789; 23782039; 23824729; 23887638; 24142477; 24184811 fibroblast growth factor 21 FGF21 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DBI-1 DDX26 DDX26A DICE1 HDB INT6 Notchl2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene INTS6 integrator complex subunit 6 26512 RP11-24B19.2 13q14.3 9606 13 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004888 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10467397); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16239144); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0007165 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10467397); GO_0015629 (EC: IDA); GO_0016180 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16239144); GO_0032039 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16239144) PMID: 10467397; 11939413; 12477932; 12527901; 14702039; 15057823; 15254679; 15489334; 16007164; 16239144; 16271964; 17310990; 18029348; 18854154; 20133760; 21906983; 21963094; 22360420; 23280823; 24250222; 24457600 integrator complex subunit 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000102786 HGNC:14879 HPRD:05063 MIM:604331 Other designations: DEAD box protein|DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 26|RNA helicase HDB|protein deleted in cancer 1 INTS6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CHP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CHORDC1 cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 26973 11q14.3 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19875381); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0006950 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0010824 (EC: IEA); GO_0051879 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19875381); GO_0061077 (EC: ISS); GO_1900034 (EC: ISS); GO_2000299 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 8889548; 10571178; 12477932; 12965203; 14702039; 15642353; 16083881; 16344560; 17207965; 18854154; 19875381; 19910486; 20360068; 20800603; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22190034; 22833565; 22863883; 23000965; 23184943; 24250222 cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 HGNC:14525 HPRD:05072 MIM:604353 Other designations: CHORD-containing protein 1|CHP-1|chord domain-containing protein 1|cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD)-containing 1|cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD)-containing, zinc-binding protein 1|cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing protein 1|protein morgana CHORDC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MPHOSPH11 MPP11 ZRF1 ZUO1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC2 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 2 27000 7q22 9606 7 GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:16002468); GO_0006260 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0016568 (EC: IEA); GO_0030308 (EC: IEA); GO_0030544 (EC: IPI, PMID:16002468); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA); GO_0042393 (EC: IDA); GO_0043130 (EC: IDA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA); GO_0051083 (EC: TAS, PMID:16002468); GO_2000279 (EC: IEA) PMID:8885239; 11034098; 12477932; 12800198; 14696097; 14702039; 15802566; 16002468; 16344560; 17081983; 18029348; 18399720; 20231810; 21139048; 21179169; 21906983; 22433847; 22733129; 24449271 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000105821 HGNC:13192 MIM:605502 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157202 Other designations: M-phase phosphoprotein 11|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2|zuotin related factor 1|zuotin-related factor 1 DNAJC2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HCR HRI WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2AK1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 27102 PRO1362 7p22 9606 7 GO_0004694 (EC: IDA, PMID:11036079); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006950 (EC: IEP, PMID:11036079); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0009605 (EC: IEP, PMID:11036079); GO_0010999 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: ISS); GO_0045993 (EC: NAS, PMID:11036079); GO_0046501 (EC: IEA); GO_0046777 (EC: ISS); GO_0046986 (EC: ISS) PMID:1677563; 7709427; 9819435; 10542257; 10718198; 10931946; 11036079; 11076863; 11101152; 11230166; 11256614; 12391722; 12477932; 12690205; 12767237; 12853948; 14702039; 15489334; 15489336; 16381901; 17081983; 19133234; 19851296; 20071449; 20198315; 21139048; 21906983; 21963094; 22939624; 22990118; 23357686; 23392680; 23874749; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000086232 HGNC:24921 HPRD:10684 MIM:613635 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090689 Other designations: heme regulated initiation factor 2 alpha kinase|heme sensitive initiation factor 2a kinase|heme-controlled repressor|heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2-alpha kinase|heme-regulated inhibitor|heme-regulated initiation factor 2-alpha kinase|heme-regulated repressor|hemin-sensitive initiation factor 2-alpha kinase EIF2AK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B1 C18 D1 PTHB1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BBS9 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 27241 7p14 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17574030); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005815 (EC: IEA); GO_0007601 (EC: IEA); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0030030 (EC: IEA); GO_0034464 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17574030); GO_0045444 (EC: ISS); GO_0050896 (EC: IEA); GO_0060170 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10221542; 12477932; 12618763; 12690205; 14702039; 15489334; 16380913; 17574030; 18029348; 18349106; 20161521; 20301537; 20379614; 20801516; 22479622; 23160099; 24250222 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 Ensembl:ENSG00000122507 HGNC:30000 HPRD:16262 MIM:607968 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128659 Other designations: PTH-responsive osteosarcoma B1 protein|bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 protein|parathyroid hormone-responsive B1 gene protein|protein PTHB1 BBS9 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BM-018 CD358 DR6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TNFRSF21 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 21 27242 UNQ437/PRO868 6p21.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001783 (EC: ISS); GO_0002250 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19225519); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19654028); GO_0006915 (EC: IMP); GO_0006959 (EC: ISS); GO_0030424 (EC: IEA); GO_0030889 (EC: ISS); GO_0031226 (EC: ISS); GO_0031642 (EC: IMP); GO_0042130 (EC: ISS); GO_0042552 (EC: ISS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048713 (EC: ISS); GO_0050852 (EC: ISS); GO_0051402 (EC: ISS); GO_0071356 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19654028); GO_0097252 (EC: ISS); GO_2000663 (EC: ISS); GO_2000666 (EC: ISS); GO_2001180 (EC: ISS) PMID: 9714541; 11485735; 11714751; 11753679; 12477932; 12975309; 14574404; 14702039; 15301860; 15489334; 15623156; 16378686; 17962943; 18029348; 19165232; 19225519; 19322201; 19654028; 20237496; 20819778; 21337622; 21501873; 21900206; 22297296; 22525750; 22567163; 22761420; 24374337 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 21 Ensembl:ENSG00000146072 HGNC:13469 HPRD:05759 MIM:605732 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014796 Other designations: TNFR-related death receptor 6|death receptor 6|tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 TNFRSF21 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PA26 SEST1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SESN1 sestrin 1 27244 RP11-787I22.2 6q21 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006974 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9926927); GO_0007050 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: TAS, PMID: 9926927) PMID: 7938006; 8889548; 9926927; 12477932; 12607115; 14702039; 15105503; 16751804; 18692468; 18703169; 19704005; 20800603; 21067298; 21890473; 21906983; 23000965; 23274085; 23535732; 24250222 sestrin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000080546 HGNC:21595 HPRD:07310 MIM:606103 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015338 Other designations: p53 activated gene 26|p53 regulated PA26 nuclear protein|sestrin-1 SESN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BPP CBPS PMGX RESDX SRPUL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SRPX2 sushi-repeat containing protein, X-linked 2 27286 RP11-524D16__A.1 Xq21.33-q23 20140408 9606 X protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18718938); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18718938); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19065654); GO_0009986 (EC: ISS); GO_0016337 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19065654); GO_0030054 (EC: IEA); GO_0036458 (EC: IDA); GO_0042325 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19065654); GO_0042802 (EC: IDA); GO_0048870 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19065654); GO_0051965 (EC: IDA); GO_0060076 (EC: ISS); GO_0090050 (EC: ISS); GO_0097060 (EC: ISS) PMID: 209648; 9864177; 11375929; 11822025; 12477932; 15342556; 15489334; 15772651; 16303743; 16344560; 16497722; 17942002; 18029348; 18718938; 19065654; 19667118; 20236627; 20858596; 22242148; 23115050; 23933820; 24179158 sushi-repeat containing protein, X-linked 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000102359 HGNC:30668 HPRD:06726 MIM:300642 Vega:OTTHUMG00000022003 Other designations: sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX2|sushi-repeat protein up-regulated in leukemia|sushi-repeat protein upregulated in leukemia|sushi-repeat-containing protein, X-linked 2 SRPX2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ANG-5 ANGPT5 ANL3 FHBL2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL3 angiopoietin-like 3 27329 UNQ153/PRO179 1p31.3 9606 1 GO_0004857 (EC: ISS); GO_0004859 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0005178 (EC: IPI, PMID:11877390); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0006071 (EC: IDA, PMID:12565906); GO_0006631 (EC: IDA, PMID:12565906); GO_0006644 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0007160 (EC: IPI, PMID:11877390); GO_0007165 (EC: IDA, PMID:11877390); GO_0007229 (EC: NAS, PMID:11877390); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID:11877390); GO_0008203 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0009395 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0009725 (EC: IEA); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID:12565906); GO_0010519 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0019915 (EC: IDA, PMID:12565906); GO_0030335 (EC: IDA, PMID:11877390); GO_0042632 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0045766 (EC: IDA, PMID:11877390); GO_0048844 (EC: ISS); GO_0050996 (EC: IDA, PMID:12565906); GO_0051005 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0055088 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0055090 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0055091 (EC: IDA, PMID:17110602); GO_0070328 (EC: IGI); GO_0070328 (EC: ISS) PMID:10644446; 11877390; 12477932; 12518032; 12565906; 12672813; 12909640; 12975309; 15094378; 15340161; 15489334; 16335952; 16505486; 16531751; 17110602; 17207965; 17681148; 18063851; 18193043; 18193044; 18279878; 18535744; 18596051; 18804459; 19028676; 19060906; 19075393; 19148283; 19282754; 19318355; 19474742; 19487539; 19540497; 19542565; 19656773; 19826106; 19890028; 19936222; 20139978; 20160193; 20360639; 20570916; 20571754; 20595410; 20679960; 20686565; 20714348; 20837471; 20855565; 20864672; 20942659; 20972250; 21691831; 21983347; 22062970; 22095935; 22155345; 22247256; 22286219; 22659251; 22732211; 22896670; 22916037; 23314748; 23661675; 23839332 angiopoietin-like 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000132855 HGNC:491 HPRD:10381 MIM:604774 Vega:OTTHUMG00000009146 Other designations: angiopoietin 5|angiopoietin-related protein 3 ANGPTL3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3-p28 EIF3S12 HSPC029 M9 MSTP001 PLAC-24 PLAC24 PRO1474 PTD001 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3K eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit K 27335 ARG134 19q13.2 9606 19 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006412 (EC: TAS); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006413 (EC: TAS); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:11042152; 12006665; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 15180986; 15327989; 15489334; 16189514; 17081983; 17207965; 17322308; 17353931; 17403899; 17581632; 18029348; 18577580; 18599441; 18628297; 19471022; 19615732; 19738201; 20360068; 21139048; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22053931; 22190034; 22505724; 22623428; 22678362; 22779921; 22863883; 22939629; 23000965; 23349634; 23463506; 24036361; 24250222 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit K Ensembl:ENSG00000178982 HGNC:24656 HPRD:11740 MIM:609596 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180865 Other designations: eIF-3 p25|eIF-3 p28|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 12|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit K|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 12|muscle specific|muscle-specific gene M9 protein EIF3K Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ANCCA CT137 PRO2000 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATAD2 ATPase family, AAA domain containing 2 29028 L16 8q24.13 20140408 9606 8 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17998543); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0016887 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17998543); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17998543); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15302935; 15334068; 15342556; 15489334; 16712791; 17081983; 17998543; 18029348; 19056867; 19318566; 19471022; 19843847; 20374707; 20855524; 20864510; 21139048; 21252943; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 22178446; 22586326; 22771493; 22914773; 23000965; 23393560; 23752268 ATPase family, AAA domain containing 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000156802 HGNC:30123 HPRD:10678 MIM:611941 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165090 Other designations: AAA nuclear coregulator cancer-associated protein|ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 ATAD2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C6orf66 HRPAP20 My013 bA22L21.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NDUFAF4 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 29078 HSPC125 6q16.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19463981); GO_0005516 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0031966 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19463981); GO_0032981 (EC: IMP, PMID: 18179882) PMID: 11042152; 12477932; 14574404; 14871833; 15342556; 15489334; 16344560; 17001319; 17909269; 18029348; 18179882; 19352385; 19463981; 20877624; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22939629; 23670274; 24250222 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000123545 HGNC:21034 HPRD:10795 MIM:611776 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015246 Other designations: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, assembly factor 4|NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 4|hormone-regulated proliferation-associated protein of 20 kDa|hormone-regulated proliferation-associated protein, 20 kDa NDUFAF4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PIG50 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UBE2T ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (putative) 29089 HSPC150 1q32.1 20140408 9606 1 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003682 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17938197); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16916645); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID: 17938197); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006281 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16916645); GO_0006281 (EC: TAS); GO_0006513 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16916645); GO_0006974 (EC: IMP, PMID: 16916645); GO_0031625 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16916645); GO_0035519 (EC: IDA); GO_0044314 (EC: IDA); GO_0051865 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16916645); GO_0070534 (EC: IDA); GO_0070936 (EC: IDA); GO_0070979 (EC: IDA); GO_0085020 (EC: IDA) PMID: 10931946; 11042152; 12477932; 12938929; 14702039; 15489334; 16196087; 16710414; 16916645; 17203973; 17938197; 18029348; 18667844; 18781797; 19111657; 19471022; 19549727; 19589784; 19690564; 19887602; 20639865; 21139048; 21693764; 21722982; 21775430; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22287633; 22505724; 22939629; 23000965; 23535733; 23936387; 24250222; 24389026 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (putative) Ensembl:ENSG00000077152 HGNC:25009 HPRD:13704 MIM:610538 Vega:OTTHUMG00000041392 Other designations: HSPC150 protein similar to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme|cell proliferation-inducing gene 50 protein|ubiquitin carrier protein T|ubiquitin conjugating enzyme|ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 T|ubiquitin-protein ligase T UBE2T Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DNAJD1 HSD18 MCJ WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC15 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 15 29103 GIG22 13q14.1 9606 13 GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:11358853; 12477932; 14729589; 15057823; 15489334; 16049974; 17283040; 18029348; 18324624; 19322201; 19734545; 20877624; 23263864 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 15 Ensembl:ENSG00000120675 HGNC:20325 HPRD:13238 MIM:615339 Vega:OTTHUMG00000016813 Other designations: DNAJ domain-containing|DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily D, member 1|cell growth-inhibiting gene 22 protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 15|methylation-controlled J protein DNAJC15 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GRTH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDX25 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 25 29118 11q24 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003723 (EC: IEA); GO_0004004 (EC: ISS); GO_0005524 (EC: ISS); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0006200 (EC: ISS); GO_0006406 (EC: ISS); GO_0006417 (EC: ISS); GO_0007275 (EC: IEA); GO_0007286 (EC: ISS); GO_0033391 (EC: ISS) PMID: 10608860; 12477932; 15094194; 15096601; 15489334; 16293649; 17848414; 17889551; 19536092; 19875492; 20378615 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 25 Ensembl:ENSG00000109832 HGNC:18698 HPRD:06367 MIM:607663 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165859 Other designations: ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX25|DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 25|DEAD box protein 25|DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 25|gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase DDX25 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ICBP90 Np95 RNF106 hNP95 hUHRF1 huNp95 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UHRF1 ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 29128 19p13.3 20140408 9606 19 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA); GO_0000790 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17673620); GO_0000790 (EC: ISS); GO_0000791 (EC: IDA); GO_0000792 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17967883); GO_0000987 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10646863); GO_0003700 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1868030); GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17967883); GO_0004842 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15361834); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10646863); GO_0005657 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17673620); GO_0006281 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0007049 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA); GO_0008283 (EC: IEP, PMID: 15361834); GO_0008327 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15361834); GO_0010216 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17673620); GO_0010390 (EC: ISS); GO_0016363 (EC: ISS); GO_0016574 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17967883); GO_0031493 (EC: ISS); GO_0032270 (EC: IDA, PMID: 10646863); GO_0035064 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17967883); GO_0042393 (EC: IDA); GO_0042787 (EC: IDA); GO_0042802 (EC: ISS); GO_0044729 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17673620); GO_0045944 (EC: IC, PMID: 10646863); GO_0051865 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17967883); GO_2000373 (EC: IC, PMID: 10646863) PMID: 1868030; 8889549; 10646863; 11290415; 12477932; 12838312; 14702039; 14993289; 15009091; 15033738; 15057824; 15146197; 15178447; 15361834; 15964557; 16007129; 16195352; 16344560; 16964243; 17065439; 17067204; 17081983; 17370265; 17673620; 17934516; 17967883; 18005238; 18772889; 18781797; 18945682; 19056828; 19077538; 19270723; 19322201; 19328461; 19471022; 19491893; 19798101; 19800870; 19851296; 19943104; 20037778; 20198315; 20613874; 21045206; 21067293; 21139048; 21214517; 21252943; 21268065; 21296067; 21351083; 21489993; 21539450; 21611839; 21745816; 21777816; 21808300; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22055183; 22064703; 22096602; 22100450; 22219067; 22285022; 22286757; 22294699; 22330138; 22411829; 22505724; 22552622; 22837395; 22939629; 22945642; 23000965; 23022729; 23023523; 23107467; 23161542; 23245651; 23281010; 23297342; 23463006; 23537643; 23677994; 23752590; 23943380; 24005809; 24013172; 24035451; 24134914; 24324066; 24368767; 24457600; 24469333; 24486181 ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 HGNC:12556 HPRD:06992 MIM:607990 Other designations: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1|RING finger protein 106|inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa|nuclear phosphoprotein 95|nuclear protein 95|nuclear zinc finger protein Np95|transcription factor ICBP90|ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1|ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1 UHRF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2S1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily S, polypeptide 1 29785 UNQ891/PRO1906 19q13.1 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:7566098; 11181079; 12477932; 12711469; 12721789; 12975309; 14702039; 15128046; 15450424; 15489334; 17277313; 17280660; 17495422; 17529885; 19343046; 19368491; 19713358; 21139048; 21319273; 21430234; 22039172; 22232929; 22863683; 23224081; 23648403 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily S, polypeptide 1 Other designations: CYPIIS1|cytochrome P450 2S1|cytochrome P450 family member predicted from ESTs|cytochrome P540, subfamily IIS, polypeptide 1 CYP2S1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AWMS1 HSU53209 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRA2A transformer 2 alpha homolog (Drosophila) 29896 7p15.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0000398 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9546399); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 9546399); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID: 8799144; 9546399; 9847074; 12477932; 12761501; 14729963; 14765198; 15324660; 15342556; 15489334; 16097034; 16964243; 17081983; 19322201; 19471022; 20508642; 21110914; 21139048; 21145461; 21382349; 21447598; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21988832; 22094256; 22365833; 22939629; 22990118; 23000965; 23084401; 23255807; 23602568; 24457600 transformer 2 alpha homolog (Drosophila) Ensembl:ENSG00000164548 HGNC:16645 HPRD:04096 MIM:602718 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128459 Other designations: TRA-2 alpha|TRA2-alpha|Tra2alpha|htra-2 alpha|htra-2-alpha|putative MAPK activating protein PM24|transformer-2 alpha|transformer-2 protein homolog A|transformer-2 protein homolog alpha TRA2A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C7orf68 HIG-2 HIG2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HILPDA hypoxia inducible lipid droplet-associated 29923 7q32.1 20140408 9606 7 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001819 (EC: IDA); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15930302); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15930302); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15930302); GO_0005811 (EC: IDA); GO_0006950 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10690527); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15930302); GO_0009986 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15930302); GO_0010884 (EC: IDA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030141 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15930302); GO_0035425 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15930302) PMID: 8125298; 10690527; 12477932; 12690205; 15489334; 15642117; 15930302; 18550099; 20134266; 20624928; 21124928; 21614900; 21906983; 23916472; 24250222 hypoxia inducible lipid droplet-associated Ensembl:ENSG00000135245 HGNC:28859 HPRD:17105 Vega:OTTHUMG00000157712 Other designations: hypoxia inducible gene 2|hypoxia-inducible gene 2 protein|hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein|hypoxia-inducible protein 2 HILPDA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BDGI OKL38 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene OSGIN1 oxidative stress induced growth inhibitor 1 29948 16q23.3 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0007275 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11459809); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0030308 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11459809) PMID: 8889548; 11459809; 12374686; 12477932; 14570898; 15489334; 15569677; 16924236; 17192422; 18499678; 18597759; 19578798; 19851296; 20198315; 20307321; 21737788; 21906983; 22912861 oxidative stress induced growth inhibitor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000140961 HGNC:30093 HPRD:06412 MIM:607975 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137640 Other designations: bone marrow stromal cell-derived growth inhibitor|ovary, kidney and liver protein 38|oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor 1|pregnancy-induced growth inhibitor OKL38 OSGIN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ZNF291 Zfp291 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SCAPER S-phase cyclin A-associated protein in the ER 49855 MSTP063 15q24 20140408 9606 15 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10819331; 12421765; 12477932; 14702039; 15161980; 15840729; 17553665; 17698606; 18245951; 19596686; 21139048; 22505724; 24163370 S-phase cyclin A-associated protein in the ER Ensembl:ENSG00000140386 HGNC:13081 HPRD:11704 MIM:611611 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172655 Other designations: S phase cyclin A-associated protein in the ER|S phase cyclin A-associated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum|zinc finger protein 291 SCAPER Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HDGF-2 HDGF2 HRP-3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene 50810 CGI-142 15q25.2 9606 15 NCBI-supplied GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10581169) PMID: 10581169; 10810093; 12477932; 14702039; 15371438; 15489334; 15761153; 16337983; 18029348; 19237540; 21044950; 21706016; 21890473; 23000965; 23503679; 24012673 hepatoma-derived growth factor, related protein 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000166503 HPRD:17096 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172685 Other designations: hepatoma-derived growth factor 2|hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 3 HDGFRP3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ANGPTL2 ARP4 FIAF HARP HFARP NL2 PGAR UNQ171 pp1158 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL4 angiopoietin-like 4 51129 PP1158 19p13.3 9606 19 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: NAS, PMID:12707035); GO_0004857 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005576 (EC: IDA, PMID:10698685); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005578 (EC: IEA); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:10698685); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID:10698685); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045766 (EC: TAS, PMID:11953136); GO_0051005 (EC: IDA, PMID:19542565); GO_0051260 (EC: IEA); GO_0070328 (EC: ISS); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA); GO_2000352 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 10698685; 10866690; 11953136; 12015030; 12438262; 12477932; 12707035; 12975309; 14570927; 14583458; 15190076; 15284220; 15292369; 15489334; 15579652; 15837923; 15863837; 15870027; 16049480; 16081640; 16272564; 16303743; 16531751; 17049073; 17068295; 17088546; 17130448; 17207965; 17322881; 18029348; 18340008; 18394990; 18433990; 18442626; 18599063; 18634015; 18728224; 18809343; 18940399; 18974381; 19019854; 19028676; 19060906; 19074989; 19246456; 19270337; 19318355; 19342599; 19542565; 19628874; 19775228; 19826106; 19878569; 19890028; 19913121; 20025870; 20162021; 20454689; 20595396; 20628086; 20660728; 20664963; 20667978; 20686565; 20729546; 20829508; 20927337; 20972945; 21109191; 21151138; 21212665; 21217681; 21308352; 21397862; 21398697; 21421336; 21489049; 21518214; 21596930; 21674552; 21709421; 21714923; 21841165; 21860410; 21937683; 21966511; 22078753; 22086875; 22307217; 22458843; 22462789; 22549372; 22573825; 22639947; 22661548; 22729570; 22732211; 22773878; 22791755; 22820186; 22972030; 23056264; 23183503; 23208498; 23283507; 23319744; 23339868; 23387337; 23518684; 23617883; 23640487; 23959876; 23960078; 24317117 angiopoietin-like 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000167772 HGNC:16039 HPRD:16173 MIM:605910 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182273 Other designations: PPARG angiopoietin related protein|angiopoietin-related protein 4|fasting-induced adipose factor|hepatic angiopoietin-related protein|hepatic fibrinogen/angiopoietin-related protein|peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma induced angiopoietin-related protein ANGPTL4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene INSIG2 insulin induced gene 2 51141 2q14.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12242332); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006641 (EC: IEA); GO_0006695 (EC: IEA); GO_0008134 (EC: IEA); GO_0010894 (EC: IEA); GO_0032868 (EC: IEA); GO_0032933 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12242332); GO_0032937 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12242332); GO_0042472 (EC: IEA); GO_0042474 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045717 (EC: IEA); GO_0060021 (EC: IEA); GO_0060363 (EC: IEA); GO_0070542 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12242332; 12477932; 12482938; 12624180; 12842885; 14702039; 16549805; 16606821; 16614226; 17137505; 17428920; 17465681; 17471297; 17489846; 18003761; 18070740; 18162505; 18195716; 18223638; 18239574; 18270535; 18319320; 18347269; 18398047; 18426866; 18464289; 18514965; 18570692; 18615239; 18660489; 18682847; 18839134; 18989534; 19105843; 19197259; 19197262; 19224890; 19263810; 19360016; 19399648; 19523229; 19617589; 19638338; 19740467; 19772594; 19815544; 19851442; 19913121; 19948975; 20007308; 20028541; 20045156; 20083228; 20092643; 20145255; 20373477; 20504252; 20538960; 20628086; 20645959; 20653998; 20712903; 20816152; 20816195; 20858904; 20877301; 20920244; 20955599; 21163096; 21443541; 21544599; 21978759; 22020349; 22143767; 22355322; 22504420; 22695173; 22968099; 24250222; 24371122 insulin induced gene 2 Other designations: INSIG-2|INSIG2 membrane protein|insulin induced protein 2|insulin-induced gene 2 protein INSIG2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He my036 p29ING4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ING4 inhibitor of growth family, member 4 51147 My036 12p13.31 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000123 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0003713 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12750254); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15029197); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0006260 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0006325 (EC: TAS); GO_0006473 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12750254); GO_0006915 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15251430); GO_0006978 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0007050 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15251430); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12750254); GO_0035064 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16728974); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0043966 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0043981 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0043982 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0043983 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16387653); GO_0043984 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 16387653); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15029197); GO_0045926 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12750254) PMID: 8889548; 10931946; 12477932; 12750254; 15029197; 15251430; 15342556; 15489334; 15528276; 15882981; 15897452; 15935570; 16096374; 16387653; 16728974; 16916647; 16920330; 16973615; 17157298; 17325660; 17363573; 17517644; 17848618; 17954561; 18381289; 18394746; 18399550; 18775696; 18779315; 18789575; 19034511; 19250543; 19430401; 19571607; 19775294; 20053357; 20211142; 20381459; 20445261; 20501848; 20705953; 20707719; 20716169; 20953165; 21056991; 21177815; 21310648; 21315418; 21454715; 21626442; 21890473; 21971889; 21988832; 22078444; 22144582; 22228137; 22334692; 22436625; 22767438; 23055189; 23056468; 23181555; 23455924; 23603392; 23624912; 24130172; 24157826 inhibitor of growth family, member 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000111653 HGNC:19423 HPRD:09774 MIM:608524 Vega:OTTHUMG00000141274 Other designations: brain my036 protein|candidate tumor suppressor p33 ING1 homolog|inhibitor of growth protein 4 ING4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PRED31 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene C6orf203 chromosome 6 open reading frame 203 51250 HSPC230 6q21 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005739 (EC: IDA) PMID: 11042152; 11707072; 12107413; 12477932; 14574404; 14702039; 15489334; 16169070; 16344560; 20186120; 20877624; 21832049; 21988832; 24250222 chromosome 6 open reading frame 203 Ensembl:ENSG00000130349 HGNC:17971 HPRD:12873 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015307 Other designations: uncharacterized protein C6orf203 C6orf203 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He RBJ RabJS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC27 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 27 51277 2p23.3 9606 2 GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA) PMID:9564038; 12477932; 14980719; 18391951; 20877624; 20881960; 20935630; 21980299; 22344219; 23449627 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 27 Ensembl:ENSG00000115137 HGNC:30290 HPRD:15221 MIM:613527 Vega:OTTHUMG00000125524 Other designations: Ras-associated protein Rap1|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 27|rab and DnaJ domain-containing protein DNAJC27 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP39A1 cytochrome P450, family 39, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 51302 6p21.1-p11.2 9606 6 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006699 (EC: IDA, PMID:10748047); GO_0006699 (EC: TAS); GO_0006707 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007586 (EC: TAS, PMID:10748047); GO_0008206 (EC: TAS); GO_0008387 (EC: IEA); GO_0008396 (EC: IDA, PMID:10748047); GO_0016125 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030573 (EC: IEA); GO_0033782 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: TAS, PMID:10748047); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:10748047; 11329013; 12477932; 15128046; 15489334; 19553612; 20453000; 21988832 cytochrome P450, family 39, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Other designations: 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXXIX (oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase), polypeptide 1 CYP39A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CD266 FN14 TWEAKR WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TNFRSF12A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12A 51330 16p13.3 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001726 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006928 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10551889); GO_0006931 (EC: IEA); GO_0007275 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10551889); GO_0009986 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IDA); GO_0045773 (EC: IEA); GO_2001238 (EC: IMP) PMID: 10551889; 10751351; 11728344; 12445828; 12477932; 12496418; 12529173; 12651623; 14573547; 15140220; 15353286; 15489334; 15611130; 16341674; 16503147; 16526941; 16809572; 17018610; 17124496; 17383968; 17594693; 18505918; 19018248; 19241374; 19349318; 19573080; 19773279; 19828625; 19895311; 19963275; 20004376; 20189297; 20237496; 20487651; 20557950; 20568250; 20610643; 20628624; 20810696; 20844036; 20927042; 21153335; 21303425; 21435232; 21483105; 21525013; 21708117; 21828059; 21963094; 21982860; 21993017; 22055894; 22081603; 22521346; 22634180; 22637703; 22672874; 22767506; 22896023; 23107828; 23288170; 23300011; 23320797; 23438059; 23443741; 23469193; 23722548; 23775076; 23886137; 23999007; 24056367; 24122208 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12A Ensembl:ENSG00000006327 HGNC:18152 HPRD:05801 MIM:605914 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129001 Other designations: FGF-inducible 14|fibroblast growth factor-inducible immediate-early response protein 14|tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A|tweak-receptor|type I transmembrane protein Fn14 TNFRSF12A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGP4 ANG-3 ANG4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPT4 angiopoietin 4 51378 20p13 9606 20 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001935 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:10025962); GO_0005576 (EC: TAS); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA, PMID:10025962); GO_0007171 (EC: IDA, PMID:10051567); GO_0007596 (EC: TAS); GO_0010595 (EC: IDA, PMID:12958144); GO_0016525 (EC: IDA, PMID:16790085); GO_0030297 (EC: IDA, PMID:10051567); GO_0030971 (EC: IDA, PMID:10051567); GO_0043066 (EC: IDA, PMID:12958144); GO_0043536 (EC: IDA, PMID:15284220); GO_0043537 (EC: IDA, PMID:16790085); GO_0045766 (EC: IDA, PMID:15284220); GO_0050731 (EC: IDA, PMID:15851516); GO_0050900 (EC: TAS); GO_0071456 (EC: IEP, PMID:12958144) PMID:10025962; 10051567; 10218486; 10343124; 11076863; 11780052; 11856872; 12477932; 12624729; 12958144; 15198927; 15284220; 15489334; 15542434; 15851516; 16790085; 17724803; 19204726; 19913121; 20596041; 20628086; 20819778; 20823154; 21603628; 22267746 angiopoietin 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000101280 HGNC:487 HPRD:04747 MIM:603705 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031652 Other designations: ANG-4|angiopoietin-3|angiopoietin-4|dJ824F16.2 (angiopoietin 4) ANGPT4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF3EIP EIF3S11 EIF3S6IP HSPC021 HSPC025 MSTP005 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3L eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit L 51386 AL022311.1 22q 9606 22 GO_0001650 (EC: IEA); GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IC, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17322308); GO_0003743 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID:17581632); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18599441); GO_0005654 (EC: IEA); GO_0005852 (EC: IDA, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IC, PMID:17322308); GO_0006413 (EC: IDA, PMID:17581632); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:8125298; 11042152; 11590142; 11592397; 12393749; 12477932; 14702039; 15231747; 15231748; 15461802; 15489334; 16169070; 16189514; 16344560; 16522924; 17322308; 17353931; 17403899; 17581632; 18029348; 18599441; 18781797; 19167051; 19615732; 19738201; 20360068; 20508642; 21081666; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22190034; 22505724; 22586326; 22623428; 22863883; 22939629; 23455922; 23463506; 23800076; 24250222; 24457600 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit L Ensembl:ENSG00000100129 HGNC:18138 HPRD:10932 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150671 Other designations: eIEF associated protein HSPC021|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 6-interacting protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E-interacting protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L EIF3L Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AIG-1 dJ95L4.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AIG1 androgen-induced 1 51390 RP1-95L4.1 6q24.2 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 8889548; 10810093; 11266118; 11329013; 12477932; 14574404; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 20379614; 21622095; 21988832 androgen-induced 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000146416 HGNC:21607 HPRD:16346 MIM:608514 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015721 Other designations: androgen-induced gene 1 protein AIG1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He INO1 INOS IPS IPS 1 IPS-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ISYNA1 inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 51477 19p13.11 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004512 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006021 (EC: IEA); GO_0008654 (EC: IEA); GO_0043647 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 12477932; 12941308; 14702039; 15024000; 15464731; 16169070; 16344560; 21044950; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21988832; 22707096; 23535729; 23902760 inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000105655 HGNC:29821 HPRD:17163 MIM:611670 Vega:OTTHUMG00000179027 Other designations: MI-1-P synthase|MIP synthase|myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase A1 ISYNA1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B99 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GTSE1 G-2 and S-phase expressed 1 51512 RP5-1163J1.2 22q13.2-q13.3 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000085 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10974554); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005881 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10974554); GO_0006977 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10974554); GO_0007017 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10974554) PMID: 8125298; 8889548; 10591208; 10974554; 10984615; 12477932; 12750368; 14702039; 14707141; 15146197; 15231747; 15302935; 15461802; 15489334; 15790807; 15998911; 16344560; 16964243; 19531213; 19615732; 19913121; 20018861; 20577264; 20628086; 20800603; 21139048; 21693764; 21890473; 22292647; 22990118; 23236459; 24250222 G-2 and S-phase expressed 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000075218 HGNC:13698 HPRD:09593 MIM:607477 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150486 Other designations: G2 and S phase-expressed protein 1|protein B99 homolog GTSE1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NAG SOPH WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NBAS neuroblastoma amplified sequence 51594 2p24 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000956 (EC: IMP); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_2000623 (EC: IMP) PMID: 9926938; 11329013; 11954550; 12477932; 12706883; 14702039; 16169070; 17028906; 19369418; 19407829; 20360068; 20379614; 20577004; 20585324; 21139048; 21697133; 21906983; 21963094; 23828042 neuroblastoma amplified sequence Ensembl:ENSG00000151779 HGNC:15625 HPRD:10473 MIM:608025 Vega:OTTHUMG00000121153 Other designations: NAG/BC035112 fusion|NAG/FAM49A fusion|neuroblastoma-amplified gene protein|neuroblastoma-amplified sequence NBAS Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ABBP-2 ABBP2 DJ9 Dj-9 EDJ ERdj3 ERj3 ERj3p PRO1080 UNQ537 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB11 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 11 51726 PSEC0121 3q27.3 9606 3 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18923428); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID:16130169); GO_0005788 (EC: TAS); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0006987 (EC: TAS); GO_0016556 (EC: IEA); GO_0030968 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA) PMID:10827079; 11147971; 11584023; 12475965; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15195998; 15489334; 15525676; 15544163; 16130169; 16169070; 16236267; 16303743; 17353931; 17976514; 18029348; 18303054; 18624398; 18923428; 19167051; 19322201; 19748898; 19913121; 20335166; 20418907; 20628086; 20811636; 21081666; 21139048; 21145461; 21150319; 21182205; 21673190; 21844235; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21963094; 22190034; 22268729; 22678362; 22863883; 22939629; 22990118; 23097496; 23349634; 23378021; 23455922; 23752268; 23798571 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000090520 HGNC:14889 HPRD:07485 MIM:611341 Other designations: APOBEC1-binding protein 2|DnaJ protein 9|ER-associated DNAJ protein 3|ER-associated Hsp40 co-chaperone|ER-resident protein ERdj3|PWP1-interacting protein 4|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 11|endoplasmic reticulum DNA J domain-containing protein 3 DNAJB11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PANK WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PANK1 pantothenate kinase 1 53354 10q23.31 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004594 (EC: IEA); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0009108 (EC: TAS); GO_0015937 (EC: IEA); GO_0015939 (EC: TAS); GO_0030118 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055037 (EC: IEA); GO_0071944 (EC: IEA) PMID: 2981478; 11479594; 11809413; 12379284; 12477932; 14523052; 15161933; 15164054; 15489334; 16385451; 17631502; 18029348; 18187620; 19060910; 19322201; 20379614; 20833636; 22912811; 23343762 pantothenate kinase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000152782 HGNC:8598 HPRD:07549 MIM:606160 Other designations: pantothenic acid kinase 1 PANK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ERdj5 JPDI MTHr PDIA19 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC10 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 10 54431 UNQ495/PRO1012 2q32.1 9606 2 GO_0001671 (EC: ISS); GO_0001933 (EC: IDA, PMID:19122239); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:19706418); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID:12411443); GO_0005788 (EC: IDA); GO_0006662 (EC: IEA); GO_0015035 (EC: IDA); GO_0015035 (EC: ISS); GO_0015036 (EC: ISS); GO_0016671 (EC: ISS); GO_0030433 (EC: IMP, PMID:18400946); GO_0030544 (EC: IPI); GO_0032781 (EC: ISS); GO_0034663 (EC: IDA, PMID:18400946); GO_0034975 (EC: IDA); GO_0034976 (EC: IDA, PMID:19122239); GO_0045454 (EC: IEA); GO_0051087 (EC: IDA, PMID:12411443); GO_0051117 (EC: IPI, PMID:12411443); GO_0051787 (EC: IDA, PMID:18400946); GO_0070059 (EC: IDA, PMID:19122239) PMID:12411443; 12446677; 12477932; 12975309; 14587667; 14702039; 15489334; 15815621; 16189514; 16303743; 16344560; 17353921; 18400946; 18653895; 19122239; 19706418; 19815549; 20347046; 21139048; 21145461; 21266254; 21329881; 21632540; 21890473; 21906983; 22229892; 22354994; 22797925; 23192594; 23363602; 23455922; 23769672 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 10 HGNC:24637 HPRD:09722 MIM:607987 Other designations: ER-resident protein ERdj5|J-domain-containing protein disulfide isomerase-like protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10|endoplasmic reticulum DNA J domain-containing protein 5|macrothioredoxin|protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 19 DNAJC10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Dig2 REDD-1 REDD1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDIT4 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 54541 RP11-442H21.1 10q22.1 9606 10 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001666 (EC: IDA); GO_0001764 (EC: ISS); GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12453409); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0007420 (EC: ISS); GO_0008283 (EC: ISS); GO_0010801 (EC: ISS); GO_0030182 (EC: ISS); GO_0032007 (EC: IMP); GO_0033137 (EC: ISS); GO_0042771 (EC: ISS); GO_0043241 (EC: IEA); GO_0045820 (EC: IEA); GO_0048011 (EC: ISS); GO_0051607 (EC: IEA); GO_0071889 (EC: IEA); GO_0072593 (EC: IEA); GO_1901216 (EC: ISS); GO_1902532 (EC: ISS) PMID: 11076863; 11230166; 11256614; 11884613; 12453409; 12477932; 14646594; 15146197; 15180327; 15489336; 15592522; 15632201; 15988001; 16169070; 16196087; 16258273; 16341674; 16381901; 16713569; 17005863; 17307335; 18029348; 18781797; 18796435; 18953439; 19114033; 19127203; 19210572; 19221489; 19557001; 19996311; 20166753; 20354178; 20374513; 20473305; 20639865; 20972266; 21123297; 21139048; 21258409; 21266827; 21414293; 21460850; 21540236; 21798997; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21909097; 21963094; 21987572; 22053931; 22505724; 23000965; 23193052; 23528835 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000168209 HGNC:24944 HPRD:09662 MIM:607729 Vega:OTTHUMG00000183961 Other designations: DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein|HIF-1 responsive protein RTP801|protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 DDIT4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BILIQTL1 GNT1 HUG-BR1 UDPGT UDPGT 1-1 UGT1 UGT1A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UGT1A1 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1 54658 2q37 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001889 (EC: IEA); GO_0001972 (EC: IDA); GO_0004857 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19996319); GO_0005496 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19996319); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: IEA); GO_0006778 (EC: TAS); GO_0006789 (EC: TAS, PMID: 1339448); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006953 (EC: IEA); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0007586 (EC: NAS, PMID: 1898728); GO_0008202 (EC: IC, PMID: 19996319); GO_0008210 (EC: TAS, PMID: 8780690); GO_0015020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18052087); GO_0015020 (EC: TAS); GO_0017144 (EC: IC, PMID: 19996319); GO_0019899 (EC: IDA); GO_0031100 (EC: IEA); GO_0032496 (EC: IEA); GO_0042167 (EC: TAS); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042573 (EC: IC); GO_0042594 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IPI); GO_0043086 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19996319); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045939 (EC: IC, PMID: 19996319); GO_0046483 (EC: IC, PMID: 19996319); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI); GO_0051552 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18052087); GO_0052695 (EC: TAS); GO_0052696 (EC: IDA); GO_0052697 (EC: IDA); GO_0070069 (EC: IEA); GO_0070980 (EC: IEA); GO_0071361 (EC: IEA); GO_0071385 (EC: IEA); GO_2001030 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18004212) PMID: 1339448; 1634050; 1634606; 1898728; 2108603; 3082969; 3141926; 7565971; 7715297; 7906695; 7936809; 7989045; 7989595; 8027054; 8226884; 8276413; 8280139; 8467709; 8514037; 8528206; 8706880; 8780690; 9039987; 9295054; 9375768; 9472029; 9497253; 9535849; 9621515; 9627603; 9639672; 10412811; 10498597; 10706110; 10748067; 10836148; 10946897; 11013440; 11061796; 11141380; 11156391; 11179460; 11370628; 11401924; 11434514; 11465080; 11764096; 11827650; 11855932; 11857560; 11878580; 11906189; 11915038; 11968090; 11987245; 12036456; 12078936; 12105841; 12139570; 12151360; 12185559; 12357057; 12402338; 12439228; 12477932; 12480553; 12480568; 12499798; 12502904; 12566446; 12602902; 12646172; 12677174; 12680285; 12695355; 12732365; 12732844; 12743455; 12800608; 12850481; 12850492; 12909459; 12925779; 12960109; 12969965; 12972027; 14550264; 14555305; 14586211; 14616765; 14647407; 14672974; 14871858; 15007088; 15049432; 15111762; 15179405; 15180166; 15247627; 15254716; 15280927; 15286088; 15297419; 15304120; 15318931; 15319294; 15319464; 15320866; 15388579; 15455371; 15472229; 15491385; 15519273; 15523087; 15557560; 15560369; 15572581; 15586176; 15684703; 15709212; 15710570; 15712364; 15746053; 15771689; 15815621; 15855726; 15857854; 15864124; 15864125; 15864130; 15867280; 15929176; 15931768; 16004608; 16135700; 16171463; 16210851; 16237771; 16255851; 16257834; 16257926; 16280036; 16399345; 16424820; 16456808; 16469709; 16513443; 16557566; 16609363; 16610035; 16636344; 16637266; 16712705; 16735790; 16771603; 16791115; 16792515; 16809730; 16849011; 16864595; 16865249; 16871576; 16896007; 16909274; 16951398; 16965601; 16969497; 16985250; 17000907; 17060921; 17138857; 17166930; 17185998; 17187418; 17192505; 17196409; 17229650; 17259171; 17273745; 17329852; 17372243; 17374650; 17406868; 17409981; 17426648; 17440429; 17459361; 17471158; 17478602; 17498780; 17506482; 17510208; 17530442; 17549067; 17555467; 17558305; 17576806; 17577039; 17578897; 17593033; 17611564; 17622938; 17627617; 17681105; 17700594; 17728214; 17762398; 17850628; 17888052; 17898154; 17909964; 17949292; 17952380; 17978490; 17981384; 17990575; 18004206; 18004212; 18043502; 18052087; 18081723; 18082937; 18161889; 18172616; 18181169; 18221820; 18223459; 18240903; 18300238; 18324905; 18335219; 18343383; 18349273; 18349289; 18375480; 18379174; 18392554; 18419642; 18430559; 18454993; 18491077; 18498916; 18509181; 18547414; 18558634; 18594531; 18597651; 18675828; 18685565; 18695635; 18756540; 18768784; 18781851; 18790042; 18797458; 18818748; 18832463; 18953066; 18981166; 18982743; 18990750; 18992148; 19019335; 19021734; 19077918; 19141701; 19204906; 19207584; 19217809; 19238116; 19243019; 19268007; 19279563; 19299905; 19303655; 19309288; 19325249; 19336732; 19343046; 19349540; 19349543; 19352303; 19356098; 19364970; 19371317; 19389676; 19390945; 19397531; 19406951; 19414484; 19419973; 19424794; 19430380; 19450125; 19482841; 19486253; 19513514; 19527514; 19546880; 19620808; 19636001; 19639031; 19674361; 19683255; 19712005; 19732760; 19771428; 19797611; 19830808; 19858149; 19858398; 19859999; 19861894; 19888426; 19891553; 19898482; 19913121; 19932091; 19948621; 19996319; 20028383; 20038727; 20057336; 20061399; 20063115; 20064729; 20070246; 20087647; 20096102; 20136364; 20140262; 20142249; 20173083; 20177420; 20197307; 20207827; 20214802; 20215562; 20216541; 20235787; 20297805; 20308029; 20335017; 20358470; 20371435; 20376058; 20377135; 20378551; 20381444; 20385995; 20389299; 20402064; 20430047; 20483464; 20485444; 20504240; 20528217; 20528568; 20529348; 20530282; 20546738; 20562211; 20562445; 20580994; 20600030; 20620155; 20628086; 20628391; 20639394; 20643254; 20647221; 20648548; 20650040; 20653675; 20679960; 20686835; 20709051; 20734064; 20823282; 20837016; 20860988; 20865252; 20890421; 20948202; 20975617; 21072184; 21080475; 21092520; 21150467; 21266593; 21272068; 21275655; 21317830; 21319362; 21342357; 21351260; 21411679; 21473286; 21513526; 21614935; 21646302; 21760472; 21771722; 21886157; 21911884; 21978357; 21983082; 21988832; 22050734; 22085899; 22169899; 22199302; 22212955; 22213983; 22214020; 22273851; 22299209; 22307138; 22318545; 22325916; 22340355; 22357454; 22367021; 22371261; 22398043; 22448797; 22450351; 22475179; 22511988; 22537951; 22558097; 22559977; 22648071; 22661630; 22676194; 22749334; 22808571; 22829544; 23014115; 23053265; 23130636; 23147267; 23148286; 23148825; 23207817; 23236239; 23281178; 23290513; 23303296; 23350445; 23371916; 23386248; 23461146; 23516488; 23517300; 23548653; 23580084; 23642732; 23647681; 23753274; 23781580; 23881212; 23892411; 23898114; 23926009; 23950218; 23964438; 24033692; 24195516; 24217933; 24341141; 24403462 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1 Ensembl:ENSG00000242366 HGNC:12530 HPRD:08933 MIM:191740 Vega:OTTHUMG00000059117 Other designations: UDP glycosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1|UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1|UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-A|UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1|UGT-1A|UGT1*1|UGT1-01|UGT1.1|bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1|bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozyme 1|bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 UGT1A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DJ10 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB12 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 12 54788 10q22.1 9606 10 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 11147971; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 17207965; 17342744; 18029348; 18781797; 21139048; 21148293; 21150129; 21150319; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22939629; 23000965; 23956138; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 12 Ensembl:ENSG00000148719 HGNC:14891 HPRD:07086 MIM:608376 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018436 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 12 DNAJB12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2W1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily W, polypeptide 1 54905 7p22.3 9606 7 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:12477932; 15128046; 15489334; 16426568; 16677611; 17979506; 17998294; 20602611; 20805301; 21988832; 22591743; 22631658; 22993331; 23897914 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily W, polypeptide 1 Other designations: CYPIIW1|cytochrome P450 2W1 CYP2W1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C21orf55 C21orf78 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC28 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 28 54943 21q22.11 9606 21 PMID:8125298; 10830953; 12036298; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 21900206; 21906983; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 28 Ensembl:ENSG00000177692 HGNC:1297 HPRD:10752 Vega:OTTHUMG00000065531 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 28 DNAJC28 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene COMMD8 COMM domain containing 8 54951 MDS022 4p12 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 15799966) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15799966; 16169070; 17207965; 20379614; 21139048; 21890473; 21900206; 22939629; 23000965; 23563313; 24250222 COMM domain containing 8 Other designations: COMM domain-containing protein 8 COMMD8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATA3 NAT3 PAAT WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC38A4 solute carrier family 38, member 4 55089 12q13 20140408 9606 12 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006811 (EC: TAS); GO_0006814 (EC: IEA); GO_0006865 (EC: TAS); GO_0015171 (EC: IEA); GO_0015293 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS) PMID: 11342143; 11414754; 12477932; 12845534; 14702039; 15489334; 16148032; 16344560; 16712791; 18195088; 18703994; 19015196; 21917917; 22945694 solute carrier family 38, member 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000139209 HGNC:14679 HPRD:12159 MIM:608065 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169518 Other designations: N amino acid transporter 3|Na(+)-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4|amino acid transporter A3|amino acid transporter system A3|sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4|system A amino acid transporter 3|system N amino acid transporter 3 SLC38A4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GPATC7 GPATCH7 HSU84971 HUS84971 VG5Q WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AGGF1 angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 55109 5q13.3 20140408 9606 5 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001570 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15905966); GO_0001938 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121); GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 14961121); GO_0005576 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121); GO_0006396 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15486042); GO_0007155 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121); GO_0045766 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121); GO_0048471 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14961121) PMID: 10737800; 12477932; 14702039; 14961121; 15486042; 15489334; 15905966; 16189514; 16443853; 16911369; 17103452; 17332742; 18564129; 19556247; 19615732; 20360068; 21576349; 22365833; 22990118; 23628701 angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000164252 HGNC:24684 HPRD:07621 MIM:608464 Vega:OTTHUMG00000102132 Other designations: G patch domain-containing protein 7|angiogenic factor VG5Q|vasculogenesis gene on 5q protein AGGF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APS1 ASP1 DIPP3b DIPP3beta hDIPP3beta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUDT11 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 11 55190 RP11-348F1.5 Xp11.22 9606 X Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005622 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0008486 (EC: ISS); GO_0043647 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0052840 (EC: IEA); GO_0052843 (EC: IEA); GO_0052844 (EC: IEA); GO_0052845 (EC: IEA); GO_0052846 (EC: IEA); GO_0052847 (EC: IEA); GO_0052848 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11076863; 11256614; 12105228; 12121577; 12370170; 12477932; 14702039; 15345747; 15489334; 15489336; 15772651; 16381901; 18264097; 18264098; 18854154; 19902474; 21071540; 21139048; 22730461 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000196368 HGNC:18011 HPRD:06667 MIM:300528 Vega:OTTHUMG00000021531 Other designations: DIPP-3-beta|DIPP3-beta|diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate hydrolase 3-beta|diadenosine hexaphosphate hydrolase (AMP-forming)|diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 3, beta|diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 3-beta|hAps1|nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 11|nudix motif 11 NUDT11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC17 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 17 55192 15q15.1 9606 15 GO_0000166 (EC: IEA); GO_0003723 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17081983; 19913121; 20628086; 21139048; 21890473 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 17 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 17 DNAJC17 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EKI2 HMFT1716 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ETNK2 ethanolamine kinase 2 55224 RP11-74C13.2 1q32.1 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001701 (EC: IEA); GO_0001890 (EC: IEA); GO_0004305 (EC: IEA); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006646 (EC: IEA); GO_0006646 (EC: TAS); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0009791 (EC: IEA); GO_0035264 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS) PMID: 11044454; 12477932; 14702039; 15161093; 16189514; 16861741; 18953568; 19060904; 19536175; 21177773; 24024966 ethanolamine kinase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000143845 HGNC:25575 HPRD:13283 MIM:609859 Vega:OTTHUMG00000036061 Other designations: EKI 2|ethanolamine kinase-like protein ETNK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOXL acyl-CoA oxidase-like 55289 2q13 9606 2 GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0003995 (EC: IEA); GO_0003997 (EC: IEA); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0005777 (EC: IEA); GO_0006635 (EC: IEA); GO_0008150 (EC: ND) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15146197; 18758461; 19773279; 20332261; 20731705; 21145461; 21738478; 22197929; 22219177; 22566634; 22700719; 23222517; 23770605 acyl-CoA oxidase-like Other designations: acyl-CoA oxidase-like protein|acyl-coenzyme A oxidase-like protein ACOXL Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf38 LCB2B LCB3 SPT3 SPTLC2L dJ718P11 dJ718P11.1 hLCB2b WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SPTLC3 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 3 55304 RP5-1077I2.1 20p12.1 20140408 9606 20 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004758 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19416851); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0017059 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17331073); GO_0030148 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19416851); GO_0030170 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046520 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19648650) PMID: 11780052; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16303743; 17023427; 17331073; 19416851; 19648650; 19798445; 19913121; 20037589; 20379614; 20628086; 20920666; 21368711; 22359512; 23192594 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000172296 HGNC:16253 HPRD:12765 MIM:611120 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031899 Other designations: LCB 3|SPT 3|long chain base biosynthesis protein 2b|long chain base biosynthesis protein 3|serine palmitoyltransferase 3|serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 2-like (aminotransferase 2)|serine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase 3 SPTLC3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He APHC PHCA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACER3 alkaline ceramidase 3 55331 11q13.5 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006672 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IMP); GO_0030148 (EC: TAS); GO_0030173 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11356846); GO_0030176 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11356846); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046512 (EC: IDA); GO_0070774 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11356846); GO_0071602 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11356846) PMID: 11356846; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 17207965; 18619555; 19322201; 19834535; 19913121; 20068046; 20379614; 20628086; 20706999 alkaline ceramidase 3 HGNC:16066 HPRD:17844 Other designations: alkCDase 3|alkaline CDase 3|alkaline dihydroceramidase SB89|alkaline phytoceramidase|phytoceramidase, alkaline ACER3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HSA238982 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene VNN3 vanin 3 55350 6q23.2 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0015939 (EC: IEA); GO_0017159 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11491533); GO_0031225 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10501839; 11491533; 12477932; 14574404; 16344560; 18805469; 19322213; 19932582 vanin 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000093134 HGNC:16431 HPRD:09420 MIM:606592 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015589 VNN3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C2orf29 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CNOT11 CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 11 55571 C40 2q11.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0008283 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10497265); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0030014 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19558367); GO_0031047 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10497265; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15815621; 19322201; 19558367; 20360068; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22505724; 23232451; 23303381; 23602568; 24250222 CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000158435 HGNC:25217 HPRD:12812 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130686 Other designations: CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 11|UPF0760 protein C2orf29 CNOT11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PNRC2 proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2 55629 RP11-4M23.5 1p36.11 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000184 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19150429); GO_0000932 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19150429); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19150429); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19150429); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0031087 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19150429) PMID: 10894149; 11042152; 11574675; 12477932; 14651967; 14702039; 15489334; 15604093; 16169070; 16344560; 16710414; 19150429; 21900206; 21906983; 23085078; 23251661 proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2 PNRC2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He KIAA1333 PHF7B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene G2E3 G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 55632 14q12 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000209 (EC: IEA); GO_0001824 (EC: IEA); GO_0004842 (EC: IEA); GO_0005730 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_2001243 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 10718198; 11483598; 12477932; 14667819; 14702039; 15489334; 16189514; 16344560; 17239372; 18029348; 18511420; 21139048; 21890473; 22939624; 23000965 G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Ensembl:ENSG00000092140 HGNC:20338 HPRD:13851 MIM:611299 Vega:OTTHUMG00000140204 Other designations: G2/M phase-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase|G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin ligase|PHD finger protein 7B G2E3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AM ATF-IP MCAF MCAF1 p621 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF7IP activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein 55729 12p13.1 9606 12 GO_0000122 (EC: IEA); GO_0003714 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:12665582); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID:12665582); GO_0005667 (EC: IEA); GO_0006306 (EC: IDA, PMID:12665582); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016887 (EC: IEA); GO_0045892 (EC: IDA, PMID:12665582); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA, PMID:12665582); GO_0045898 (EC: IDA, PMID:12665582) PMID:10777215; 10976766; 12477932; 12659632; 12665582; 12812986; 14536086; 14702039; 15231748; 15489334; 15691849; 16314315; 16344560; 16757475; 17081983; 18029348; 18842587; 19106100; 19394292; 19471022; 20543847; 20549333; 20936779; 21139048; 21693764; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 21988832; 22939629; 23000965; 23359319; 23666240; 23935871; 24250222 activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein Ensembl:ENSG00000171681 HGNC:20092 HPRD:09811 MIM:613644 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168656 Other designations: ATF-interacting protein|ATF7-interacting protein|ATFa-associated modulator|MBD1-containing chromatin-associated factor 1|activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 1 ATF7IP Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He dJ126A5.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC11 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 11 55735 RP1-126A5.3 1p36.31 9606 1 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17500595); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA) PMID:8619474; 9110174; 12477932; 12964007; 14702039; 15489334; 16710414; 17207965; 17222547; 17500595; 17624330; 19808946; 20877624; 21139048; 21890473; 21900206; 21906983; 21987572; 22114354; 22268729; 24255178 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000007923 HGNC:25570 HPRD:07112 MIM:614827 Vega:OTTHUMG00000001443 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 11|novel DnaJ domain-containing protein DNAJC11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf31 C20orf49 bA4204.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EDEM2 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 2 55741 UNQ573/PRO1135 20q11.22 9606 20 GO_0004571 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:15537790); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005788 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:8619474; 9110174; 11780052; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15342556; 15489334; 15537790; 15579471; 16169070; 17499246; 18303019; 20802025; 21822266; 21906983; 22703881; 24250222 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000088298 HGNC:15877 HPRD:09841 MIM:610302 Vega:OTTHUMG00000032322 Other designations: ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 2|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2|ER degradation-enhancing-mannosidase-like protein 2 EDEM2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He G1RZFP GOLIATH GP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RNF130 ring finger protein 130 55819 5q35.3 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004842 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16549277); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0012501 (EC: ISS, PMID: 13679316); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7566098; 10806348; 12477932; 13679316; 15489334; 15761153; 16169070; 16549277; 16797685; 18029348; 19690564; 21139048; 21150319; 21347282; 22505724; 24250222 ring finger protein 130 Ensembl:ENSG00000113269 HGNC:18280 HPRD:11504 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130909 Other designations: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF130|g1-related zinc finger protein|goliath homolog RNF130 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PNAS-27 THEM2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT13 acyl-CoA thioesterase 13 55856 HT012 6p22.3 9606 6 GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0008152 (EC: IDA, PMID:16934754); GO_0047617 (EC: IDA, PMID:16934754); GO_0051289 (EC: IPI, PMID:16934754) PMID:8889548; 10931946; 12477932; 14574404; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 16934754; 17045243; 17704541; 18095154; 18624398; 19170545; 19405909; 19738201; 20877624; 21139048; 21319273; 22262880; 22939629; 23954868; 24250222 acyl-CoA thioesterase 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000112304 HGNC:20999 HPRD:07158 MIM:615652 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014359 Other designations: acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 13|hypothalamus protein HT012|thioesterase superfamily member 2 ACOT13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4E-T Clast4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4ENIF1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E nuclear import factor 1 56478 RP11-247I13.2 22q11.2 9606 22 GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:10856257); GO_0005634 (EC: TAS, PMID:10856257); GO_0005737 (EC: TAS, PMID:10856257); GO_0005829 (EC: IEA); GO_0008565 (EC: TAS, PMID:10856257); GO_0016605 (EC: IEA); GO_0016607 (EC: IEA); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:10856257; 12477932; 14651998; 14702039; 15345747; 15461802; 15489334; 15840819; 16147992; 16157702; 16189514; 16343815; 16344560; 16699599; 16713569; 17314511; 17567994; 18029348; 18343217; 19060904; 19850929; 22094256; 22505724; 22751931; 22966201; 23902945; 24255178 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E nuclear import factor 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000184708 HGNC:16687 HPRD:10456 MIM:607445 Vega:OTTHUMG00000030793 Other designations: 2610509L04Rik|eIF4E transporter|eIF4E-transporter|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E transporter EIF4ENIF1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He JDP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC12 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 12 56521 RP11-57G10.2 10q22.1 9606 10 PMID:10760603; 12477932; 15164054; 15489334; 16385451; 16391838; 16712791; 17373700; 21832049; 22939629 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 12 Ensembl:ENSG00000108176 HGNC:28908 HPRD:06930 MIM:606060 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018339 Other designations: J domain containing protein 1 (JDP1)|J domain protein 1|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 12|j domain-containing protein 1 DNAJC12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYP26A2 P450RAI-2 P450RAI2 RHFCA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP26B1 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 56603 2p13.2 9606 2 GO_0001709 (EC: ISS); GO_0001972 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007140 (EC: ISS); GO_0007283 (EC: ISS); GO_0008401 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0009954 (EC: ISS); GO_0010628 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: NAS, PMID:10823918); GO_0030326 (EC: ISS); GO_0034653 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0043587 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048384 (EC: IEA); GO_0048387 (EC: TAS, PMID:14532297); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:10823918); GO_0060349 (EC: IMP); GO_0071300 (EC: IEA); GO_2001037 (EC: IEA) PMID:10545224; 10823918; 11744378; 12101034; 12477932; 14532297; 15128046; 15489334; 15815621; 16574820; 16933217; 19322201; 19703508; 19884280; 19953087; 20375987; 20606468; 21482329; 21641851; 21945024; 22019272; 22020119; 22415012; 22666329; 22899867; 22965740; 22985482; 23298258; 23303528; 23320086; 23409080; 23554885; 23587162; 23837398 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000003137 HGNC:20581 HPRD:05550 MIM:605207 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129756 Other designations: cytochrome P450 26B1|cytochrome P450 retinoic acid-inactivating 2|cytochrome P450 retinoid metabolizing protein|cytochrome P450, subfamily XXVIB, polypeptide 1|retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome CYP26B1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ERO1LB ERO1-like beta (S. cerevisiae) 56605 RP5-985L19.2 1q42.2-q43 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003756 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005783 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10818100); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10818100); GO_0016491 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10818100); GO_0016671 (EC: IEA); GO_0051082 (EC: NAS, PMID: 10818100) PMID: 10818100; 11707400; 11847130; 12477932; 12752442; 14702039; 15161913; 15489334; 16012172; 16263699; 16677073; 16822866; 17207965; 18395550; 18996753; 19730683; 20379614; 20802462; 21091435; 21139048; 22268729; 22990118 ERO1-like beta (S. cerevisiae) Other designations: ERO1-L-beta|ERO1-like protein beta|endoplasmic oxidoreductin-1-like protein B|endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1-like protein B|oxidoreductin-1-L-beta ERO1LB Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-5A2 eIF5AII WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF5A2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 56648 3q26.2 9606 3 GO_0003746 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14622290); GO_0005643 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006452 (EC: IEA); GO_0007283 (EC: NAS, PMID:11161802); GO_0008284 (EC: IGI, PMID:14622290); GO_0008612 (EC: TAS); GO_0010509 (EC: NAS, PMID:11161802); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0045901 (EC: IEA); GO_0045905 (EC: IEA); GO_0051028 (EC: IEA) PMID:11161802; 11325856; 12477932; 14622290; 15205331; 15489334; 15635413; 16169419; 16189514; 16452303; 16519677; 16916647; 17876542; 17949776; 19054548; 19155439; 19298601; 20112425; 20434207; 20639865; 21139048; 21145461; 21319273; 21813470; 21890473; 21903422; 21906983; 21942715; 21963094; 21988832; 22053931; 22505724; 22927971; 23000965 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 Ensembl:ENSG00000163577 HGNC:3301 HPRD:10426 MIM:605782 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158958 Other designations: eIF-5A-2|eukaryotic initiation factor 5A|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 EIF5A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GTT1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene STARD7 StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 7 56910 2q11.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15013637; 15146197; 15489334; 17672918; 19679347; 20042613; 21622533; 21906983; 22063720; 22952907; 23247143; 23824909; 24250222 StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000084090 HGNC:18063 HPRD:18118 Vega:OTTHUMG00000130457 Other designations: START domain containing 7|START domain-containing protein 7|gestational trophoblastic tumor protein 1|stAR-related lipid transfer protein 7, mitochondrial STARD7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CTL2 PP1292 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC44A2 solute carrier family 44 (choline transporter), member 2 57153 PSEC0210 19p13.1 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004871 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0005765 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17897319); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006656 (EC: TAS); GO_0007165 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0015220 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10677542); GO_0015871 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10677542); GO_0016021 (EC: TAS, PMID: 10677542); GO_0043123 (EC: IMP, PMID: 12761501); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 8619474; 9110174; 10677542; 12477932; 12761501; 14702039; 14973250; 15489334; 15715662; 16303743; 16344560; 17897319; 17926100; 18029348; 19056867; 20037594; 20040764; 20410607; 20665236; 21048031; 21564101; 21906983; 22040064; 22211383; 22414054; 23398146; 24250222 solute carrier family 44 (choline transporter), member 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000129353 HGNC:17292 HPRD:16198 MIM:606106 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180585 Other designations: choline transporter-like protein 2|solute carrier family 44, member 2 SLC44A2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LPP1 LTAP STB1 STBM STBM1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene VANGL2 VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2 57216 1q22-q23 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001736 (EC: ISS); GO_0001843 (EC: ISS); GO_0001942 (EC: IEA); GO_0001947 (EC: ISS); GO_0003149 (EC: IEA); GO_0003150 (EC: IEA); GO_0003402 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005911 (EC: ISS); GO_0007266 (EC: IEA); GO_0009952 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016323 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: ISS); GO_0016328 (EC: ISS); GO_0022007 (EC: IEA); GO_0032835 (EC: IEA); GO_0032956 (EC: IEA); GO_0035019 (EC: IEA); GO_0035058 (EC: ISS); GO_0035787 (EC: ISS); GO_0036342 (EC: IEA); GO_0042060 (EC: IEA); GO_0043507 (EC: IEA); GO_0045176 (EC: ISS); GO_0045197 (EC: IEA); GO_0048103 (EC: IEA); GO_0048105 (EC: IEA); GO_0048546 (EC: IEA); GO_0060028 (EC: IEA); GO_0060122 (EC: IEA); GO_0060187 (EC: IEA); GO_0060488 (EC: IEA); GO_0060489 (EC: IEA); GO_0060490 (EC: IEA); GO_0060993 (EC: IEA); GO_0090103 (EC: IEA); GO_0090177 (EC: IEA); GO_0090179 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10574462; 11431695; 12477932; 12490194; 15195140; 15489334; 16710414; 18034999; 18849982; 19577357; 19734545; 20223754; 20558380; 20738329; 21139048; 21142127; 23579212 VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000162738 HGNC:15511 HPRD:02758 MIM:600533 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033122 Other designations: loop-tail protein 1 homolog|loop-tail-associated protein|strabismus 1|van Gogh-like protein 2|vang-like 2 (van gogh, Drosophila)|vang-like protein 2 VANGL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYP-M WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP20A1 cytochrome P450, family 20, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 57404 UNQ667/PRO1301 2q33.2 9606 2 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA) PMID:9890157; 11178272; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15128046; 15191668; 19898482; 20966902; 21832049 cytochrome P450, family 20, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000119004 HGNC:20576 HPRD:07100 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132854 Other designations: cytochrome P450 20A1|cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP20A1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PPM2C2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PDP2 pyruvate dehyrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 57546 16q22.1 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004724 (EC: IEA); GO_0004741 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006090 (EC: TAS); GO_0010510 (EC: TAS); GO_0035970 (EC: IEA); GO_0044237 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 9651365; 10718198; 11577086; 12477932; 12676647; 15489334; 17207965; 20208177; 20525856; 20877624; 20972266; 21890473 pyruvate dehyrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000172840 HGNC:30263 HPRD:15112 MIM:615499 Vega:OTTHUMG00000137512 Other designations: PDPC 2|[Pyruvate dehydrogenase [acetyl-transferring]]-phosphatase 2, mitochondrial|protein phosphatase 2C, magnesium-dependent, catalytic subunit 2|pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 2|pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase isoenzyme 2|pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, catalytic subunit 2 PDP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FNIPL MAPO1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FNIP2 folliculin interacting protein 2 57600 4q32.1 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA); GO_0001932 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18663353); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 18403135); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005815 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18663353); GO_0008630 (EC: ISS); GO_0033138 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19914239) PMID: 10819331; 12477932; 14702039; 18029348; 18403135; 18663353; 19914239; 20379614; 23201403 folliculin interacting protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000052795 HGNC:29280 MIM:612768 Vega:OTTHUMG00000161983 Other designations: FNIP1-like protein|O6-methylguanine-induced apoptosis 1 protein|folliculin-interacting protein 2 FNIP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf97 NIPK SINK SKIP3 TRB3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRIB3 tribbles pseudokinase 3 57761 RP5-1103G7.7 20p13-p12.2 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003714 (EC: ISS); GO_0004860 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12743605); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IEA); GO_0006469 (EC: IDA, PMID: 12791994); GO_0007173 (EC: TAS); GO_0008286 (EC: TAS); GO_0008543 (EC: TAS); GO_0010827 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12791994); GO_0016301 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 12743605); GO_0019901 (EC: IPI, PMID: 12791994); GO_0019901 (EC: ISS); GO_0031625 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16794074); GO_0032092 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16794074); GO_0032869 (EC: ISS, PMID: 12791994); GO_0034976 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15775988); GO_0038095 (EC: TAS); GO_0043405 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15299019); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0045599 (EC: ISS, PMID: 17576771); GO_0045717 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16794074); GO_0045892 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15775988); GO_0048011 (EC: TAS); GO_0048015 (EC: TAS); GO_0051443 (EC: ISS, PMID: 16794074); GO_0055106 (EC: ISS); GO_0070059 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15775988) PMID: 8125298; 11780052; 12477932; 12736262; 12743605; 12791994; 13679039; 14702039; 15299019; 15489334; 15775988; 15781252; 16123373; 16129579; 16147992; 16169070; 16715410; 16794074; 16887816; 16966378; 17112672; 17369260; 17576771; 17576816; 17707795; 17872950; 18029348; 18187772; 18276110; 18408768; 18436806; 18660489; 18984671; 19139803; 19180501; 19291425; 19389115; 19389818; 19505541; 19904274; 19913121; 20064487; 20139130; 20393693; 20461355; 20592469; 20606298; 20628086; 20693163; 21130836; 21203563; 21220698; 21435438; 21492415; 21572435; 21704407; 21832049; 21864376; 21896644; 21935927; 22274752; 22577090; 22912727; 22977230; 23185332; 23319603; 23349842; 23455924; 23550039; 23632994; 23695665 tribbles pseudokinase 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000101255 HGNC:16228 HPRD:09836 MIM:607898 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031627 Other designations: TRB-3|neuronal cell death inducible putative kinase|neuronal cell death-inducible putative kinase|p65-interacting inhibitor of NF-kappa-B|p65-interacting inhibitor of NF-kappaB|tribbles homolog 3 TRIB3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYPIVF11 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F11 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 11 57834 19p13.1 9606 19 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0006954 (EC: TAS, PMID:10964514); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: TAS, PMID:10964514); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0055114 (EC: TAS, PMID:10964514); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:8889548; 9068972; 10964514; 12477932; 14702039; 15057824; 15128046; 15489334; 18065749; 18976975; 19812349; 20379614; 20689807; 21906983; 21988832; 24138531 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 11 Ensembl:ENSG00000171903 HGNC:13265 HPRD:07101 MIM:611517 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182294 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4F11|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVF, polypeptide 11 CYP4F11 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AFAP AFAP-110 AFAP110 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AFAP1 actin filament associated protein 1 60312 4p16 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003779 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA) PMID: 7545969; 9619827; 9655255; 10666339; 11607843; 11641786; 12134071; 12477932; 14755689; 15146197; 15345747; 16344560; 16751776; 17520695; 18029348; 21150319; 23333711 actin filament associated protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000196526 HGNC:24017 HPRD:09747 MIM:608252 Vega:OTTHUMG00000125515 Other designations: 110 kDa actin filament-associated protein|actin filament-associated protein 1|actin filament-associated protein, 110 kDa AFAP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MIPU1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ZNF667 zinc finger protein 667 63934 19q13.43 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17397802; 20379614; 21139048; 21900206; 23080069; 24250222 zinc finger protein 667 Ensembl:ENSG00000198046 HGNC:28854 HPRD:08592 MIM:611024 Vega:OTTHUMG00000181941 Other designations: myocardial ischemic preconditioning upregulated 1 ortholog ZNF667 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MAWBP MAWDBP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PBLD phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing 64081 10q21.3 20140408 9606 10 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17929853); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17929853); GO_0009058 (EC: IEA); GO_0010633 (EC: IMP); GO_0010719 (EC: IMP); GO_0016853 (EC: IEA); GO_0030277 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17929853); GO_0030512 (EC: IMP); GO_0050680 (EC: IMP); GO_0060392 (EC: IGI); GO_0060394 (EC: IMP); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867) PMID: 1286669; 11355021; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15806103; 16189514; 16385451; 16712791; 17929853; 19056867; 19850743; 20395239; 20548946; 23687415; 23824909 phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing Ensembl:ENSG00000108187 HGNC:23301 HPRD:14366 MIM:612189 Vega:OTTHUMG00000073949 Other designations: MAWD-binding protein|phenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein PBLD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DNAJL1 ERdj1 HTJ1 MTJ1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC1 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 1 64215 RP11-399C16.1 10p12.31 9606 10 GO_0001671 (EC: TAS, PMID:14668352); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003682 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:14668352); GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0031965 (EC: IEA); GO_0032781 (EC: TAS, PMID:14668352); GO_0045861 (EC: TAS, PMID:14668352); GO_0050708 (EC: IDA, PMID:14668352); GO_0051087 (EC: IEA) PMID:10777498; 12477932; 14667819; 14668352; 14702039; 15164054; 15489334; 16271702; 16385451; 18029348; 22412018; 23535729; 23535730 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000136770 HGNC:20090 HPRD:09922 MIM:611207 Vega:OTTHUMG00000017800 Other designations: DnaJ-like protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 1|dnaJ protein homolog MTJ1 DNAJC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GBD4 STSL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ABCG8 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8 64241 2p21 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16870176); GO_0005524 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 16893193); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006200 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16893193); GO_0007584 (EC: IEA); GO_0007588 (EC: IGI, PMID: 14504269); GO_0010949 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11099417); GO_0015914 (EC: IEA); GO_0015918 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IMP, PMID: 14504269); GO_0016887 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 16893193); GO_0017127 (EC: IGI, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 14504269); GO_0030299 (EC: IC, PMID: 12208868); GO_0033344 (EC: IGI, PMID: 14504269); GO_0042493 (EC: IEA); GO_0042632 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11099417); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0045796 (EC: IMP, PMID: 11099417); GO_0046982 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16870176); GO_0055085 (EC: TAS) PMID: 11099417; 11452359; 11590207; 11668628; 11893785; 12111378; 12124998; 12150943; 12208867; 12208868; 12220438; 12477932; 14504269; 14703505; 15175352; 15262185; 15311998; 15331430; 15520451; 15611112; 15816807; 15930516; 16472606; 16518588; 16870176; 16893193; 16980816; 17055487; 17098593; 17102949; 17403900; 17612515; 17626266; 17632509; 17690481; 17827468; 18007013; 18457353; 18522623; 18581044; 18641716; 18660489; 18676680; 18850127; 18977479; 19005228; 19012522; 19018975; 19019257; 19056482; 19060906; 19060911; 19111681; 19170196; 19217458; 19270375; 19306529; 19343046; 19692168; 19692220; 19878569; 19936222; 20163776; 20170916; 20172523; 20210363; 20235787; 20370913; 20379614; 20403997; 20413122; 20497293; 20529992; 20581104; 20592455; 20594224; 20679960; 20686565; 20837016; 20854103; 21039838; 21062971; 21274884; 21988832; 22378727; 22548731; 22655090; 22869156; 22898925; 23179156; 23241408; 23406058; 23556150; 23707316; 23726366; 23790976; 23840693 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000143921 HGNC:13887 HPRD:05679 MIM:605460 Vega:OTTHUMG00000128756 Other designations: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8|ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 8|sterolin 2|sterolin-2 ABCG8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACHP C7orf2 DIF14 PPD2 TPT ZRS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LMBR1 limb development membrane protein 1 64327 tcag7.573 7q36 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0042733 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8533803; 9847074; 10329000; 10945466; 11076863; 11090342; 11333865; 11606546; 12032320; 12477932; 12491086; 12690205; 12837695; 12853948; 14702039; 14727139; 15489334; 15489336; 16344560; 16381901; 17152067; 17300748; 18698406; 19136951; 20068592; 20379614; 20446115; 21139048; 21906983; 22495965; 22786669 limb development membrane protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000105983 HGNC:13243 HPRD:05700 MIM:605522 Other designations: differentiation-related gene 14 protein|limb region 1 homolog|limb region 1 protein homolog LMBR1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IKBZ INAP MAIL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NFKBIZ nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, zeta 64332 3p12-q12 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11278262; 11356851; 12477932; 12565889; 14702039; 15241416; 15522867; 15618216; 16344560; 16513645; 16622025; 17447895; 18362142; 18436238; 18813073; 18850010; 19595668; 19707556; 19783680; 19798075; 20211142; 20650996; 21224476; 21833088; 21988832; 22059479; 23869088; 24027435 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, zeta Ensembl:ENSG00000144802 HGNC:29805 HPRD:09217 MIM:608004 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159194 Other designations: I-kappa-B-zeta|IL-1 inducible nuclear ankyrin-repeat protein|Ikappa B-zeta variant 3|IkappaB-zeta|NF-kappa-B inhibitor zeta|ikB-zeta|ikappaBzeta|molecule possessing ankyrin repeats induced by lipopolysaccharide NFKBIZ Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HIF-3A IPAS MOP7 PASD7 bHLHe17 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HIF3A hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha subunit 64344 19q13.32 9606 19 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0003713 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11573933); GO_0003714 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11573933); GO_0004871 (EC: IEA); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006357 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11573933); GO_0006366 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA); GO_0061418 (EC: TAS); GO_0071456 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID: 11573933); GO_0071456 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8889548; 11573933; 11734856; 12119283; 12477932; 12538644; 14702039; 15319539; 15474027; 16126907; 16182248; 16344560; 16775626; 17121608; 17998805; 18029348; 19694616; 20416395; 20551700; 21069422; 21404626; 21479871; 23451260; 23485455 hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha subunit Ensembl:ENSG00000124440 HGNC:15825 HPRD:17104 MIM:609976 Vega:OTTHUMG00000141296 Other designations: HIF3-alpha-1|PAS domain-containing protein 7|basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS protein MOP7|class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 17|hypoxia-inducible factor 3-alpha|inhibitory PAS domain protein|member of PAS protein 7 HIF3A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ISG20L1 pp12744 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene AEN apoptosis enhancing nuclease 64782 SBBI58 15q26.1 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0004527 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16171785); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005654 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16171785); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0010212 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16171785); GO_0031965 (EC: IDA); GO_0042771 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18264133); GO_0090305 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16171785) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 16171785; 17207965; 18029348; 18264133; 18816836; 20429933; 21906983 apoptosis enhancing nuclease Ensembl:ENSG00000181026 HGNC:25722 HPRD:08573 MIM:610177 Vega:OTTHUMG00000148681 Other designations: apoptosis-enhancing nuclease|interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa-like 1|interferon-stimulated 20 kDa exonuclease-like 1 AEN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EPS8R2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EPS8L2 EPS8-like 2 64787 PP13181 11p15.5 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003779 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0005089 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 14565974); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0007266 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0030676 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: contributes_to, PMID: 14565974); GO_0032314 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0032319 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0032587 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0035023 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0043234 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14565974); GO_0070062 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19056867); GO_1900029 (EC: IGI, PMID: 14565974) PMID: 8125298; 12477932; 12620401; 14565974; 14702039; 15489334; 15498874; 16083285; 18029348; 19056867; 21832049; 21900206; 21988832 EPS8-like 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000177106 HGNC:21296 HPRD:10940 MIM:614988 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165165 Other designations: EPS8-like protein 2|EPS8-related protein 2|epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 2|epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8-related protein 2 EPS8L2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP3A43 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 43 64816 7q21.1 9606 7 GO_0004497 (EC: ISS); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:9890157; 11137287; 11160876; 11243885; 11266076; 11726664; 12477932; 12853948; 14695544; 14759258; 15128046; 15548719; 15894682; 16314882; 16848237; 18566991; 19343046; 19789190; 20529763; 20715157; 21081028; 21533175 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 43 Other designations: cytochrome P450 3A43|cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA, polypeptide 43 CYP3A43 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FRCP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FNDC4 fibronectin type III domain containing 4 64838 UNQ6389/PRO21134 2p23.3 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005783 (EC: ISS); GO_0005886 (EC: ISS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12384288; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15489334; 15815621; 19913121; 20383146; 20628086; 20705733; 21988832; 22267201; 23022100; 23505323 fibronectin type III domain containing 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000115226 HGNC:20239 HPRD:09965 MIM:611905 Vega:OTTHUMG00000097787 Other designations: fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 4|fibronectin type III repeat-containing protein 1 FNDC4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf116 UFBP1 dJ1187M17.3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDRGK1 DDRGK domain containing 1 65992 20p13 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA) PMID: 11780052; 12477932; 15489334; 17207965; 17353931; 20018847; 20036718; 20228063; 20637204; 21139048; 21494687; 21659334; 21832049; 21890473; 22939629; 23675531; 24250222 DDRGK domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000198171 HGNC:16110 HPRD:12741 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031732 Other designations: DDRGK domain-containing protein 1|Dashurin|UFM1-binding protein 1 containing a PCI domain DDRGK1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He F22329_1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F12 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 12 66002 UNQ568/PRO1129 19p13.1 9606 19 GO_0000038 (EC: ISS); GO_0001676 (EC: ISS); GO_0003091 (EC: ISS); GO_0003095 (EC: ISS); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008392 (EC: ISS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: ISS); GO_0017144 (EC: ISS); GO_0018685 (EC: ISS); GO_0019369 (EC: ISS); GO_0019373 (EC: ISS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030195 (EC: ISS); GO_0036101 (EC: ISS); GO_0042360 (EC: ISS); GO_0042371 (EC: ISS); GO_0043231 (EC: ISS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0047057 (EC: ISS); GO_0050051 (EC: ISS); GO_0055078 (EC: ISS); GO_0055114 (EC: ISS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:1116264; 9068972; 11162607; 11162645; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15128046; 15548388; 16112640; 16303743; 16344560; 18065749; 21906983; 21988832 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 12 Ensembl:ENSG00000186204 HGNC:18857 HPRD:07102 MIM:611485 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164477 Other designations: CYPIVF12|cytochrome P450 4F12|cytochrome P450, subfamily IVF, polypeptide 12 CYP4F12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FACE FAE LCE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ELOVL6 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 79071 4q25 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0016747 (EC: IEA); GO_0019367 (EC: IDA); GO_0019432 (EC: TAS); GO_0030176 (EC: IEA); GO_0035338 (EC: TAS); GO_0042759 (EC: IDA); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8889549; 8944226; 11567032; 12477932; 14702039; 15342556; 15489334; 15815621; 16344560; 18660489; 19259639; 20332099; 20732626; 20937905; 21544602; 21701577; 21906983; 22753171; 23251661 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000170522 HGNC:15829 HPRD:13269 MIM:611546 Vega:OTTHUMG00000132547 Other designations: 3-keto acyl-CoA synthase ELOVL6|ELOVL FA elongase 6|ELOVL family member 6, elongation of long chain fatty acids (FEN1/Elo2, SUR4/Elo3-like, yeast)|elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6|fatty acid elongase 2|fatty acyl-CoA elongase|hELO2|long-chain fatty-acyl elongase|very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase 6 ELOVL6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CHAC1 ChaC, cation transport regulator homolog 1 (E. coli) 79094 15q15.1 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005112 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 16189514); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005802 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19109178); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0007219 (EC: IEA); GO_0010955 (EC: IMP); GO_0022008 (EC: ISS); GO_0045746 (EC: IMP); GO_0070059 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19109178) PMID: 8889548; 12477932; 15489334; 16189514; 16341674; 19109178; 21890473; 21906983; 22108517; 22589738; 23000965; 23070364; 23342279 ChaC, cation transport regulator homolog 1 (E. coli) Other designations: ChaC, cation transport regulator-like 1|blocks Notch protein|botch|cation transport regulator-like protein 1|gamma-GCT acting on glutathione homolog 1 CHAC1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CRELD2 cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 79174 CITF22-1A6.1 22q13.33 9606 22 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005615 (EC: IEA); GO_0005783 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 12137942; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15340161; 15489334; 16238698; 16919896; 21900206; 21963094; 21988832; 23455924 cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 Other designations: cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain protein 2 CRELD2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CLMN calmin (calponin-like, transmembrane) 79789 14q32.13 20140408 9606 14 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003779 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0008285 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0031175 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9455484; 10574461; 11386753; 12477932; 12508121; 14702039; 16712791; 20195266; 20339536; 22747683; 23080069; 23535033 calmin (calponin-like, transmembrane) Other designations: calmin|calponin like transmembrane domain protein|calponin-like transmembrane domain protein CLMN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene UGT2A3 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A3 79799 UNQ2559/PRO6239 4q13.2 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0015020 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19858781); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0052695 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19858781) PMID: 8125298; 12477932; 12975309; 15342556; 18523138; 19858781; 20379614; 20819778 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A3 Other designations: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A3|UDPGT 2A3 UGT2A3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MSUT-2 NY-REN-37 SUT2 UKp68 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ZC3H14 zinc finger CCCH-type containing 14 79882 14q31.3 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19273536); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19303045); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0016607 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10508479; 12477932; 14702039; 16159877; 16189514; 16344560; 17630287; 18029348; 19273536; 19303045; 19471022; 20658987; 21139048; 21355046; 21734151; 21890473; 21906983; 22505724; 22586326; 22939629; 23000965; 24163370; 24250222; 24457600 zinc finger CCCH-type containing 14 Ensembl:ENSG00000100722 HGNC:20509 HPRD:13348 MIM:613279 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170803 Other designations: mammalian suppressor of tau pathology-2|nuclear protein UKp68|renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-37|zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 14 ZC3H14 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He wus WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC22 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 22 79962 12q13.12 9606 12 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 17558392; 19460752; 21906983 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 22 Ensembl:ENSG00000178401 HGNC:25802 HPRD:08580 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169487 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 22|wurst homolog DNAJC22 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EGNR9427 PRO34683 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB14 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 14 79982 UNQ9427/PRO34683 4q23 9606 4 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15489334; 15815621; 16344560; 21139048; 21832049; 23018488 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 14 Ensembl:ENSG00000164031 HGNC:25881 HPRD:07013 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131049 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 14 DNAJB14 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MCAF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ATF7IP2 activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein 2 80063 16p13.13 9606 16 GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA) PMID:8125298; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15691849; 18029348; 20195266 activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000166669 HGNC:20397 HPRD:16517 MIM:613645 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129749 Other designations: ATF7-interacting protein 2|MBD1-containing chromatin associated factor 2|MBD1-containing chromatin-associated factor 2|activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 2 ATF7IP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GPI-MT-IV PIG-Z SMP3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIGZ phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Z 80235 3q29 9606 3 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000026 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15208306); GO_0000030 (EC: IGI, PMID: 15208306); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15208306); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006506 (EC: IEA); GO_0006506 (EC: IGI, PMID: 15208306); GO_0006506 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15208306); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0097502 (EC: IGI, PMID: 15208306); GO_0097502 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15208306) PMID: 11356840; 12200473; 12477932; 12655644; 14702039; 15208306; 15489334; 16344560 phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Z Ensembl:ENSG00000119227 HGNC:30596 HPRD:18076 MIM:611671 Vega:OTTHUMG00000155522 Other designations: GPI mannosyltransferase 4|GPI mannosyltransferase IV|SMP3 mannosyltransferase|dol-P-Man dependent GPI mannosyltransferase|phosphatidylinositol glycan, class Z|phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class Z protein PIGZ Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SLC35F5 solute carrier family 35, member F5 80255 UNQ2545/PRO6097 2q14.1 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0006810 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 12975309; 21139048; 21963094 solute carrier family 35, member F5 Other designations: HCV NS5A-transactivated protein 3|hepatitis C virus NS5A-transactivated protein 3|solute carrier family 35 member F5 SLC35F5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C1orf22 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EDEM3 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 3 80267 1q25 9606 1 GO_0004569 (EC: IEA); GO_0004571 (EC: IEA); GO_0005509 (EC: IEA); GO_0005788 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006457 (EC: TAS); GO_0006516 (EC: IEA); GO_0006986 (EC: IEA); GO_0018279 (EC: TAS); GO_0043161 (EC: IEA); GO_0043687 (EC: TAS); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS) PMID:8125298; 11318611; 12477932; 14702039; 15537790; 15579471; 16344560; 16431915; 16710414; 17499246; 18303019; 20360068; 21890473; 22190034; 22268729; 23251661 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000116406 HGNC:16787 HPRD:10724 MIM:610214 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035387 Other designations: ER degradation-enhancing -mannosidase-like protein 3|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 3|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3|alpha-1,2-mannosidase EDEM3 EDEM3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CLN4 CLN4B CSP DNAJC5A NCL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC5 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 80331 20q13.33 9606 20 GO_0001948 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005765 (EC: IDA, PMID:17897319); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0007268 (EC: TAS); GO_0007269 (EC: TAS); GO_0008021 (EC: IEA); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0042470 (EC: IEA); GO_0043008 (EC: IEA); GO_0043524 (EC: IEA); GO_0061202 (EC: TAS) PMID:2663281; 3284607; 8764987; 10194413; 11214971; 11604405; 11780052; 12039948; 12477932; 14570907; 14702039; 14997482; 15489334; 15610015; 15972823; 16469739; 16751776; 17897319; 18029348; 18314541; 18596047; 19098309; 20301601; 20453918; 21139048; 21674799; 21820099; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22073189; 22235333; 22902780; 22939629; 22978711; 23000965; 23535732; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000101152 HGNC:16235 HPRD:08539 MIM:611203 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033007 Other designations: cysteine string protein alpha|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5 DNAJC5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He VERGE WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene APOLD1 apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 81575 12p13.1 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0001666 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0006869 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0042118 (EC: IEA); GO_0042157 (EC: IEA); GO_0045601 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 11076863; 11230166; 12477932; 14702039; 15102925; 15489334; 15489336; 16344560; 16381901; 19738201; 19913121; 20628086; 24250222 apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000178878 HGNC:25268 HPRD:13153 MIM:612456 Vega:OTTHUMG00000153561 Other designations: apolipoprotein L domain-containing protein 1|vascular early response gene protein APOLD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SMC2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RAB33B RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family 83452 4q28 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: IEA); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA); GO_0005796 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18448665); GO_0006914 (EC: IEA); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_2000156 (EC: IMP); GO_2000785 (EC: ISS) PMID: 9512502; 11230166; 11256614; 11718716; 12477932; 15489334; 15761153; 15815621; 16923123; 18448665; 21139048; 22178446; 22652534; 23091056; 24250222 RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family Ensembl:ENSG00000172007 HGNC:16075 HPRD:05808 MIM:605950 Vega:OTTHUMG00000133384 Other designations: ras-related protein Rab-33B RAB33B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C12orf32 RHINO WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RHNO1 RAD9-HUS1-RAD1 interacting nuclear orphan 1 83695 HKMT1188 12p13.33 20140408 9606 12 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000077 (EC: IMP); GO_0000725 (EC: IMP); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005694 (EC: IDA); GO_0034644 (EC: IDA); GO_0070318 (EC: IMP); GO_0071479 (EC: IDA) PMID: 11414747; 12477932; 14702039; 15221005; 15489334; 16341674; 16344560; 17525332; 19322201; 20811708; 21145461; 21659603 RAD9-HUS1-RAD1 interacting nuclear orphan 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000171792 HGNC:28206 HPRD:17487 MIM:614085 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158557 Other designations: RAD9, HUS1, RAD1-interacting nuclear orphan protein 1|Rad9, Rad1, Hus1 interacting nuclear orphan|rAD9, RAD1, HUS1-interacting nuclear orphan protein RHNO1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene INHBE inhibin, beta E 83729 12q13.3 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005179 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0008083 (EC: IEA); GO_0040007 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12242034; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15717329; 16303743; 16426570; 18413775; 19322201; 20012305; 20033758; 20734064; 21092084; 23263486 inhibin, beta E Other designations: activin beta E|activin beta-E chain|inhibin beta E chain INHBE Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGF ARP5 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL6 angiopoietin-like 6 83854 UNQ152/PRO178 19p13.2 9606 19 GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0030141 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 12871997; 12975309; 14764539; 15231747; 16335952; 16806062; 18464913; 19447061; 20673930; 21460784; 22406517; 23070965; 23400010; 24250222 angiopoietin-like 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000130812 HGNC:23140 HPRD:12453 MIM:609336 Vega:OTTHUMG00000180395 Other designations: angiopoietin-like protein 6|angiopoietin-related growth factor|angiopoietin-related protein 5|angiopoietin-related protein 6 ANGPTL6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF-2A MST089 MSTP004 MSTP089 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A, 65kDa 83939 CDA02 3q25.1 9606 3 GO_0000049 (EC: IMP, PMID:12133843); GO_0003743 (EC: IMP, PMID:12133843); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:18816594); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:12133843); GO_0005850 (EC: IDA, PMID:12133843); GO_0006417 (EC: IMP, PMID:12133843); GO_0006468 (EC: IEA); GO_0009967 (EC: IEA); GO_0032933 (EC: IEA); GO_0042255 (EC: IMP, PMID:12133843); GO_0043022 (EC: IMP, PMID:12133843); GO_0072562 (EC: IDA) PMID:1620067; 12133843; 12370288; 12477932; 12687390; 14702039; 15341733; 15345721; 15475356; 15718232; 15781241; 15961545; 16373505; 16631606; 16717090; 16870703; 16928686; 17274640; 17407708; 17553788; 17715234; 17894550; 18063576; 18195013; 18274552; 18287093; 18337511; 18794359; 18816594; 19131336; 19190324; 19223463; 19229320; 19586904; 19605483; 19744687; 19913121; 20376341; 20434207; 20519500; 20628086; 20706999; 21085474; 21090173; 21139048; 21203563; 21622569; 21730287; 21832049; 21906983; 21963094; 22355666; 22505724; 22863883; 22915583; 22939629; 22948139; 23000965; 23046979; 23471998; 23690448 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A, 65kDa Ensembl:ENSG00000144895 HGNC:3254 HPRD:11739 MIM:609234 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159775 Other designations: 65 kDa eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A EIF2A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Fbx30 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FBXO30 F-box protein 30 84085 RP11-545I5.4 6q24 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004842 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 12536519; 12903040; 14574404; 14702039; 15489334; 15520277; 15761153; 18247557; 19322201; 20360068; 20936779; 21139048; 21145461 F-box protein 30 HGNC:15600 HPRD:10953 MIM:609101 Other designations: F-box domain protein|F-box only protein 30|F-box only protein, helicase, 18 FBXO30 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C9orf99 SDR13C1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HSDL2 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 84263 RP11-32M23.1 9q32 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005739 (EC: IEA); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19703561); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0016491 (EC: IEA); GO_0032934 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 12477932; 12834046; 14702039; 16344560; 16501878; 18369455; 19027726; 19703561; 20583170; 20877624; 21139048; 21890473; 22002062; 22082156; 22268729; 23455922; 23798571; 24244333; 24250222 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000119471 HGNC:18572 HPRD:13679 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020504 Other designations: hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2|short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 13C, member 1 HSDL2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WBSCR18 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC30 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 30 84277 7q11.23 9606 7 GO_0005739 (EC: IEA) PMID:12073013; 12477932; 12853948; 14702039; 15231747; 15489334; 17207965; 20877624 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 30 Ensembl:ENSG00000176410 HGNC:16410 HPRD:10303 Vega:OTTHUMG00000023290 Other designations: Williams Beuren syndrome chromosome region 18|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 30|williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 18 protein DNAJC30 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He haponin WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF1AD eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A domain containing 84285 11q13.1 9606 11 GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0043231 (EC: IDA); GO_0045111 (EC: IDA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15342556; 16189514; 16344560; 16751776; 17207965; 18173130; 19322201; 21139048; 21890473; 22095125; 23000965 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A domain containing Ensembl:ENSG00000175376 HGNC:28147 HPRD:14411 Vega:OTTHUMG00000166671 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A domain-containing protein|probable RNA-binding protein EIF1AD EIF1AD Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACBD6 acyl-CoA binding domain containing 6 84320 1q25.1 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000062 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889549; 12477932; 15489334; 16710414; 18029348; 18268358; 19471022; 20098747; 20379614; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 21963094; 22053931 acyl-CoA binding domain containing 6 Other designations: acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 6|acyl-Coenzyme A binding domain containing 6 ACBD6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARAT GS1999FULL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DGAT2 diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 84649 HMFN1045 11q13.5 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003846 (EC: IEA); GO_0004144 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11481335); GO_0005739 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 14521909); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0005811 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0006071 (EC: IEA); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11481335); GO_0019432 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11481335); GO_0019432 (EC: IEA); GO_0019432 (EC: TAS); GO_0019915 (EC: ISS); GO_0030176 (EC: IC, PMID: 14521909); GO_0030176 (EC: ISS); GO_0034383 (EC: ISS); GO_0035336 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11481335); GO_0035356 (EC: ISS); GO_0036155 (EC: TAS); GO_0042632 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: ISS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046339 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11481335); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0048471 (EC: ISS); GO_0050252 (EC: IEA); GO_0055089 (EC: ISS); GO_0060613 (EC: ISS); GO_0071400 (EC: ISS); GO_0097006 (EC: ISS) PMID: 8944226; 11481335; 12477932; 12975309; 14521909; 14702039; 14970677; 15221005; 15258194; 15489334; 16870193; 17207965; 17477860; 17504763; 17940217; 18757836; 18980578; 19049983; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 20679960; 20739640; 21933415; 22315393; 22748069; 23489367 diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000062282 HGNC:16940 HPRD:07376 MIM:606983 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165338 Other designations: acyl-CoA retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase|diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homolog 2|diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-like protein 2|diglyceride acyltransferase 2|retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase DGAT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He MURF-2 RNF29 muRF2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TRIM55 tripartite motif containing 55 84675 8q13.1 20140408 9606 8 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004871 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11243782); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005874 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11243782); GO_0007165 (EC: NAS, PMID: 11243782); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0042802 (EC: IPI) PMID: 11243782; 11927605; 12414993; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15782160; 15802564; 15967462; 18187620; 18854154; 19549727; 20379614; 22493164; 22626734; 22666496; 22939629 tripartite motif containing 55 Ensembl:ENSG00000147573 HGNC:14215 HPRD:05927 MIM:606469 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164473 Other designations: muscle specific ring finger 2|muscle-specific RING finger protein 2|ring finger protein 29|tripartite motif-containing 55|tripartite motif-containing protein 55 TRIM55 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LABH1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ABHD1 abhydrolase domain containing 1 84696 2p23.3 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID: 12735795); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11922611; 12477932; 12735795; 14702039; 15489334; 15815621 abhydrolase domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000143994 HGNC:17553 HPRD:07468 MIM:612195 Vega:OTTHUMG00000097072 Other designations: abhydrolase domain-containing protein 1|lung alpha/beta hydrolase 1 ABHD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DNAJ DRIP78 HDJ3 LIP6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC14 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 14 85406 hCG_2016179 12q13.2 9606 12 GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:11181995; 11331877; 11984006; 12446598; 12477932; 12768437; 14702039; 14993367; 15489334; 16344560; 18029348; 19322201; 21249176; 22815758; 22915803 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 14 Ensembl:ENSG00000135392 HGNC:24581 HPRD:12082 MIM:606092 Vega:OTTHUMG00000170427 Other designations: LYST-interacting protein LIP6|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 14|dnaJ protein homolog 3|dopamine receptor interacting protein|dopamine receptor-interacting protein of 78 kDa|hDj-3|human DnaJ protein 3 DNAJC14 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CSP-beta WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC5B DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 beta 85479 8q13.1 9606 8 GO_0016020 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 15489334; 17034881; 17207965; 22174851; 22666496 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 beta Ensembl:ENSG00000147570 HGNC:24138 HPRD:07474 MIM:613945 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164470 Other designations: beta cysteine string protein|beta-CSP|cysteine string protein beta|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5B|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member X DNAJC5B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ATPBD4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DPH6 diphthamine biosynthesis 6 89978 15q14 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0017178 (EC: TAS); GO_0017183 (EC: IEA); GO_0017183 (EC: TAS) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 20732626; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22505724; 23169644; 23468660; 23776197; 24045676; 24250222 diphthamine biosynthesis 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000134146 HGNC:30543 HPRD:14443 Vega:OTTHUMG00000129759 Other designations: ATP binding domain 4|ATP-binding domain-containing protein 4|DPH6 homolog|diphthamide synthase|diphthamide synthetase|diphthine--ammonia ligase|protein DPH6 homolog DPH6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AIRAP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ZFAND2A zinc finger, AN1-type domain 2A 90637 7p22.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 15489334; 20185824; 21906983; 21988832; 22505724; 22990118; 24250222 zinc finger, AN1-type domain 2A Ensembl:ENSG00000178381 HGNC:28073 HPRD:14277 MIM:610699 Vega:OTTHUMG00000119019 Other designations: AN1-type zinc finger protein 2A|arsenite inducible RNA associated protein ZFAND2A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C14orf121 CARMIL3 crml-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LRRC16B leucine rich repeat containing 16B 90668 14q11.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10737800; 12477932; 15028280; 16344560; 19846667; 21102520 leucine rich repeat containing 16B Ensembl:ENSG00000186648 HGNC:20272 HPRD:11278 MIM:614716 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172023 Other designations: leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 16B LRRC16B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCDC126 coiled-coil domain containing 126 90693 UNQ786/PRO1605 7p15.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0006487 (EC: IEA); GO_0030144 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9847074; 12477932; 12690205; 12975309; 23275563 coiled-coil domain containing 126 Other designations: coiled-coil domain-containing protein 126 CCDC126 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 2510004L01Rik cig33 cig5 vig1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RSAD2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 91543 2p25.2 20140408 9606 2 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001503 (EC: IEA); GO_0003824 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0005741 (EC: IDA); GO_0005743 (EC: IDA); GO_0005783 (EC: IDA, PMID: 11752458); GO_0005789 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19074433); GO_0005794 (EC: IEA); GO_0005811 (EC: ISS); GO_0009615 (EC: IDA); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0030278 (EC: IEA); GO_0034157 (EC: ISS); GO_0034165 (EC: ISS); GO_0035710 (EC: ISS); GO_0043367 (EC: ISS); GO_0043621 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19074433); GO_0045071 (EC: IDA); GO_0045087 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0050709 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19074433); GO_0051539 (EC: IDA); GO_0051607 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16108059); GO_2000553 (EC: ISS) PMID: 9391139; 11752458; 12477932; 15890971; 16108059; 16849320; 16982913; 17626075; 18005724; 18077728; 18768981; 19074433; 19920176; 20026307; 20176015; 20534863; 20628624; 21053045; 21527675; 21957124; 22045669; 22182524; 22363738; 22377585; 22647704; 22734835; 22896602; 23018837; 23160199; 23509962; 23638199; 23935494 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000134321 HGNC:30908 HPRD:07423 MIM:607810 Vega:OTTHUMG00000090352 Other designations: cytomegalovirus-induced gene 5 protein|radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2|viperin|virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible RSAD2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CT50 LEMP-1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LEMD1 LEM domain containing 1 93273 1q32.1 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 15254688; 17207965; 20682177 LEM domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000186007 HGNC:18725 HPRD:13983 MIM:610480 Vega:OTTHUMG00000037201 Other designations: LEM domain protein 1|LEM domain-containing protein 1|cancer/testis antigen 50 LEMD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SIP TP53DINP1 TP53INP1A TP53INP1B Teap p53DINP1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TP53INP1 tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1 94241 8q22 9606 8 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005776 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006914 (EC: IEA); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0006950 (EC: TAS); GO_0007050 (EC: TAS); GO_0008285 (EC: ISS); GO_0009408 (EC: IEA); GO_0010508 (EC: IMP); GO_0016209 (EC: ISS); GO_0016605 (EC: IEA); GO_0030336 (EC: ISS); GO_0031410 (EC: IEA); GO_0034644 (EC: IEA); GO_0043065 (EC: IEA); GO_0045893 (EC: IDA); GO_0048102 (EC: IMP); GO_0071361 (EC: IEA); GO_0071447 (EC: IEA); GO_0072703 (EC: IEA); GO_2001235 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11511362; 12067065; 12438758; 12477932; 12851404; 14702039; 15489334; 15706352; 16044147; 16344560; 16521180; 17393983; 17537403; 18277906; 18277909; 18974142; 19322201; 20581827; 20889853; 21219856; 21339733; 21538421; 22213058; 22421968; 22470510; 22730212; 23333058; 23568502 tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000164938 HGNC:18022 HPRD:09367 MIM:606185 Vega:OTTHUMG00000164697 Other designations: p53-dependent damage-inducible nuclear protein 1|p53-inducible p53DINP1|stress-induced protein|tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 1 TP53INP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BFIC2 BFIS2 DSPB3 DYT10 EKD1 FICCA ICCA IFITMD1 PKC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PRRT2 proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 112476 16p11.2 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0009607 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0030054 (EC: IEA); GO_0045202 (EC: IEA); GO_0050884 (EC: IMP) PMID: 8125298; 12477932; 14702039; 16169070; 16303743; 16344560; 17207965; 20301633; 22101681; 22120146; 22131361; 22209761; 22243967; 22360420; 22363774; 22386217; 22399141; 22464846; 22543779; 22623405; 22744660; 22752065; 22782515; 22832103; 22845787; 22870186; 22875091; 22877996; 22902423; 22985072; 23063574; 23073245; 23077016; 23077017; 23077018; 23077019; 23077024; 23077026; 23126439; 23176561; 23180180; 23182655; 23190448; 23299620; 23343561; 23352743; 23360469; 23363396; 23398397; 23456995; 23529024; 23535490; 23566103; 23771590; 23963607; 24250222 proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000167371 HGNC:30500 HPRD:13995 MIM:614386 Vega:OTTHUMG00000177142 Other designations: dispanin subfamily B member 3|infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis|interferon induced transmembrane protein domain containing 1 PRRT2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C14orf149 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene L3HYPDH L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase (trans-) 112849 14q23.1 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0008152 (EC: IDA); GO_0016836 (EC: IDA); GO_0018112 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0050346 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 20379614; 22528483; 22939629 L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase (trans-) Ensembl:ENSG00000126790 HGNC:20488 HPRD:08065 MIM:614811 Vega:OTTHUMG00000028941 Other designations: probable proline racemase|trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline dehydratase|trans-3-hydroxyl-L-proline dehydratase|trans-L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase L3HYPDH Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He SORORIN WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CDCA5 cell division cycle associated 5 113130 11q12.1 20140408 9606 11 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000082 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15837422); GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000775 (EC: TAS); GO_0000790 (EC: ISS); GO_0003682 (EC: TAS, PMID: 15837422); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005654 (EC: TAS); GO_0005694 (EC: TAS); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0006302 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17349791); GO_0007064 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17349791); GO_0007067 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15837422); GO_0007076 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15837422); GO_0007080 (EC: IMP, PMID: 15837422); GO_0008278 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with, PMID: 15837422); GO_0051329 (EC: ISS); GO_0071922 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17349791) PMID: 11111111; 12188893; 12477932; 14702039; 15146197; 15489334; 15837422; 16169070; 16964243; 17081983; 17349791; 17361102; 18029348; 20360068; 20379614; 20551060; 21111234; 21115494; 21890473; 21987589; 21988832; 22833568; 22939629; 23455924 cell division cycle associated 5 Ensembl:ENSG00000146670 HGNC:14626 HPRD:13016 MIM:609374 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150420 Other designations: cell division cycle-associated protein 5|p35|sororin CDCA5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He P450TEC SPG49 SPG56 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2U1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily U, polypeptide 1 113612 4q25 9606 4 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019369 (EC: TAS); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA); GO_0097267 (EC: TAS) PMID:12107412; 12477932; 14660610; 14975754; 15128046; 15588491; 20332099; 20630735; 21707071 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily U, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000155016 HGNC:20582 HPRD:13109 MIM:610670 Vega:OTTHUMG00000161084 Other designations: cytochrome P450 2U1|spastic paraplegia 49 CYP2U1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FHAD1 forkhead-associated (FHA) phosphopeptide binding domain 1 114827 RP3-467K16.1 1p36.21 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 11572484; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 16710414; 20379614 forkhead-associated (FHA) phosphopeptide binding domain 1 Other designations: FHA domain-containing protein 1|forkhead-associated domain-containing protein 1 FHAD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He REDD2 Rtp801L WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DDIT4L DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like 115265 4q24 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: ISS); GO_0009968 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12453409; 12477932; 14702039; 15308555; 15632201; 16189514; 16344560; 17207965; 19268525; 19491193; 19616115 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like Ensembl:ENSG00000145358 HGNC:30555 HPRD:09663 MIM:607730 Vega:OTTHUMG00000161019 Other designations: DNA damage-inducible transcript 4-like protein|HIF-1 responsive protein RTP801-like|REDD-2|homolog of mouse SMHS1|protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 2|regulated in development and DNA damage response 2 DDIT4L Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C6orf68 MGC:7199 NgBR TANGO14 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUS1 nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 116150 6q22.1 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001525 (EC: IEA); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005789 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19723497); GO_0006486 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016765 (EC: IEA); GO_0030154 (EC: IEA); GO_0032367 (EC: IGI, PMID: 19723497); GO_0055092 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9294218; 12477932; 14574404; 15489334; 16835300; 17764014; 19723497; 21572394 nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) Ensembl:ENSG00000153989 HGNC:21042 HPRD:12894 MIM:610463 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015458 Other designations: nogo-B receptor|transport and golgi organization 14 homolog NUS1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LEAP-2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LEAP2 liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 116842 5q31.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005576 (EC: IEA); GO_0042742 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 12493837; 15489334; 19852990; 20038463; 20379614; 20845358 liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 HGNC:29571 HPRD:17269 MIM:611373 Other designations: liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 LEAP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP2R1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily R, polypeptide 1 120227 11p15.2 9606 11 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0008202 (EC: TAS); GO_0010164 (EC: IEA); GO_0010212 (EC: IEA); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0030343 (EC: IEA); GO_0042359 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID:12464240; 12477932; 12867411; 14702039; 15128046; 15128933; 15465040; 15489334; 15583024; 15951480; 16600026; 17223345; 17607662; 18476984; 18511070; 19783860; 19852851; 20007432; 20418485; 20541252; 20619365; 20654748; 20809279; 21270327; 21441443; 22576297; 22801813; 22855339; 23047203; 23063903; 23190755; 23377224; 23734184; 23793229; 23826131; 24073854 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily R, polypeptide 1 Other designations: cytochrome P450 2R1|cytochrome P450, family 2, R1|vitamin D 25-hydroxylase CYP2R1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DPH4 JJJ3 ZCSL3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC24 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 24 120526 AC108456.1 11p13 9606 11 GO_0001671 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0008198 (EC: IDA); GO_0008270 (EC: IDA); GO_0017183 (EC: IEA); GO_0032781 (EC: IDA); GO_0055114 (EC: IEA); GO_0061077 (EC: TAS) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15485916; 15489334; 22367199; 22509046 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 24 HGNC:26979 HPRD:15705 MIM:611072 Other designations: 1700030A21Rik|CSL-type zinc finger-containing protein 3|DPH4 homolog (JJJ3, S. cerevisiae)|DPH4, JJJ3 homolog|diphthamide biosynthesis protein 4|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24|zinc finger, CSL domain containing 3|zinc finger, CSL-type containing 3 DNAJC24 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C14orf175 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLD4 phospholipase D family, member 4 122618 UNQ2488/PRO5775 14q32.33 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004435 (EC: TAS); GO_0004630 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0006655 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016042 (EC: IEA); GO_0043647 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS); GO_0070290 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 12975309; 15489334; 16094384; 21890473; 22446963; 23124809 phospholipase D family, member 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000166428 HGNC:23792 HPRD:11230 Vega:OTTHUMG00000144167 Other designations: PLD 4|choline phosphatase 4|phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D4|phospholipase D4 PLD4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PTE-Ib PTE1B PTE2B WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT4 acyl-CoA thioesterase 4 122970 14q24.3 9606 14 GO_0000038 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0001676 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0004778 (EC: IDA, PMID:16141203); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005777 (EC: IDA, PMID:16141203); GO_0006104 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0006637 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0016290 (EC: IEA); GO_0019605 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT, PMID:16940157); GO_0032788 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0032789 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0043648 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0043649 (EC: IDA, PMID:16141203); GO_0046459 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0047617 (EC: IDA, PMID:16141203) PMID:7596406; 10567408; 10944470; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16103133; 16141203; 16940157; 18029348; 20178365 acyl-CoA thioesterase 4 HGNC:19748 HPRD:17928 MIM:614314 Other designations: PTE-2b|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 4|peroxisomal acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase Ib|peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 2B|peroxisomal long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase Ib ACOT4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He AGPHD1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene HYKK hydroxylysine kinase 123688 15q25.1 9606 15 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0047992 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 16341674; 18385676; 18385738; 18780872; 19300482; 19654303; 19733931; 20548021; 20554942; 20587604; 21081471; 21685187; 21890473; 21963094; 22241472; 22701590; 22837378 hydroxylysine kinase Ensembl:ENSG00000188266 HGNC:34403 HPRD:12515 MIM:614681 Vega:OTTHUMG00000177204 Other designations: 5-hydroxy-L-lysine kinase|5-hydroxylysine kinase|aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain containing 1|aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain-containing protein 1 HYKK Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He A-923A4.1 ACSM2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACSM2A acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2A 123876 16p12.3 20140408 9606 16 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19634011); GO_0005759 (EC: IEA); GO_0006631 (EC: IEA); GO_0036112 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19345228); GO_0042593 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16521160); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0047760 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19345228); GO_0070328 (EC: NAS, PMID: 16521160) PMID: 10493829; 12477932; 14702039; 16344560; 16521160; 19345228; 19634011; 20877624 acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2A Ensembl:ENSG00000183747 HGNC:32017 HPRD:17292 MIM:614358 Vega:OTTHUMG00000177401 Other designations: Homolog of rat kidney-specific (KS)|acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2A, mitochondrial|butyrate--CoA ligase 2A|butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 2A|middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2A ACSM2A Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ARCI5 INLNE LI3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4F22 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 22 126410 19p13.12 9606 19 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA) PMID:10712205; 10712223; 12477932; 15128046; 16344560; 16436457; 18245815; 20301593; 21540472; 21906983; 22209317 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 22 Ensembl:ENSG00000171954 HGNC:26820 HPRD:08256 MIM:611495 Vega:OTTHUMG00000182451 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4F22|cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 2 homolog CYP4F22 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene C1orf162 chromosome 1 open reading frame 162 128346 1p13.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 14702039 chromosome 1 open reading frame 162 Other designations: transmembrane protein C1orf162 C1orf162 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf17 OVC10-2 TSH2 ZABC2 ZNF218 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TSHZ2 teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2 128553 RP5-823G15.3 20q13.2 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003700 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0007275 (EC: IEA); GO_0043565 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9671742; 11181995; 11780052; 12477932; 14702039; 15561718; 16344560; 19343227; 19745106; 19862010; 19913121; 20379614; 20628086; 21423795 teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000182463 HGNC:13010 HPRD:10730 MIM:614118 Vega:OTTHUMG00000033058 Other designations: cell growth-inhibiting protein 7|ovarian cancer-related protein 10-2|serologically defined colon cancer antigen 33 like|teashirt family zinc finger 2|teashirt homolog 2|zinc finger protein 218 TSHZ2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He TMPK2 TYKi UMP-CMPK2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CMPK2 cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial 129607 2p25.2 20140408 9606 2 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004127 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17999954); GO_0004550 (EC: IDA); GO_0004798 (EC: IEA); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005730 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0005739 (EC: IDA); GO_0006165 (EC: IDA); GO_0006227 (EC: IEA); GO_0006233 (EC: IEA); GO_0009142 (EC: IDA); GO_0033862 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17999954); GO_0071222 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 16344560; 17999954; 18029348; 18498354; 20379614; 22505724 cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial Ensembl:ENSG00000134326 HGNC:27015 HPRD:11233 MIM:611787 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151629 Other designations: UMP-CMP kinase 2, mitochondrial|cytidylate kinase 2|mitochondrial UMP-CMP kinase|nucleoside-diphosphate kinase|thymidine monophosphate kinase 2|thymidylate kinase family LPS-inducible member CMPK2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PAM18 TIM14 TIMM14 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC19 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 131118 3q26.33 9606 3 GO_0005739 (EC: IDA, PMID:12592411); GO_0005743 (EC: IEA); GO_0006457 (EC: NAS, PMID:16055927); GO_0006626 (EC: NAS, PMID:16055927); GO_0006626 (EC: TAS); GO_0007601 (EC: IMP, PMID:16055927); GO_0016021 (EC: NAS, PMID:16055927); GO_0044267 (EC: TAS); GO_0048806 (EC: IMP, PMID:16055927) PMID:8889548; 10737800; 12477932; 12592411; 14517234; 15489334; 16055927; 16344560; 16712791; 17244376; 19564938; 20053669; 21139048; 21832049; 21890473; 22544056; 22797137; 22939629 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 Ensembl:ENSG00000205981 HGNC:30528 HPRD:12349 MIM:608977 Vega:OTTHUMG00000158180 Other designations: homolog of yeast TIM14|mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM14 DNAJC19 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WHDC1L3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene JMY junction mediating and regulatory protein, p53 cofactor 133746 5q14.1 9606 5 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003713 (EC: ISS); GO_0003779 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 10518217); GO_0005634 (EC: ISS); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0006281 (EC: IEA); GO_0006357 (EC: ISS); GO_0007050 (EC: ISS); GO_0031252 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19287377); GO_0034314 (EC: ISS); GO_0043065 (EC: ISS); GO_0051091 (EC: ISS); GO_0070060 (EC: ISS); GO_0070358 (EC: ISS); GO_0072332 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 10518217; 12477932; 14702039; 15146197; 15706352; 16344560; 17170761; 18398821; 19287377; 19897726; 21625218; 21965285; 22262458; 23758122; 24250222 junction mediating and regulatory protein, p53 cofactor Ensembl:ENSG00000152409 HGNC:28916 HPRD:05045 MIM:604279 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131301 Other designations: WAS protein homology region 2 domain containing 1-like 3|junction-mediating and -regulatory protein|junction-mediating and regulatory protein JMY Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DNAJA5 GS3 JJJ1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC21 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 21 134218 5p13.2 9606 5 GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID:17500595); GO_0005840 (EC: NAS, PMID:16952052); GO_0006457 (EC: NAS, PMID:16952052); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0044822 (EC: IDA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15067379; 15489334; 16952052; 17081983; 17500595; 18654987; 20195357; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 22566498; 23000965; 24457600 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 21 Ensembl:ENSG00000168724 HGNC:27030 HPRD:14056 Vega:OTTHUMG00000074103 Other designations: DnaJ homology subfamily A member 5|JJJ1 DnaJ domain protein homolog|dnaJ homolog subfamily A member 5|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 21 DNAJC21 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CACH-1 Cach STARD15 THEAL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT12 acyl-CoA thioesterase 12 134526 5q14.1 9606 5 GO_0003986 (EC: ISS); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0006084 (EC: IEA); GO_0006090 (EC: IEA); GO_0006631 (EC: IEA); GO_0006637 (EC: ISS); GO_0008289 (EC: IEA) PMID:11322891; 12477932; 12767336; 14702039; 15489334; 16103133; 16951743; 20379614; 22863734 acyl-CoA thioesterase 12 Ensembl:ENSG00000172497 HGNC:24436 HPRD:16680 MIM:614315 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131305 Other designations: START domain-containing protein 15|StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 15|acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase 12|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 12|cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA hydrolase 1|cytosolic acetyl-CoA hydrolase|hCACH-1 ACOT12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TMEM139 transmembrane protein 139 135932 UNQ1932/PRO4407 7q34 20140408 9606 7 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8889548; 12477932; 12690205; 12975309; 15231748; 16303743; 16344560; 16712791; 17213182; 19773279; 24250222 transmembrane protein 139 TMEM139 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C20orf139 Npn3 SRX SRX1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SRXN1 sulfiredoxin 1 140809 20p13 9606 20 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15448164); GO_0006979 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15448164); GO_0016667 (EC: IDA, PMID: 15448164); GO_0032542 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11076863; 11181995; 11230166; 11780052; 12477932; 15448164; 15489334; 15489336; 15590625; 15952770; 16381901; 16565085; 16818657; 17176052; 18172504; 18579529; 18593714; 19027064; 19057013; 19561357; 19812042; 20718723; 21487000; 21742584; 21800051; 21943684; 22086924; 22879602; 22934964; 22939629; 22964583 sulfiredoxin 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000271303 HGNC:16132 HPRD:12747 Vega:OTTHUMG00000031644 Other designations: sulfiredoxin-1 SRXN1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF5AP1 bA342M3.3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF5AL1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-like 1 143244 RP11-342M3.3 10q22.3 9606 10 GO_0003746 (EC: IEA); GO_0005643 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0006452 (EC: IEA); GO_0008612 (EC: IEA); GO_0015031 (EC: IEA); GO_0043022 (EC: IEA); GO_0045901 (EC: IEA); GO_0045905 (EC: IEA); GO_0051028 (EC: IEA) PMID:1286667; 2492279; 3095320; 7545941; 7622067; 7759117; 8253832; 10944119; 11742107; 12477932; 15489334; 16519677; 16916647; 20639865; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22505724; 23000965 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-like 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000253626 HGNC:17419 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018563 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A pseudogene 1|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1-like EIF5AL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He DJ5 HSC3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB7 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 7 150353 22q13.2 9606 22 PMID:10591208; 11147971; 12477932; 15461802; 15489334; 18029348 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 7 Ensembl:ENSG00000172404 HGNC:24986 HPRD:07010 MIM:611336 Vega:OTTHUMG00000151202 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 7|novel DnaJ domain protein DNAJB7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He NCRNA00342 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene LINC00342 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 342 150759 2q11.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 12477932; 14702039 long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 342 HGNC:42470 LINC00342 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He PLB PLB/LIP hPLB WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLB1 phospholipase B1 151056 2p23.2 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001523 (EC: TAS); GO_0004622 (EC: IEA); GO_0004623 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0006644 (EC: TAS); GO_0007603 (EC: TAS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016042 (EC: IEA); GO_0016324 (EC: IEA); GO_0036151 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046474 (EC: TAS) PMID: 8017323; 12150957; 12477932; 12804600; 14702039; 15583024 phospholipase B1 Ensembl:ENSG00000163803 HGNC:30041 HPRD:15141 MIM:610179 Vega:OTTHUMG00000152014 Other designations: lysophospholipase|phospholipase A2|phospholipase B|phospholipase B/lipase|phospholipase B1, membrane-associated PLB1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ZNF533 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ZNF385B zinc finger protein 385B 151126 2q31.2-q31.3 9606 2 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0002039 (EC: IPI); GO_0003676 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0008270 (EC: IEA); GO_0072332 (EC: IDA) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 19240061; 19401682; 20379614; 20849254; 21658281; 22945289; 23029477; 24457600 zinc finger protein 385B Ensembl:ENSG00000144331 HGNC:26332 HPRD:15823 MIM:612344 Vega:OTTHUMG00000154559 Other designations: zinc finger protein 533 ZNF385B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GPIG4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene RASGEF1B RasGEF domain family, member 1B 153020 4q21.21 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005088 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19645719); GO_0005769 (EC: IEA); GO_0005770 (EC: IEA); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA); GO_0030496 (EC: IEA); GO_0032318 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19645719) PMID: 12477932; 12488504; 14702039; 18391951; 19645719; 22303795; 23377640 RasGEF domain family, member 1B Ensembl:ENSG00000138670 HGNC:24881 HPRD:17955 MIM:614532 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160890 Other designations: GPI gamma-4|GPI-gamma 4|ras-GEF domain-containing family member 1B RASGEF1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene REM2 RAS (RAD and GEM)-like GTP binding 2 161253 hCG_41987 14q11.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003924 (EC: IEA); GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0007264 (EC: IEA) PMID: 10727423; 11181995; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15728182; 18056257; 20231315; 21044950; 21485012; 21980534; 22815963 RAS (RAD and GEM)-like GTP binding 2 Other designations: GTP-binding protein REM 2|Rad and Gem-related 2 (rat homolog)|rad and Gem-like GTP-binding protein 2 REM2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IFRG15 LULL1 NET9 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TOR1AIP2 torsin A interacting protein 2 163590 RP11-12M5.5 1q25.2 9606 1 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0001671 (EC: IDA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0031965 (EC: IEA); GO_0032781 (EC: IDA); GO_0051117 (EC: IPI) PMID: 11181995; 12477932; 14702039; 15342556; 15489334; 15767459; 16710414; 16964240; 19295130; 19339278; 19615732; 19651773; 20861018; 21139048; 21145461; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 22190034; 22268729; 23569223 torsin A interacting protein 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000169905 HGNC:24055 HPRD:10048 MIM:614513 Vega:OTTHUMG00000035265 Other designations: 15 kDa interferon-responsive protein|interferon responsive gene 15|lumenal domain like LAP1|lumenal domain-like LAP1|torsin-1A-interacting protein 2 TOR1AIP2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CT156 DJ6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB8 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8 165721 3q21.3 9606 3 GO_0044183 (EC: IDA); GO_0061077 (EC: IDA) PMID:11147971; 12477932; 15489334; 17207965; 20159555; 20556630; 22552285; 23612975 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8 Ensembl:ENSG00000179407 HGNC:23699 HPRD:06684 HPRD:09921 MIM:611337 Vega:OTTHUMG00000159690 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 8 DNAJB8 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He cblA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene MMAA methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblA type 166785 4q31.21 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005525 (EC: IEA); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006635 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006767 (EC: TAS); GO_0009235 (EC: TAS); GO_0009236 (EC: IEA); GO_0017111 (EC: IEA); GO_0019626 (EC: TAS); GO_0044255 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS) PMID: 12438653; 12477932; 14702039; 15308131; 15489334; 15523652; 16641088; 17597648; 17957493; 19371216; 20301409; 20876572; 21138732; 23026888; 24250222 methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblA type Ensembl:ENSG00000151611 HGNC:18871 HPRD:07394 MIM:607481 Vega:OTTHUMG00000161369 Other designations: methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial MMAA Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BHLHB8 MIST1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene BHLHA15 basic helix-loop-helix family, member a15 168620 7q21.3 9606 7 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0046983 (EC: IEA) PMID: 9073453; 9482738; 12477932; 12617822; 12690205; 12853948; 14516699; 15489334; 16645041; 18557763; 20038531; 20382342; 20709804; 21098683; 21907708; 22354994; 22374815; 22495370 basic helix-loop-helix family, member a15 Ensembl:ENSG00000180535 HGNC:22265 HPRD:16356 MIM:608606 Vega:OTTHUMG00000154289 Other designations: MIST-1|basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B, 8|class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 15|class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 8|class II bHLH protein MIST1|muscle, intestine and stomach expression 1 BHLHA15 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He P76 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PLBD2 phospholipase B domain containing 2 196463 12q24.13 9606 12 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016042 (EC: IEA); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA); GO_0043202 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 15146197; 15193148; 17105447; 21906983; 21963094; 22268729; 22939629 phospholipase B domain containing 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000151176 HGNC:27283 HPRD:14116 Vega:OTTHUMG00000169567 Other designations: 76 kDa protein|LAMA-like protein 2|PLB homolog 2|lamina ancestor homolog 2|mannose-6-phosphate protein associated protein p76|phospholipase B domain-containing protein 2|phospholipase B-like 2 32 kDa form|phospholipase B-like 2 45 kDa form|putative phospholipase B-like 2 PLBD2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CASP14L WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP16 caspase 16, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (putative) 197350 16p13.3 9606 16 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0008630 (EC: IBA); GO_0097192 (EC: IBA) PMID:9847080; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 15616553; 18281271 caspase 16, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (putative) HGNC:27290 Other designations: putative caspase-14-like protein|putative caspase-16 CASP16 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYP4A20 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4Z1 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily Z, polypeptide 1 199974 UNQ3060/PRO9882 1p33 9606 1 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:9068972; 12975309; 15059886; 15128046; 15797250; 19090726; 19473719; 22841774 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily Z, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000186160 HGNC:20583 HPRD:13111 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008019 Other designations: CYPIVZ1|cytochrome P450 4Z1 CYP4Z1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BHD FLCL WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FLCN folliculin 201163 17p11.2 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000122 (EC: IDA); GO_0000122 (EC: IMP); GO_0001701 (EC: ISS); GO_0001932 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18663353); GO_0001934 (EC: ISS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17028174); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17028174); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA); GO_0007043 (EC: ISS); GO_0010628 (EC: ISS); GO_0010629 (EC: ISS); GO_0010823 (EC: ISS); GO_0030097 (EC: ISS); GO_0030308 (EC: IDA); GO_0030336 (EC: IMP); GO_0030496 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0030511 (EC: IDA); GO_0030511 (EC: ISS); GO_0031929 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17028174); GO_0032006 (EC: ISS); GO_0032007 (EC: ISS); GO_0032008 (EC: ISS); GO_0032403 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17028174); GO_0032465 (EC: IMP); GO_0035024 (EC: IMP); GO_0035065 (EC: ISS); GO_0043065 (EC: ISS); GO_0044291 (EC: IDA, Qualifier: colocalizes_with); GO_0045785 (EC: IMP); GO_0045944 (EC: IDA); GO_0045944 (EC: IMP); GO_0051898 (EC: ISS); GO_0070373 (EC: ISS); GO_1900181 (EC: IDA); GO_1901723 (EC: ISS); GO_2000506 (EC: ISS); GO_2000973 (EC: ISS); GO_2001170 (EC: ISS) PMID: 11526515; 11533913; 12204536; 12471204; 12477932; 12746401; 12843323; 12907635; 14627671; 14702039; 14961590; 15489334; 15579035; 15657874; 15852235; 15956655; 16344560; 16636660; 16870330; 17028174; 17149965; 17207965; 17496196; 18029348; 18206534; 18234728; 18403135; 18505456; 18573707; 18579543; 18663353; 18709329; 19116017; 19234517; 19327534; 19483054; 20227563; 20301695; 20413710; 20522427; 20562859; 20618353; 21079084; 21139048; 21209915; 21258407; 21412933; 21496834; 21538689; 21832049; 21890473; 22146830; 22190034; 22211584; 22446046; 22709692; 22965878; 22977732; 22990118; 23077212; 23139756; 23150719; 23155228; 23414156; 23784378; 23824909; 24095279 folliculin Ensembl:ENSG00000154803 HGNC:27310 HPRD:06278 MIM:607273 Vega:OTTHUMG00000059275 Other designations: BHD skin lesion fibrofolliculoma protein|birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome protein FLCN Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC18 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 18 202052 5q31.2 9606 5 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:8889548; 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17207965; 18676680; 19170196; 19240791; 19625176; 19692168 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 18 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 18 DNAJC18 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALSFTD FTDALS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene C9orf72 chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 203228 9p21.2 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005515 (EC: IPI); GO_0005615 (EC: IDA); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005764 (EC: IDA); GO_0005768 (EC: IDA); GO_0005776 (EC: IDA); GO_0006897 (EC: IMP); GO_0006914 (EC: IMP); GO_0008219 (EC: IEA); GO_0017137 (EC: IDA) PMID: 11015796; 12477932; 12672552; 14702039; 15164053; 15489334; 16495328; 19322201; 19734901; 20301623; 20423481; 20562461; 20801717; 20801718; 21832049; 21890473; 21944778; 21944779; 22083254; 22181065; 22216764; 22228244; 22300873; 22300876; 22305801; 22343411; 22344582; 22366791; 22366792; 22366793; 22366794; 22366795; 22399792; 22399793; 22406228; 22410647; 22418734; 22426854; 22445326; 22459598; 22483864; 22487746; 22499346; 22502998; 22550220; 22564974; 22571983; 22650353; 22673113; 22678362; 22692064; 22702520; 22708871; 22721568; 22727276; 22732773; 22739338; 22742426; 22766072; 22766732; 22807188; 22815561; 22840558; 22843265; 22875086; 22875087; 22936364; 22959728; 22964910; 22964911; 22985429; 23012445; 23035801; 23036583; 23063644; 23084342; 23088937; 23100398; 23107433; 23111906; 23116878; 23117491; 23160421; 23254636; 23261768; 23264878; 23273600; 23284068; 23338682; 23352322; 23381195; 23393093; 23413259; 23421625; 23423380; 23434116; 23435409; 23437264; 23463871; 23473366; 23551834; 23555189; 23558488; 23587638; 23588422; 23588498; 23597494; 23602568; 23731538; 23771489; 23870417; 23894576; 24011653; 24027057; 24077574; 24081456; 24170860; 24185425; 24212388; 24248382; 24363131; 24549040; 24598541 chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 Ensembl:ENSG00000147894 HGNC:28337 HPRD:12975 MIM:614260 Vega:OTTHUMG00000019716 Other designations: protein C9orf72 C9orf72 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CCR4b WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CNOT6L CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 6-like 246175 4q13.3 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000288 (EC: TAS); GO_0000289 (EC: TAS); GO_0004535 (EC: TAS); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17452450); GO_0005634 (EC: IDA); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0006351 (EC: IEA); GO_0006355 (EC: IEA); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0008284 (EC: IMP); GO_0010467 (EC: TAS); GO_0010606 (EC: IMP); GO_0016070 (EC: TAS); GO_0016071 (EC: TAS); GO_0030014 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19558367); GO_0031047 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0061157 (EC: IEA); GO_0090503 (EC: TAS) PMID: 14702039; 16344560; 17353931; 17452450; 18377426; 19558367; 20211142; 20360068; 20379614; 20628353; 20818722; 21233283; 23591815 CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 6-like Ensembl:ENSG00000138767 HGNC:18042 HPRD:10841 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160832 Other designations: CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6-like|carbon catabolite repressor protein 4 homolog B CNOT6L Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4E1B eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1B 253314 5q35.2 9606 5 GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005845 (EC: ISS); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA) PMID:8889548; 14702039; 15372022; 16191198; 16344560 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1B Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 1B EIF4E1B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANGPTL5 angiopoietin-like 5 253935 UNQ5795/PRO19600 11q22.1 9606 11 GO_0005576 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 12624729; 12975309; 15489334; 21559522 angiopoietin-like 5 Other designations: angiopoietin-like protein 5|angiopoietin-related protein 5 ANGPTL5 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He 4.1O EPB41L4O EPB41LO P410 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene FRMD3 FERM domain containing 3 257019 RP11-439K3.2 9q21.32 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0005856 (EC: IEA); GO_0008092 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019898 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8125298; 12477932; 12601556; 14702039; 17260017; 19252134; 20379614; 20460425; 21698141; 23434934 FERM domain containing 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000172159 HGNC:24125 HPRD:07402 MIM:607619 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020103 Other designations: FERM domain-containing protein 3|band 4.1-like protein 4|band 4.1-like protein 4O|ovary type protein 4.1|protein 4.1O FRMD3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYPIVX1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4X1 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily X, polypeptide 1 260293 RP11-184J23.1 1p33|1 9606 1 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0070330 (EC: IEA) PMID:12176035; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15128046; 15489334; 15797250; 21890473 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily X, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000186377 HGNC:20244 HPRD:13110 MIM:614999 Vega:OTTHUMG00000008017 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4X1 CYP4X1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He LINC00084 NCRNA00084 TncRNA VINC WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NEAT1 nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (non-protein coding) 283131 11q13.1 20140408 9606 11 ncRNA Official from a nomenclature committee PMID: 9253601; 9858482; 11458881; 12565840; 17270048; 19217333; 19716791; 20881053; 21170033; 21532345; 22960638; 23362321; 23835137 nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (non-protein coding) HGNC:30815 MIM:612769 NEAT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NUDT7 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 7 283927 16q23.1 9606 16 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000287 (EC: IEA); GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0003986 (EC: ISS); GO_0005102 (EC: IPI); GO_0005777 (EC: ISS); GO_0008150 (EC: ND); GO_0009132 (EC: IEA); GO_0015938 (EC: ISS); GO_0030145 (EC: IEA); GO_0030515 (EC: ISS); GO_0046356 (EC: ISS); GO_0050072 (EC: ISS, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0050873 (EC: IEA) PMID: 11415433; 15146197; 15616553; 19844255; 20178365; 21145461; 23251661; 24250222 nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 7 Other designations: peroxisomal coenzyme A diphosphatase NUDT7 NUDT7 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GDE4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene GDPD1 glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 1 284161 17q22 9606 17 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006071 (EC: IEA); GO_0006629 (EC: IEA); GO_0008889 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 14612981; 14702039; 15489334; 17690467; 18991142; 21139048; 21890473; 21906983; 24250222 glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000153982 HGNC:20883 HPRD:08223 Vega:OTTHUMG00000179376 Other designations: glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 4|glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 1 GDPD1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4A22 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 22 284541 RP1-18D14.1 1p33 9606 1 GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0018685 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0052869 (EC: IEA) PMID:10860550; 12464262; 12477932; 15128046; 15611369; 20079672; 21820496 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 22 Other designations: CYPIVA22|cytochrome P450 4A22|cytochrome P450 4A22K|fatty acid omega-hydroxylase|lauric acid omega-hydroxylase CYP4A22 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CSP-gamma WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC5G DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 gamma 285126 2p23.3 9606 2 GO_0016020 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 15489334 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 gamma Ensembl:ENSG00000163793 HGNC:24844 HPRD:07108 MIM:613946 Vega:OTTHUMG00000097079 Other designations: cysteine string protein-gamma|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5G|gamma cysteine string protein|gamma-CSP|gamma-cysteine string protein DNAJC5G Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He BCD CYP4AH1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP4V2 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily V, polypeptide 2 285440 UNQ2560 4q35.2 9606 4 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: IEA); GO_0007601 (EC: IEA); GO_0010430 (EC: IDA, PMID:19661213); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0050896 (EC: IEA) PMID:11001583; 12477932; 12975309; 14702039; 15042513; 15128046; 15489334; 15860296; 16030350; 16088246; 16179904; 16186368; 17013694; 17249554; 17962476; 18349091; 19278955; 19508456; 19583818; 19661213; 20205591; 20379614; 21385027; 21540472; 21565171; 21850171; 21892605; 21988832; 22497028; 22605929; 22693542; 22916037; 23221965; 23242590; 23503679; 23538635 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily V, polypeptide 2 HGNC:23198 HPRD:16777 MIM:608614 Other designations: cytochrome P450 4V2 CYP4V2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He eIF-4E3 eIF4E-3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4E3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 317649 3p14 9606 3 GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005845 (EC: ISS); GO_0006417 (EC: IEA); GO_0019221 (EC: TAS) PMID:12477932; 15153109; 16344560; 19322201; 20434207; 23431134; 23587918 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 Ensembl:ENSG00000163412 HGNC:31837 HPRD:10687 MIM:609896 Other designations: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 3 EIF4E3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He EIF4BP WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF4BP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B pseudogene 1 319118 14q21.2 9606 14 Official from a nomenclature committee eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B pseudogene 1 HGNC:19929 EIF4BP1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP27C1 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily C, polypeptide 1 339761 2q14.3 9606 2 GO_0004497 (EC: IEA); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0016020 (EC: IEA); GO_0016705 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 15128046; 20707712; 21890473 cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily C, polypeptide 1 Other designations: cytochrome P450 27C1|cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily C, polypeptide 13 CYP27C1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ALKCDase2 ASAH3L WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACER2 alkaline ceramidase 2 340485 RP11-363E7.1 9p22.1 9606 9 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000139 (EC: TAS); GO_0001953 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18945876); GO_0005794 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16940153); GO_0006665 (EC: TAS); GO_0006672 (EC: IEA); GO_0006919 (EC: IMP); GO_0008284 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16940153); GO_0010942 (EC: IMP); GO_0017040 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16940153); GO_0030148 (EC: TAS); GO_0030173 (EC: IDA); GO_0032526 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18945876); GO_0033629 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18945876); GO_0035690 (EC: IEP); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046512 (EC: IDA, PMID: 16940153); GO_0071633 (EC: IDA); GO_0090285 (EC: IMP) PMID: 12477932; 15164053; 15489334; 15498874; 16940153; 18945876; 20089856; 20379614; 20628055 alkaline ceramidase 2 HGNC:23675 HPRD:16512 MIM:613492 Other designations: alkCDase 2|alkaline CDase 2|ceramide hydrolase|haCER2 ACER2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FFDD4 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CYP26C1 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily C, polypeptide 1 340665 10q23.33 9606 10 GO_0001972 (EC: IDA, PMID:14532297); GO_0005506 (EC: IEA); GO_0005789 (EC: TAS); GO_0006766 (EC: TAS); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0007417 (EC: ISS); GO_0008401 (EC: IDA, PMID:14532297); GO_0009952 (EC: ISS); GO_0014032 (EC: ISS); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0020037 (EC: IEA); GO_0034653 (EC: IDA, PMID:14532297); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0048284 (EC: ISS); GO_0048387 (EC: NAS, PMID:14532297); GO_0055114 (EC: IDA, PMID:14532297) PMID:14532297; 15128046; 15164054; 16385451; 16933217; 19703508; 21139048; 21850183; 23161670 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily C, polypeptide 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000187553 HGNC:20577 HPRD:12230 MIM:608428 Vega:OTTHUMG00000018766 Other designations: cytochrome P450 26C1 CYP26C1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He IGFBP-RP4 IGFBPRP4 bA113O24.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene IGFBPL1 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-like 1 347252 9p13.1 9606 9 GO_0001558 (EC: IEA); GO_0005520 (EC: IEA); GO_0005576 (EC: IEA) PMID:14702039; 15845387; 17634530; 17884839; 24250222 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-like 1 HGNC:20081 HPRD:17138 MIM:610413 Other designations: IGFBP-related protein 10|insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein 4|insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-like 1|insulin-like growth factor-binding-related protein 4 IGFBPL1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACSM2 HXMA WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACSM2B acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2B 348158 HYST1046 16p12.3 20140408 9606 16 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005739 (EC: NAS, PMID: 19634011); GO_0005759 (EC: TAS); GO_0006631 (EC: IEA); GO_0006805 (EC: TAS); GO_0044281 (EC: TAS); GO_0046872 (EC: IEA); GO_0047760 (EC: IEA) PMID: 8884467; 8934636; 10434065; 11415461; 12616642; 15122652; 15221005; 16521160; 19634011; 20679960 acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2B Ensembl:ENSG00000066813 HGNC:30931 HPRD:17124 MIM:614359 Vega:OTTHUMG00000131555 Other designations: acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2|acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial|butyrate--CoA ligase 2B|butyryl-coenzyme A synthetase 2B|middle-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2B|xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase HXM-A|xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase ACSM2B Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He FAM33A WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene SKA2 spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 348235 17q22 20140408 9606 17 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000278 (EC: TAS); GO_0000940 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17093495); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17093495); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA); GO_0005829 (EC: TAS); GO_0005876 (EC: IDA, PMID: 17093495); GO_0007059 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19289083); GO_0007067 (EC: IMP, PMID: 19289083); GO_0008017 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19289083); GO_0031110 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19289083); GO_0051301 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17093495) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 15489334; 16344560; 17093495; 17207965; 18583474; 19156129; 19289083; 20470754; 21988832; 22371557; 22483620; 23666239 spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000182628 HGNC:28006 HPRD:13306 Vega:OTTHUMG00000179361 Other designations: family with sequence similarity 33, member A|spindle and KT (kinetochore) associated 2|spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2 SKA2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He Lrp2bp WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ANKRD37 ankyrin repeat domain 37 353322 4q35.1 9606 4 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005634 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 15489334; 15809689; 19491311; 21890473; 24250222 ankyrin repeat domain 37 Ensembl:ENSG00000186352 HGNC:29593 HPRD:17461 Vega:OTTHUMG00000160459 Other designations: ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 37|hLrp2bp|low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binding protein|low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2-binding protein ANKRD37 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He B7-H6 B7H6 DKFZp686O24166 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene NCR3LG1 natural killer cell cytotoxicity receptor 3 ligand 1 374383 11p15.1 20140408 9606 11 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0005198 (EC: IEA); GO_0005886 (EC: IEA); GO_0016021 (EC: IEA); GO_0019028 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 18187620; 19528259; 21422170; 21444796; 21875946; 21877119; 23066150; 23687088 natural killer cell cytotoxicity receptor 3 ligand 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000188211 HGNC:42400 HPRD:16820 MIM:613714 Vega:OTTHUMG00000165913 Other designations: B7 homolog 6|natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 ligand 1|putative Ig-like domain-containing protein DKFZp686O24166/DKFZp686I21167 NCR3LG1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He RSPH16A TSARG5 TSARG6 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB13 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 13 374407 11q13.4 9606 11 GO_0003674 (EC: ND); GO_0005575 (EC: ND); GO_0006457 (EC: IEA); GO_0051082 (EC: IEA) PMID:12673577; 14702039; 14970903; 20677014 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 13 Ensembl:ENSG00000187726 HGNC:30718 HPRD:15573 MIM:610263 Vega:OTTHUMG00000168093 Other designations: 1700014P03Rik|DnaJ (Hsp40) related, subfamily B, member 13|DnaJ-like protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 13|radial spoke 16 homolog A|testis and spermatogenesis cell-related protein 6|testis spermatocyte apoptosis-related gene 6 protein|testis spermatogenesis apoptosis-related gene 3 protein|testis spermatogenesis apoptosis-related gene 6 protein|testis spermatogenesis apoptosis-related protein 6 DNAJB13 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C6orf173 CENP-W CUG2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CENPW centromere protein W 387103 6q22.32 9606 6 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000278 (EC: IMP); GO_0000775 (EC: IDA, PMID: 19533040); GO_0000776 (EC: IDA); GO_0000777 (EC: IEA); GO_0003677 (EC: IEA); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 19070575); GO_0005730 (EC: IEA); GO_0007059 (EC: IMP); GO_0007059 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19533040); GO_0007067 (EC: IEA); GO_0016363 (EC: IEA); GO_0034080 (EC: TAS, PMID: 19533040); GO_0046982 (EC: IEA); GO_0051276 (EC: IMP); GO_0051382 (EC: IMP) PMID: 12477932; 17610844; 18391951; 19070575; 19266077; 19430480; 19533040; 20075984; 20180024; 20546612; 20648695; 20846217; 20881960; 21102462; 21695110; 22002061; 22131368; 22504418; 23306614; 23563607; 23926101 centromere protein W Ensembl:ENSG00000203760 HGNC:21488 HPRD:16660 MIM:611264 Vega:OTTHUMG00000015518 Other designations: cancer-up-regulated gene 2 protein|cancer-upregulated gene 2 CENPW Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene INSC inscuteable homolog (Drosophila) 387755 11p15.2 9606 11 Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0000132 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0007399 (EC: IEA); GO_0045177 (EC: IEA); GO_0060487 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12469229; 12477932; 16458856; 20065032; 20379614; 22074847; 22219177; 22889411; 22977735; 23251661; 23667675 inscuteable homolog (Drosophila) Other designations: inscuteable spindle orientation adaptor protein|protein inscuteable homolog INSC olfactory receptor family 3 subfamily A member 4 pseudogene NCBI-Human-GeneID:390756 OR3A4 NCBI-Human-GeneID:390756 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/390756 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406925 MIR135A1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406925 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406925 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406926 MIR135A2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406926 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406926 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406942 MIR150 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406942 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406942 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He HCG3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJB3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 3 414061 2q37 9606 2 PMID:12477932; 15891074; 16189514; 17207965; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 23000965; 23824909 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 3 HGNC:32397 HPRD:13638 Other designations: dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 3 DNAJB3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He pim-3 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene PIM3 pim-3 oncogene 415116 CITF22-49E9.1 22q13 20140408 9606 22 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0004674 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18593906); GO_0005515 (EC: IPI, PMID: 17270021); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0005737 (EC: IEA); GO_0006468 (EC: IDA, PMID: 18593906); GO_0006915 (EC: IEA); GO_0007049 (EC: IEA); GO_0007346 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17270021); GO_0016572 (EC: IEA); GO_0043066 (EC: IMP, PMID: 17270021); GO_0046777 (EC: IEA); GO_0061179 (EC: ISS) PMID: 10713710; 12477932; 12798037; 15199164; 15489334; 15540201; 16403219; 17270021; 18593906; 19154409; 19266083; 19624871; 20101231; 20939820; 21187426; 21297633; 21646687; 21668797; 21870113; 21906983; 21963094; 22053931; 22939624; 23209281; 23760491; 23845873 pim-3 oncogene Ensembl:ENSG00000198355 HGNC:19310 HPRD:15137 MIM:610580 Vega:OTTHUMG00000150290 Other designations: serine/threonine kinase Pim-3|serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-3 PIM3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He GCN2 PVOD2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF2AK4 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 440275 15q15.1 9606 15 GO_0004674 (EC: ISS); GO_0004694 (EC: ISS); GO_0005524 (EC: IEA); GO_0006446 (EC: ISS); GO_0006468 (EC: ISS); GO_0009267 (EC: IEA); GO_0017148 (EC: IEA); GO_0022626 (EC: ISS); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA); GO_0042803 (EC: IEA); GO_0043558 (EC: IEA) PMID:10504407; 10718198; 12215525; 12477932; 14671302; 14702039; 15489334; 15761153; 15892049; 16121183; 16601681; 17081983; 17192257; 17202131; 17276353; 17620599; 18287093; 19029902; 19586904; 19615732; 20168091; 20473272; 20551969; 21076179; 21113813; 21139048; 21203563; 22301437; 22327514; 22435535; 22896630; 22969067; 23110064; 23129244; 23216249; 23354059; 23417324; 23908598; 24019515; 24113185; 24292273; 24310610 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 Ensembl:ENSG00000128829 HGNC:19687 HPRD:18447 MIM:609280 Vega:OTTHUMG00000172403 Other designations: GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase|GCN2-like protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4|general control nonderepressible 2 EIF2AK4 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene TMEM150C transmembrane protein 150C 441027 4q21.22 20140408 9606 4 protein-coding Official from a nomenclature committee GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID: 12477932; 14702039; 21906983 transmembrane protein 150C TMEM150C Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He bA16L21.2.1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC25 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C , member 25 548645 9q31.3 9606 9 GO_0016021 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 14702039; 24250222 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C , member 25 Ensembl:ENSG00000059769 HGNC:34187 HPRD:18685 Vega:OTTHUMG00000020491 Other designations: DnaJ-like protein|dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 25 DNAJC25 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene DNAJC25-GNG10 DNAJC25-GNG10 readthrough 552891 9q31.3 9606 9 PMID:8889548; 12477932; 14702039; 15164053; 15489334; 20967262 DNAJC25-GNG10 readthrough Other designations: DNAJC25-GNG10 protein|DNAJC25-GNG10 readthrough transcript DNAJC25-GNG10 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He ACH2 CTE-1 LACH2 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT1 acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 641371 14q24.3 9606 14 GO_0000038 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0001676 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0006637 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0016290 (EC: IEA); GO_0047617 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157) PMID:12477932; 16103133; 16940157; 18029348; 20736409; 21890473; 21963094; 21987572; 22939629 acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 Ensembl:ENSG00000184227 HGNC:33128 MIM:614313 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171607 Other designations: CTE-I|CTE-Ib|acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 1|inducible cytosolic acyl-coenzyme A thioester hydrolase|long chain acyl-CoA hydrolase|long chain acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase ACOT1 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He C14orf42 c14_5530 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene ACOT6 acyl-CoA thioesterase 6 641372 14q24.3 9606 14 GO_0005829 (EC: IDA, PMID:16940157); GO_0016787 (EC: IEA) PMID:12477932; 16103133; 16940157; 21822266 acyl-CoA thioesterase 6 Ensembl:ENSG00000205669 HGNC:33159 MIM:614267 Vega:OTTHUMG00000171609 Other designations: putative acyl-CoA thioesterase 6|putative acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 6 ACOT6 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene EIF3CL eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit C-like 728689 16p11.2 9606 16 GO_0001731 (EC: IEA); GO_0003743 (EC: IEA); GO_0005852 (EC: IEA); GO_0006446 (EC: IEA); GO_0016282 (EC: IEA); GO_0031369 (EC: IEA); GO_0033290 (EC: IEA) PMID:8995409; 10493829; 10504338; 12477932; 12588972; 14519125; 14702039; 15302935; 15489334; 15703437; 16083285; 16097034; 16286006; 16322461; 16766523; 16964243; 17081983; 17287340; 17322308; 17468741; 17581632; 18187866; 18599441; 18669648; 20360068; 20972266; 21145461; 21890473; 21906983; 21963094; 21987572; 22505724; 22863883; 23000965; 23463506; 23862649 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit C-like Other designations: eIF3 p110|eIF3c|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 8|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C-like protein|eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 8, 110kDa-like EIF3CL Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CC-CKR-2 CCR-2 CCR2A CCR2B CD192 CKR2 CKR2A CKR2B CMKBR2 MCP-1-R WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CCR2 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 729230 hCG_14621 3p21.31 9606 3 GO_0001974 (EC: ISS); GO_0002407 (EC: TAS, PMID:16621978); GO_0002827 (EC: ISS); GO_0002829 (EC: ISS); GO_0004950 (EC: TAS, PMID:10623817); GO_0005737 (EC: IDA, PMID:15995708); GO_0005829 (EC: ISS); GO_0005886 (EC: IDA, PMID:15995708); GO_0005886 (EC: TAS); GO_0005887 (EC: TAS, PMID:8146186); GO_0006874 (EC: ISS); GO_0006935 (EC: TAS, PMID:10623817); GO_0006954 (EC: IEA); GO_0006955 (EC: TAS, PMID:10751368); GO_0006968 (EC: TAS, PMID:10201901); GO_0007194 (EC: TAS, PMID:8995400); GO_0007204 (EC: TAS, PMID:9548499); GO_0007259 (EC: TAS, PMID:9670957); GO_0009611 (EC: TAS, PMID:8146186); GO_0010574 (EC: ISS); GO_0010820 (EC: ISS); GO_0016021 (EC: TAS, PMID:8530354); GO_0016032 (EC: IEA); GO_0016493 (EC: IEA); GO_0016525 (EC: ISS); GO_0019221 (EC: IDA, PMID:15995708); GO_0019725 (EC: ISS); GO_0030425 (EC: ISS); GO_0031727 (EC: IDA, PMID:15995708); GO_0032729 (EC: ISS); GO_0032743 (EC: ISS); GO_0035705 (EC: ISS); GO_0042535 (EC: ISS); GO_0042803 (EC: ISS); GO_0043025 (EC: ISS); GO_0043204 (EC: ISS); GO_0043310 (EC: ISS); GO_0045087 (EC: TAS); GO_0046641 (EC: ISS); GO_0048471 (EC: ISS); GO_0050729 (EC: ISS); GO_0050870 (EC: ISS); GO_0070098 (EC: ISS); GO_0090026 (EC: IDA, PMID:18587271); GO_0090026 (EC: ISS); GO_0090265 (EC: ISS); GO_2000439 (EC: ISS); GO_2000451 (EC: ISS); GO_2000464 (EC: IDA, PMID:12271471); GO_2000473 (EC: ISS) PMID:2834384; 8048929; 8146186; 8530354; 8884276; 8995400; 9058802; 9115216; 9143512; 9195948; 9225989; 9252328; 9287323; 9501202; 9548499; 9653051; 9662369; 9670957; 9710230; 9736741; 9789057; 9886417; 10201901; 10479649; 10486323; 10529171; 10623817; 10741397; 10751368; 10877489; 10888629; 10985245; 11023492; 11046064; 11115360; 11120855; 11175286; 11181995; 11264152; 11350939; 11377705; 11385319; 11468722; 11470772; 11477473; 11485615; 11500196; 11590385; 11596075; 11694103; 11696224; 11709782; 11729511; 11752157; 11756347; 11779135; 11782014; 11804551; 11856781; 11860793; 11860823; 11873083; 11898620; 11958683; 11964548; 11988632; 12001056; 12010355; 12032878; 12070001; 12078856; 12079277; 12082592; 12149192; 12192431; 12201365; 12215924; 12239249; 12271471; 12374865; 12399623; 12403355; 12426226; 12436194; 12445801; 12447757; 12469616; 12477932; 12556692; 12557141; 12571520; 12584049; 12651900; 12654703; 12680626; 12719858; 12837756; 12853162; 12853745; 12882757; 12884524; 12889997; 12913933; 13678532; 14533004; 14533983; 14624371; 14644039; 14647058; 14742283; 14981141; 15053339; 15076247; 15086346; 15086398; 15135805; 15140377; 15192276; 15230854; 15236615; 15257681; 15319853; 15362666; 15458467; 15465089; 15466648; 15472820; 15488313; 15489334; 15575507; 15579296; 15585333; 15602133; 15611878; 15639953; 15721423; 15750046; 15754978; 15769362; 15793370; 15863470; 15929697; 15976001; 15980693; 15992849; 15995708; 16033640; 16055130; 16095529; 16123688; 16140745; 16196460; 16206074; 16207551; 16261210; 16286054; 16286055; 16305685; 16314800; 16320328; 16323127; 16344560; 16356504; 16415174; 16426243; 16461193; 16478397; 16480760; 16485782; 16524739; 16529059; 16598837; 16621978; 16631114; 16641997; 16733654; 16781696; 16831471; 16858645; 16865553; 16903979; 16908772; 16950632; 17060059; 17091019; 17094383; 17135764; 17216598; 17240189; 17295203; 17298432; 17355643; 17361671; 17364026; 17395051; 17413295; 17417600; 17426779; 17428349; 17464174; 17465499; 17482150; 17499741; 17504503; 17558413; 17560067; 17596666; 17604544; 17615573; 17653321; 17664883; 17672867; 17688234; 17703277; 17703412; 17704101; 17715128; 17786209; 17845302; 17917677; 17934338; 17989610; 18055544; 18060801; 18093816; 18096169; 18164016; 18172114; 18186797; 18197127; 18240029; 18306985; 18332000; 18391751; 18513341; 18577758; 18587271; 18615095; 18633131; 18676680; 18763111; 18829011; 18845960; 18846510; 18855658; 18928397; 18936436; 18974840; 18977759; 18996288; 19002595; 19017998; 19028820; 19032065; 19037908; 19055601; 19064579; 19082218; 19098363; 19124913; 19131662; 19170196; 19196047; 19225544; 19258923; 19263529; 19411748; 19420105; 19433914; 19465829; 19479237; 19506371; 19520154; 19526283; 19527467; 19535619; 19559392; 19578796; 19625176; 19643177; 19669591; 19692168; 19693089; 19720836; 19841162; 19904283; 19917610; 19942750; 19950235; 19958843; 19965779; 20017911; 20038229; 20066125; 20153665; 20181074; 20182805; 20190752; 20220260; 20231199; 20339010; 20364004; 20380698; 20411675; 20442634; 20449800; 20452482; 20483750; 20485444; 20503287; 20531015; 20536507; 20537184; 20603037; 20605053; 20628649; 20637631; 20673868; 20681057; 20726788; 20740585; 20808917; 20842059; 20947712; 21054877; 21091093; 21097527; 21097672; 21146687; 21148810; 21220372; 21264360; 21322034; 21348591; 21396623; 21429204; 21440726; 21450101; 21461583; 21527853; 21570337; 21602126; 21667221; 21682549; 21868018; 21883707; 21890375; 22026334; 22041342; 22081934; 22086059; 22159219; 22183310; 22197827; 22218121; 22226505; 22276574; 22285384; 22479344; 22554651; 22607625; 22612293; 22615942; 22685564; 22752804; 22815949; 22842622; 22909007; 22927430; 23007133; 23041556; 23057571; 23090289; 23185481; 23185512; 23251661; 23298254; 23325742; 23374597; 23376609; 23408426; 23454776; 23612252; 23632061; 23657965; 23686489; 23880174; 24078580; 24128342 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 Ensembl:ENSG00000121807 HGNC:1603 MIM:601267 Vega:OTTHUMG00000156466 Other designations: C-C chemokine receptor type 2|MCP-1 receptor|monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor|monocyte chemotactic protein 1 receptor CCR2 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene 100133790 9606 NCBI-supplied PMID: 9334251; 22990020; 23316049 intestinal mucin-like MUC3 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CASP-12 CASP12P1 WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene CASP12 caspase 12 (gene/pseudogene) 100506742 UNQ9415 11q22.3 9606 11 GO_0004197 (EC: IBA); GO_0005737 (EC: IBA); GO_0030968 (EC: IEA); GO_0042981 (EC: IEA); GO_0050727 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0070059 (EC: IBA); GO_0072557 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0072559 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0097169 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT); GO_0097194 (EC: IBA, Qualifier: NOT) PMID:9038361; 11278723; 11329013; 11943137; 12054529; 12975309; 14532116; 15033764; 15129283; 16532395; 16917906; 17574210; 18329614; 18332441; 18710920; 18791174; 19447924; 19721713; 20031604; 20041182; 20299359; 20299368; 20423816; 20577092; 20646990; 21706251; 21872999 caspase 12 (gene/pseudogene) Ensembl:ENSG00000204403 HGNC:19004 MIM:608633 Vega:OTTHUMG00000154965 Other designations: caspase 12 pseudogene 1|inactive caspase-12 CASP12 Bin Zhao, Yue Liu, Oliver He CYP3A7-3AP1 CYP3A7.1L WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene 100861540 7q 9606 7 PMID:9847074; 11137287; 12853948; 15937338 CYP3A7-CYP3AP1 readthrough - CYP3A7-CYP3AP1 A representation that is either the output of a clinical history taking or a physical examination or an image finding, or some combination thereof. clinical finding disease course The totality of all processes through which a given disease instance is realized. replace 'OBI:occurrence of disease', need to add logical definition The axioms of OBI occurence of disease: Equivalent classes: realizes some disease Superclasses: 'has part' some 'pathologic process' 'has participant' some (organism and ('has role' some 'host of immune response role')) biological_process realizes some 'host of immune response role' disease course The representation of a conclusion of a diagnostic process. diagnosis A changing process in which cells become to have neoplastic quality. neoplastic cell Transformation A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. age (quality) A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts. color (quality) A scalar optical property that is the intensity, value or amount of perceived light. color intensity color brightness quality A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts composition A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space. direction A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced hardness A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts. spatial pattern qualitative property A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. normality (quality) The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. quantity (property) A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's movement or variation characterized by the regular recurrence or alternation of different quantities or conditions. rhythm quality A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the repetitiveness of bearer's rhythm. persistence A quality that exists by virtue of being a particular point in the time of a cycle. phase A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. size A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical dimension of extension. height A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. length A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. mass (quality) A physical attribute entity inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body. weight (quality) A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. structure (quality) A physical attribure of the thermal energy of a system. temperature (quality) A quality in which events occur in sequence. time quality An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. viability A color hue with high wavelength of the long-wave end of the visible spectrum, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 630 to 750 nanometers. red (quality) A color brightness which is relatively low. color brightness A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure. hard A hardness quality of giving little resistance to pressure. soft A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course. acute A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurring or appearing again or repeatedly. recurrent A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's deviation from normal or average. abnormal A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. normal An amount which is relatively high. increased amount A duration quality of a process which is relatively high. increased duration A duration quality of a process which is relatively low. decreased duration A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking rhythm. arrhythmic A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having rhythm. rhythmic A length quality which is relatively large. increased length A length quality which is relatively small. short shortened decreased length An increased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting enlargement of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ). MeSH:D006984 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56246009 hypertrophy hypertrophic A size quality which is relatively high. big enlarged expanded great large increased size A size quality which is relatively low. hyposia reduced small tiny decreased size A thickness which is relatively high. high thickness increased thickness A thickness which is relatively low. low thickness thin decreased thickness A volume which is relatively high. high volume large volume increased volume A volume which is relatively low. low volume small volume decreased volume A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure deteriorates or is lost over time due to an active pathological process. degenerate (quality) A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. thickness A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies. volume A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). permeability A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of doing work. power A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of doing work. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics) A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts. pressure A physical quaility inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum. force (quality) A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration. concentrated A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average. high concentration increased concentration A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average. decreased concentration A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force. strength quality A quality which inheres in an process. process quality A process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of the temporal extent between the starting and ending point. period duration A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent. area A duration which has regular start and/or end times. reguar duration A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's duration which has irregular start and/or end times. irregular duration alive A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life. dead An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions. acidic An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions. alkaline A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311). calcified A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. membrane potential A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. electric potential A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic. flow rate quality A pressure which is relatively low. low pressure decreased pressure A pressure which is relatively high. increased pressure A permeability which is relatively high. high permeability increased permeability A permeability which is relatively low. low permeability decreased permeability A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of a part or parts of the bearer's being decreased in size due to reduction in tissue mass through wasting. atrophic atrophied A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole. aggregated A quality of single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer is essential or indispensable. necessity of occurrent A necessity quality inhering in a process by virtue of the bearer's being essential or indispensable. necessary (occurrent) A necessity quality inhering in a process by virtue of the bearer's being non-essential or dispensable. unnecessary (occurrent) A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules. granular A flow that is relatively low. decreased fluid flow (quality) A flow that is relatively high. increased fluid flow (quality) A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions). pH acidity An acidity which is relatively low. decreased acidity An acidity which is relatively high. increased acidity A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue destroyed by injury or disease. scarred (quality) A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water. hydrophobicity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water. hydrophilicity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement. movement quality A number quality which is relatively many. increased number (quality) A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter's disposition the presence of abnormally proliferating masses of cells. neoplastic (quality) A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting deterioration of its structure. degeneration (quality) An area which is relatively high. increased area An area which is relatively low. decreased area A molecular quality that arises from the molecular attraction exerted between two atoms or compounds. affinity An affinity which is relatively low. decreased affinity A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an onset and time course between acute and chronic. subacute An affinity inhering in a tissue constituent by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific ph conditions. basophilic A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition not to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. neoplastic, non-malignant A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. neoplastic, malignant A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spread and invade distant tissues. neoplastic, metastatic A compositional quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's infiltration by leukocytes, local edema and accumulation of plasma proteins. inflammatory A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing excess lipid. fatty A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to invade surrounding tissues. neoplastic, invasive A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition not to invade surrounding tissues. neoplastic, non-invasive A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position. velocity quality A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object. accumulation (quality) An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner. increased accumulation (quality) An accumulation which is relative low. decreased accumulation (quality) A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process. temporal distribution quality A quality that inheres in a bearer in virtue of its realizing one of its functions. activation quality A quality of an physical object that is currently realizing one of its functions. active A quality of a physical object that is currently realizing none of its functions. inactive Having the consistency of water. watery Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (or lipophilic) groups. amphiphilic A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneously arise. neoplastic, spontaneous The ability of a process to produce its output. process efficacy A decrease in the ability of a process to produce its output. decreased efficacy A increase in the ability of a process to produce its output. increased efficacy A protein that is a translation product of the human LPL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. LPL lipoprotein lipase This gene encodes a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein can promote tumor formation by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, for proteasomal degradation. This gene is itself transcriptionally-regulated by p53. Overexpression or amplification of this locus is detected in a variety of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in a multitude of transcript variants, many of which may be expressed only in tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4193 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17246 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MDM2 MDM2 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4193 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17246 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17246 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314856 P53 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the PERK. PERK generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. p53 signaling (primitive) Phospholipase transport to lysosome is a subtype of molecule transport: A process of the directed movement of phospholipase to the lysosome. phospholipase transport to lysosome Moving solid is a subtype of moving. A process that change the location of the solid. . moving solid Abcb11 Generating periodic motion is a subtype of generating motion: A process that generates the directed movement in which the object decreases in volume. generating periodic motion Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell ceath [cell death (toxic course)] Toxic course is a subtype of process sequence: A series of process in an organism from latent to the manifestation of toxicity, which is not part of the life of the organism. toxic course Changing membrane fluidity is a subtype of changing fluidity: A process that changes the fluidity of the membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:1697167 PMID:2080227 PMID:22960355 changing membrane fluidity [Phospholipidosis] PMID:22960355 PMID:2080227 Cationic amphiphilic drugs and phospholipid storage disorder. Generating signal is a subtype of generating: A process that produces a signal as an output. generating signal PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha ( (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha)) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. PPAR alpha activation activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha PPARalpha activation NCBI-Human-GeneID:8879 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20397 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286896 Sgpl1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8879 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8879 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20397 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20397 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286896 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286896 Changing sensitivity is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the sensitivity of the object. changing sensitivity Hypofunction of detoxification is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient detoxification. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hepatic encephalopathy. hypofunction of detoxification [hepatic encephalopathy] Increasing ammonia concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the ammonia concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hepatic encephalopathy. increasing ammonia concentration in blood [Hepatic encephalopathy] Arole played by the entity that isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. GO:0061631 IMR:0000328 (obsolete) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Generating substance is a subtype of generating: A process that produces a substance as an output. generating substance Changing activity is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the activity of the object. changing activity Inactivation is a subtype of changing activity: A process that changes the activity of the object to be lower. inactivation Changing direction is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the direction of the object. changing direction Molecular activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the moleule to be higher. molecular activation Changing bond is a subtype of changing between operands: A process that changes a bond between objects. changing bond Changing disulfide bond is a subtype of changing bond: A process that changes a disulfide bond which is a covalent bond mediated by 2 sulfur atoms. changing disulfide bond Integrated signaling pathway is a subtype of pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has signaling pathway and gene regulated pathway. 1. signal detection (acceptance), 2. signal transduction, 3. gene regulation (genetic information conversion process), 4. celllular process execution This entity covers from 1, 2, and 3. integrated signaling pathway The totality of all processes through which eosinogranular degeneration is realized. PMID:16332691 PMID:16377806 PMID:17034877 PMID:20101262 PMID:20936127 PMID:22318237 PMID:25689681 PMID:26967755 PMID:28538669 PMID:28581332 eosinophilic granular degeneration [toxic course] PMID:16332691 Excess peroxisomes are degraded by autophagic machinery in mammals. Atg7, an essential gene for autophagy, plays a pivotal role in the degradation of excess peroxisomes in mammals. The autophagic machinery is essential for the selective clearance of excess peroxisomes in mammals. Hepatic fibrosis dependent gene is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of hepatic fibrosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ hepatic fibrosis dependent molecule (human in vitro) Dysfunction of calcium transport is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete calcium transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. dysfunction of calcium transport [Cell death] CREBPH activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CRBPH to be higher. CREB3L3 activation Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). The endothelin antagonist bosentan inhibits the canalicular bile salt export pump BSEP, which causes intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts and bile salt induced liver cell damage ATC:C02KX01 DrugBank:DB00559 InChIKey:GJPICJJJRGTNOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosentan bosentan [Cholestasis] ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0123878179 Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ISBN:0071769234 The endothelin antagonist bosentan inhibits the canalicular bile salt export pump BSEP, which causes intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts and bile salt induced liver cell damage PMID:11309550 Acyl-CoA oxidase family EC 1.3.3.6 ACOX family Cholestasis dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of cholestasis. cholestasis dependent process Hypofunction of extracellular matrix disassembly is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient extracellular matrix disassembly. hypofunction of extracellular matrix disassembly A role played by the entity which regulates tranport process. tranport regulator role Changing disulfide bond is a subtype of changing bond: A process that changes a disulfide bond which is a covalent bond mediated by 2 sulfur atoms. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. changing disulfide bond [ER stress] A role played by the entity that has a toxic effect. toxic agent Increasing weight is a subtype of changing weight: A process that changes the weight of the object to be higher. increasing weight Inreasing blood ALP concentration is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the bilirubin concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. inreasing blood ALP concentration [cholestasis] inreasing blood ALP concentration [Cholestasis] Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. mitochondrial dysfunction [Oxidative stress] ATF6 (golgi apparatus) (canonical)[ER stress] Hypofunction of bile acid and bile salt transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient bile acid and bile salt transport. hypofunction of bile acid and bile salt transport Cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S2P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process n which ATF6-alpha is cleaved by endopeptidase S2P( MBTPS2). Site-2 cleavage comes after site-1 cleavage. cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S2P NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 PMID:25203443 NRF2 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 PMID:25203443 De-differentiation confers multidrug resistance via noncanonical PERK-Nrf2 signaling. Cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S1P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which ATF6-alpha is cleaved by endopeptidase S1P( MBTPS1). cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S1P Cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S1P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which ATF6-alpha is cleaved by endopeptidase S1P( MBTPS1). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10564271 PMID:11163209 PMID:15299016 Reactome:R-HSA-381135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0008875 cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S1P [ER stress] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Lipidosis] ChREBP activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating ChREBP to be higher. ChREBP activation A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. cation Translocation of ATF6 from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of ATF6 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Translocation of ATF6 from the cytosol to the nucleus Increasing liver weight is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the weight of the liver to be higher. increasing liver weight Translocation of ATF6 from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of ATF6 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10564271 PMID:10856300 R-HSA-381026 Translocation of ATF6 from the cytosol to the nucleus [ER stress] A role played by the entity which regulatess bile acid transport process. bile acid transport regulator role Combining role with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. transmembrane signaling receptor role Combining role with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death. related molecular function GO:0005035 death receptor role Combining role with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death. PMID:10209153 lysosome damage is a subtype of organelle damage. lysosome damage Ground glass appearance [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Based on the pathological morphology, lesions are observed as a frosted-like change in whole or most of the hepatocytes. Monochromatic eosinophilic change across the whole or most of the hepatocyte. It is often observed as a changing response to the hepatic metabolism enzyme inducer such as phenobarbital. In electron microscopy, it is regarded as prominent proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, dispersion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, with decrease of stored glycogen. Open TG-GatesID:FI-L0830 ground glass appearance [Liver Pathological Findings] Monochromatic eosinophilic change across the whole or most of the hepatocyte. It is often observed as a changing response to the hepatic metabolism enzyme inducer such as phenobarbital. In electron microscopy, it is regarded as prominent proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, dispersion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, with decrease of stored glycogen. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress - translation attenuation] A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK - eIF2A pathway. PERK signaling to eIF2a [PERK - eIF2A pathway] PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress and involves inflammation. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress - translation attenuation] A role played by the protein that has a structure of misfolding unfolded protein role Cellular tissue is a subtype of object aggregate that consists of cells or tissues. cellular tissue Changing cytoskeleton is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of cytoskeleton. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. changing cytoskeleton [Cholestasis] PERK signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation pathway. PERK signaling (integrated pathway) Negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex. negative regulation of formation of translation initiation complex negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex organelle damage is a subtype of damaging. organelle damage The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). sphingolipid breakdown sphingolipid catabolism sphingolipid degradation sphingolipid catabolic process Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required. insulin deficiency natural killer cell activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer (NK) cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). natural killer cell activation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. insulin deficiency [ER stress] Increasing GDF15 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GDF15 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 increasing GDF15 level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Treatment with alcohol also increased the levels of secreted GDF15 in supernatants of cultured hepatocytes. We next investigated the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on GDF15 expression in hepatocytes. Inhibition of the mitochondrial OXPHOS complex using oligomycin or rotenone significantly increased Gdf15 expression and GDF15 secretion by cultured hepatocytes. Hepatic Gdf15 expression and serum levels of GDF15 were remarkably increased in alcohol-fed mice. It may drive the protective effect against alcohol- or CCl4-induced liver injury. This evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a double-edged sword, as it may affect disease progression as well as protection. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 PMID:15215180 PMID:15917997 PMID:22210111 PMID:22879933 PMID:8247041 ITGB3 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3690 PMID:15215180 The prediction from our hypothetical model is that when αVβ3 integrin is persistently ligated/activated, it will prevent macrophage differentiation into the foam cell phenotype. Conversely, blocking of the αVβ3 receptor may lead to up-regulation of scavenger receptor expression and increased foam cell formation. PMID:22210111 Affinity of talin-1 for the β3-integrin cytosolic domain is modulated by its phospholipid bilayer environment PMID:22879933 c-Abl is an upstream regulator of acid sphingomyelinase in apoptosis induced by inhibition of integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5. PMID:8247041 Calcium oscillation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase positively regulate integrin alpha(IIb)beta3-mediated outside-in signaling. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 PMID:26427720 PMID:30885913 https://omim.org/entry/602385 SULT1C2(predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6819 PMID:26427720 Transcriptional Regulation of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1C2 by Intermediates of the Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 PMID:15189273 PMID:23766865 PMID:28840186 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte ECM2 - tumor progression marker (predicted)(human) [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1842 PMID:28840186 Identification of the Consistently Altered Metabolic Targets in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: We correlated each of the 634 identified metabolic genes with 4 consistent progression markers, namely ECM2 and MMP9, which are related to invasion or metastasis. A role played by the entity that shows an expression change according to the degree of tumor progression. tumor progression marker role PMID:24003057 clomipramine_CAD [Phospholipidosis] A role played by the entity which inhibits bile acid transport process. bile acid transport inhibitor role Bile pigment deposition is a subtype of accumulation of pigments: The aggregation of bile pigmentin a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell. bile pigment deposition Changing membrane fluidity is a subtype of changing fluidity: A process that changes the fluidity of the membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. changing membrane fluidity [Cholestasis] Hypofunction of transmembrane transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient transmembrane transport. hypofunction of transmembrane transport Hypofunction of transmembrane transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient transmembrane transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. hypofunction of transmembrane transport [Cholestasis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24908 https://omim.org/entry/602634 ERDJ4 Dnajb9 apoptosis inhibitor (rat)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24908 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24908 Increasing acetyl CoA is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of acetyl CoA to be larger. increasing acetyl CoA A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. apoptotic process [Cholestasis] PMID:26481188 meloxicam - apotosis inducing factor [ER stress] Endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing number of hepatocyte organelle: A process that becomes larger in the number of endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). increasing number of hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte Endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing number of hepatocyte organelle: A process that becomes larger in the number of endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing number of hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. Increasing number of objects is a subtype of changing: A process that becomes larger in the number of physical objects. increasing number of objects Maintaining permeability is a subtype of changing permeability: A process that changes the permeability of the membrane to be lower. maintaining permeability Hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid oxidation: A process that performs an excessive fatty acid beta-oxidation. hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation Increasing liver weight is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the weight of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. increasing liver weight [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation. fatty acid omega-oxidation Hyperfunction of lipid oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of lipid catabolic process: A process that performs an excessive lipid degradation. hyperfunction of lipid oxidation Hyperfunction of fatty acid oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of lipid oxidation: A process that performs an excessive lipid oxidation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MP_0014171 hyperfunction of fatty acid oxidation Hyperfunction of lipid degradation is a subtype of hyperfunction of decompoing: A process that performs an excessive lipid degradation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MP_0008034 hyperfunction of lipid degradation Removing ceramide by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes a ceramide from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (sphingomyelin disorder). hyperfunction of cerramide phagocytosis by Kupffer cells or macrophges [Phospholipidosis-sphingomyelin disorder] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:26344566 increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). increasing peroxisome number in hepatocytes peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] ISBN:0071769234 Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. PMID:16402898 Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive phenobarbital metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism [Ground glass appearance] Peroxisomal Acox biosynthetic process is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a Peroxisomal acyl -coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX) due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. peroxisomal Acox biosynthetic process Organelle proliferation is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of organelles. organelle proliferation The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Peroxisomal Acox biosynthetic process is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a Peroxisomal acyl -coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX) due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. peroxisomal Acox biosynthetic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Molecule transport is a subtype of transport: A process of the directed movement of molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.. molecule transport A metabolic process by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway. GO:0001561 fatty acid alpha-oxidation Controlling is a subtype of meta-function of "ToControl". When a function fa regularizes the behavior of ft, its meta-function is said to be 'to control ft'. controlling Phosphoethanolamine catabolic process is a subtype of catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of phosphoethanolamine. phosphoethanolamine catabolic process Negative regulation of decomposing is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of decomposing. negative regulation of decomposing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of lipid metabolic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of drug metabolism phase I: A process that is biotransformed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. xenobiotic metabolism phase I by CyP [Glutathione depletion] xenobiotic metabolism phase I by P450 [Glutathione depletion] drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Glutathione depletion] Regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta oxidation related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta oxidation related gene expression. regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. NCBI-Human-GeneID:25833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18988 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116544 phospholipase A1 PLA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:25833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18988 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18988 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116544 fibrate [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Pirinixic Acid is a synthetic thiacetic acid derivative used in biomedical research, carcinogenic Pirinixic acid is a peroxisome proliferator that activates specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). PPARs play an important role in diverse cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation, adipogenesis, and inflammatory signaling. (NCI04). Pirinixic Acid was discovered as WY-14,643 in 1974. Open TG-Gates compound_id=00030 PMID:16434500 WY14643 [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:16434500 16434500 Wy-14,643 (WY) is a hypolipidemic drug that induces hepatic peroxisome proliferation and tumors in rodents. Treatment with DEN + WY increased both cell proliferation and apoptosis in both the wild-type and p50 -/- mice; DEN treatment alone has no effect. In the DEN/WY-treated mice, cell proliferation and apoptosis were slightly lower in the p50 -/- mice than in the wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that NF-kappaB is involved in the promotion of hepatic tumors by the peroxisome proliferator WY; however, the difference in tumor incidence could not be attributed to alterations in either cell proliferation or apoptosis. Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress - translation attenuation] Transcription factor activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a transcription factor role to be higher. transcription factor activation PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:20101262 PMID:20414453 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ PPARalpha activation (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:20414453 PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. Negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation of decomposing: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process. down regulation of mRNA breakdown down regulation of mRNA catabolic process down regulation of mRNA catabolism down regulation of mRNA degradation negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:25165883 autophagy [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:25165883 PMID:25165883 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation attenuates the inflammatory response to protect the liver from acute failure by promoting the autophagy pathway Regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation related gene is a subtype of regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation related gene [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation related gene is a subtype of regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation related gene expression. regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation related gene Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:19114110 negative regulation of lipid storage [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Lipid transport to mitochondria is a subtype of lipid transport: A process that of the directed movement of lipids into a mitochondrion. lipid transport to mitochondria Unfolded protein is a subtype of substance with role. This entity can participate in a unfolded protein response in the course of ER stress. unfolded protein [ER stress] Maintaining membrane permeability is a subtype of maintaining permeability: A process that keeps the permeability of the membrane. maintaining membrane permeability Biological structure formation is a subtype of having extra parts: A process that changes to form a structure component. biological structure formation NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24377 PMID:24287781 http://omim.org/entry/305900 G6PD (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2539 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24377 A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:10839530 PMID:29983595 PMID:9395198 tumorigenesis [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:10839530 PMID:10839530 PPARα mediates the hepatocarcinogenic effect of certain peroxisome proliferators in rodents. However, no carcinogenic effect of peroxisome proliferators has been found in humans, possibly because expression of PPARα is much lower in human liver than in rodent liver or due to other species-specific differences. PMID:29983595 Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha indicates unfavorable outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1647 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13197 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 GADD45A (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1647 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1647 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13197 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13197 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25112 Increasing size is a subtype of changing size: A process that changes the size of the object to be larger. A size change process in which the size is increasing. increasing size Increasing volume is a subtype of increasing size: A process that changes the volume of the object to be higher. increasing volume Increasing area is a subtype of changing area: A process that changes the area of the object to be larger. increasing area Increasing length is a subtype of changing length: A process that changes the length of the object to be higher. increasing length Increasing cell volume is a changing process to change the volume of the cell to increase. cell swelling increasing cell volume Increasing volume of mitochondria is a changing process to change the volume of the mitochondria to increase. increasing volume of mitochondria Increasing energy is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be larger. increasing energy Function-related process is a process that related to the execution of a function, a metafunction, and the malfunction. FBRL: A Function and Behavior Representation Language. Sasajima, M., Kitamura, Y., Ikeda, M. & Mizoguchi, R., In Proc. of IJCAI-95 (pp. 1830-1836), 1995 doi:10.1115/DETC2006-9913 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-0346(02)00006-X This tree is based on a functional concept ontology (Kitamura 2002). function-related process doi:10.1115/DETC2006-9913 An ontology-based annotation framework for representing the functionality of engineering devices. Kitamura, Y., Washio, N., Koji, Y., Sasajima, M., Takafuji, S., & Mizoguchi, R., In Proc. of ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (ASME IDETC/CIE 2006), DETC2006-99131, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-0346(02)00006-X A functional concept ontology and its application to automatic identification of functional structures, Kitamura, Y., Sano, T., Namba, K., & Mizoguchi, R., Advanced Engineering Informatics, 16(2),145-163, 2002 Hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:25114170 Refolding-unfolding imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. refolding-unfolding imbalance [ER stress] Massive hepatic necrosis is a subtype of classification of cell death by distribution: A hepatocyte necrosis localized around multiple lobules. massive hepatic necrosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23645 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171071 GADD34 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23645 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23645 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171071 Increasing energy is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. increasing energy [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] TIMP1 production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a TIMP1 protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. TIMP1 production The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. glycolytic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] A role played by the entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. electron carrier electron transporter related molecular function GO:0009055 electron transfer moecule A role played by the entity that causes blood cells to grow and mature (Haematopoiesis). hematopoietic factor Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that that moves the outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. This entity is a specific course dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. inflammatory cell infiltration [Phospholipidosis] PMID:30077006 Decreasing sensitivity is a subtype of changing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to be lower. decreasing sensitivity Nuclear receptor activation is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. nuclear receptor activation nuclear receptor activation PMID:25450203 PPAR alpha Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha PPARA (mol) Androgen Receptor AR Progesterone Receptor PGR (mol) PPAR gamma Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma PPARG Release of phospholipid from lysosome is a subtype of moving A to the outside of B: A process that that moves phospholipids to the outside of the lysosome. release of phospholipid from lysosome Increasing hepatocellular volume is a subtype of increasing cell volume to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. hepatocellular hypertrophy hepatocellular swelling increasing hepatocellular volume Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 increasing hepatocellular volume [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 Peroxisomes tylically occupy less than 2% of the cytoplasmic volume, while tratment with fibrate drugs inceases this volume to as much as 25%. Toxicity of Peroxisome Proliferators Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Toxicology John P. Vanden Heuvel Addition of foreign substance is a subtype of assembling: A process that foreign substance to make an addition. addition of foreign substance Dysfunction of calcium transport is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete calcium transport. dysfunction of calcium transport Having extra parts is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes to have additional parts of the structure. having extra parts Accumulation of xenobiotics is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps xenobiotics in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. accumulation of xenobiotics Accumulation of compound in ER is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. accumulation of compound in ER [ER stress] A role played by the role which catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. EC:6.-.-.- related molecular function GO:0016874 ligase A role played by a chemical substance that reacts with the endogenous target molecule or critically alters the biological environment, initiating structural/functional alternations that result in toxicity. ultimate toxicant A role played by a chemical substance that reacts with the endogenous target molecule or critically alters the biological environment, initiating structural/functional alternations that result in toxicity. ISBN:0071769234 Drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of drug metabolic process: A process that of biotransformation reactions involving hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation or introduces a functional group (such as -OH, -NH2, -SH or -COOH) to increase in the water solubility of a xenobiotic. Functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in PHASE II DETOXIFICATION. Phase I enzymes include CYTOCHROME P450 enzymes and some OXIDOREDUCTASES. Excess induction of phase I over phase II detoxification leads to higher levels of FREE RADICALS that can induce CANCER and other cell damage. Induction or antagonism of phase I detoxication is the basis of a number of DRUG INTERACTIONS. MeSH:D050216 Reactome: R-HSA-211945 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D050216 Phase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, that is the introduction or exposure of functional groups on the chemical structure of a compound. This provides a 'handle' for phase 2 conjugating species with which to react with. Many xenobiotics are lipophilic and almost chemically inert (e.g. PAHs) so would not necessarily undergo a phase 2 reaction. Making them more chemically reactive would facilitate their excretion but also increases their chance of reacting with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, DNA). There is a fine balance between producing a more reactive metabolite and conjugation reactions. There are two groups of enzymes in phase 1 - oxidoreductases and hydrolases. Oxidoreductases introduce an oxygen atom into or remove electrons from their substrates. The major oxidoreductase enzyme system is called the P450 monooxygenases. Other systems include flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), cyclooxygenases (COX) and monoamine oxidases (MAO). Hydrolases hydrolyse esters, amides, epoxides and glucuronides. drug metabolism phase I Reactome: R-HSA-211945 Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds (Homo sapiens) Phase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, that is the introduction or exposure of functional groups on the chemical structure of a compound. This provides a 'handle' for phase 2 conjugating species with which to react with. Many xenobiotics are lipophilic and almost chemically inert (e.g. PAHs) so would not necessarily undergo a phase 2 reaction. Making them more chemically reactive would facilitate their excretion but also increases their chance of reacting with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, DNA). There is a fine balance between producing a more reactive metabolite and conjugation reactions. There are two groups of enzymes in phase 1 - oxidoreductases and hydrolases. Oxidoreductases introduce an oxygen atom into or remove electrons from their substrates. The major oxidoreductase enzyme system is called the P450 monooxygenases. Other systems include flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), cyclooxygenases (COX) and monoamine oxidases (MAO). Hydrolases hydrolyse esters, amides, epoxides and glucuronides. Reactome: R-HSA-211945 Peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: A process that The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: A process that The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression Hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation Increasing demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. increasing demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Increasing demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation to be higher. increasing demand for peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation Accumulation of drug in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. accumulation of drug in hepatocyte [Ground glass appearance] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Regulation of cell cycle related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cel cycle related gene expression. regulation of cell cycle related gene expression Regulation of cell cycle related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cel cycle related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:9855014 regulation of cell cycle related gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:9855014 Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in altered cell cycle regulation in mouse liver: mRNAs encoding CDK-1, CDK-4, cyclin D1 and c-myc were also increased in wild-type mice fed Wy-14,643 but not in PPARalpha-null mice. Biochemical degradation is a subtype of decompoing: A process that biochemically decomposes a single chemical entity into multiple element biochemical degradation A role played by the protein related to the microtubules of the cytoskeleton. IMR:0000196 (obsolete) related cell structure GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeletal protein The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. lipid catabolic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100689 PMID:24445216 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2(mouse) - obesity inhibitor[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100689 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100689 A role played by the entity that ihibits the obesity. inhibitor of obesity Negative regulation of cytokine gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory cytokine gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. negative regulation of cytokine gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PPARα inhibits NF-κB to express inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1b, etc). inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. inflammation inflammatory response PMID:23856494 ATP dependent GCLC (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] PMID:23856494 GSH is synthesized by two successive enzymatic reactions (Fig. 1). The first reaction, catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), couples L-glutamate to L-cysteine to form γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) . Accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER [ER stress] Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by miRNA. regulation of gene expression by miRNA Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by miRNA. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of gene expression by miRNA [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Oncogene mRNA stabilization is a subtype of keeping structure: A process that maintaing the mRNA structure of ongogenes. oncogene mRNA stabilization Oncogene mRNA stabilization is a subtype of keeping structure: A process that maintaing the mRNA structure of ongogenes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. oncogene mRNA stabilization [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Liver cacer dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of liver cancer. under construction liver cancer dependent chemical entity Phospholipid transport from lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid transfer : A process of the transfer of a phospholipid from the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid transport from lysosome into cytosol [Phospholipidosis] An inorganic radical in which a free electron resides on one or more oxygen atoms of an oxygen species. oxygen radical Liver dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete liver function. liver dysfunction The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. autophagy [ER stress] Redox-active reactant formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates a redox-active reactant. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. The increased reactivity may be due to conversion into electrophiles, free radicals, nucleophiles, or redox-active reactants. Casarett and Doull's toxicology 8th ed. Chapter 3 step1 Delibery:From the site to exposure to the target redox-active reactant formation Liver dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete liver function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. liver dysfunction [ER stress] Dysfunction of sodium transport is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sodium transport dysfunction of sodium transport Dysfunction of generating protein is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete generating protein. dysfunction of generating protein Free radicals formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates a free radical, a highly reactive molecule with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. The increased reactivity may be due to conversion into electrophiles, free radicals, nucleophiles, or redox-active reactants. Casarett and Doull's toxicology 8th ed. Chapter 3 step1 Delibery:From the site to exposure to the target free radicals formation Nucleophiles formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of nucleophiles by donating electrons. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. The increased reactivity may be due to conversion into electrophiles, free radicals, nucleophiles, or redox-active reactants. Casarett and Doull's toxicology 8th ed. Chapter 3 step1 Delibery:From the site to exposure to the target Nucleophiles generally are detoxificated by conjugation of a functinal group to the nucleophilic atom. Sulfonation, glucuronidation, methylation, and acetylation are common reactions. nucleophiles formation IL-2 gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature IL-2 gene product or products (proteins or RNA). IL-2 gene expression Electrophiles formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates electrophiles. Electrophile is a reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner.. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. Electrophiles are molecules that contain an electron-deficient atom with a partial or full positive charge that can react by sharing electron pairs with electron rich atoms in nucleophiles. Electrophilic toxicants generally are detoxificated by conjugation of with the nucleophile, glutathione. This reaction can be facilitated by glutathione S-trasferases. electrophiles formation Protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the protein quality. protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins GO:0006515 (protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins) focuses on ERAD process. Our entity includes the process such as protein folding, ERAD and translation attenuation for unfolded protein response. protein quality control for unfolded proteins Protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the protein quality mediated by the gene expression regulation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein quality control for unfolded via gene expression regulation [ER stress] Dysfunction of protein quality control is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete protein quality control function. dysfunction of protein quality control Increasing number of stress responses is a subtype of increasing number of actions: A process that becomes larger in the number of stress responses. increasing number of stress responses A process that results in an increase in hepatic cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. hepatocyte proliferation [Hypertrophy] Icreasing volume of endoplasmic reticulum is a subtype of increasing organelle volume: A process that changes the volume of the endoplasmic reticulum to be higher. icreasing volume of endoplasmic reticulum Fibrosis is a subtype of changing material: A process that replaces tissues to fibrous connective tissues/ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MPATH_181 fibrosis Deacreasing size is a subtype of changing size: A process that changes the size of the object to be smaller. deacreasing size Hepatocellular atrophy is a subtype of decreasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the hepatocyte to be relatively low. hepatocellular atrophy Damaging is a subtype of changing structure: A process that injuries the structure as the direct or indirect result of an external force. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014947 injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000102 damaging Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. DNA damage [Cell death] TIMP1 production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a TIMP1 protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. TIMP1 production [Fibrosis] Cellular damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. cell and tissue damage Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety or changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well internal environmental changes. Among other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell’s ability to repair itself. Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. Cell death may occur by necrosis or apoptosis. PMID:8703628 http://purl.jp/bio/4/id/200906069918862451 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage cellular damage cell and tissue damage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MPATH_1 Cellular damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cellular damage [Cell death] Cytoskeleton damage is a subtype of cellular damage: A process that injuries the structure of the cytoskeleton as the direct or indirect result of an external force. cytoskeleton damage Six proteins were regulated at both basal and inducible levels exhibiting the largest dynamic range of Nrf2 regulation: cytochrome P4502A5 (CYP2A5; 17.2-fold), glutathione-S-transferase-Mu 3 (GSTM3; 6.4-fold), glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1; 5.9-fold), ectonucleoside-triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPD5; 4.6-fold), UDP-glucose-6-dehydrogenase (UDPGDH; 4.1-fold) and epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1; 3.0-fold). These proteins, or their products, thus provide a potential source of biomarkers for Nrf2 activity. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2947 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 PMID:22496397 PMID:25202346 GSTM3 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2947 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2947 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14864 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/108348148 PMID:22496397 Coordinated regulation of hepatic phase I and II drug-metabolizing genes and transporters using AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-null mice. PMID:25202346 GSTM3 overexpression sensitized the PLC/PRF/5R cells to radiation mainly though induction of apoptosis. GSTM3 increased the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, p27 and p53) in PRF/PLC/5R cells with irradiation NCBI-Human-GeneID:2940 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14859 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 GSTA3 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2940 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2940 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14859 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14859 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/494500 Gene expression by AP-1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by AP-1. gene expression by AP-1 The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. membrane blebbing [Cell death] Increasing membrane permeabilization is a subtype of changing permeability: A process that changes the permeability of the membrane to be higher. increasing membrane permeabilization Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Phospholipidosis] Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. GO:1902110 positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Cell death] GO:1902110 positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process Dysregulation of apoptosis is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of apoptotic process appropriately or cannot realize it at all. dysregulation of apoptosis A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. tumorigenesis [Cell death] Gene expression by p53 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1. gene expression by p53 Changing cytoskeleton is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of cytoskeleton. changing cytoskeleton Changing cytoskeleton is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of cytoskeleton. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. changing cytoskeleton [Cell death] Hypofunction of keeping structure is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient keeping structure. hypofunction of keeping structure Hypofunction of keeping structure is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient keeping structure. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. hypofunction of keeping structure [Cell death] Decreasing area is a subtype of changing area: A process that changes the area of the object to be smaller. decreasing area Decreasing volume is a subtype of changing volume: A process that changes the volume of the object to be relatively low decreasing volume Decreasing length is a subtype of changing length: A process that changes the length of the object to be lower. decreasing length Decreasing contact area with ECM is a subtype of decreasing area: A process that changes the contact area with extracellular matrix (ECM) to be smaller. decreasing contact area with ECM Decreasing contact area with ECM is a subtype of decreasing area: A process that changes the contact area with extracellular matrix (ECM) to be smaller. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. decreasing contact area with ECM [Cell death] Accumulation of substances in a biological object is a subtype of storing: A process that keeps substances in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. related quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0002269 accumulation of substances in a biological object Protein accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps protein(s) in a biological object. protein accumulation Increasing sensitivity is a subtype of changing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to be lhigher. increasing sensitivity Accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (severe) . accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER [ER stress (severe) ] Accumulation of abnormal proteins is a subtype of protein accumulation: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in a biological object. accumulation of abnormal proteins Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of cell death. mitochondrial dysfunction [Cell death] Increasing size of liver is a subtype of increasing size: A process that changes the size of the liver to be larger. hepatomegaly increasing size of liver Vitamine accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps vitamin in a biological object. vitamine accumulation Accumulation of protein aggregates is a subtype of protein accumulation: A process that keeps protein aggregates in a biological object. Protein aggretates are often insoluble and tend to sequester Fe 2+ ions. Fe 2+ helps to produce ROS. accumulation of protein aggregates Fatty acid strorage is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps fatty acid in a biological object. fatty acid strorage Substance with stress sensor role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in a stress response and playing a stress sensor role. This entity is inferred from Description Logic. substance with stress sensor role Melanin deposition is a subtype of accumulation of pigments: The aggregation of melanin in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MPATH_44 melanin deposition Lipofuscin deposition is a subtype of accumulation of pigments: The aggregation of lipofuscin in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell. lipofuscin deposition Substance with apoptosis inducer role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in a positive regulation of apoptosis process and playing an apoptosis inducer role. This entity is inferred from Description Logic. substance with apoptosis inducer role Changing relationship between operands is a subtype of changing: A process that changing the relationship between multiple objects. changing relationship between operands The totality of all processes through which ATP depltion is realized. ATP depletion [toxic course] Bile acid strorage is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps bile acid within the liver (intrahepatic), or outside the liver (extrahepatic) in the bile duct system. bile acid accumulation in hepatocyte Bile acid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps bile acid within the hepatocute in the liver (intrahepatic). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile acid accumulation in hepatocyte [Cholestasis] Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing hepatocellular volume [Cholestasis] A role played by the entity that catalyses the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. GO:0004842 ubiquitin ligase Increasing amount of carbohydrate is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of carbohydrates to be higher. increasing amount of carbohydrate Bile acid biosynthetic process is a subtype of biosynthetic process: The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile acid biosynthetic process [Cholestasis] Bile acid transport to hepatocyte is a subtype of bile acid and bile salt transport: A process that transports bile acid within a hepatocyte by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. PMID:9806540 bile acid transport to hepatocyte YAMATO:ontology Location-independent. State corresponds not to generic quality but to property. It is possessed by continuants and processes. state Primitive process is a unit of process. Process series at a certain granular level can appear as one primitive process at the higher level. Whether the process is a primitive process or not depends on the setting of the granularity. When one does not consider the details more than a certain level, or a level as the minimum grain size, the process at that level becomes the primitive process. primitive process OATPs have a preference for unconjugated bile acids over conjugated bile salts organic anion transporting polypeptides [Cholestasis] glibenclamide is a potential substrate for OATPs. OATPS family (canonical)[Cholestasis] OATPs have a preference for unconjugated bile acids over conjugated bile salts ISBN:0123878179 Cholestasis dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of cholestasis. under construction cholestasis dependent chemical entity PERK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the PERK. PERK generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0014065 PERK signaling (primitive) Value of quality. Although this is essentially a role played by quantity, YAMATO doesn't deal with it so for simplicity. YAMATO Ontology quality value Cholestasis dependent gene is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of cholestasis as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. under construction cholestasis dependent molecule (canonical) This is essentially a value and non-quantitative, therefore, there is no ordering among values, unlike non-categorial values. Categorical quality has typicality which no quantity has. It is generically dependent on entity because it is always referred to with something as a species. YAMATO Ontology categorical It is just a quantity independent of what quantity it is of. That is, 10cm and 11cm exist just as it is in the quantity space and are just different. On the other hand, when a thing's length is 10cm long at time t1 and 11cm long at t2, we say the length of the thing CHANGED. The 10cm long of a thing has its identity which persists having possibly different values. Note that quantity is not specifically dependent on anything, but generically dependent on physical entity. YAMATO Ontology quantity Dysfunction of fatty acid degradation is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Alcoholic fatty liver. dysfunction of fatty acid degradation [Alcoholic fatty liver] Tumor cell survial is a subtype of cell survival: A process that keeps the viability of a tumor cell. tumor cell survial Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. phospholipid accumulation in lysosome lipoprotein lipase Ensembl:ENSG00000175445 HGNC:6677 MIM:609708 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 LPL (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24539 Converting to acetyl CoA is a subtype of metabolic process that transforms into acetyl CoA. converting to acetyl CoA Increasing fatty acid synthesis substrate is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of the substrate of the fatty acid synthesis. Increaseing fatty acid synthesis substrate A series of molecular signals mediated by PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). PERK signal transduction pathway A value which is greater than the normal or average. large (value) A qualitative value which is lower than the threshold, normal or average. small (value) Although these are qualitative values, they are essentially quantitative because they are derived from the quantitative values by introducing threshold value, and hence the values are ordinal. YAMATO Ontology qualitative quantity YAMATO Ontology meta attribute value YAMATO Ontology numbers quality value many few Times quality value is a subtype of meta attribute value. YAMATO Ontology times quality value many times few times Acute phase proteins coding gene expression via cytokine is a subtype of gene expression: A process that The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature acute phase proteins coding gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by cytokine. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition IL-1, TNF, IL-6 or other cytokines released from macrophages and endtherial cells act on cell surface receptors to change transcriptions of genes involving tissue injury and repair. acute phase proteins coding gene expression via cytokine Acute phase proteins coding gene expression via cytokine is a subtype of gene expression: A process that The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature acute phase proteins coding gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by cytokine. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 Oxidative stress dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of ER stress. under construction oxidative dependent chemical entity NCBI-Human-GeneID:9695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297504 EDEM (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297504 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297504 別名BSEP。アミノ酸抱合胆汁酸の毛細胆管への排泄を行う。 Bosentan, cyclosporin, glibenclamide, rifampicin, and rifamycin inhibit human and rat BSEP/Bsep. PMID:10648470 PMID:11179459 PMID:16039748 PMID:9806540 http://omim.org/entry/603201 BSEP [cholestasis] Bile salt export pump [cholestasis] ABCB11 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Bosentan, cyclosporin, glibenclamide, rifampicin, and rifamycin inhibit human and rat BSEP/Bsep. ISBN:007176923 ISBN:0123878179 PMID:10648470 Cyclosporin A, rifamycin SV, rifampicin, and glibenclamide cis-inhibited Bsep-mediated bile salt transport to similar extents as ATP-dependent taurocholate transport in cLPM vesicles. The cholestatic estrogen metabolite estradiol-17beta-glucuronide inhibited ATP-dependent taurocholate transport only in normal canalicular plasma membrane and in Bsep/Mrp2-coexpressing Sf9 cell vesicles. PMID:11179459 In isolated canalicular rat liver plasma membrane preparations, troglitazone competitively inhibited the ATP-dependent taurocholate transport mediated by the canalicular bile salt export pump (Bsep). Troglitazone sulfate, the main troglitazone metabolite eliminated into bile, also showed competitive Bsep inhibition. This is an abstraction of the kinds at the class level. In the use case, it is sometimes referred to with # operator as a class constraint like "#generic quality". In a common term, it would be called "attribute". Its instance is not equal to its value. The value itself belongs to "quality value". Its instance is still an attribute which refers to a specific quantity. Its instnace plays a quality role like length plays one's height as a quality role. Quality such as one's height, one's weight, etc. are roles, and hence must be defined in the context of respective contexts(entities). Therefore, they are not defined as basic type like length, weight, etc. See "physical" in which a most generic quality is defined. Quality in DOLCE corresponds to quality role type in YAMATO. This is why "quality" is invisible in YAMATO in spite of it knows "quality". YAMATO Ontology generic quality attribute NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29702 An attribute that counting numbers of objects and how many times an event happens are essential not to individuals in them but to collectives of objects or events. counting generic quality not clock time but times (how many times). Contrary to the intuition, "times" should not be taken as a generic quality. What should be taken as a generic quality is the pai rof "event" and times. That is, "what event happens many times" corresponds to "color is red". For example, "A month which has many accidents" corresponds to "A rose whose color is red". number of times not numerals but "number" of somethings(=how many things) number of objects YAMATO ontology non-meta generic quality Protein biosynthesis is a subtype of biosynthetic process:The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of proteins. protein biosynthesis A physical attribute entity inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000128 weight attribute A role played by the entity which catalyses the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. EC:4.-.-.- related molecular function GO:0016829 lyase meta generic quality A 2-D extent attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent. area (attribute) Color as a kind is a generic quality. Red is a subclass of color and/or a value of color as discussed below, and being red is a property of things. The differentiation between red as a value of color and being red as a property is critical. In summary, there are three kinds of red. It is unary rather than binary just like ordinary classes such as animal, car, etc color (attribute) Moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of drug into a liver. moving drug to the inside of liver PMID:24003057 tamoxifen [Phospholipidosis] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of liver tumor via ground glass appearance. apoptosis [liver tumor via ground glass appearance] A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts. colorness (quality) A color brightness which is relatively high. high brightness PMID:15720040 PMID:22960355 PMID:28552552 PMID:9061852 amiodarone_CAD [Phospholipidosis] PMID:15720040 Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005;28(1):117-33. Induction of apoptosis by cationic amphiphilic drugs amiodarone and imipramine. Treatment of U-937 cells with these compounds for 96 h resulted in concentration-related increases in phospholipids. Disruption of cell lysosomes in U-937 cells following accumulation of phospholipids does not cause a cell cycle arrest but instead induces apoptosis by activation of caspase pathways. PMID:22960355 Amiodarone induces phospholipidosis Amiodarone inhibits PLA2. Amiodarone accumulates in the lysosome and insert into the inner membranbe decreasig the anionic binding site for the lipase. Lipase is not able to bind to phopholipid and to be degraded by lysosomal proteases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Mar; 1831(3): 602–611. PMID:28552552 Treating both B-13 and B-13/H cells with the drug amiodarone, which has been reported to induce phospholipidosis in variety of cell types, induced phospholipidosis most markedly in B-13/H cells. PMID:9061852 Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis. PMID:7159463 PMID:8091428 gentamicin_sphingomyelinase inhibitor [Phospholipidosis] PMID:8091428 Leupeptin and E-64, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, prevent gentamicin-induced lysosomal phospholipidosis in cultured rat fibroblasts. PMID:24003057 tamoxifen phospholipase inhibitor[Phospholipidosis] A role played by the entity which receives acute phase response signal and transmits operand(s). acute phase response role FADs2 (mol) Lamellar body formation in lysosome is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that costructs lamellar body in lysosome. lamellar body formation in lysosome myelin figureformation in lysosome The totality of all processes through which cell death is realized. PMID:18846107 PMID:21760595 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ cell death (toxic course) PMID:18846107 Classification of cell death recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 PMID:21760595 Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012 Apoptosis (course) is a subtype of cell death (course). The totality of all processes through which apoptosis is realized. under construction apoptosis (course) Increasing drug metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of drug metabolites to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing drug metabolite [Ground glass appearance] Pyroptosis (course) is a subtype of cell death (course). The totality of all processes through which pyroptosis is realized. Pyroptosis is related to a caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as Il-1beta and Il-18. PMID:18846107 PMID:21760595 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ under construction pyroptosis (course) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ The term pyroptosis has been introduced in 2000 by Brennan and Cookson to functionally describe the peculiar death of macrophages infected by Salmonella typhimurium. Several other bacterial triggers of this atypical cell death modality have been identified, including Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Francisella tularensis and the Bacillus anthracis. However, it has become clear that pyroptosis neither constitutes a macrophage-specific process nor a cell death subroutine that only results from bacterial infection. Of note, pyroptotic cells can exhibit apoptotic and/or necrotic morphological features. Apoptosis modulator is a role played by any substance that regulates the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms. apoptosis regulator role A role played by the entity which enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size). related molecular function GO:0005216 ion channel A role played by the entity that ihibits the activity of tumor cells. inhibitor of tumor cell activity role A role that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of transcription of genetic information. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. IMR:0000369 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0140110 transcription regulator A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of a drug from one side of a membrane to the other. A drug is any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. related molecular function GO:0015238 drug transmembrane transporter The totality of genetic information belonging to a cell or an organism; in particular, the DNA that carries this information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000001 genome Separating is a subtype of changing between operands: A process that divides the whole object into multiple components. separating into multiple components separating Hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation is a subtype of hyperfunction of cell differentiation: A process that performs an excesssive kupffer cell differentiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. ATF6 signaling (primitive) Amino acid conjugatied bile acid transport into bile canaliculus is a subtype of canalicular bile acid transport: A process that enables the transfer of amino acid conjugated bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. amino acid conjugatied bile acid transport into bile canaliculus Changing fluidity is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the fluidity of the object. changing fluidity The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell proliferation [Cell death] Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. tumor cell proliferation Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. tumor cell proliferation [Cell death] Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. increasing number of dead cells in liver Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing number of dead cells in liver [ER stress] Decomposing is a subtype of separating: A process that divides a whole object into constituents. decomposing Increasing number of action is a subtype of changing: A process that becomes larger in the number of actions or activities. increasing number of action Increasing autodigestion of abnormal lysosome is a subtype of increasing autophagy: A process that becomes larger in the number of autodigestion of abnormal lysosome. increasing autodigestion of abnormal lysosome Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [cell death] Increasing number of bile duct in liver is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of bile duct in the liver. increasing number of bile duct in liver Decreasing number of objects is a subtype of changing: A process that becomes smaller in number of physical objects. decreasing number of objects Cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S2P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process n which ATF6-alpha is cleaved by endopeptidase S2P( MBTPS2). Site-2 cleavage comes after site-1 cleavage. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. cleavage of ATF6-alpha by S2P [ER stress] Cholestasis (primitive process) is a subtype of stagnating: A process that changes the bile flow to be slower due to obstruction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. cholestasis process [Cholestasis] Decreasing number of cells is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in number of cells. decreasing number of cells Increasing concentration is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the object to be higher. increasing concentration Increasing calcium ion concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration in the blood to be higher. increasing calcium ion concentration in blood Increase in intracellular calcium level is a subtype of increase in calcium level: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration within a cell to be higher. increase in intracellular calcium level Increase in intracellular calcium level is a subtype of increase in calcium level: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration within a cell to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. increase in intracellular calcium level [Cell death] Amino acid conjugatied bile acid transport into bile canaliculus is a subtype of canalicular bile acid transport: A process that enables the transfer of amino acid conjugated bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. amino acid conjugatied bile acid transport into bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. PERK activation AMPK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26481188 AMPK activation [ER stress] PMID:26481188 Blocking autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg5 siRNA knock-down enhanced meloxicam lethality for HCC by activation of ER stress-related apoptosis. In addition, GRP78 seemed to lead to autophagic activation via the AMPK-mTOR signalling pathway. Blocking AMPK with a chemical inhibitor inhibited autophagy suggesting that meloxicam-regulated autophagy requires activation of AMPK. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that both ER stress and autophagy were involved in cell death evoked by meloxicam in HCC cells. This inhibition of autophagy to enhance meloxicam lethality, suggests a novel therapeutic strategy against HCC. Decreasing blood flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the blood flow to be smaller. decreasing blood flow Oxidative stress dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of Oxidative stress. Oxidative dependent chemical compound Increasing demand for response to stress is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the stress to be higher. increasing demand for response to stress Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. increasing demand for response to ER stress Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (severe) . increasing demand for response to ER stress [ER stress (severe) ] Increaseing production quantity of ROS is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen, to be higher. increasing production quantity of ROS Increasing production quantity of RNS is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to be higher increasing production quantity of RNS Increasing calcium ion is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the calcium ion becomes larger. increasing calcium ion inflow into cell Increasing sodium ion inflow into cell is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the sodium ion inflow into the cell to be larger. increasing sodium ion inflow into cell increasing extracellular potassium outflow is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the phospholipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increasing extracellular potassium outflow Negative regulation process is a subtype of controlling: A process that that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of function. Controlling to the negative (-) direction. negative regulation process Negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition is a subtype of negative regulation of cell cycle: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition. negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (mild). negative regulation of apoptotic process [ER stress (mild)] EVOL6 Drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of drug metabolism phase I: A process that is biotransformed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. regulation of cell cycle [Cell death] The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by transcription factor Gene expression by transcriptional regulator Cell survial is a subtype of keeong quantity: A process that keeps the viability of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. cell survival [ER stress] cell survival [ER stress] Cell survial is a subtype of keeong quantity: A process that keeps the viability of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. normal cell survival [Cell death] Functioning process is a subtype of function-related process: A process that executes and manifests function. functioning process Receiving is a subtype of functioning process: A process that that gets an object as input. receiving Making existence is a subtype of functioning process: A process that makes a target object to be present in another object. making existence Generating is a subtype of funcioning: A process that produces output from nothing. generating Protein production is a subtype of generating: A process that synthesizes protein (s) resulting in having output (s). protein production Abnormal protein-degrading enzyme production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of an abnormal protein-degrading enzyme protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. abnormal protein-degrading enzyme production [ER stress] Chaperon production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a protein with a chaperon role due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. chaperon production Abnormal protein-degrading enzyme production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of an abnormal protein-degrading enzyme protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. abnormal protein-degrading enzyme production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. positive regulation of ERAD [ER stress] Changing is a subtype of making existence: A process that makes a target object different. changing PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress - translation attenuation] Converting signal to information is a subtype of converting to information: A process that changes a signal to information. converting signal to information Converting signal to information is a subtype of converting to information: A process that changes a signal to information. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. converting signal to information [ER stress] Converting signal to information is a subtype of converting to information: A process that changes a signal to information. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. converting signal to information [Cell death] Changing an operand is a subtype of changing: A process that makes one object different. changing an operand Membrane phospholipid catabolic process is a subtype of lipid catabolic process: The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of membrane phopholipids membrane phospholipid catabolic process Changing quantity is a subtype of changing attribute: A process that changes the amount of the object as an output. changing quantity Increasing quantity is a subtype of changing quantity: A process that changes the magnitude of the object to be larger. increasing quantity Decreasing quantity is a subtype of changing quantity: A process that changes the magnitude of the object to be smaller. decreasing quantity Decreasing production quantity of protein is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the production quantity of the protein to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. decreasing production quantity of protein [ER stress] Hyperfunction of hypoxia resonsive gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive hypoxia resonsive gene expression. hyperfunction of hypoxia resonsive gene expression The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. gene expression [Cell death] Uncoupling dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of uncoupling of mitochondrial damage. under construction uncoupling dependent chemical entity Activating is a subtype of changing activity: A process that changes the activity of the object to be higher. inceasing activity activating PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress] NRF2 activation by PERK is a subtype of NRF2 activation: A process that changes the activity of NRF2 (Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2) to be higher by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Mild ER stress activates Nrf2 and the antiapoptotic factor BI-1. Activation of Nrf2 through its phosphorylation by PERK,and BI-1 protect the endoplasmic reticulum from further damage by inhibiting the production of ROS by CYP2E1(Lee et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2009). NRF2 activation by PERK [ER stress (mild)] Mild ER stress activates Nrf2 and the antiapoptotic factor BI-1. Activation of Nrf2 through its phosphorylation by PERK,and BI-1 protect the endoplasmic reticulum from further damage by inhibiting the production of ROS by CYP2E1(Lee et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2009). casarett and dolls Cyp7a1 (mol) AMPK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be higher. AMPK activation Positive regulation of autophagy by AMPK is a subtype of positive regulation of autophagy: A process that that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy by AMPK. PMID:18439900 positive regulation of autophagy by AMPK GRP78 activation by MLX is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the GRP78/ HSPA5 (Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5) to be higher by MLX. GRP78 activation by MLX PLA2 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the member of the phospholipase A2 family (PLA2) to be higher. PLA2 activation Protease activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a protease role to be higher. protease activation Changing shape is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the form of the operand. changing shape Liver X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating LXR ( liver X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. LxR alpha activation activating LXR alpha liver X receptor activation Changing membrane fluidity is a subtype of changing fluidity: A process that changes the fluidity of the membrane. changing membrane fluidity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein refolding. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. positive regulation of protein refolding [ER stress] Keeping quantity is a subtype of changing amount: A process that maintains the magnitude of the object at a constant level . keeping quantity Changing quality is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the quality of the object. changing quality Negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex by eIF2a is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex by eIF2a. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex by eIF2a [ER stress] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. Changing volume is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the volume of the object. changing volume Homeostatic imbalance of number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the proliferation and elimination of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. homeostatic imbalance of number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum process based on specific viewpoint Keeps volume is a subtype of changing volume: A process that keeps the volume of the object. keeps volume Changing density is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the density of the object. changing density biological defense role Changing hardness is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the hardness of the object. changing hardness Changing phase is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the phase of the operand. changing phase Solidifying is a subtype of changing phase: A process that changes the phase of the operand to a solid phase. solidifying Vaporizing is a subtype of changing phase: A process that changes the phase of the operand to a vapor phase. vaporizing Liquefying is a subtype of changing phase: A process that changes the phase of the operand to a liquid phase. liquefying Moving is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that change the location of the operand. act on one position moving Elevating is a subtype of moving: A process that changes the location of the operand from a lower to a higher place or position. elevating Lowering is a subtype of moving: A process that changes the location of the operand from a higher to a lower place or position. lowering Moving fluid is a subtype of moving: A process that changes the location of the liquid. moving fluid Keeping position is a subtype of moving: A process that maintains in the fixed position. keeping position Malfunctioning process is a subtype of function-related process: A process that cannot perform a function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning process Hyperfunctioning is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that performs an excessive function. hyperfunctioning Hypofunctioning is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient functioning. decreasing function hypofunctioning Arresting function is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that arrests the progress of function execution. arresting function Dysfunctioning is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete functioning. dysfunctioning Loss of function (process) is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that results in no longer having a function or the process that gradually loses it. loss of function (process) Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation Sifting is a subtype of changing between operands: A process to move an operand from one medium to another medium. Changing medium from medium A to medium B. sifting Transmitting is a subtype of sifting: A process to send out an operand from a medium A to a medium B. transmitting Hyperfunction of drug metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug metabolism [Ground glass appearance] Caspase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase. caspase signaling (primitive) Caspase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. caspase signaling (primitive) [ER stress] Caspase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. caspase signaling (primitive) [Cell death] Death Domain sgnaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process in which a signal is transmitted from the cell membrane receptor starting with a ligand. The death domain at the cytoplsmic tail of the receptor binds the other death domain of the docking protein to form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). This signal triggers the assembly of intracellular proteins to form a death including signaling complex (DISC), which includes a specific intiator procaspase (procaspase-8, 10). These initiator procasapases cleave and converts effector procaspases (i.e., caspase-3, 6, 7) to activate. Then, these effector caspases cleave target proteins, which leads to execute apoptosis. ISBN:0123878179 extrinsic (Death Domain) signaling (primitive) ISBN:0123878179 In hepatocytes, extrinsic pathway apoptosis induction requires caspase-9 mediated cleavage of Bid, a BCL-2 family protein and subsequent mitochondrial outer menbrane permeablization for executioner apoptosis activation. DRUG INDUCED LIVER DISEASE CHAPTER 5, 3rd Ed. Editors: Neil Kaplowitz Laurie DeLev Death Domain signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process in which a signal is transmitted from the cell membrane receptor starting with a ligand. The death domain at the cytoplsmic tail of the receptor binds the other death domain of the docking protein to form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. extrinsic (Death domain) signaling (primitive) [Cell death] NRF2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the NRF2. NRF2 signaling (primitive) NRF2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the NRF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. NRF2 signaling (primitive) [ER stress] PMID:26481188 GRP78 - autophagy inducing factor (canonical)[ER stress - autophagy indution] P53 signaling (primitive) isis a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the p53. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. p53 signaling (primitive) [ER stress] P53 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by p53. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. p53 signaling (primitive) [Cell death] PERK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the PERK. PERK generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK pathway. PERK signaling (primitive) [PERK pathway] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to oxidative stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [Oxidative stress] The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. retrograde protein transport from ER to cytosol [ER stress] The process that results in the movement of arachidonic acid from the cell membrane. release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane The process that results in the movement of arachidonic acid from the cell membrane. PMID:21910409 Removing (from A) is a subtype of taking: A process that takes an unnecessary operand from a medium. removing (from A) Giving is a subtype of sifting: A process that provides an object to a medium. giving ER to Golgi transport is a subtype of transport: A process of the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. ER to Golgi transport Oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation that inhibits oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance [Oxidative stress] Detaching is a subtype of separating: A process that disaggregates the whole object into constituent components. detaching Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress translation attenuation] Changing position is a subtype of changing between operands: A process that that changes the relative position between objects. changing position Changing distance is a subtype of changing position: A process that changes the relative position between objects. changing distance Increasing distance is a subtype of changing distance: A process that keeps object A away from object B. increasing distance Increasing free radical is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of free radicals to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. increasing free radical [Oxidative stress] Assembling is a subtype of changing composition: A process that combines multiple components as one configuration. assembling Joining is a subtype of combining: A process that makes bonds between the components. joining Lysosome homeostasis is a subtype of homeostatic process: A process that that preserves a lysosome in a stable functional or structural state. All of the lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases, which are active at the acidic pH (about 5) that is maintained within lysosomes but not at the neutral pH (about 7.2) characteristic of the rest of the cytoplasm (Figure 9.35). The requirement of these lysosomal hydrolases for acidic pH provides double protection against uncontrolled digestion of the contents of the cytosol; even if the lysosomal membrane were to break down, the released acid hydrolases would be inactive at the neutral pH of the cytosol. lysosome homeostasis All of the lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases, which are active at the acidic pH (about 5) that is maintained within lysosomes but not at the neutral pH (about 7.2) characteristic of the rest of the cytoplasm (Figure 9.35). The requirement of these lysosomal hydrolases for acidic pH provides double protection against uncontrolled digestion of the contents of the cytosol; even if the lysosomal membrane were to break down, the released acid hydrolases would be inactive at the neutral pH of the cytosol. ISBN:0815340729 Signaling is a subtype of transmitting: A process that transmits signals from medium A to medium B. signaling Ground glass appearance dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of ground glass appearance as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. ground glass appearance dependent molecule (canonical) Hyperfunction of increasing number is a subtype of hyperfunction of increasing: A process that performs an excessive nu,ber of the object. hyperfunction of increasing number Keeping quality is a subtype of changing quality: A process that keeps the quality of the object constant. keeping quality Changing pressure is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the pressure of the object . changing pressure Changing temperature is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the temperature of the object. changing temperature Insulin signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaing (primitive), in which a signal mediated by insulin. insulin signaling (primitive) Hyperfunction of lipid transport to peroxisome is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive lipid transport to peroxisome. hyperfunction of long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome Hyperfunction of long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. hyperfunction of long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Hyperfunction of lipid transport to mitochondria is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive lipid transport to mitochondria. hyperfunction of lipid transport to mitochondria A mebrane potential which is relatively low. decreased membrane potential Insufficient functioning is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function required. insufficient functioning Glutathione depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of glutathione. glutathione depletion Increasing autophagy is a subtype of increasing number of actions: A process that becomes larger in the number of autophagy. increasing autophagy ATP depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . ATP depletion ATP depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. ATP depletion [Cell death] Autophagy inducer is a role played by any compound that promotes the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell). autophagy inducer Accumulation of fluids is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps fluid in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. accumulation of fluids A laboratory test or analysis of the biological properties or activities of a substance performed by testing its effect on an organism. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C18641 in vivo assay Ligand molecule is a subtype of signaling dependent molecule. This entity is dependent on a signal transduction system and can participate in signaling process. ligand molecule [signal transduction system] A tube that is part of a excretory system. excretory tube Glycogen accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps glycogen in a biological object. glycogen accumulation In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level is lower (L) than the medium (M) in the normal condition . Threfore even if the functional demand level is Medium level (M) in the daily life, which leads to the imbalance and leads to toxicity manifestation. toxicological imbalance L<M Hypofunction of ion transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ion transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID: 9061852 hypofunction of ion transport [Phospholipidosis] PMID: 9061852 ICAD may influence a wide variety of cell functions, including: phosphorylation pathways, ion transport, and other metabolic pathways. In rat lung, amiodarone inhibits Mg2+-ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase in areas where phospholipid is located . In this location and probably in others, CADs may affect ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation. These effects may be due to the increasing intracytoplasmic Ca2+. Hypofunction of ion transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ion transport. hypofunction of ion transport Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation by PLA1 is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation by PLA1. hypofunction of phospholipid degradation by PLA1 PMID:22960355 Hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase A2 is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid deradation by phospholipase A2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of phospholipid degradation by phospholipase A2 [Phospholipidosis] Hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase C is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid deradation by phospholipase C. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of phospholipid degradation by phospholipase C [Phospholipidosis] PMID:1697167 PMID:1697167 PMID:24003057 PMID:6732837 chloropromazine・CAD [Phospholipidosis] PMID:6732837 Rat liver lysosomal phospholipase A hydrolyzes both acidic and neutral phospholipids. Numerous cationic amphiphilic drugs including imipramine, propranolol, 4,4'-bis(diethylaminoethoxy)-alpha, beta- diethyldiphenylethane and chloropromazine inhibit phospholipase A. Lysosomal storage of both acidic and neutral phospholipids appears to be caused by inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase action in view of the probable high intralysosomal levels of these agents. PMID:16979167 PMID:24563379 PMID:9061852 chloroquine [Phospholipidosis] PMID:16979167 Chloroquine also contains two basic amines on the hydrophilic side chain and induces clear cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomal lamellar bodies The totality of all processes through which glutathione depletion is realized. PMID:16500922 PMID:22995213 PMID:23856494 PMID:24287781 glutathione depletion [toxic course] PMID:16500922 Mechanisms of liver injury. III. Role of glutathione redox status in liver injury. PMID:22995213 Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy. PMID:23856494 Glutathione defense mechanism in liver injury: insights from animal models. CASPASE (canonical)[ER stress] Hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive alcohol metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism [Fibrosis] Malfunctioning of regulation of gene expression is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of gene expression appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of regulation of gene expression Dissociation of Bip complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a Bip complex into Bip and other molecule(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:23334697 dissociation of BIP complex [ER stress] PMID:10854322 Perturbation of protein folding promotes reversible dissociation of BiP from the lumenal domains of PERK and IRE1. PMID:23334697 The ER luminal domains of the UPR sensors (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) and unfolded proteins compete for binding sites on GRP78. When the UPR sensors are bound to GRP78, they are kept in an inactive state. Accumulation of unfolded proteins overwhelms the protein folding chaperones and sequesters them away from the UPR sensors unmasking oligomerization sequences in IRE1 and PERK or Golgi localization sequences in ATF6. A role played by the entity which transfers directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. related molecular function GO:0015126 canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter Activation of thioredoxin pathway is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the thioredoxin pathway to be higher. activation of thioredoxin pathway Decreasing amount of abnormal protein is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of the abnormal protein to be lower. decreasing amount of abnormal protein Any member of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. Bile salt Gallensaeure bile acids ISBN:0123878179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3098 bile acid ISBN:0123878179 In the small intestine, bile salts are essential for lipid digestion and the absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamin ISBN:0123878179 bile salts have detergent properties and can easily become cytotoxic. Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. anoikis [Cell death] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ISBN:0123878179 apoptotic process [ER stress] ISBN:0123878179 After an initiall adaptation phase (UPR), continued ER sress may lead to an irresible phase involving commitenent to apoptosis. Perk leads to upregulation of the transcription factor CHOP and mitochondria-mediated cell death. A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. apoptotic process [Cell death] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. apoptotic process [Oxidative stress] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein catabolic process [ER stress] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [ER stress] This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. The protein is expressed in a broad range of cell types, acts as a pleiotropic cytokine and is involved in the stress response program of cells after cellular injury. Increased protein levels are associated with disease states such as tissue hypoxia, inflammation, acute injury and oxidative stress. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 PMID:21242297 PMID:23799024 PMID:25698447 GDF15 (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9518 PMID:21242297 Growth differentiation factor 15 deficiency protects against atherosclerosis by attenuating CCR2-mediated macrophage chemotaxis. J. Exp. Med. 208: 217-225, 2011. PMID:23799024 Adaptive induction of growth differentiation factor 15 attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis in response to high glucose stimulus. PMID:25698447 Growth differentiation factor-15 encodes a novel microRNA 3189 that functions as a potent regulator of cell death. Catalysis role of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. EC:1. related molecular function GO:0016491 oxidoreductase The difference in distribution of cell death depends on the location of the toxic expression. Zone 3 hepatocytes are rich in P450, which produce drug metabolites to cause cell death. classification of cell death by distribution Centrilobular necrosis is a subtype of classification of cell death by distribution: A hepatocyte necrosis localized around centrilobular zone. centrilobular necrosis Periportal necrosis is a subtype of classification of cell death by distribution: A hepatocyte necrosis localized around the portal vein. periportal necrosis Zonal necrosis is a subtype of classification of cell death by distribution: A hepatocyte necrosis localized around hepatic the lobule such as centrilobular (acinar zone 3) necrosis, midzonal (midlobular) necrosis, and periportal (perilobular) necrosis. zonal necrosis Expanding inflammation is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the magnitude of the inflammation the object to be larger. expanding inflammation Expanding inflammation is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the magnitude of the inflammation the object to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. expanding inflammation [Cell death] Leaking content from cell is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks contents from the cell. leaking content from cell Leaking content from cell is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks contents from the cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. leaking content from cell [Cell death] NAPQI production is a subtype of generating a substance : A process that synthesizes NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) as output. NAPQI production NCBI-Human-GeneID:427 PMID:10610716 PMID:11829492 PMID:17064658 PMID:19905902 PMID:23423838 PMID:26095250 http://omim.org/entry/613468 ASAH1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:427 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/427 PMID:10610716 The human acid ceramidase gene (ASAH): structure, chromosomal location, mutation analysis, and expression. PMID:11829492 Insertional mutagenesis of the mouse acid ceramidase gene leads to early embryonic lethality in homozygotes and progressive lipid storage disease in heterozygotes. PMID:17064658 Acid ceramidase and human disease. Acid ceramidase (N-acylsphingosine deacylase, EC 3.5.1.23; AC) is the lipid hydrolase responsible for the degradation of ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acids within lysosomes. Recent studies have also shown that AC activity is aberrantly expressed in several human cancers. Overexpression of AC may prevent insulin resistant (Type II) diabetes induced by free fatty acids. PMID:19905902 ASAH1 is an estrogen-dependent member of the sphingolipid metabolism, which might provide further prognostic information in ER-positive breast cancers. PMID:23423838 Acid ceramidase as a therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer. PMID:26095250 A Conserved Circular Network of Coregulated Lipids Modulates Innate Immune Responses. Malfunctioning of controlling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a controlling function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of controlling Cell repair is a subtype of repairing: A process that restores the cell after damage. cell repair Cell repair is a subtype of repairing: A process that restores the cell after damage. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell repair [Cell death] Repairing is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that restores the object after damage. repairing JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. JNK signaling (primitive) [Oxidative stress] Extracellular matrix excess deposition is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that puts extracellular matrix down in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. extracellular matrix excess deposition process on structural viewpoint A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phosphoipidosis(severe). PMID:18955971 necrosis [Phospholipidosis] PMID:18955971 Massive Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) often results in cell death without caspase activation; this cell death may adopt a subapoptotic or necrotic appearance. The regulation of LMP is perturbed in cancer cells, suggesting that specific strategies for LMP induction might lead to novel therapeutic avenues. Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that moves the outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. inflammatory cell infiltration Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that that moves the outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. inflammatory cell infiltration [Cell death] Abnormality of membrane is a subtype of changing abnormal cellular structure: A process that changes the membrane stucture abnormally. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. abnormality of membrane [Oxidative stress] Lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. lipoperoxidation [Oxidative stress] Changing area is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the area of the object. changing area Increasing cell volume is a changing process to change the volume of the cell to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. cell swelling [cholestasis] Toxicant induced cholestasis is associated with cell swelling, cell death, and inflammation increasing cell volume [Cholestasis] Toxicant induced cholestasis is associated with cell swelling, cell death, and inflammation ISBN:0071769234 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Oxidative stress] The sodium dependent uptake of bile salts is mediated by the NTCP (sodium/bile acid cotransporter; SLC10A1), which is expressed in a polar manner at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes. NTCP has a preference for conjugated bile salts. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6554 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24777 NTCP [Cholestasis] Na/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [Cholestasis] SLC10A1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] The sodium dependent uptake of bile salts is mediated by the NTCP (sodium/bile acid cotransporter; SLC10A1), which is expressed in a polar manner at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes. NTCP has a preference for conjugated bile salts. ISBN:0123878179 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6554 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24777 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24777 Negative regulation of cell cycle is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. negative regulation of cell cycle Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK cause result Changing length is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the length of the object. changing length upstream downstream Leaking content from cell is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks contents from the cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. leaking content from cell [Phospholipidosis] Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation Sorting transport signal of NPC1 / NPC2 is a subtype of extractng: A process that obtains a necessary NPC1/NPC2 transport signal. transport signal sorting of NPC1 / NPC2 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation [Phospholipidosis (severe)] A role played by the entity that inhibits the catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. phospholipase inhibitor role Ground glass appearance dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of ground glass appearance. ground glass appearance dependent chemical compound HYOU1 - chaperone -vitro (human)[ER stress] A role played by the entity that inhibits the catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. EC.3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C) inhibitor phospholipase C inhibitor role NCBI-Human-GeneID:2538 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25634 OMIM:232200 RGD:2644 G6Pase Glucose-6-Phosphatase Alpha Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit G6PC (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2538 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2538 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25634 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25634 A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell. signal molecule signaling molecule signalling molecule role Catalysis role of the reaction: donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. EC:1.11.1.7 oxyperoxidase related molecular function GO:0004601 peroxidase Calcium ion homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a calcium ion homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. calcium ion homeostasis imbalance [Oxidative stress] Imbalance is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking a correct balance between operands. imbalance Homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance. Imbalance of homeostasis in the body is a lacking balance between performing amounts of defense (supply) and required amounts of protection (demand) in the maintenance of an internal state. homeostasis imbalance Endoplasmic reticulum stress response imbalance is a subtype of stress response imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between the stimulation (stress) acting on the endoplasmic reticulum and the biological defence response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. endoplasmic reticulum stress response imbalance [ER stress] Stress response imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between the stimulation (stress) and the response. stress response imbalance Endoplasmic reticulum stress response imbalance is a subtype of stress response imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between the stimulation (stress) acting on the endoplasmic reticulum and the biological defence response. endoplasmic reticulum stress response imbalance Protein quality control imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between abnormal protein (misfolded or attenuated proteins) production and breakdown. protein quality control imbalance Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. increasing demand for response to ER stress [Cell death] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [cell death] bile acid and bile salt transporter Metabolic intermediate accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps intermediate(s) of metabolism in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. metabolic intermediate accumulation Decreasing pH is a subtype of changing pH: A process that changes the pH to be lower. decreasing pH Decreasing cellular pH is a subtype of decreasing pH: A process that changes the celular pH to be lower. decreasing cellular pH Decreasing cellular pH is a subtype of decreasing pH: A process that changes the celular pH to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. decreasing cellular pH [Cell death] Ischemia is a changing process to lack enough to blood supply. ischemia This gene encodes a glycosylated, secreted protein containing a C-terminal fibrinogen domain. The encoded protein is induced by peroxisome proliferation activators and functions as a serum hormone that regulates glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. This protein can also act as an apoptosis survival factor for vascular endothelial cells and can prevent metastasis by inhibiting vascular growth and tumor cell invasion. The C-terminal domain may be proteolytically-cleaved from the full-length secreted protein. Decreased expression of this gene has been associated with type 2 diabetes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. This gene was previously referred to as ANGPTL2 but has been renamed ANGPTL4. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 PMID:10698685 PMID:27460411 http://omim.org/entry/605910 ANGPTL4 (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51129 PMID:10698685 Hepatic expression, synthesis and secretion of a novel fibrinogen/angiopoietin-related protein that prevents endothelial-cell apoptosis. PMID:27460411 ANGPTL4 deficiency in macrophages results in increase in foam cell formation, inflammation and apoptosis Ischemia is a changing process to lack enough to blood supply. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. ischemia [Cell death] ATF6 (ATF6-alpha) activates chaperone genes is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with chaperone role to be higher by ATF6. ATF6 (ATF6-alpha) activates chaperone genes Regulation of Cxcl2 expression by TNF-alpha is a subtype of regulation of gene expression by TNF-alpha: A process that Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cxcl2 expression by TNFalpha. TNFalpha->JNK->AP-1->CXCL1 mRNA expression TNFalpha->p38MAPK->PI3K->AKT->CXCL1 release from the cell membrane PMID:24487964 CXCL1 is one of the members of chemokines, which are small heparin-binding proteins that generally direct the movement of circulating leukocytes to sites of inflammation or injury. TNF-α stimulates CXCL1 release from human ECs through JNK-mediated CXCL1 mRNA expression and p38 MAPK- and PI-3K-mediated CXCL1 secretory processes. regulation of Cxcl2 expression by TNF-alpha Regulation of gene expression by TNF-alpha is a subtype of molecular activation: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by TNFalpha. regulation of gene expression by TNF-alpha PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK pathway. PERK activation [PERK pathway] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 SCD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6319 Change in H+ ion concentrations is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the blood. change in H+ ion concentrations Changing weight is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the weight of the object. changing weight Bile reflux is a subtype of back-flow: A process that changes the bile flow to the opposite direction. MeSH:D001655 bile reflux Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group Wikipedia:Polyphenol polyphenol Oxidative stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of oxidative stress as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ oxidative stress dependent molecule (human in vivo) ISBN:0071769234 CCL4_ [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid in Table 13-2. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Oxidative stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of oxidative stress as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. oxidative stress dependent molecule (caonical) ISBN:0071769234 CCL4 -necrosis inducer [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid in Table 13-2. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Oxidative stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of oxidative stress as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver oxidative stress dependent molecule (rat) Hyperfunction of cell survival is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive cell survival. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (excessive defense). hyperfunction of cell survival [Ground glass appearance] A role played by the entity to perform peroxiidation of the target object. lipoperoxidator role MeSH: C000607812 Plc gamma1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] Meta-functioning process is a type of function-related process that executes a function for another function. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-0346(02)00006-XK For example, the 'to vaporize' function of the boiler is to perform a meta-function to enable for the 'to rotate' function of the turbine. The meta-functions are result of teleological interpretation of causal relations among base-functions of different components (i.e., inter-components relations). meta-functioning process https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-0346(02)00006-XK Kitamura Y. Advanced Engineering Informatics (former Artificial Intelligence in Engineering), Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 145-163, 2002. Storing is a subtype of receiving: A process that keeps target object(s). storing Depleting is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that that lessens markedly in quantity of the object to nearly zero. depleting Pathway system is a subtype of object aggregates. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting as a systemic context. pathway system CREB3L3 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by CREB3L3. CREB3L3 signaling Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [Oxidative stress] Catalysis role of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2. related molecular function GO:0016740 transferase Maintaining mitochondrial membrane permeability is a subtype of maintaining membrane permeability is a changing process to keep the permeability of the membrane: A process that keeps the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. maintaining mitochondrial membrane permeability Process sequence is a subtype of occurrents that is a series of process. process sequence Signaling pathway is a subtype of pathway: Sequence of linked reactions in which a signal is transmitted to other(s). signaling cascade 1. signal detection (acceptance), 2. signal transduction, 3. gene regulation (genetic information conversion process), 4. celllular process execution This entity covers from 1 to 2. signaling pathway Metabolic pathway is a subtype of pathway: Sequence of enzyme reactions to change metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism. metabolic pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by death-domain superfamily. PMID:12189384 death domain signanaling pathway The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized. GO:0009877 nodule morphogenesis is part of some nodulation. However, nodulation is defined as the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots. Therefore, TXPO does not reuse GO terms and defines originally. nodule formation NCBI-Human-GeneID:2719 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14734 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25236 GPC3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2719 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2719 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14734 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14734 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25236 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25236 A data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. data item Increasing volume of liver is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the liver to be higher. increasing volume of liver A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. polypeptide Increasing ROS/RNS is a process of changing amount to increase the magnitude of the ROS or RNS. increase of ROS and RNS production Removing damaged object is a subtype of removing: A process that takes a damaged object from an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. removing damaged object Removing damaged organelle is a subtype of removing damaged object: A process that takes a damaged organelle from a cell. removing damaged organelle Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation A signaling role played by the entity such as protein, polypeptide, or glycoprotein that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. Extracellular signal protein or peptide that acts as a local mediator in cell-cell communication. IMR:0000006 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005125 cytokine A signaling role played by the entity such as protein, polypeptide, or glycoprotein that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. ISBN:0815344546 Extracellular signal protein or peptide that acts as a local mediator in cell-cell communication. ISBN:0815340729 A role of regulating receiving process of receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed. related molecular function GO:0030545 regulator role of receiving A role played by the entity that Interacts selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. Binding to a specific receptor protein and activating intracellular signaling cascades that alter the behavior of the cell. IMR:0000002 (obsolete) Wikipedia:Ligand_(biochemistry) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214 related molecular function GO:0005102 ligand Binding to a specific receptor protein and activating intracellular signaling cascades that alter the behavior of the cell. ISBN:0815340729 A role played by the entity to increase number of operand(s) role related to increasing number A role played by the entity to replicate DNA. DNA replication factor role Removing damaged cell is a subtype of removing damaged object: A process that takes a damaged cell from an organism or tissue. removing damaged cell Negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phosphatidylserine degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation. negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation Negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation. negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation [Phospholipidosis] Removing xenobiotics is a subtype of taking process: A process that removes xenobiotics from an organ, tissue, cell, organelle, or makes a clearance of it from the body. xenobiotics excretion Increasinging length of time is a subtype of changing length of time: A process that changes the length of time to be longer. increasinging length of time Increasing functional demand is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process changes the functional demand to be higher. Rubin　Pathology increasing functional demand Signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals as a systemic context. signal transduction system Phospholipase family Hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation is a subtype of hyperfunction of cell differentiation: A process that performs an excesssive kupffer cell differentiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation [Phospholipidosis] Negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phosphatidylserine degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phopholipase C mediated phosphatidyliserine degradation [Phospholipidosis] PMID:16979167 role related to decreasing amount Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. PMID:20303879 inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Cholestasis] PMID:20303879 IRE1->JNK->AP-1->inflammatory response IRE1->XBP1s->IL6, IL8, MCP1 IRE1->IKK->NfkB ATF6->NfkB Perk->reducedIkB->NfkB NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54318 PMID:24623724 Eif2s1 (rat)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54318 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54318 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171493 Osgin1 (rat)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171493 Txrnd1 (rat)[Cell death] Increasing AST concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the aspartate amino transferase (AST) concentration to be higher. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10003544 inreasing blood GOT concentration inreasing blood AST concentration Decreasing lipid is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of the lipid to be lower. decreasing lipid NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 Hmox1 (rat)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24451 Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation. This process is dependent on the phosphatidylcholine disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phosphatidylcholine degradation [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylcholine disorder] Negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipase C mediated phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] Eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse/Liver/ eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule (mice) NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 PMID:30661930 ACOT12 metastasis inhibitor (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/134526 PMID:30661930 ACOT12 suppresses HCC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanistic studies reveal that ACOT12 regulates the cellular acetyl-CoA levels and histone acetylation in HCC cells and that down-regulation of ACOT12 promotes HCC metastasis by epigenetically inducing TWIST2 expression and the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition Nifib (rat)[Cell death] Pathogen colonization is a subtype of making existence of xenobiotics. A process that makes the existence of the colony of a pathogen (after infection). pathogen colonization The pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. PW:0001277 glutathione biosynthetic pathway NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 JUN (canonical)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24516 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22977 PMID:21688283 AKR7A3 (human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:22977 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22977 PMID:21688283 Aldo-keto reductase-7A protects liver cells and tissues from acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity: In response to APAP or NAPQI exposure, Akr7a3 mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated in vitro in human HepG2 and LO2 cells. Similarly, strong induction was observed for Akr7a5 in mouse AML12 hepatocytes exposed to APAP. In vivo in wild-type rats, significant up-regulation of hepatic AKR7A1 protein was observed after administration of APAP. On the other hand, depletion of Nrf2 reduced the expression of Akr7a3, suggesting that Nrf2, indeed, contributes significantly to the induction of Akr7a. Hyperfunction of antioxidant gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive antioxidant gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of antioxidant gene expression [Glutathione depletion] antixidant gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) involved in antioxidant process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. antioxidant gene expression [Gutathione depletion] A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by calculation under some condition. predicted (quality) Hyperfunction of antioxidant gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive antioxidant gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of antioxidant gene expression NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359475 MMAA (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/166785 Changing protein structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the stucture of the protein. changing protein structure NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 PMID:15189273 PMID:23766865 PMID:28840186 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte ECM2 (predicted)(human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1842 PMID:28840186 Identification of the Consistently Altered Metabolic Targets in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: We correlated each of the 634 identified metabolic genes with 4 consistent progression markers, namely ECM2 and MMP9, which are related to invasion or metastasis. Cytoplasmic alternation [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. Lesions are observed as changes in cytoplasm based on pathological morphology. Changes in cytoplasm in the hepatocytes. Liver is responsible for drug metabolism; therefore these findings are most frequently observed results in drug safety studies. It shows various morphological images depending on the kind of chemical substance. cytoplasmic change [Liver PathologicalFindings] cytoplasmic alternation [Liver Pathological Findings] Changes in cytoplasm in the hepatocytes. Liver is responsible for drug metabolism; therefore these findings are most frequently observed results in drug safety studies. It shows various morphological images depending on the kind of chemical substance. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 NCBI-Human-GeneID:229 PMID:26376879 PMID:28084435 PMID:28840186 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte ALDOB (predicted)(human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:229 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229 PMID:26376879 The downregulation of ALDOB could indicate a poor prognosis for HCC patients, and therefore, ALDOB might be considered a prognostic biomarker for HCC, especially at the early stage. PMID:28084435 The down-regulated expression of altered proteins (ALDOB, GAPDH, Pgk1, Eno3, and LDHBB) inhibited the glycolysis pathway, but inversely activated NADPH through pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Simultaneously, NADPH stimulated ROS production, then activated the antioxidant system and NF-κB pathway by enhancing the expression of GPx1, GSTm, and HSP70, which synergically enhanced the antioxidant mechanism. species: fish PMID:28840186 Identification of the Consistently Altered Metabolic Targets in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ALDOB, ENO3, and PFKFB1 are down-regulated, as are some glucose transporters. Although it is unclear if HCC actually require the down-regulation of these genes for optimal glycolysis, their suppressed expression seem to be beneficial for cancer cells. For instance, previous study show that low ALDOB expression influence aggressiveness and predict patients survival outcome in HCC. In our analysis, low expression of ALDOB and also PFKFB1 predicted overall survival. We detected ALDOB at protein level and its expression varied with tumor size. Caspase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:15720040 caspase signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:15720040 PMID:15720040 PMID:15720040 PMID:15720040 PMID:15720040 Induction of apoptosis by cationic amphiphilic drugs amiodarone and imipramine. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:407800 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361383 ECM2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:407800 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/407800 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361383 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100361383 NCBI-Human-GeneID:229 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 230163 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: 24190 PMID:26376879 ALDOB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:229 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 230163 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/230163 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: 24190 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229 PMID:26376879 Aldolase B inhibits metastasis through Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 and serves as a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. regulation of gene expression [Cell death] A role played by the entity which responses to any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. related process GO:0006979 response to oxidative stress oxidative stress responsive factor role The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:22723046 cell cycle G1/S phase transition [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 ethanol [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Exposure to ethanol induces steatosis, which may enhance the subsequent inflammatory insults. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Decreasing concentration is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the object to be lower. decreasing concentration gene expression by estrogen receptor Starvation is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in quantity of the nourishment. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013217 starvation PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. negative regulation of glycolytic process [Glutathione depletion] Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose-1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase The totality of all processes through which oxidative stress is realized. Generation of free radicals or depletion of free radical scavengers and other antioxidant defences such as glutathione -> generation of reactive oxyen metabolites ->damaging effects on cell oxidative stress [toxic course] Necrosis (course) is a subtype of cell death (course). The totality of all processes through which necrosis is realized. Necrosis is a type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. PMID:18846107 PMID:20823910 under construction necrosis (course) In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that includes step 1 to 4, and the defense performance level is very higher (VH) than usual which leads to imbalance and toxicity manifestations. toxicological imbalance VH< (excess biodefense function) In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level is Moderate (M) in the normal coindition; however, the functional demand level is High (H), which leads to the imbalance. toxicological imbalance M<H Scarring is a subtype of changing material: A process of keeping area replaced into fibrous tissue by injury. scarring Maintaining balance is a subtype of changing balance: A process that keeps the steady state between operands. maintaining balance Maintaining stress response balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance between the stimulation (stress) and the response. maintaining stress response balance Maintaining endoplasmic reticulum stress response balance is a subtype of maintaining stress response balance: A process that keeps a balance between the stimulation (stress) acting on the endoplasmic reticulum and the biological defence response. maintaining endoplasmic reticulum stress response balance Maintaining endoplasmic reticulum stress response balance is a subtype of maintaining stress response balance: A process that keeps a balance between the stimulation (stress) acting on the endoplasmic reticulum and the biological defence response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. maintaining endoplasmic reticulum stress response balance [ER stress] Increasing demand for response to ER stress (moderate) is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to ER stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be moderately higher. increasing demand for response to ER stress (moderate) Increasing demand for response to ER stress (mild) is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to ER stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be mildly higher. increasing demand for response to ER stress (mild) Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (mild). increasing demand for response to ER stress [ER stress (mild) ] Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (moderate). increasing the demand for response to ER stress [ER stress] [ER stress (moderate) ] reduced oxygenation of body tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases; commonly due to hypoxemia This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypoxia [ER stress] Lysosomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing number of organelle: A process that becomes larger in the number of lysosome in hepatocyte(s). lysosomal proliferation in hepatocyte The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. glycolipid biosynthetic process [ER stress] Lysosomal cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. lysosomal cholesterol storage [Phospholipidosis] ER stress response gene expression via PERK is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ER stress response gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ER stress response gene expression via PERK [ER stress] A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK - eIF2A pathway. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [PERK - eIF2A pathway] EIF2a phosphorylation is a subtype of phosphorylation: The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. eIFF2a phophorylation [ER stress] Gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 R-HSA-380994 ATF4 is a transcription factor and activates expression of IL-8, MCP1, IGFBP-1, CHOP, HERP1 and ATF3. gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] PMID:23334697 ATF4 is a bZIP transcription factor that controls the regulation of expression of pro-survival UPR-target genes (e.g., the chaperones glucose regulated protein [GRP]78 and GRP94) as well as genes involved in other functions such as redox homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Changing velocity is a subtype of changing quality: A process that chnges the velocity of the object. changing speed Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Nature. 1999 Jan 21;397(6716):271-4. Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. Erratum in Nature 1999 Mar 4;398(6722):90. Protein synthesis and the folding of the newly synthesized proteins into the correct three-dimensional structure are coupled in cellular compartments of the exocytosis pathway by a process that modulates the phosphorylation level of eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (eIF2alpha) in response to a stress signal from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Activation of this process leads to reduced rates of initiation of protein translation during ER stress. ER stress increases PERK's protein-kinase activity and PERK phosphorylates eIF2alpha on serine residue 51, inhibiting translation of messenger RNA into protein. These properties implicate PERK in a signalling pathway that attenuates protein translation in response to ER stress. Comment in Translational control perks up. [Nature. 1999] The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 PERK-eIF2a signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation pathway. PERK-eIF2a signaling (integrated pathway) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5319 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18778 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29526 PMID:15528384 PMID:16005851 PLA2G1B(canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5319 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18778 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18778 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29526 Expression of CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) gene product or products (proteins or RNA). http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-380994&SEL=R-HSA-1791107&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381042 Expression of CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) Expression of CCL2 is a subtype of inflammatory cytokine gene expression: A process that convert a CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2) gene's sequenes into a mature gene prduct(s), i.e., (m)RNA, or protein. http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-380994&SEL=R-HSA-1791056&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381042 The CCL2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. expression of CCL2 IGFBP1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IGFBP1 (Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1) to be higher. IGFBP1 activation ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ATF4 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by eIF2a. http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381119&SEL=R-HSA-381128&PATH=R-HSA-392499 Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha causes increased translation of ATF4 mRNA. In mouse the mRNA of ATF4 contains 2 upstream ORFs (uORFs) (Vattem and Wek 2004). The second uORF overlaps the ORF encoding ATF4 and thus prevents translation of ATF4. When eIF2-alpha is phosphorylated, translation of the uORFs is suppressed and translation of the ORF encoding ATF4 is increased. ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ATF4 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by eIF2a. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 Reactome:R-HSA-381128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426796 ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a [ER stress] PMID:23334697 Under conditions of eIF2α phosphorylation, a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames (such as activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4]) or internal ribosome entry sites are preferentially translated. ATF4 is a bZIP transcription factor that controls the regulation of expression of pro-survival UPR-target genes (e.g., the chaperones glucose regulated protein [GRP]78 and GRP94) as well as genes involved in other functions such as redox homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. IGFBP1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IGFBP1 (Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:16687408 IGFBP1 activation [ER stress] PMID:16687408 Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 involves ATF4. Mutation of the ATF4 led to the loss of IGFBP-1 regulation. Increased secretion of IGFBP-1 during hepatic ER stress may thus constitute a signal to modulate cell growth and metabolism and induce a systemic adaptive response. Expression of CCL2 is a subtype of inflammatory cytokine gene expression: A process that convert a CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2) gene's sequenes into a mature gene prduct(s), i.e., (m)RNA, or protein. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. expression of CCL2 [ER stress] ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress] Deacreasing velocity is a subtype of changing velocity: A process that changes the velocity of the object to be slower. Deacreasing velocity PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. PERK dimerization PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress] Hypofunction of cholesterol transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholesterol transport. hypofunction of cholesterol transport Bile acids repress the transcription of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis. FXR induces expression of SHP-1, a member of the nuclear receptor family that lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). RXR heterodimers regulates absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol. Oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and the bile acid receptor (FXR) are the RXR heterodimer by regulating expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter, ABC1, and the enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, respectively. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25428 http://omim.org/entry/118455 CYP7A1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Bile acids repress the transcription of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis. FXR induces expression of SHP-1, a member of the nuclear receptor family that lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). PMID:11030332 RXR heterodimers regulates absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol. Oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and the bile acid receptor (FXR) are the RXR heterodimer by regulating expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter, ABC1, and the enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, respectively. PMID:10968783 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13122 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25428 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25428 Hypofunction of cholesterol transport from lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholestsrol transport from lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hypofunction of cholesterol transport from lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ATF6 pathway. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ATF6 pathway] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress] IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. IRE1 signaling (primitive) IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - refolding] Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. the system requires the presence of a short orf, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mrna upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. the stalled ribosome masks a region of the mrna and affects which of two alternative mrna folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mrna remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 attenuation of translation [ER stress] PMID:23334697 General protein translation is inhibited via the PERK pathway to reduce increased protein burden in the ER. PMID:9930704 ER stress increases PERK's protein-kinase activity and PERK phosphorylates eIF2alpha on serine residue 51, inhibiting translation of messenger RNA into protein. These properties implicate PERK in a signalling pathway that attenuates protein translation in response to ER stress. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. Nature: 1999, 397(6716);271-4 XBP1 activation is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher. XBP1 activation The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. http://omim.org/entry/604843 OATP-C OATP1B1 OATP2 SLC21A6 SLCO1B1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. ISBN:0123878179 XBP1 splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the XBP1 RNA transcript to remove sequences. XBP1 splicing XBP1 splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the XBP1 RNA transcript to remove sequences. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1 splicing [ER stress] ERAD related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ER-associated degradation (ERAD) gene product or products (proteins or RNA). ERAD related gene expression ERAD related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ER-associated degradation (ERAD) gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ERAD related gene expression [ER stress] IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. IRE1 activation IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 activation [ER stress] Hypofunction of endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle is a subtype of hypofunction of cholesterol transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle. decreasing endosome to lysosome transport of LDL hypofunction of endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle Ischemia is a changing process to lack enough to blood supply. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ischemia [ER stress] Starvation is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in quantity of the nourishment. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. starvation [ER stress] Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the edoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing demand for response to ER stress [ER stress] Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. response to endoplasmic reticulum stress [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:30814 PLA2G2E (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:30814 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30814 NCBI-Human-GeneID:123688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:235386 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300723 Hykk (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:123688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/123688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:235386 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/235386 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300723 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/300723 Lgpat2 Hepatocyte cell division is a subtype of cell division: The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a heoatocyte cell to form more cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. hepatocyte cell division [Hypertrophy] Lgpat Supplying from stored substance(s) is a subtype of making existence: A process that supplies (the stored) objects to the output. A process of supplying the operand from the stored substances supplying (from stored substance(s)) PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). PERK autophosphorylation The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. OATP1B3 SLCO1B3 (canonical)[Cholestasis] The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. ISBN:0123878179 Removing phospholipid by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes dead cells from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages . Removing dead cell by Kupffer cell or macrophage Increasing number of stress responses is a subtype of increasing number of actions: A process that becomes larger in the number of stress responses. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing number of stress responses [ER stress] Moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of drug into hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. moving drug to hepatocyte [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Increasing demand for protein quality control is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the protein quality control to be higher. increasing demand for protein quality control Increasing demand for protein quality control is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the protein quality control to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing demand for protein quality control [ER stress] Cholestasis dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of cholestasis. under construction cholestasis dependent chemical compound Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete endoplasmic reticulum function. endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete endoplasmic reticulum function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction [ER stress] ER stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of ER stress as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ ER stress dependent molecule (rat) CHOP->NfKB->CXCL10->inflammation in beta cells PMID:22653339 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 PMID:22653339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3627 cxcl10 [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3627 PMID:22653339 CHOP Knock down resulted in reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activity and expression of key NF-κB target genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation, including iNOS, FAS, IRF-7, IL-15, CCL5 and CXCL10. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysophagy. regulation of lysophagy Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of lysophagy. positive regulation of lysophagy A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22883813 PMID:27334111 tumorigenesis [ER stress] PMID:22883813 ER stress-induced inflammation: does it aid or impede disease progression? PMID:27334111 Critical role of XBP1 in cancer signalling is regulated by PIN1. A role played by the entity that activates the activity of tumor cells. activator of tumor cell activity role Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:20303879 PMID:21038418 PMID:22883813 PMID:25232821 PMID:26609140 PMID:27346803 PMID:27814504 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887297/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887297/figure/F1/ inflammatory response [ER stress] PMID:20303879 IRE1->JNK->AP-1->inflammatory response IRE1->XBP1s->IL6, IL8, MCP1 IRE1->IKK->NfkB ATF6->NfkB Perk->reducedIkB->NfkB PMID:21038418 Endoplasmic reticulum stress and related signaling networks, (adipo)cytokines, and innate immunity are emerging as central pathways that regulate key features of NASH. PMID:21038418 Inflammation Preceding Steatosis. Simple hepatic steatosis, which is benign and nonprogressive in the majority of patients, and NASH may reflect different disease entities. Inflammation results in a stress response of hepatocytes, may lead to lipid accumulation, and therefore could precede steatosis in NASH. PMID:22883813 ER stress-induced inflammation: does it aid or impede disease progression? PMID:27814504 Hepatic inflammation improves glucose homeostasis through IKKβ-XBP1s Interaction. NfkB signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. PW:0000499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007249 NfkB signaling (primitive) NfkB signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. NfkB signaling (primitive) [ER stress] Bone-marrow-derived inhibitory cell migration is a moving process of bone-marrow-derived inhibitory cell to inflammatory site. bone-marrow-derived inhibitory cell migration The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. macrophage migration [ER stress] Generating motion is a subtype of generating: A process that generates the directed movement. generating motion Tumor growth is a subtype of cell growth: The process in which a tumor cell increases in size. http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200906011379989142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MP_0003721 tumor growth Tumor growth is a subtype of cell growth: The process in which a tumor cell increases in size. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:29198525 tumor growth [ER stress] PMID:29198525 A J-Protein Co-chaperone Recruits BiP to Monomerize IRE1 and Repress the Unfolded Protein Response. oxidative stress ->oxidized lipids production ->ER stress induction (PERK(->eIF2a), JNK)->activation of autophagy->HO-1activation->cell survival Oxidized lipids activate autophagy in a JNK-dependent manner by stimulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. HNE modification of ER proteins results in the activation of the adaptive arm of the unfolded protein response. This HNE-mediated response is characterized by the phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α, and JNK, activation of autophagy, and the induction of HO-1. HNE-stimulated conversion of LC3 (an essential step in autophagosome formation and marker of autophagy) and HO-1 induction is shown to be mediated by ER stress via JNK activation. PMID:24024137 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 PMID:12649161 http://omim.org/entry/141250 Heme Oxygenase 1 [ER stress] Hmox1 (rat)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24451 PMID:12649161 The basal level of heme oxygenase expression in the skin may serve as a first protective environment against acute oxidative and inflammatory insults. JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). JNK signaling (primitive) JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. JNK signaling (primitive) [ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25695 PMID:17011499 PMID:22347430 PMID:24155666 PMID:9492058 http://omim.org/entry/116898 Cebpd (rat)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25695 PMID:17011499 Cell Metab. 2006 Oct;4(4):263-73. Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation. PMID:9492058 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha causes insulin receptor substrate-2-mediated insulin resistance and inhibits insulin-induced adipogenesis in fetal brown adipocytes. The antiadipogenic effect of TNF-alpha was accompanied by a down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha and beta mRNAs and up-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-delta, with the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma remaining essentially unmodified. lysosomal phospholopase A2 group XV phospholipaseA2 Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of necrosis. DNA damage (severe) [necrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192654 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361401 PMID:21074554 PMID:30077006 http://omim.org/entry/609362 Phospholipase A2 Group XV [Phospholipidosis] PLA2G15 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23659 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192654 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192654 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361401 PMID:21074554 Group XV phospholipase A2, a lysosomal phospholipase A2. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) , group XV phospholipase A2. LPLA2 is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages. A marked accumulation of glycerophospholipids and extensive lamellar inclusion bodies, a hallmark of cellular phospholipidosis, is observed in alveolar macrophages in LPLA2(-/-) mice. This defect can also be reproduced in macrophages that are exposed to cationic amphiphilic drugs such as amiodarone. In addition, older LPLA2(-/-) mice develop a phenotype similar to human autoimmune disease. This gene is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II and circulates in the plasma. Binding of this protein prolongs the half-life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3484 PMID:16687408 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D018970 IGFBP1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3484 PMID:16687408 Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 involves ATF4. arrestin beta 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 PMID:24658455 PMID:26582201 PMID:30283336 Arrb2 (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/409 PMID:24658455 LY2090314, a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, specifically suppressed constitutive expression of the CYP2B6 gene, which is at least partially explained by direct CAR inhibition. PMID:26582201 β-Arrestin 2 Promotes Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Protein: The protective effect of deficiency of Arrb2 is due to loss of negative regulation of Akt due to BDL and decreased downstream GSK3β and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PMID:30283336 β-Arrestin 2 Promotes Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Pathway in Alcoholic Liver Disease. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 PERK->ATF4->CCl2 reactome CCL2 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24770 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 PMID:12791994 PMID:15775988 PMID:17369260 http://omim.org/entry/607898 Trib3 (rat)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246273 PMID:12791994 TRB3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/PKB activation by insulin by liver. Science 300: 1574-1577, 2003. PMID:15775988 TRB3 is a novel target of CHOP/ATF4 and downregulates its own induction by repression of CHOP/ATF4 functions, and that it is involved in CHOP-dependent cell death during ER stress. PMID:17369260 TRB3 inhibits the transcriptional activation of stress-regulated genes by a negative feedback on the ATF4 pathway. arrestin beta 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25388 PMID:30283336 ARRB2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/409 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25388 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25388 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:26582201 negative regulation of AKT signaling [Ground glass appearance] Malfunction of mitochondria is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a mitochondrial function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunction of mitochondrial function https://omim.org/entry/602634 ERDJ4 Dnajb9 (rat)[ER stress] arrestin beta 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 PMID:24658455 PMID:26582201 PMID:30283336 ARRB2, GSK3beta->CAR, Cyp2B6? Arrb2 -inactivation (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:409 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/409 PMID:24658455 LY2090314, a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, specifically suppressed constitutive expression of the CYP2B6 gene, which is at least partially explained by direct CAR inhibition. PMID:26582201 β-Arrestin 2 Promotes Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Protein: The protective effect of deficiency of Arrb2 is due to loss of negative regulation of Akt due to BDL and decreased downstream GSK3β and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PMID:30283336 β-Arrestin 2 Promotes Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Pathway in Alcoholic Liver Disease. G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member B NCBI-Human-GeneID:51704 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293546 GPRC5B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51704 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51704 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293546 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293546 G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member B NCBI-Human-GeneID:51704 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293546 PMID:18832180 PMID:23169819 PMID:24412205 GPRC5B (human)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51704 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51704 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293546 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293546 PMID:18832180 BOSS was expressed in the fat body, a nutrient-sensing tissue equivalent to mammalian liver and adipose tissues, and in photoreceptor cells. Boss null mutants had small bodies, exhibited abnormal sugar and lipid metabolism (elevated circulating sugar and lipid levels, impaired lipid mobilization to oenocytes), and were sensitive to nutrient deprivation stress. Because human G protein-coupled receptor 5B and the seven-transmembrane domain of BOSS share the same sequence, our results also have important implications for glucose metabolism in humans. PMID:23169819 GPRC5B activates obesity-associated inflammatory signaling in adipocytes: GPRC5B-deficient mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance because of reduced inflammation in their white adipose tissue. PMID:24412205 Intercellular transfer of GPRC5B via exosomes drives HGF-mediated outward growth. ISBN:0071769234 tamoxifen [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as 4,4′- diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, amiodarone, tamoxifen, perhexiline, etc., which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 valproic acid [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Increasing demand for drug metabolism is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand for the for drug metabolism to be higher. increasing demand for drug metabolism Elucidation of a novel phenformin derivative on glucose-deprived stress responses in HT-29 cells. 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen) down-regulated expression of several ER stress-related genes, with the exception of GADD153. The expression levels of ATF6α, GRP78, MANF, and CRELD2 mRNA were almost completely decreased by 2-Cl-Phen. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76737 PMID:23956175 PMID:24019898 https://omim.org/entry/607171 Creld2 (mouse)[ER stress] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76737 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76737 PMID:23956175 Armet/Manf and Creld2 are components of a specialized ER stress response provoked by inappropriate formation of disulphide bonds: implications for genetic skeletal diseases. PMID:24019898 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducible factor cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (Creld2) is an important mediator of BMP9-regulated osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. ( NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 PMID:15601821 PMID:15775988 PMID:22761832 PMID:25904325 http://www.omim.org/entry/126337 Chop [ER stress] Ddit3 (mouse)[ER stress] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13198 PMID:15775988 TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 PMID:27644325 Bhlha15 (mouse)[ER stress] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17341 ER stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of ER stress as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ ER stress dependent molecule (human in vitro) ER stress dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of ER stress. ER stress dependent chemical entity A laboratory test or analysis of the biological activity of a substance performed by studying its effect in an experimental situation outside the human, e.g. in the test tube rather than in living systems. in vitro assay (human) ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver. PMID:22009939 Hepatosteatosis in peroxisome deficient liver despite increased beta-oxidation capacity and impaired lipogenesis. Biochimie (2011) 93:1828–38. FGF21-FGFR1 coordinates phospholipid homeostasis, lipid droplet function and ER stress in obesity.Endocrinology. 2016 PMID:27690692 Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine growth factor, a regulator of fatty acids and glucose metabolism. Recently, it has been reported that FGF21 expression is regulated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a transcription factor activated by various stimuli such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PMID:27010621 Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces up-regulation of hepatic beta-Klotho expression through ATF4 signaling pathway. PMID:25727012 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 PMID:17550777 PMID:22009939 PMID:25727012 PMID:27010621 PMID:27690692 FGF21 (human)[ER stress] PMID:24217556 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26291 PMID:17550777 Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARα-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21: FGF21 is induced directly by PPARalpha in liver in response to fasting and PPARalpha agonists. FGF21 in turn stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver. PPARalpha-FGF21 endocrine signaling pathway in regulating diverse metabolic and behavioral aspects of the adaptive response to starvation. PMID:22009939 ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver. PMID:27010621 FGF21 expression is regulated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a transcription factor activated by various stimuli such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PMID:27690692 FGF21 is regulated by PPARa: Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARα and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states. Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of lysophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of phospholipidosis. positive regulation of lysophagy [Phospholipidosis] MANF is upregulated in ER stress in vitro and protect cells from ER stress-induced cell death in vivo. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7873 PMID:18561914 PMID:21047780 PMID:23956175 PMID:24726366 Armet [ER stress] mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor [ER stress] MANF (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7873 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7873 PMID:18561914 Armet, a UPR-upregulated protein, inhibits cell proliferation and ER stress-induced cell death. Armet/MANF protein was upregulated by various forms of ER stress in several cell lines as well as by cerebral ischemia of rat. Armet/MANF was localized in the ER and Golgi and was also a secreted protein. Silencing Armet/MANF by siRNA oligos in HeLa cells rendered cells more susceptible to ER stress-induced death, but surprisingly increased cell proliferation and reduced cell size. PMID:21047780 Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has a unique mechanism to rescue apoptotic neurons. PMID:23956175 Armet/Manf and Creld2 are components of a specialized ER stress response provoked by inappropriate formation of disulphide bonds: implications for genetic skeletal diseases. PMID:24726366 MANF deficiency results in pancreatic beta cell depletion and diabetes in mice. MANF is highly expressed in mouse and human islet beta cells and exocrine acinar cells. MANF deficiency leads to ER stress and chronic unfolded protein response in beta cells. MANF protein enhances proliferation of beta cells in vitro and in vivo in diabetic mice. Permeating mitochondrial membrane is a subtype of moving. A process that change the location of the operand thorough mitochondrial membrane. permeating mitochondrial membrane NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 R-HSA-1791066.1 https://omim.org/entry/601746 HYOU1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10525 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 https://omim.org/entry/602634 ERDJ4 DNAJB9 - chaperone -vitro (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4189 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 PMID:23334697 GRP94 [ER stress] HSP90B1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7184 PMID:23334697 Toxicol Pathol. 2013 Feb;41(2):235-62. doi: 10.1177/0192623312470764. Epub 2013 Jan 18. Xenobiotic perturbation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. Increasing demand for drug metabolism is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand for the for drug metabolism to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing demand for drug metabolism [Ground glass appearance] A role played by molecules that catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone. aldolase aldehyde-lyase PMID:10818100 PMID:21091435 PMID:23334697 PMID:24469402 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86YB8#function https://omim.org/entry/615437 ERO1LB (human)[ER stress] PMID:21091435 The endoplasmic reticulum sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1-beta drives efficient oxidative protein folding with loose regulation. PMID:23334697 Xenobiotic perturbation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. PMID:24469402 Deregulation of Pancreas-Specific Oxidoreductin ERO1β in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus NCBI-Human-GeneID:2673 PMID:27255611 IRE1->Xbp1->GFPT1 reactome GFPT1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2673 This gene encodes a member of the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family of proteins. The encoded protein has been shown to promote neuronal differentiation by deglycination of the Notch receptor, which prevents receptor maturation and inhibits Notch signaling. This protein may also play a role in the unfolded protein response, and in regulation of glutathione levels and oxidative balance in the cell. Elevated expression of this gene may indicate increased risk of cancer recurrence among breast and ovarian cancer patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79094 PMID:19109178 PMID:23070364 PMID:25931127 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBIGene_79094 CHAC1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79094 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79094 PMID:19109178 CHAC1/MGC4504 is a novel proapoptotic component of the unfolded protein response, downstream of the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP cascade. Acts as a pro-apoptotic component of the unfolded protein response pathway by mediating the pro-apoptotic effects of the ATF4-ATF3-DDIT3/CHOP cascade. PMID:23070364 Mammalian proapoptotic factor ChaC1 and its homologues function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases acting specifically on glutathione. Glutathione depletion is an important factor for apoptosis initiation and execution ( PMID:25931127 Human CHAC1 Protein Degrades Glutathione, and mRNA Induction Is Regulated by the Transcription Factors ATF4 and ATF3 and a Bipartite ATF/CRE Regulatory Element. Toxic course dependent process is a subtype of primitive process: A process that can constitute the disease course. disease course dependent process Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NASH. PMID:26006114 insulin resistance [NASH] PMID:26006114 PMID:26006114 Insulin resistance alters hepatic ethanol metabolism: studies in mice and children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9709 PMID:16289116 HERPUD1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9709 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9709 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10952 SEC61B (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10952 ER stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of ER stress as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse//Liver/ ER stress dependent moleule (mouse) Tumor cell survial is a subtype of keeong quantity: A process that keeps the viability of a tumor cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. tumor cell survial [Glutathione depletion] Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. cell death [Oxidative stress] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. Inflammatory response [Oxidative stress] Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. hepatic fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hepatic fibrosis [ER stress] Protein production is a subtype of making existence: Aprocess that makes existent of a protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein production [ER stress] Membrane protein production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a membrane protein due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. membrane protein production Lysosome homeostasis is a subtype of homeostatic process: A process that that preserves a lysosome in a stable functional or structural state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. lysosome homeostasis [Phospholipidosis] Decreasing amount of xenobiotics is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of xenobiotics to be lower. decreasing amount of xenobiotics A role of combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. EC:2.7.10.1 transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase related molecular function GO:0004714 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase IRE - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress -Refolding] A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's function. functional attribute Negative regulation of phospholipase A2 mediated phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 mediated phospholipid degradation. negative regulation of phospholipase A2 mediated phospholipid degradation HSP90B1 - chaperone -vitro (human)[ER stress] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83939 phosphorylated eIF2A [ER stress] P-EIF2A (canonical)[ER stress] IL-2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-2. Reactomre:R-HSA-451927.2 IL-2 signaling (primitive) The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. cell proliferation [ER stress] A role played by the entity which inhibits the process of cell death. cell death inhibitor IL-2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:28732506 Reactome:R-HSA-451927.2 IL-2 signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:9108028 PMID:9108028 PMID:28732506 Blimp-1 is also crucial for inducing cytokine production by inflammatory T helper cells and effector Treg cells. The gene encoding IL-2 is one of the most important genes targeted by Blimp-1 in T cells, because IL-2 production is indispensable for T cell proliferation and differentiation fatty acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35366 fatty acid Eosinogranular degeneration dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration. eosinogranular degeneration dependent chemical entity Tumor cell survial is a subtype of cell survival: A process that keeps the viability of a tumor cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). tumor cell survial [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Liver cacer dependent gene is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of liver cancer as a gene product. under construction liver cancer dependent molecule Cell death dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of cell death. cell death dependent chemical entity Cell death dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of cell death as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ cell death dependent molecule (rat) Cell death dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of cell death as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ cell death dependent molecule (human in vitro) Increasing liver weight is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the weight of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). PMID:9742123 increasing liver weight [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] PMID:9742123 Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Oct;18(10):6063-74. FGF-18, a novel member of the fibroblast growth factor family, stimulates hepatic and intestinal proliferation. FGF-18 is highly conserved between humans and mice and is most homologous to FGF-8 among the FGF family members. The two tissues which appeared to be the primary targets of FGF-18 were the liver and small intestine, both of which exhibited histologic evidence of proliferation and showed significant gains in organ weight following 7 (sometimes 3) days of FGF-18 treatment. Transgenic mice that overexpressed FGF-18 in the liver also exhibited an increase in liver weight and hepatocellular proliferation. These results suggest that FGF-18 is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates proliferation in a number of tissues, most notably the liver and small intestine. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Oxidative stress]. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 TP53 (canonical)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24842 Inflammasome activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the inflammasome, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:29558368 Reactome: R-HSA-844456.2 inflammasome activation [Glutathione depletion] PMID:29558368 PMID:29558368 HMGB1 promotes ductular reaction and tumorigenesis in autophagy-deficient livers:HMGB1 was released from autophagy-deficient hepatocytes independently of cellular injury but depended on NRF2 and the inflammasome, which was activated by NRF2. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 MDM2 (canonical)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314856 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217698 PMID:16103133 PMID:28385385 Acot5 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217698 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/217698 PMID:28385385 Mouse ACOTs 3–6 and human ACOT4 contain functional type 1 peroxisome targeting sequences at their C-termini. ACOT3 and ACOT5 are not present in human, however, human ACOT4 is active towards both short-chain dicarboxylyl-CoAs (e.g. succinyl-CoA) and medium- to long-chain acyl-CoAs and thereby combining activities of ACOTs 3–5. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 Hmgb1 (mouse)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15289 Increasing demand for glutathione conjugation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand for the for glutathione conjugation to be higher. increasing demand for glutathione conjugation NCBI-Human-GeneID:3146 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 HMGB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3146 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3146 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15289 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 -inflammasone activator (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4870 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363735 A role played by the entity which positive regulates the inflammasone activity. inflammasome activator Increasing ALT concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration to be higher. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10001845 increasing blood GPT concentration increasing blood ALT concentration NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24518 Jund (rat)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24518 This entity is a role in which a process plays an essential role in the course of toxicity manifestation. core process (value) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 -antioxidant (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14598 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116568 gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 GGT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2678 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14598 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14598 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116568 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116568 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14598 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116568 gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 GGT1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2678 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14598 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14598 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116568 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116568 Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = peptide + 5-L-glutamyl-amino acid. EC 2.3.2.2 gamma-GTP The mammlian enzyme is part of the cell antioxidant defense mechanism. It initiates extracellular glutathione (GSH) breakdown, provides cells with a local cysteine supply and contributes to maintain intracelular GSH levels. The protein also has EC 3.4.19.13 (glutathione hydrolase) activity [3-4]. The enzyme consists of two chains that are created by the proteolytic cleavage of a single precursor polypeptide. The N-terminal L-threonine of the C-terminal subunit functions as the active site for both the cleavage and the hydrolysis reactions gamma-glutamyltransferase. Increasing γ-glutamyltransferase concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing γ-glutamyltransferase concentration in blood [Lipidosis] Increasing ALT concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10001845 increasing blood GPT concentration [lipidosis] increasing blood ALT concentration [lipidosis] Increasing AST concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the aspartate amino transferase (AST) concentration to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10003544 inreasing blood GOT concentration [lipidosis] increasing blood AST concentration [lipidosis] Leaking content from cell is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks contents from the cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. leaking content from cell [Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 TNF (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 BCL2 (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/596 A concentration attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration. concentration (attribute) NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 BAD (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/572 NCBI-Human-GeneID:356 FASLG (human)[Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:356 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/356 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217698 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:503049 Acot5 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217698 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/217698 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:503049 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/503049 Malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transferr is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a respiratory electron transport chain appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:21145849 PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 mitochondrial respiratory chain abnormality [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:23299992 Experimental investigations also pointed to a progressive reduction of MRC activity during NAFLD, which could impair energy output and aggravate ROS overproduction by the damaged MRC. It is likely that this event triggers a vicious cycle since mitochondrial ROS are able to oxidatively damage nearby MRC enzymes and mtDNA. Other mechanisms leading to impaired MRC activity could include higher levels of different lipid intermediates including free FAs, increased generation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4‐HNE, and reduced adiponectin action. Several MRC complexes including COX are sensitive to ROS and RNS. In addition, COX can be inhibited by low levels of NO and inactivated by 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation. Some lipid derivatives such as FAs can directly inhibit several enzymes involved in MRC and OXPHOS. PMID:25339807 iNOS induction is linked to alterations in the NO-dependent control of mitochondrial respiration (at the level of cytochrome c oxidase), which potentially contributes to the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Thus, the CL-dependent alterations of the ETC organization in supercomplexes could be another factor contributing to ROS generation and to mitochondrial bioenergetic decay in NAFLD. Another consequence of cytochrome c release from mitochondria is that it interferes with electron transport through ETC, resulting in ROS formation and triggering a new vicious cycle, which will worsen the disturbance. PMID:31623280 Bellanti et al. showed through targeted lipidomic analysis that rats fed diets rich in cholesterol exhibited increased toxic hepatic triol, which induces apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial respiration in vitro. PMID:31649547 Recent study has found that hepatic fatty acid accumulation can cause damaged mitochondria accumulation, which can impair mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fatty acid oxidative degradation. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170789 PMID:15194431 PMID:24788990 PMID:28385385 Acot8 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170789 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170789 PMID:15194431 human ACOT8 in human and murine cell lines as well as in transgenic mice was associated with peroxisome proliferation and increased lipid accumulation (determined as number of lipid droplets) PMID:24788990 Fatty acid metabolic enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID:28385385 ACOT8 is a peroxisomal protein with broad substrate specificity, including medium-to long-chain and methyl branched acyl-CoAs, intermediates of beta-oxidation and bile acid-CoA. The activity is inhibited by CoA and expression is upregulated by fasting and PPARα activation and ACOT8 overexpression leads to peroxisomal proliferation in murine and human cell lines. ER stress dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of ER stress as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. ER stress dependent molecule (canonical) Dissociation of Bip complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a Bip complex into Bip and other molecule(s). dissociation of BIP complex NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 AMPK (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65248 Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of protein catabolic process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation IRE - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] A role played by the entity which interferes with the activity of PERK. PERK inhibitor NCBI-Human-GeneID:9817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117519 Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 KEAP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117519 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117519 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://omim.org/entry/604032 EIF2AK3 PERK (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29702 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 ATF6 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304962 ISBN:0071769234 amiodarone [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as amiodarone, tamoxifen, which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition A role played by the entity which receives some stress and transmits operand(s). stress sensor A role played by the entity which receives a stimulus and transmits operand(s). sensor negative regulation of immune response is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response. negative regulation of immune response Hyperfunction of dead cell phagocytosis by Kupffer cells is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs phagocytosis of dead cells by Kupffer cells or macrophages execessively. hyperfunction of dead cell phagocytosis by Kupffer cells (macrophages) A role of the entity which carries substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell by moving along with the target protein. IMR:0000653 (obsolete) relatd molecular function GO:0140142 nucleocytoplasmic carrier ER process Gene expression regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating gene expressions as a systemic context. gene expression regulation system Lipidosis (toxic course) is a subtype of process sequences: The courses of processes through which lipidosis is realized via lipid homeostasis imbalance. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:10962028 PMID:15254578 PMID:21145849 PMID:23262638 PMID:24954301 fatty liver [toxic course] lipidosis [toxic course] ISBN:0071769234 Fatty liver (steatosis) is defined biochemically as an appreciable increase in the hepatic lipid (mainly triglyceride) content, which is <5 wt% in the normal human liver. Glutathione depletion dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of glutathione depletion . glutathione depletion dependent process Hyperfunction of fatty acid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive fatty acid biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of fatty acid biosynthesis [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of lipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of lipid degradation [Lipidosis] Increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [Lipidosis] Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid metabolism imbalance [Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 PMID:10854226 PMID:20303873 PMID:24146141 PMID:28102119 PMID:29558368 PMID:9558119 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte CASP1 (predicted)(human)[Glutathone depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/834 PMID:28102119 GSH regulates protein secretion, driving tumor necrosis factor α release, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, STAT3 phosphorylation, and caspase-1 activation in macrophages. PMID:29558368 The findings in Atg7ΔHep/Casp1-/- mice were consistent with those from studies of Atg7ΔHep/Nrf2-/- mice and Atg7ΔHep/Hmgb1-/- mice, suggesting that the inflammasome was activated by NRF2, which in turn caused HMGB1 release and DR but not other pathologies. Indeed, we found that the expression of Caspase-1 but not that of IL-1β and IL-18 were elevated in autophagy-deficient livers in a NRF2-dependent manner, supporting the above hypothesis and implying the more specific role of CASPASE-1 in HMGB1 release but not in IL-1β nor IL-18 release in the autophagy deficient setting. PMID:9558119 The involvement of caspase-1 in the apoptosis cascade suggests that TNF-α and FasL may be exerting a direct injurious effect on hepatocytes, as well as activating and recruiting inflammatory cells. A sheet or layer to separate or connect between biological structures. Wikipedia:Biological_membrane biological membrane Deacreasing flow velocity is a subtype of changing flow: A process that changes the velocity of the object to be slower. Deacreasing flow rate Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. ISBN:0071769234 lipid storage in liver [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Fatty liver (steatosis) is defined biochemically as an appreciable increase in the hepatic lipid (mainly triglyceride) content, which is <5 wt% in the normal human liver. Hyperfunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive lipid biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of lipid biosynthesis [Lipidosis] Hyperfunction of lipid synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive lipid biosynthetic gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of lipid synthetic gene expression [Lipidosis] The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. alcohol metabolic process [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [Lipidosis] Changing abnormal cellular structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of the cell abnormally. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. changing abnormal cellular structure [Phospholipidosis] Increasing phospholipid inflow (severe) is a subtype of increase in phospholipid inflow: A process that changes the phospholipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). increasing phospholipid inflow (severe) [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] NRF2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the NRF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. NRF2 signaling (primitive) [Glutathione depletion] Negative regulation of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of decomposing: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] IRE - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis] Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis [Phospholipidosis] Increasing demand for phospholipid degradation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the phospholipid degradation to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing demand for phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] Hypofunction of phospholipase transport to lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipase transport to lysosome : A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipase transport to lysosome severely. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hypofunction of phospholipase transport to lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Increasing lysosomal pH is a subtype of changing pH: A process that changes the pH in lysosome to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(severe). PMID:1697167 increasing lysosomal pH [Phospholipidosis(severe)] Lysosomal Re-acidification Prevents Lysosphingolipid-Induced Lysosomal Impairment and Cellular Toxicity. PMID:27977664 Forming a complex of drugs and biological substance is a subtype of protein complex assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together between drugs and biological molecules to form a complex. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). forming a complex of drugs and biological substance [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid deradation by phospholipase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase [Phospholipidosis] Hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipid synthetic gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression [Phospholipidosis] PMID:20097939 Hyperfunction of accumulation is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs accumulating excessively. hyperfunction of accumulation Undigested membrane material accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps undigested membrane material. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. undigested membrane material accumulation [Phospholipidosis] Increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of foam cell, a type of macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles, in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell [Phospholipidosis] Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid homeostasis imbalance (mild) [Lipidosis] Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). phospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). increasing hepatocellular volume [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Mild accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) mildly. mild accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER Increasing phospholipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing phospholipid [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:30814 PMID:24910243 PLA2G2E (human) positively regulator of immune response[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:30814 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30814 PMID:24910243 The adipocyte-inducible secreted phospholipases PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E play distinct roles in obesity. Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phagocytosis [Phospholipidosis] Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). cell death [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:17090686 positive regulation of apoptotic process [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:15720040 PMID:17090686 PMID:17090686 PMID:15720040 PMID:15720040 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism in the nervous system. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance in nervous system [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. compound accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] PMID:16979167 A chromane that has formula C24H27NO5S. Direct competition of troglitazone metabolites with conjugated bilirubin at the level of MRP2 could result in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ATC:A10BG01 PMID:11717175 troglitazone [Cholestasis] ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0123878179 Direct competition of troglitazone metabolites with conjugated bilirubin at the level of MRP2 could result in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. PMID:21480339 Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ISBN:0071769234 The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. carbohydrate transport [Ground glass appearance] Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:29222479 PMID:30250064 PMID:31623280 mitochondrial dysfunction [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Furthermore, high glucose levels promote ROS overproduction within hepatocytes, thus favoring oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. PMID:25339807 In liver cells, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role by amplifying the apoptotic signal and integrating both pathways into a final common pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction results in the release of several proapoptotic proteins into the cytosol, including cytochrome c. PMID:29222479 Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm upon hematoxylin-eosin staining, reflecting abundant mitochondria. Thus, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction promotes cellular damage and is linked to liver diseases. PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:31623280 Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. Just like in NASH, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidized mtDNA also contribute to the progression of HCC through influences on inflammation, cell death, and ER stress. Moreover, in vitro treatment of liver cells with saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in NASH, including decreasing cellular ATP content and mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit expression, coupled with increased oxidative stress. Among these, mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to cancer progression through increased ROS production, impaired mitochondrial respiration, ER stress, and alteration of nutrient metabolism. Phenobarbital accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps phenobarbital in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. phenobarbital accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance] Constitutive androstane receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:16513849 PMID:28265001 CAR activating [Ground glass ] activating CAR [Ground glass ] activating constitutive androstane receptor [Ground glass appearance] By activating CAR, CAR migrates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and transcribes the drug metabolizing enzyme Cyp. constitutive androstane receptor activation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR can induce CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 by activation of the CYP3A4 ER6 (in human). PMID:28265001 Phosphorylated Nuclear Receptor CAR Forms a Homodimer To Repress Its Constitutive Activity for Ligand Activation. Retinoid X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the RXR (retinoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. activating retinoid X receptor [Ground glass degeneration] retinoid X receptor activation [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1, Cyp4x1 hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase I. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of iron supply is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive iorn supply. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of iron supply [Ground glass appearance] Hypofunction of decomposing is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient decomposing. hypofunction of decomposing Hyperfunction of electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] Forming a complex with Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of protein complex assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together with Cyp (cytochrome P450) to form a complex. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. forming a complex with Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase II. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II [Ground glass appearance] The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ser/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensor conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolic enzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 PRKAA1 AMPK (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65248 Negative regulation of ATP consuming is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP consuming. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of ATP consuming [Ground glass appearance] Changing balance of phospholipid metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the balance between phospholipid anabolism and catabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. changing balance of phospholipid metabolism [Phospholipidosis] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [Ground glass appearance] The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process [Ground glass appearance] This process is totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized caused by obesity. The severity is moderate. phospholipidosis via obese Overeating is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the ingestion amount of food to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. overeating [Phospholipidosis] Changing phospholipid homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. changing phospholipid homeostasis [Phospholipidosis] Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. DNA damage [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54658 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:394436 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24861 UGT1A1 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 UGT1A1 is inducible by CAR activators such as Phenobarbital. NCBI-Human-GeneID:54658 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54658 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:394436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/394436 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24861 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24861 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. regulation of cell cycle [Ground glass appearance] PMID:20434230 Negative regulation of cell junction assembly is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of cell junction assembly [Ground glass appearance] Expcretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of excretion of compound: A process that excretes the drug metabolite from the hepatocyte to to the bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. expcretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube [Ground glass appearance] Changing phospholipid homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. changing phospholipid homeostasis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:24878338 glycogen catabolic process [Ground glass appearance] PMID:24878338 Activation of the constitutive androstane receptor inhibits gluconeogenesis without affecting lipogenesis or fatty acid synthesis in human hepatocytes. Activation of mouse constitutive androstane receptor (mCAR) alleviates type 2 diabetes and obesity by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. However, the role of human (h) CAR in energy metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, activation of hCAR by UM104 and UM145 significantly repressed the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, two pivotal gluconeogenic enzymes, while exerting negligible effects on the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. Functional experiments show that UM104 and UM145 markedly inhibit hepatic synthesis of glucose but not triglycerides in human primary hepatocytes (HPH). In contrast, activation of mCAR repressed the expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis in mouse primary hepatocytes. Therefore, human CAR selectively inhibits gluconeogenesis without suppressing fatty acid synthesis. Decreasing negative regulator of G1/S transition is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that chanes the quantity of the object with a negative regulator of G1/S role to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. decreasing negative regulator of G1/S transition [Ground glass appearance] Carbohydrate storage is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. carbohydrate storage The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. cell proliferation [Ground glass appearance] In transgenic mice, it has been shown that activation of beta-catenin in more than 70% of all hepatocytes causes immediate proliferation leading to hepatomegaly PMID:21822615 Any DNA replication initiation that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:22723046 cell cycle DNA replication initiation [Ground glass appearance] PMID:22723046 PMID:22723046 Long-term treatment with CAR activators such as TCPOBOP and Phenobarbital results in a strain- and species-specific induction of liver tumors in rats and micce, which is due to the stimulation of S-phase DNA synthesis leading to hepatocyte proliferation and a decrease in apoptosis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing number of sER [Ground glass appearance] smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte [Ground glass appearance] Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:21059794 negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator [Ground glass appearance] PMID:21059794 Mechanistically, GADD45B (Yamamoto et al., 2010), an antiapoptotic factor, as well as Mdm2 (Huang et al., 2005), a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, have been implicated as pathways activated by CAR and contributory to the enhanced tumorigenic response in CAR wild-type animals. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:2379175 PMID:28356313 negative regulation of apoptotic process [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Phenobarbital promotes clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells and inhibits apoptosis in rodents. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:2379175 PB produced the following changes: (a) accelerated appearance of neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma (from 28 weeks onwards); (b) phenotypic changes in altered foci such as a shift from clear to eosinophilic appearance, enhanced expression of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and other markers, and more distinct borders from surrounding liver; (c) an increase in foci number; and (d) accelerated foci enlargement. PMID:28356313 CAR forms a complex with a growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta GADD45B to repress c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1 signaling in mouse primary hepatocytes, attenuating apoptosis. Phenobarbital accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps phenobarbital in the liver. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . phenobarbital accumulation in liver (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher by phenobarbital. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . CAR activating [sustained] [Ground glass appearance ] continued CAR activation [Ground glass appearance] constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 PMID:25661872 Making existence of foreign substance is a subtype of making existence: A process that puts froreign substances with an object. making existence of foreign substance Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing hepatocellular volume [Ground glass appearance] PMID:15866884 A process that results in an increase in hepatic cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:21822615 hepatocyte proliferation [Ground glass appearance] PMID:21822615 Phenotype of single hepatocytes expressing an activated version of β-catenin in liver of transgenic mice. Increasing hepatic vascular lumen area is a subtype of increasing area: A process that changes the area of the hepatic vascular lumen area to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing hepatic vascular lumen area [Ground glass appearance] Increasing liver weight is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the weight of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing liver weight [Ground glass appearance] Increasing volume of liver is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing volume of liver [Ground glass appearance] In transgenic mice, it has been shown that activation of beta-catenin in more than 70% of all hepatocytes causes immediate proliferation leading to hepatomegaly PMID:21822615 A ketoimine that has formula C8H7NO2. PMID:10741631 PMID:21177773 http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-76397 N-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)acetamide [Glutathione depletion] N-acetyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine [Glutathione depletion] CHEBI:29132 NAPQI [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4616 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299626 GADD45B (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4616 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4616 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17873 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299626 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299626 phenobarbital - apotosis inhibitor [Ground glass appearance] Glucose homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a glucose homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. glucose homeostasis imbalance [Ground glass appearance] reduced oxygenation of body tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases; commonly due to hypoxemia This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hypoxia [Ground glass appearance] PMID:19118021 ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 CYP2B6 (human)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 PXR can maximally induce both CYP2B6 and CYP3a4, whereas CAR can maximally induce CYP2B6 and induce CYP3A4 submaximaly due to its weaker binding and functional activation of CYP3A4ER6. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1555 CAR binding is a subtype of binding: Interacting with CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. CAR binding [Ground glass appearance] Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Ground glass appearance] Decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of decreasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of cell proliferation inhibitor expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation inhibitor expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of cell proliferation inhibitor expression [Ground glass appearance] Ground glass appearance dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of ground glass appearance. ground glass appearance dependent chemical entity Ground glass appearance dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of ground glass appearance as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ ground glass appearance dependent molecule (rat invivo) PMID:21822615 PMID:25661872 Catenin Beta 1 [Ground glass appearance] Ctnnb1 (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 Activating CAR and beta-catenin induces uncontrolled liver growth and tumorigenesis. Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps dioxins and dioxin-like compoundsin the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. dioxins and dioxin-like compounds accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance] Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. AhR activity is combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding.Combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding. ISBN:0071769234 activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor [Ground glass appearance] aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 AhR with ARNT to induce CYP1A1, 1B1, and 2S1. ≈ NCBI-Human-GeneID:196 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11622 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25690 UNIPROT:Q12778 AHR (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/196 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11622 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11622 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25690 UNIPROT:Q12778 Transcription factor that is the main target of insulin signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Binds to the insulin response element (IRE) with consensus sequence 5-TT[G/A]TTTTG-3 and the related Daf-16 family binding element (DBE) with consensus sequence 5-TT[G/A]TTTAC-3. Activity suppressed by insulin. Main regulator of redox balance and osteoblast numbers and controls bone mass. Orchestrates the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Acts synergistically with ATF4 to suppress osteocalcin/BGLAP activity, increasing glucose levels and triggering glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Also suppresses the transcriptional activity of RUNX2, an upstream activator of osteocalcin/BGLAP. In hepatocytes, promotes gluconeogenesis by acting together with PPARGC1A and CEBPA to activate the expression of genes such as IGFBP1, G6PC and PCK1. Important regulator of cell death acting downstream of CDK1, PKB/AKT1 and STK4/MST1. Promotes neural cell death. Mediates insulin action on adipose tissue. Regulates the expression of adipogenic genes such as PPARG during preadipocyte differentiation and, adipocyte size and adipose tissue-specific gene expression in response to excessive calorie intake. Regulates the transcriptional activity of GADD45A and repair of nitric oxide-damaged DNA in beta-cells. Required for the autophagic cell death induction in response to starvation or oxidative stress in a transcription-independent manner. Mediates the function of MLIP in cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling (By similarity). NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 Cyp2b1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24300 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 Cyp1a1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286954 Ugt2b1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286954 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286954 insulin receptor signaling pathway is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. insulin receptor signaling pathway [ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65155 Alas1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65155 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29441 Por (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29441 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29441 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 Gsta3 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/494500 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 Txnrd1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58819 Srnx1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] TGF (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296603 PMID:15866884 Vav2 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296603 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296603 PMID:15866884 Swelling-induced Src regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, through Vav, and fluid efflux, through PLCgamma, and thus can coordinate structural reorganization with fluid balance to maintain cellular integrity. Vav mediates cytoskeletal reorganization as a consequence of its activation of Rho GTPases at different times and places within the cell, whereas PLCγ mediates the activation of volume-sensitive K+ and Cl– channels and osmotically driven fluid efflux. Together, these effectors regulate cell volume recovery. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 Aldh1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24188 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 GRP78 HSPA5 BIP (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25617 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116685 Lmnb1 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116685 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4193 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17246 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 MDM2 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4193 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17246 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17246 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314856 PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:20101262 PMID:20414453 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ PPARalpha activation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:20414453 PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. cellular senescence [Ground glass appearance] Damage Specific DNA Binding Protein 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 OMIM: 600811 DDB2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100362121 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361149 Ankrd37 (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361149 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361149 Ground glass appearance dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of ground glass appearance as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ ground glass appearance dependent gene (human in vitro) PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:20101262 PMID:20414453 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ PPARalpha activation (moderate) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:20414453 PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. Hypofunction of carbohydrate transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient carbohydrate transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hypofunction of carbohydrate transport [Ground glass appearance] PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:20101262 PMID:20414453 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ PPARalpha activation (mild) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:20414453 PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:15492232 Phenobarbital does not increase the liver tumors in humans. tumorigenesis [Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 PMID:15492232 CAR is the molecular target of promotion by PB and that activation of this receptor is an essential requirement for liver tumor development in mice. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2805 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14718 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24401 AST1 glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 GOT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2805 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14718 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14718 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24401 RNA splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. RNA splicing [Ground glass appearance] Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte (mild) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] ISBN:0071769234 Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. PMID:16402898 Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2805 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14718 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24401 AST1 [lipidosis] glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 GOT1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2805 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14718 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14718 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24401 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of autophagy [Ground glass appearance] Damage Specific DNA Binding Protein 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 PMID:19428948 PMID:22334663 PMID:30297359 DDB2 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100362121 PMID:19428948 Influence of aryl hydrocarbon- (Ah) receptor and genotoxins on DNA repair gene expression and cell survival of mouse hepatoma cells: As two NER genes, XP-C and DNA damage binding protein ddb2, are up-regulated by p53 and ultraviolet radiation in human cells these findings suggest cell type, species or lesion specific actions of p53 on DNA repair gene expression. PMID:30297359 In this study, generation of hepatocyte-specific Ddx3x-knockout mice revealed that loss of Ddx3x facilitates liver tumorigenesis. Loss of Ddx3x led to profound ductular reactions, cell apoptosis, and compensatory proliferation in female mutants at 6 weeks of age. AT-Rich Interaction Domain 5A NCBI-Human-GeneID:10865 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214855 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316327 OMIM: 611583 PMID:15941852 PMID:29358370 MRF1 ARID5A [Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10865 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10865 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/214855 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316327 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/316327 PMID:15941852 Modulator recognition factor 1, an AT-rich interaction domain family member, is a novel corepressor for estrogen receptor alpha. PMID:29358370 Regulation of inflammatory responses by dynamic subcellular localization of RNA-binding protein Arid5a. An enzyme that catalyzes L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate Wikipedia:Aspartate_transaminase EC 2.6.1.1 aspartate transaminase NCBI-Human-GeneID:2875 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81670 ALT1 glutamic--pyruvic transaminase GPT (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2875 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2875 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81670 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81670 Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte (moderate) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] ISBN:0071769234 Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. PMID:16402898 Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2875 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81670 ALT1 glutamic--pyruvic transaminase GPT (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2875 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2875 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81670 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81670 Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] ISBN:0071769234 Humanized mice (ie, PPARalpha-null mice transfected with human PPAR alpha) also fail to respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates, indicating that the human receptor cannot signal for proliferation. PMID:16402898 Humans do not respond with hepatocellular and peroxisomal proliferation to fibrates and express PPARalpha at low levels and often in nonfunctional forms. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. apoptotic process [Ground glass appearance] An enzyme that catalyzes L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate EC 2.6.1.2 Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Alanine transaminase Tumor growth is a subtype of cell growth: The process in which a tumor cell increases in size. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:22460906 PMID:2379175 PMID:25956158 tumor growth [Ground glass appearance] PMID:2379175 PMID:22460906 MYC promotes cell growth and proliferation, and alters cellular metabolism to enhance the provision of precursors for phospholipids and cellular macromolecules. Here we show in human and murine cell lines that oncogenic levels of MYC establish a dependence on AMPK-related kinase 5 (ARK5; also known as NUAK1) for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and for cell survival. ARK5 is an upstream regulator of AMPK and limits protein synthesis via inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway. ARK5 also maintains expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and respiratory capacity, which is required for efficient glutamine metabolism. Inhibition of ARK5 leads to a collapse of cellular ATP levels in cells expressing deregulated MYC, inducing multiple pro-apoptotic responses as a secondary consequence. Depletion of ARK5 prolongs survival in MYC-driven mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma, demonstrating that targeting cellular energy homeostasis is a valid therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumour cells that express deregulated MYC. PMID:2379175 Myc has been shown to establish a dependence on AMPK-related ARK5 to maintain metabolic homeostasis and cell survical. Depletion of ARK5 prolongs cell survival in MYC-driven mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma, suggensting that targeting cellular energy homeostasis is a valid therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumor cells that express deregulate myc. Increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to oxidative stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the mitochondrial oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:29335519 increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Furthermore, enhanced mtFAO without concomitant up‐regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction within different MRC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. This event seems to play a significant role in the initiation of oxidative stress and subsequent development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in some individuals. Furthermore, high glucose levels promote ROS overproduction within hepatocytes, thus favoring oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:29335519 Metabolic reprogramming by PCK1 promotes TCA cataplerosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver cancer cells and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:2379175 tumor cell proliferation [Ground glass appearance] PMID:2379175 PB produced the following changes: (a) accelerated appearance of neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma (from 28 weeks onwards) Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing number of dead cells in liver [Ground glass appearance] ABCC2 [Ground glass appearance] MRP2 (human)[Ground glass appearance] The spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [def-source: NCI] This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 metastasis [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Lack of adherens juctions contributes to the invasiveness of tumor cells. Eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule (human in vitro) AT-Rich Interaction Domain 5A NCBI-Human-GeneID:10865 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214855 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316327 OMIM:611583 PMID:15941852 PMID:29044508 PMID:29358370 ARID5A (human)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10865 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10865 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/214855 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316327 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/316327 PMID:15941852 Modulator recognition factor 1, an AT-rich interaction domain family member, is a novel corepressor for estrogen receptor alpha: As with full-length ERα, MRF1 interacted in a ligand-dependent manner with thyroid receptor α (TRα) and the retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). MRF1 bound to ERβ, the androgen receptor (AR), and the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in a ligand-independent manner in these assays. MRF1 was able to repress several other members of the nuclear hormone receptor family. PMID:29044508 Differentially regulated gene expression in quiescence versus senescence and identification of ARID5A as a quiescence associated marker:The endogenous expression of ARID5A increased during serum starved condition of quiescence. Overexpression of ARID5A resulted in more number of cells in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. PMID:29358370 Regulation of inflammatory responses by dynamic subcellular localization of RNA-binding protein Arid5a. Hypofunction of fatty acid degradation is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of fatty acid degradation [Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5775 PMID:16619586 PMID:7874267 PTPN4 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5775 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5775 PMID:7874267 PTPH1 was expressed in HCCs and hepatocytes. Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. The degree is severe. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid homeostasis imbalance (severe) [Lipidosis] Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid metabolism imbalance (mild) [Lipidosis] Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid metabolism imbalance (moderate) [Lipidosis] The totality of all processes through which alcoholic fatty liver is realized. PMID:17854140 under construction alcoholic fatty liver Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (severe) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid storage in hepatocyte (moderate) [Lipidosis] lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (moderate) [Lipidosis] Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid homeostasis imbalance (moderate) [Lipidosis] Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid metabolism imbalance (severe) [Lipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18631 PMID:12417726 PMID:16534556 PMID:20826455 PMID:23169785 http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PEX11A Pex11a (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18631 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18631 PMID:12417726 PEX11alpha is required for peroxisome proliferation in response to 4-phenylbutyrate but is dispensable for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated peroxisome proliferation. PMID:16534556 PEX11alpha gene is activated by PPARalpha in the liver PMID:20826455 PEX11 family members are membrane elongation factors that coordinate peroxisome proliferation and maintenance. NCBI-Human-GeneID:122970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:681337 PMID:16940157 PMID:23967086 PMID:28385385 ACOT4 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:122970 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/122970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:681337 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/681337 PMID:23967086 Repeated restraint stress up-regulated Pparα and its target genes in the liver, including Acox, Acot1, Acot4, Cyp4a10, Cyp4a14 and Lipin2, an effect that was highly correlated with Hnf4α PMID:28385385 Mouse ACOTs 3–6 and human ACOT4 contain functional type 1 peroxisome targeting sequences at their C-termini. ACOT3 and ACOT5 are not present in human, however, human ACOT4 is active towards both short-chain dicarboxylyl-CoAs (e.g. succinyl-CoA) and medium- to long-chain acyl-CoAs and thereby combining activities of ACOTs 3–5. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 PMID:17906635 PMID:27467521 The birth rate of Elovl6 knockout mice was lower, and the surviving mice were smaller in size and had reduced body weight. Crucial role of a long-chain fatty acid elongase, Elovl6, in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Secondary regulation of PPARa activity could be a part of SREBP-1c/Elovl6 regulation of lipogenesis. Elovl6 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171402 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313200 Hsdl2 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313200 Moving free fatty acid to the hepatocyte is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of free fatty acid into a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. moving fatty acid to the hepatocyte [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 CPT1 (canonical)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1374 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29254 Mgll (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29254 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29254 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:25661872 negative regulation of cellular senescence [Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298423 Cyp4a3 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298423 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298423 Catalysis role of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein. related molecular function GO:0004715 non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase NCBI-Human-GeneID:123 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11520 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298199 PMID:16489205 PMID:25961502 Plin2 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:123 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/123 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11520 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11520 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298199 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298199 PMID:25961502 Lipid droplets (LDs) undergo hydrolysis (lipolysis) to generate free fatty acids for energetic purposes. LD-associated proteins perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and perilipin 3 (PLIN3) are CMA substrates and their degradation through CMA precedes lipolysis. In vivo studies revealed that Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degradation of PLIN2 and PLIN3 was enhanced during starvation, concurrent with elevated levels of cytosolic adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and macroautophagy proteins on LDs. Decreasing lipid is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of the lipid to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (normal condition). decreasing lipid [lipidosis] ACOT3 is involved in the transport of DCAdicarboxylic acids into the peroxisomes by hydrolysis of long-medium chain fatty acyl-CoA esters to FFA, which can be further transported out of peroxisomes to mitochondria for beta-oxidation or excreted in the urinPMID:23359794 At the gene level, this was reflected by the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 4a10, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a31 and Acyl-CoA thioesterase 3 (Acot3). Two relevant regulators, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por, rate limiting for cytochrome P450s) and the transcription factor constitutive androstane receptor (Car; official symbol Nr1i3) were also up-regulated in the quercetin-fed mice. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171281 PMID:28385385 Acot3 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171281 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171281 PMID:28385385 Mouse ACOTs 3–6 and human ACOT4 contain functional type 1 peroxisome targeting sequences at their C-termini. ACOT3 and ACOT5 are not present in human, however, human ACOT4 is active towards both short-chain dicarboxylyl-CoAs (e.g. succinyl-CoA) and medium- to long-chain acyl-CoAs and thereby combining activities of ACOTs 3–5. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192272 PMID:21094633 PMID:25114170 Acot2 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192272 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192272 PMID:21094633 cytosolic ACOT1 becomes downregulated as the cellular use of acyl-CoA increases, while mitochondrial ACOT2 is upregulated as the beta-oxidation capacity increases. ACOT isoform expression may be regulated during brown adipocyte differentiation to support the fat storage and combustion characteristics of this cell type. PMID:25114170 Acyl-CoA thioesterase-2 facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Increasing lipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of lipid to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing lipid [lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50681 PMID:17255113 Acox1 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50681 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50681 PMID:17255113 PPAR agonists induced the peroxisomal enzymes, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (Acox), enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Acaa1) at the transcriptional level in rat hepatocytes, but not dog hepatocytes NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171142 PMID:17255113 Ehhadh (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171142 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171142 PMID:17255113 PPAR agonists induced the peroxisomal enzymes, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (Acox), enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Acaa1) at the transcriptional level in rat hepatocytes, but not dog hepatocytes Increasing lipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of lipid to be larger. increasing lipid IL-1beta processing is a subtype of protein processing: A process that IL-1beta maturation process achieved by the cleavage of pro IL-1beta. IL-1beta processing NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25413 Cpt2 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25413 IL-1beta processing is a subtype of protein processing: A process that IL-1beta maturation process achieved by the cleavage of pro IL-1beta. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. IL-1beta processing [lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117035 Slc25a20 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117035 NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 Acot12 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170570 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26759 PMID:26861785 Acot7 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26759 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26759 PMID:26861785 Acot7 mRNA levels are increased in human islets in type 2 diabetes, NCBI-Human-GeneID:10005 PMID:15194431 PMID:24788990 PMID:28385385 ACOT8 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10005 PMID:15194431 human ACOT8 in human and murine cell lines as well as in transgenic mice was associated with peroxisome proliferation and increased lipid accumulation (determined as number of lipid droplets) PMID:24788990 Fatty acid metabolic enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID:28385385 ACOT8 is a peroxisomal protein with broad substrate specificity, including medium-to long-chain and methyl branched acyl-CoAs, intermediates of beta-oxidation and bile acid-CoA. The activity is inhibited by CoA and expression is upregulated by fasting and PPARα activation and ACOT8 overexpression leads to peroxisomal proliferation in murine and human cell lines. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171155 Hadhb (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171155 Ground glass appearance dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of ground glass appearance as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse/Liver/ ground glass appearance dependent molecule (mouse) PMID:21822615 PMID:25661872 Catenin Beta 1 [Ground glass appearance] Ctnnb1 -tumor positive regulator (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 Activating CAR and beta-catenin induces uncontrolled liver growth and tumorigenesis. PMID:21822615 PMID:25661872 Catenin Beta 1 [Ground glass appearance] Ctnnb1 -apoptosis inhibitor (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 Activating CAR and beta-catenin induces uncontrolled liver growth and tumorigenesis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 PMID:17255113 PMID:2307679 Acaa1a (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24157 PMID:17255113 PPAR agonists induced the peroxisomal enzymes, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (Acox), enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Acaa1) at the transcriptional level in rat hepatocytes, but not dog hepatocytes Increasing lipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of lipid material to be larger. increasing lipid material PMID:21822615 PMID:25661872 Catenin Beta 1 [Ground glass appearance] Ctnnb1 -cell senescence inhibitor (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] PMID:25661872 Activating CAR and beta-catenin induces uncontrolled liver growth and tumorigenesis. Eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule (rat) Increasing lipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of lipid material to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (normal condition). increasing lipid material [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 PMID:20303873 CASP1 -IL1beta activator (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/834 A role played by the entity that activates the activity of the cytokine IL-1b. IL-1b activator role NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50549 Cyp4a1 (rat)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50549 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50549 A role played by the entity which regulates the cellular senescence. cellular senescence regulator Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:123 PMID:16489205 PMID:16735577 PMID:25961502 PLIN2 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:16489205 NCBI-Human-GeneID:123 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/123 PMID:16489205 PPARalpha activators and fasting induce the expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in liver. ADFP is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in mouse liver and rat and human hepatoma cells through a highly conserved direct repeat-1(DR-1) element PMID:16735577 An intimate collaboration between peroxisomes and lipid bodies. The extensive physical contact between peroxisomes and lipid bodies promotes the coupling of lipolysis within lipid bodies with peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. PMID:25961502 Lipid droplets (LDs) undergo hydrolysis (lipolysis) to generate free fatty acids for energetic purposes. LD-associated proteins perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and perilipin 3 (PLIN3) are CMA substrates and their degradation through CMA precedes lipolysis. In vivo studies revealed that Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degradation of PLIN2 and PLIN3 was enhanced during starvation, concurrent with elevated levels of cytosolic adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and macroautophagy proteins on LDs. Decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of decreasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential [lipidosis] The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process [lipidosis] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:17090686 apoptosis [lipidosis] Lipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of lipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ lipidosis dependent molecule (rat) Lipidosis dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of lipidosis. lipidosis dependent chemical entity Lipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of lipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ lipidosis dependent molecule (human in vitro) This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 PMID:26006114 PMID:29063269 PMID:29718361 ADH1B (human)[lipidosis] This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/125 PMID:29718361 The protein levels of ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH4 were each decreased in the NASH groups, which was consistent with a decreased overall ADH activity. The protein level of ALDH2 was significantly increased in both NASH groups, while ALDH1A1 and ALDH1B1 were only decreased in NASH (fatty) samples. ALDH activity represented by oxidation of acetaldehyde was decreased in the NASH (fatty) group. NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 ADH1B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/125 NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 BID (human)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64625 EC 1.1.1.1 Alcohol dehydrogenase family alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) ADH family Hypofunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient alcohol metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:29718361 hyporfunction of alcohol metabolism [Lipidosis] PMID:29718361 The protein levels of ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH4 were each decreased in the NASH groups, which was consistent with a decreased overall ADH activity. Hypofunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient alcohol metabolism. hypofunction of alcohol metabolism NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12015 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64639 BAD (human)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/572 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12015 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64639 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64639 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5021 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18430 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25342 OXTR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5021 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5021 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18430 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18430 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25342 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25342 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5021 PMID:21980491 PMID:24389591 OXTR (human)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5021 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5021 PMID:21980491 Mechanisms of the Anti-Obesity Effects of Oxytocin in Diet-Induced Obese Rats With regard to its mechanism of action in adipose tissue, oxytocin increased the expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, as well as the tissue content of the phospholipid precursor, N-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, the biosynthetic precursor of the oleic acid-derived PPAR-alpha activator, oleoylethanolamide. PMID:24389591 Hypooxytocinaemia in obese Zucker rats relates to oxytocin degradation in liver and adipose tissue. OXTR mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in the adipose tissue of obese animals in contrast to the reduced OXTR protein levels in skeletal muscle. Our results show that obesity is associated with reduced plasma oxytocin due to increased peptide degradation by liver and adipose tissue rather than changes in hormone synthesis. A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis in the adipose tissuees. PMID:21980491 fatty acid beta-oxidation in adipose tissue [lipidosis] PMID:21980491 With regard to its mechanism of action in adipose tissue, oxytocin increased the expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, as well as the tissue content of the phospholipid precursor, N-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, the biosynthetic precursor of the oleic acid-derived PPAR-alpha activator, oleoylethanolamide. Because PPAR-alpha regulates fatty acid β-oxidation, we hypothesized that this transcription factor might mediate the oxytocin effects. Increasing free fatty acid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of free fatty acid to be larger. increasing free fatty acid NCBI-Human-GeneID:129607 PMID:24858832 PMID:28167322 PMID:30046112 CMPK2 (human)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:129607 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/129607 PMID:28167322 NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice PMID:30046112 New mitochondrial DNA synthesis enables NLRP3 inflammasome activation: Toll-like receptors signal via the MyD88 and TRIF adaptors to trigger IRF1-dependent transcription of CMPK2, a rate-limiting enzyme that supplies deoxyribonucleotides for mtDNA synthesis. CMPK2-dependent mtDNA synthesis is necessary for the production of oxidized mtDNA fragments after exposure to NLRP3 activators. Cytosolic oxidized mtDNA associates with the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and is required for its activation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7392 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81817 USF2 (human)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7392 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7392 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81817 NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 PMID:20303873 CASP1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/834 Lipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of lipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse/Liver/ Lipidosis dependent molecule (mouse) NCBI-Human-GeneID:129607 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22169 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314004 CMPK2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:129607 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/129607 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22169 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22169 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314004 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314004 Inflammasome activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the inflammasome to be higher. inflammasome activation PMID:19303849 PMID:20817607 PMID:7499393 PMID:9334210 PMID:9890958 USF1 (canonical)[lipidosis] PMID:7499393 Upstream stimulatory factors bind to insulin response sequence of the fatty acid synthase promoter. USF1 is regulated. PMID:9334210 Upstream stimulatory factor binding to the E-box at -65 is required for insulin regulation of the fatty acid synthase promoter. PMID:9890958 Essential role in vivo of upstream stimulatory factors for a normal dietary response of the fatty acid synthase gene in the liver. PMID:20817607 insulin(canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7391 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22278 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83586 upstream transcription factor 1 USF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7391 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7391 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22278 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22278 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83586 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83586 upstream transcription factor USF (mol) USF1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the USF1 to be higher. USF1 activation USF1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the USF1 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. PMID:7499393 USF1 activation [lipidosis] SREBP activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the SREBP to be higher. SREBP activation SREBP activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the SREBP to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. PMID:21286345 SREBP activation [lipidosis] PMID:21286345 The decreased expression of hepatic FXR is associated with an increased expression of LXR, SREBP-1C, and hepatic triglyceride synthesis; furthermore, increased SREBP-1C is associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis in the NAFLD patients. Malfunctioning of insulin signaling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform insulin signaling [biological] appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:26490400 PMID:30642126 malfunctioning of insulin signaling [lipidosis] Liver X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating LXR ( liver X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:21286345 PMID:26490400 PMID:29904174 PMID:30642126 LXRa activation [lipidosis] PMID:30642126 Upregulation of SREBP-1c and ChREBP has been speculated to be the principal regulators of NAFLD formation, which is induced by insulin resistance and transcriptionally controlled by LXRa Increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of NAD to NAD+ to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio [Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22259 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58852 PMID:21286345 Liver X Receptor Alpha [lipidosis] NR1H3 [lipidosis] LXRA (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22259 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58852 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22259 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58852 Liver X Receptor Alpha NR1H3 LXRa (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22259 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58852 ChREBP activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating ChREBP to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:30642126 ChREBP activation [lipidosis] PMID:30642126 Upregulation of SREBP-1c and ChREBP has been speculated to be the principal regulators of NAFLD formation, which is induced by insulin resistance and transcriptionally controlled by LXRa organophosphate NCBI-Human-GeneID:51085 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171078 Carbohydrate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein [lipidosis] MLXIPL CHREBP (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51085 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51085 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171078 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171078 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51085 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171078 Carbohydrate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein [lipidosis] MLXIPL CHREBP (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51085 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51085 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171078 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171078 Malfunctioning of insulin signaling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform insulin signaling [biological] appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of insulin signaling Dysfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid degradation severely. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NASH. dysfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation [NASH] The totality of all processes through which non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is realized. NASH (toxic course) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (toxic course) The totality of all processes through which simple steatosis is realized. simple steatosis Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes mildly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid accumulation in hepatocyte [lipidosis] lipid strorage in hepatocyte [Lipidosis] Malfunctioning of TCA cycle is a subtype of malfunctioning of metabolism: A process that cannot perform a tricarboxylic acid cycle appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. malfunctioning of TCA cycle [lipidosis] Increasing acetyl CoA is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of acetyl CoA to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. acetyl CoA increase [lipidosis] Increasing production amount of acetaldehyde is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of acetaldehyde to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:17854140 Increasing production amount of acetaldehyde [lipidosis] PMID:17854140 Ethanol administration to rodents or ethanol exposure to ethanol-metabolizing cultured cells causes a general down-regulation of PPAR-α. Further, RXR-PPAR-α extracted from hepatoma cells previously exposed to ethanol or acetaldehyde binds poorly to an oligonucleotide containing peroxisome proliferator response elements, indicating that acetaldehyde is responsible for the action of ethanol. It is possible that acetaldehyde, because of its ability to covalently bind proteins]can form adducts with the PPAR-α transcription complex, thereby preventing its ability to bind the promoter element(s). Phospholipidosis dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of phospholipidosis. phospholipidosis dependent chemical entity Phospholipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of phospholipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ phospholipidosis dependent molecule (rat) Phospholipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Phospholipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ phospholipidosis dependent molecule (human in vitro) NCBI-Human-GeneID:57153 PMID:20410607 Reactome:R-HSA-444451 http://omim.org/entry/606106 http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SLC44A2&keywords=Slc44a2 SLC44A2 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:57153 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57153 PMID:20410607 Involvement of choline transporter-like proteins, CTL1 and CTL2, in glucocorticoid-induced acceleration of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via increased choline uptake. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) production is accelerated by glucocorticoid, such as dexamethasone (DEX), which enhances fetal lung maturation, promotes differentiation of alveolar type II (ATII) cells, and increases production of both lipid and protein components of lung surfactant. Choline uptake may play a critical role in PC production and lung surfactant homeostasis for normal breathing. Choline transport in A549 cells is increased by treatment with DEX, and the increase is mediated by induction of functional choline transporters CTL1 and CTL2. Reactome:R-HSA-444451 Cho transports from the extracellular space to the cytosol (Homo sapiens) A conserved inositol phospholipid binding site within the pleckstrin homology domain of the Gab1 docking protein is required for epithelial morphogenesis. (PMID:10531383) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2549 PMID:12069817 PMID:12414665 PMID:20555359 GRB2-associated binding protein 1 [Phospholipidosis] GAB1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:12414665 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2549 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2549 PMID:12069817 Phosphoinositide 3-kinases in lysophosphatidic acid signaling: regulation and cross-talk with the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. PMID:12414665 Lysophosphatidic acid-induced squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation and motility involves epidermal growth factor receptor signal transactivation. PMID:20555359 Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer Nature Reviews Cancer 10, 489-503 (2010) NCBI-Human-GeneID:151056 PMID:24520335 http://omim.org/entry/610179 PLB1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:151056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151056 PMID:24520335 Recently, whole-exome sequencing analysis on a pedigree with a dominantly inherited immunodeficiency and autoimmunity identified a causal mutation in a gene related to PLB1, the phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCG2) gene. A role played by the entity which negative regulates the cellular senescence. cellular senescence inhibitor NCBI-Human-GeneID:8817 PMID:21319186 PMID:24018557 FGF18 (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:21319186 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8817 PMID:21319186 Up-regulation of the fibroblast growth factor 8 subfamily in human hepatocellular carcinoma for cell survival and neoangiogenesis. FGF8, FGF17, and FGF18 are involved in autocrine and paracrine signaling in HCC and enhance the survival of tumor cells under stress conditions, malignant behavior, and neoangiogenesis. Thus, the FGF8 subfamily supports the development and progression of hepatocellular malignancy. PMID:24018557 FGF18 as a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in ovarian cancer. ( The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:18556558 lipid biosynthetic process [Lipidosis] PMID:18556558 X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), known as a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) secondary to ER stress, is a only recently characterized regulator of hepatic lipogenesis. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the transcription factor XBP1. Science 2008; 320: 1492-1496. XBP1 protein expression in mice was elevated after feeding carbohydrates and corresponded with the induction of critical genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Inducible, selective deletion of XBP1 in the liver resulted in marked hypocholesterolemia and hypotriglyceridemia, secondary to a decreased production of lipids from the liver. This phenotype was not accompanied by hepatic steatosis or compromise in protein secretory function. The identification of XBP1 as a regulator of lipogenesis has important implications for human dyslipidemias. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5322 PMID:14998370 PMID:24910243 PMID:25716287 http://omim.org/entry/601192 PLA2G5 (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:24910243 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5322 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5322 PMID:14998370 Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D. PMID:24910243 The adipocyte-inducible secreted phospholipases PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E play distinct roles in obesity. PMID:25716287 Sphingomyelin Regulates the Activity of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in the Plasma Membrane. IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2/c-myc->Cell cycle progression IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2->anti-apoptosis NCBI-Human-GeneID:3560 PMID:10579998 PMID:10982827 PMID:12200137 PMID:9108028 https://www.omim.org/entry/146710 interleukin 2 receptor, beta [Phospholipidosis] IL2RB (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3560 PMID:10579998 Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 15;13(22):2905-27. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. PMID:10982827 Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;20(19):7109-20. New role for Shc in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Experiments with the chimeric receptors indicate that Shc also signals to the PI-3K/Akt pathway in response to IL-2. Our results suggest that cytokine receptors lacking direct PI-3K binding sites activate Akt via a Shc/Grb2/Gab2/PI-3K pathway, thereby regulating cell survival and/or proliferation. PMID:12200137 IL-2 receptor signaling through the Shb adapter protein in T and NK cells. PMID:9108028 Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase. carboxylic acid caspase-3 Acyl-CoA thioesterase ACOT family A drug that blocks the action of proteasomes, cellular complexes that break down proteins. proteasome inhibitor alkaline ceramidase ACER Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. negative regulation of apoptotic process [Glutathione depletion] Hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive alcohol metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism [lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286896 PMID:17090686 PMID:20097939 PMID:2061324 PMID:26886371 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286896 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286896 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. PMID:2061324 Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver.　 PMID:26886371 Increased mRNA Levels of Sphingosine Kinases and S1P Lyase and Reduced Levels of S1P Were Observed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Association with Poorer Differentiation and Earlier Recurrence: Inhibition of SPL expression by siRNA led to reduced proliferation and invasion, while overexpression of SPL caused enhanced proliferation of HCC cell lines. unsaturated fatty acid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process [lipidosis] Lipidosis (normal course) is a subtype of process sequences: The courses of processes through which lipid homeostasis balance is keeping. lipidosis (normal course) Lipidosis is a subtype of process sequences: The courses of processes through which lipidosis is realized. lipidosis (course) keeping lipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of lipid metabolism. keeping lipid metaolism balance maintaining lipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of lipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. maintaining lipid metabolism balance [Lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 PMID:10747892 PMID:10779360 PMID:22150313 PMID:24104470 PMID:9827804 http://omim.org/entry/126335 Gadd45a (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25112 PMID:22150313 Gadd45 stress sensors in malignancy and leukemia. PMID:24104470 Gadd45 in stress signaling, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. In vivo, Gadd45 proteins can contribute to p38 activation either by activation of upstream kinase(s) or by direct interaction. In addition to being p53-regulated, Gadd45a has been found to contribute to p53 activation via p38. PMID:9827804 A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK. Cell 95: 521-530, 1998. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 Orthologs of the human CYP2B6 genes can be found in other species including rats, mice, and dogs, which are termed Cyp2b1, Cyp2b10, and CYP2B11, respectively PMID:11852103 PMID:18798224 PMID:27321734 http://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/gene/main.html?id=2466 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24300 Cyp2b1 (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24300 PMID:11852103 FEBS Lett. 2002 Feb 13;512(1-3):319-22. Hydroxylation of fatty acids by microsomal and reconstituted cytochrome P450 2B1. PMID:18798224 The phenobarbital (PB)-induced up-regulation of CYP2B, CYP2E1 and CYP1A1 isozymes was markedly higher in choline deprivation (CD) than in NF rats. In addition, PB increased glutathione-S-transferase activity only in CD rats. Hepatic glutathione content (GSH) was suppressed by paracetamol (ACET) in normaly fed rats, whereas the drug increased GSH in CD rats. These data suggest that CD has a significant impact on the hepatic metabolic functions, and in particular on those related to drug metabolism. PMID:27321734 Effects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Hepatic CYP2B1 and in Vivo Bupropion Disposition in Rats Fed a High-Fat or Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet. Changing balance of lipid metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the balance between lipid anabolism and catabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. changing balance of lipid metabolism [Lipidosis] Changing balance of lipid metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the balance between lipid anabolism and catabolism. changing balance of lipid metabolism Changing lipid homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of lipid within an organism or cell. changing lipid homeostasis Changing lipid homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of lipid within an organism or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. changing lipid homeostasis [Lipidosis] Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell. maintaining lipid homeostasis ATP degradation is a subtype of catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of ATP: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. ATP degradation arachidonic acid Cholesteroltransport gene mutation is a subtype of gene mutation: A process thatchanges the sequence of a cholesterol transport gene. cholesterol transport gene mutation Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. maintaining lipid homeostasis [Lipidosis] Keeping amount of lipid in liver is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintaining the amount of lipid in the liver. keeping amount of lipid in liver Keeping amount of lipid in liver is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintaining the amount of lipid in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (normal condition). keeping amount of lipid in liver [Lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360843 PMID:11044454 http://omim.org/entry/609859 Etnk2 (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360843 PMID:11044454 Overexpression of a mammalian ethanolamine-specific kinase accelerates the CDP-ethanolamine pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117519 Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 KEAP1 [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117519 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117519 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293989 PMID:19651758 PMID:23193974 PMID:26477383 PMID:26918316 http://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/gene/main.html?id=619934 Cyp2c6v1 (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293989 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293989 PMID:19651758 Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme alterations in humans with progressive stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PMID:23193974 The action of cytochrome b(5) on CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 activities requires anionic residues D58 and D65. b(5) residues D58 and D65 are essential for the stimulation of CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 activities and that the phospholipid composition significantly influences the b(5)-P450 interaction. At least two surfaces of b(5) differentially influence P450 activities, and the critical residues for individual P450 reactions cannot be predicted from sensitivity to apo-b(5) alone. PMID:26477383 Development of HepG2-derived cells expressing cytochrome P450s for assessing metabolism-associated drug-induced liver toxicity. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (normal condition). positive regulation of lipid catabolic process [lipidosis - normal] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29347 PMID:20098695 PMID:24811863 https://biocyc.org/HUMAN/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY6666-1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosystems/142420 Faah (rat)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:24811863 PMID:24811863 PMID:24811863 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29347 PMID:24811863 FAAH inhibition enhances anandamide mediated anti-tumorigenic effects in non-small cell lung cancer by downregulating the EGF/EGFR pathway. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679692 PMID:15485873 http://omim.org/entry/610473 http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-1483206&SEL=R-HSA-1482539&PATH=R-HSA-1430728,R-HSA-556833,R-HSA-1483257 Lpgat1 (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679692 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/679692 PMID:15485873 Identification and characterization of a gene encoding human LPGAT1, an endoplasmic reticulum-associated lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase. Cholesterol homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a cholesterol homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick C. Cholesterol homeostasis imbalance [Niemann-Pick C] Increasing drug metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of drug metabolites to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing drug metabolite [Glutathione depletion] Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. compound accumulation in liver [Glutathione depletion] Hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression [Glutathione depletion] Hyperfunction of cutochrome P450 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of Cytochrome P450 gene expression [Glutathione depletion] hyperfunction of P450 gene expression [Glutathione depletion] hyperfunction of cytochrome P450 gene expression [Glutathione depletion] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase I. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of drug metabolism by P450 [Glutathione depletion] hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Glutathione depletion] Cytochrome P450 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the cytochrome P450 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Cytochrome P450 activation [Glutathione depletion] P450 activation [Glutathione depletion] cytochrome P450 activation [Glutathione depletion] Predicted by SVM. PMID:26456005 NAPQI production is a subtype of generating a substance : A process that synthesizes NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) as output. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:21177773 NAPQI production [Glutathione depletion] PMID:21177773 cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, convert 5–9% of acetaminophen to a highly reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine (NAPQI) (Corcoran et al., 1980; Dahlin et al., 1984) Increasing demand for glutathione conjugation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand for the for glutathione conjugation to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing demand for glutathione conjugation [Glutathione depletion] Increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to oxidative stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the mitochondrial oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stres [Oxidative stress] JNK translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria is a subtype of transmitting: A process that of the directed movement of JNK from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. JNK translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria [Glutathione depletion] chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. PMID:27965666 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione conjugation process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ISBN:0071769234 negative regulation glutathione conjugation [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 Michael acceptors such as diethyl maleate (DEA) and phorone are commonly used in vivo to deplete GSH levels in experimental animals. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Hypofunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hypofunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient drug metabolism phase II. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hypofunction of drug metabolism phase II [Glutathione depletion] Decreasing excretion quantity of bile acid is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the excretion quantity of of bile acids to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. decreasing excretion quantity of the conjugates [Glutathione depletion] Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance between glutathione conjugation supply and demand. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance [Glutathione depletion] NAPQI accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) within a biological object(s). NAPQI is an intermediate metabolite of the paracetamol and plays a role as a toxic substance in the body. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. NAPQI accumulation [Glutathione depletion] Glutathione depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of glutathione. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. glutathione depletion [Glutathione depletion] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. The formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other protein. https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-174403 glutathione biosynthetic process [Glutathione depletion] JNK translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria is a subtype of molecule transport: A process that of the directed movement of JNK from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. JNK translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria Protein binding by NAPQI is a subtype of protein binding: Interacting between a protein and NAPQI. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. protein binding by NAPQI [Glutathione depletion] Malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transpor is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a respiratory electron transport chain appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transpor [Glutathione depletion] Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. DNA damage [Glutathione depletion] Increasing free radical is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of free radicals to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing free radical [Glutathione depletion] Lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. lipoperoxidation [Glutathione depletion] Increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to oxidative stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the mitochondrial oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress [Glutathione depletion] Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. mitochondrial dysfunction [Glutathione depletion] Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [Glutathione depletion] Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. cell death [Glutathione depletion] Abnormality of membrane is a subtype of changing abnormal cellular structure: A process that changes the membrane stucture abnormally. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. abnormality of membrane [Glutathione depletion] Calcium ion homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a calcium ion homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. calcium ion homeostasis imbalance [Glutathione depletion] Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Glutathione depletion] In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level is Moderate (M) in daily life; however, the functional demand level is Very high (VH), which leads to the imbalance and leads to toxicity manifestation. toxicological imbalance M<VH Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. AhR activity is combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding.Combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding. PMID:1325649 AhR activating AhR activation aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity GO:0004874 Constitutive androstane receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. CAR activating CAR activation activating CAR constitutive androstane receptor activation ATF4 gene expression regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating gene expressions by ATF4 as a systemic context. ATF4 gene expression regulation system Forming a complex with Cyp is a subtype of protein complex assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together with Cyp (cytochrome P450) to form a complex. forming a complex with Cyp P53 activation is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of one of the p53 family of proteins to be higher. p53 activation Retinoid X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the RXR (retinoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. activating RXR RXR activation retinoid X receptor activation Hyperfunction of lipase gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive lipase gene expression. hyperfunction of lipase gene expression A process of liquid water accumulation in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell. water accumulation Increasing number of apoptotic cells in liver is a subtype of increasing number of dead cells in liver: A process that becomes larger in the number of apoptotic cells in the liver. increasing number of apoptotic cells in liver Hyperfunction of lipase gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive lipase gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of lipase gene expression [lipidosis] Apoptosis inducer activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with an apoptosis inducer role to be higher. activating apoptosis inducer apoptosis inducer activation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid catabolic process [lipidosis] Lipid transport from liver is a subtype of lipid transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic [lipidosis] hydoroxy acid Positive regulation process is a subtype of controlling: A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of function. Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate or extent of a process. positive regulation process A moving process of alcohol from the outside to the inside of a body. alcohol intake A role played by the entity within a toxicity prediction context. toxicity prediction related role NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 PMID:17255113 PMID:2307679 Acaa1a (rat)[lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24157 PMID:17255113 PPAR agonists induced the peroxisomal enzymes, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (Acox), enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Acaa1) at the transcriptional level in rat hepatocytes, but not dog hepatocytes Hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II: A process that performs an excessive glucuronic acid conjugation. hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation Hyperfunction of glutathione conjugation is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II: A process that performs an excessive glutathione conjugation. hyperfunction of glutathione conjugation Increasing hepatic vascular lumen area is a subtype of increasing area: A process that changes the area of the hepatic vascular lumen area to be larger. increasing hepatic vascular lumen area Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). increasing number of sER smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte A moving process of a tumor cell from the outside to the inside of other organ. tumor cell invasion sequestering of triglyceride (severe) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps triglycerides in hepatocytes. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. sequestering of triglyceride (severe) [lipidosis] Glucose homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a glucose homeostastasis balance. glucose homeostasis imbalance Phenobarbital accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps phenobarbital in the liver. phenobarbital accumulation in liver Carbohydrate storage in liver is a subtype of carbohydrate storage: The accumulation in hepatocytes of carbohydrates. carbohydrate storage in liver Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase II. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II Hyperfunction of iron supply is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive iorn supply. hyperfunction of iron supply citric acid lactic acid CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosome. CAD accumulation in lysosome CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs) in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). CAD accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. compound accumulation in lysosome Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. phospholipid homeostasis imbalance phospholipid homeostasis imbalance Phospholipid accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps phospholipid in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. phospholipid accumulation Increasing blood glucose lebvel is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22883813 increasing blood glucose level [ER stress] PMID:22883813 ER stress-induced inflammation: does it aid or impede disease progression?: ER stress in various cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and intestinal bowel and airway diseases. Moreover, it has been suggested that ER stress-induced inflammation contributes substantially to disease progression. Hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH is a subtype of hyperfunction of reduction: A process that performs an excesssive reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH [Lipidosis] Increasing lysosomal pH is a subtype of changing pH: A process that changes the pH in lysosome to be higher. increasing lysosomal pH Increasing demand for phospholipid degradation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the phospholipid degradation to be higher. increasing demand for phospholipid degradation Undigested membrane material accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps undigested membrane material. undigested membrane material accumulation Increasing phospholipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid to be larger. increasing phospholipid Increasing phospholipid inflow is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the phospholipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increasing phospholipid inflow NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 PMID:17906635 PMID:27467521 The birth rate of Elovl6 knockout mice was lower, and the surviving mice were smaller in size and had reduced body weight. Crucial role of a long-chain fatty acid elongase, Elovl6, in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Secondary regulation of PPARa activity could be a part of SREBP-1c/Elovl6 regulation of lipogenesis. Elovl6 (mouse)[lipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171402 PMID:17906635 Mice deficient for Elovl6, the gene encoding the elongase that catalyzes the conversion of palmitate to stearate, were generated and shown to become obese and develop hepatosteatosis when fed a high-fat diet or mated to leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. However, they showed marked protection from hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and hyperleptinemia. Amelioration of insulin resistance was associated with restoration of hepatic insulin receptor substrate-2 and suppression of hepatic protein kinase C epsilon activity resulting in restoration of Akt phosphorylation. Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation. hypofunction of phospholipid degradation Forming a complex of drugs and biological substance is a subtype of protein complex assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together between drugs and biological molecules to form a complex. forming a complex of drugs and biological substance Increase in alcohol inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the alcohol inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increase in alcohol inflow into hepatocyte Negative regulation of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of decomposing: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation. negative regulation of phospholipid degradation Hyperfunction of dead cell phagocytosis by Kupffer cells (macrophages) is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs phagocytosis of dead cells by Kupffer cells or macrophages execessively. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of dead cell phagocytosis by Kupffer cells (macrophages) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysophagy. negative regulation of lysophagy Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium [Lipidosis] Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs cationic amphiphile drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of export: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid export from lysosome. hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome Hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of export: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid export from lysosome. And the degree is severe. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Changing balance of phospholipid metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the balance between phospholipid anabolism and catabolism. changing balance of phospholipid metabolism Hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive glycerophospholipid synthestic gene expression. hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. lipid storage in liver [Fibrosis] Carbohydrate storage in liver is a subtype of carbohydrate storage: The accumulation in hepatocytes of carbohydrates. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. carbohydrate storage in liver [Hypertrophy] Moving lipid to the hepatocyte is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of lipid into a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. moving lipid to the hepatocyte [lipidosis] Malfunctioning of TCA cycle is a subtype of malfunctioning of metabolism: A process that cannot perform a tricarboxylic acid cycle appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. malfunctioning of TCA cycle [Fibrosis] Malfunctioning of TCA cycle is a subtype of malfunctioning of metabolism: A process that cannot perform a tricarboxylic acid cycle appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of TCA cycle Moving lipid to the hepatocye is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of lipid into a hepatocyte. moving lipid to the hepatocye The directed movement of lipid, out of a hepatocyte. lipid efflux from hepatocyte Hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive alcohol metabolism. hyperfunction of alcohol metabolism Increaseing production quantity of catecholamine is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of catecholamine to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increaseing production quantity of catecholamine [lipidosis] Catalysis role of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphoethanolamine. EC:2.7.1.82 related molecular function GO:0004305 ethanolamine kinase activity ethanolamine kinase NCBI-Human-GeneID:83939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229317 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:502531 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=83939 EIF2A (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:83939 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229317 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:502531 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/502531 Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. lipid storage in liver The totality of all processes through which cholestasis is realized. BSEP inhibition : bosentan, cyclosporin, glibenclamide, rifampicin, rifamycin http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10008635 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002779 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OAE_0000811 This entity is under construction. Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is categorized as drug induced cholestasis (DIC), drug-induced hepatitis, and is mixed liver injury. Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS). phallodin, microsystin, amantin is facilitated by the uptake thpugh OATPs. rifampicin, bosentan, troglitazone directly inhibit BSEP. cholestasis [toxic course] BSEP inhibition : bosentan, cyclosporin, glibenclamide, rifampicin, rifamycin ISBN:0123878179 Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the the canalicular bile ducts. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU028080 under construction canalicular cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the the intrahepatic bile ducts. under construction intrahepatic billiary stasis Eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. eosinogranular degeneration dependent molecule (canonical) The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. VLDL formation [lipidosis] CASPASE-2 (canonical)[ER stress] NRF2 activation is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of NRF2 (Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2) to be higher. NRF2 activation CD36 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CD36 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:17728375 PMID:18242221 CD36 activation [lipidosis] PMID:17728375 Increased hepatic CD36 expression contributes to dyslipidemia associated with diet-induced obesity. During diet-induced obesity, CD36 protein levels in the liver are significantly elevated, and these elevated levels correlate with increased hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion. These alterations in liver lipid storage and secretion were also observed upon forced expression of hepatic CD36 in the absence of DIO and were accompanied with a marked rise in hepatic fatty acid uptake in vivo, demonstrating that increased CD36 expression is sufficient to recapitulate the aberrant liver lipid handling observed in DIO. PMID:18242221 Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. Liver dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete liver function. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). liver dysfunction [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Obesity is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the body weight to be higher. obesity Hypofunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphosphingolipid degradation. hypofunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation Hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH is a subtype of hyperfunction of reduction: A process that performs an excesssive reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH [Fibrosis] Increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of NAD to NAD+ to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio [Fibrosis] Hyperfunction of sphingophospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive sphingophospholipid synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of sphingophospholipid synthesis gene expression The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphosphingolipids. phosphosphingolipid anabolism phosphosphingolipid formation phosphosphingolipid synthesis sphingophospholipid anabolism sphingophospholipid biosynthesis sphingophospholipid formation phosphosphingolipid biosynthesis Increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of NAD to NAD+ to be higher. increasing NAD/NAD+ ratio Sphingophopholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of phospholipid metabolism imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of sphingophopholipid metabolism. sphingophopholipid metabolism imbalance Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of phospholipidosis (severe). negative regulation of lysophagy [Phospholipidosis (severe)] Glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of phospholipid metabolism imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of glycerophospholipid metabolism. glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance increasing number of damaged lysosomes is a subtype of increasing number : A process that becomes larger in the number of damaged lysosomes. increasing number of damaged lysosomes Hypofunction of maintaining lysosome homeostasis is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient maintaining lysosome homeostasis. hypofunction of maintaining lysosome homeostasis The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. autophagy [Phospholipidosis] An attribute that inheres in a bearer by virtue of network network attribute Refolding promoting gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature refolding inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . refolding promoting gene expression NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 PMID:19850634 PMID:21045174 PMID:26519296 PMID:4382040 Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase [lipidosis] SCD (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6319 PMID:19850634 Hepatic lipid composition and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 mRNA expression can be estimated from plasma VLDL fatty acid ratios. PMID:26519296 Remarkably, liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd) mRNA expression was by far the most highly-induced transcript in WD-fed rats (approximately 30-fold, FDR = 0.01) which supports previous literature underscoring this gene as a crucial target during NAFLD development. Hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH is a subtype of hyperfunction of reduction: A process that performs an excesssive reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. hyperfunction of reduction of NAD(+) to NADH PLB Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycerophospholipid degradation. negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation Increasing acetyl CoA is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of acetyl CoA to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. acetyl CoA increase [Fibrosis] ATF6 (ATF6-alpha) activates chaperone genes is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with chaperone role to be higher by ATF6. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 (ATF6-alpha) activates chaperone genes [ER stress - refolding] A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of choline from one side of a membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. related molecular function GO:0015220 choline transmembrane transporter Lgpat1 CD36 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CD36 to be higher. PMID:17728375 PMID:27974793 CD 36 activation PMID:27974793 Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36. Hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation [Fibrosis] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of insulin secretion [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 CD36 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29184 AP-1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the AP-1 to be higher. AP-1 activation Increasing phospholipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid material to be larger. increasing phospholipid material Increasing phospholipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid material to be larger. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). increasing phospholipid material [Phospholipidosis (severe)] A role played by the entity to change the molecule (activity). role related to molecular change Increasing glycerophospholipid material is a subtype of increasing materials for lipid formation: A process that changes the amount of glycerophospholipid material to be larger. increasing glycerophospholipid material Increasing glycerophospholipid material is a subtype of increasing materials for lipid formation: A process that changes the amount of glycerophospholipid material to be larger. This process is dependent on the glycerophospholipid disorder (severe) and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing glycerophospholipid material [phospholipidosis - glycerophospholipid disorder (severe)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 PMID:15677505 PMID:16407588 PMID:18242221 PMID:21145849 PMID:27034954 CD36 [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29184 PMID:16407588 Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. I. Hepatic fatty acid uptake: possible role in steatosis. PMID:18242221 Hepatic fatty acid transporter Cd36 is a common target of LXR, PXR, and PPARgamma in promoting steatosis. Activation of LXR induced Cd36. Moreover, the hepatic steatosis induced by LXR agonists was largely abolished in Cd36 null mice. PXR can regulate Cd36 directly or through its activation of PPARgamma. Both LXR-mediated Cd36 regulation and PXR-mediated PPARgamma regulation are liver specific. PMID:21145849 AMPK activation promotes fatty acid uptake into the cell through the fatty acid transporter FAT/CD36 in addition to its stimulating role on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. PMID:27034954 VPA enhanced oleic acid- (OLA-) induced lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in hepatocytes; this may be due to upregulated lipid uptake, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and lipid droplet formation. Following VPA treatment, the expression levels of genes encoding cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2), and perilipin 2 (Plin2) were increased. CD36 regulates lipid uptake in different cells via binding to different ligands including long-chain fatty acids and native/oxidized lipoproteins. Increased hepatic CD36 expression is highly correlated with human insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This process is dependent on the phosphatidylcholine disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. choline transport [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylcholine disorder] AP-1 activation is a subtype of AP-1 activation: A process that changes the activity of the AP-1 to be higher by JNK. AP-1 activation by JNK AP-1 activation is a subtype of AP-1 activation: A process that changes the activity of the AP-1 to be higher by JNK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. AP-1 activation [ER stress] Hypofunction of hepatic metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient hepatic metabolism. hypofunction of hepatic metabolism Hypofunction of protein metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient protein metabolism. hypofunction of protein metabolism Hypofunction of lipid metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid metabolism. hypofunction of lipid metabolism Hypofunction of carbohydrate metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient carbohydrate metabolism. hypofunction of carbohydrate metabolism Hypofunction of cholesterol biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholesterol biosynthesis. hypofunction of cholesterol biosynthesis NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 PMID:25450203 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PPARA (canonical)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 Hmox1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24451 Decreasing cholesterol concentration in blood is a subtype of decreasing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the cholesterol in the blood to be lower. decreasing cholesterol concentration in blood Hypofunction of albumin biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient albumin biosynthesis. hypofunction of albumin biosynthesis Decreasing albumin concentration in blood is a subtype of decreasing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the albumin in the blood to be lower. decreasing albumin concentration in blood Decreasing blood osmotic pressure. is a subtype of decreasing osmotic pressure.: A process that changes the osmotic pressure to be lower. decreasing blood osmotic pressure. An attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement. movement attribute Decreasing amount of circulating blood is a subtype of decreasing blood flow: A process that changes the amount of circulating blood to be smaller. decreasing amount of circulating blood Decreasing renal blood flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the amount of renal flow to be lower. decreasing renal blood flow Increasing creatinine concentration is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the creatinine concentration to be higher. increasing creatinine concentration Renin-angiotensin activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, to be higher. renin-angiotensin activation A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and low density (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. The surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main function of LDL is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from the liver. Excessive levels are associated with cardiovascular disease. LDL Wikipedia:Low-density_lipoprotein low-density lipoprotein Hypofunction of retinol storage is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient retinol storage. hypofunction of retinol storage A role played by the molecule which transfers fatty acids. fatty acid transporter role Hypofunction of liver's excretion is a subtype of hypofunction of removing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient liver's excretion. hypofunction of liver's excretion Bile acid biosynthetic malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform a bile acid biosynthetic function correctly. bile acid biosynthetic malfunction Bile secretion malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform bile secretion function correctly. bile secretion malfunction Cholestasis (primitive process) is a subtype of stagnating: A process that changes the bile flow to be slower due to obstruction. cholestasis (primitive process) Inreasing blood ALP concentration is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the bilirubin concentration in the blood to be higher. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10001771 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/OMIM/MTHU010336 inreasing blood ALP concentration Increasing γ-glutamyltransferase concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration to be higher. increasing γ-glutamyltransferase concentration in blood Hypofunction of bilirubin excretion is a subtype of hypofunction of liver's excretion: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient bilirubin excretion. hypofunction of bilirubin excretion Increasing bilirubin concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the bilirubin concentration in the blood to be higher. increasing bilirubin concentration in blood Jaundice is a changing process that generally changes the color of the skin or eyes into yellow. jaundice (Process) A class of lipoproteins of large size (30-80 nm), very low density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of triglycerides and a surface monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitate the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. very-low-density lipoproteins VLDL (canonical)[lipidosis] Hypofunction of blood coagulation factor synthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient blood coagulation factor synthesis. hypofunction of blood coagulation factor synthesis A process that emits blood. bleeding Hypofunction of detoxification is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient detoxification. hypofunction of detoxification Increasing ammonia concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the ammonia concentration in the blood to be higher. increasing ammonia concentration in blood The directed movement of VLDL, out of a hepatocyte. VLDL release from hepatocyte The totality of all processes through which hepatic vascular circulation disorder is realized. hepatic vascular circulation disorder (toxic course) Hepatic shunt formtion is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that makes abnormal communications between the hepatic arteries, portal veins, and hepatic or systemic veins. It makes abnormal communications between the hepatic arteries, portal veins, and hepatic or systemic veins. hepatic shunt formtion It makes abnormal communications between the hepatic arteries, portal veins, and hepatic or systemic veins. PMID:15143226 Increasing hepatic portal pressure is a subtype of increasing pressure: A process that changes the hepatic portal pressure to be higher. increasing hepatic portal pressure Inzreasing size of the spleen is a subtype of increasing size: A process that changes the size of the of the spleen to be larger. splenomegaly inzreasing size of the spleen Spleen hyperfunction is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive spleen function. spleen hyperfunction Decreasing hemoglobin concentration in blood is a subtype of decreasing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the hemoglobin in the blood to be lower. decreasing hemoglobin concentration in blood Bypass formation is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that constructs an alternate passage of a bodily substancepassage carrying blood. bypass formation Varicosity of veins formation is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that have a varicosity of veins. PMID:18453484 varicosity of veins formation Stomach congestion is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of accumulation: A process that performs an excessive accumulation of blood in the stomach. stomach congestion Increasing hepatic venous pressure is a subtype of increasing pressure: A process that changes the hpatic venous pressure to be higher. increasing hepatic venous pressure Hyperfunction of hepatic lymph production is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive hepatic lymph production. hyperfunction of hepatic lymph production Hepatic lymph leakage is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks lymph out from the liver lymphatic vessel. hepatic lymph leakage Ascites (process) is a subtype of accumulation of fluids: A process that keeps fluid in the peritoneal cavity. ascites (process) NRF2 activation by PERK is a subtype of NRF2 activation: A process that changes the activity of NRF2 (Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2) to be higher by PERK. NRF2 activation by PERK The directed movement of VLDL, out of a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. VLDL release from hepatocyte [Lipidosis] Increasing aldosterone concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the aldosterone concentration in the blood to be higher. increasing aldosterone concentration in blood A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the kidney in animals. nephrotoxicant nephrotoxic agent Edema is a subtype of accumulation of fluids: A process that keeps an excessive fluid in cells or intercellular tissues. HP:0000969 edema (process) HP:0000969 Edema may be related to one or more of the following factors: 1) increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, 2) decreased osmotic pressure of plasma, 3) decreased tissue tension and lymphatic drainage, 4) increased osmotic pressure of tissue fluids, and 5) increased capillary permeability. Hypofunction of hormone metabolic process is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient hormone metabolic process. hypofunction of hormone metabolic process Hypofunction of estrogen degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient estrogen degradation. hypofunction of estrogen degradation Increasing estrogen concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the estrogen concentration in the blood to be higher. increasing estrogen concentration in blood Hyperfunction of glutathione synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive glutathione synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of glutathione synthetic gene expression Lipid degradtion related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature lipid degradation related gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid degradation related gene expression [lipidosis] Leaking fluid from blood vessel is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks fluid out from the blood vessel. leaking fluid from blood vessel Lipid degradtion related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature lipid degradation related gene product or products (proteins or RNA). lipid degradation related gene expression growth factor family Lipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature lipid synthesis gene product or products (proteins or RNA). lipid synthesis gene expression MMP inactivation by TIMP1 is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the MMP to be lower by TIMP1. MMP inactivation by TIMP1 Catalysis role of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3. GO:0008415 acyltransferase Lipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature lipid synthesis gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis." lipid synthesis gene expression [lipidosis] Fatty acid strorage is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps fatty acid in a biological object. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. fatty acid strorage [Fibrosis] A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid in the mitochondria. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively). mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation Negative regulation of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue is a subtype of negative regulation of lipid transport: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. negative regulation of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue [Fibrosis] A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete beta oxidation of a fatty acid in the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [lipidosis] Negative regulation of lipid transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. negative regulation of lipid transport Bcl2 phosphorylation is a subtype of phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into Bcl2. Bcl2 phosphorylation A role played by the entity which transmits from A to B. transmitter role NCBI-Human-GeneID:2194 PMID:10962028 FATTY Acid Synthase (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2194 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2194 ASAH1 is an estrogen-dependent member of the sphingolipid metabolism, which might provide further prognostic information in ER-positive breast cancers. PMID:17064658 PMID:23423838 PMID:29147025 http://omim.org/entry/613468 ASAH1 (human)[Phospholipidosis - tumor cell proliferation induction] PMID:23423838 ASAH1 is an estrogen-dependent member of the sphingolipid metabolism, which might provide further prognostic information in ER-positive breast cancers. PMID:19905902 PMID:17064658 Acid ceramidase and human disease. PMID:23423838 Acid ceramidase as a therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer. An imaging assay that utilizes a microscope to magnify features of the visualized material of interest that are not visible to naked eye. microscopy assay Catalysis role of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone. EC:2.3.1.48 acetyl-CoA:histone acetyltransferase histone acetylase related molecular function GO:0004402 histone acetyltransferase CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:22960355 CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane [Phospholipidosis] PMID:22960355 Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. increasing number of damaged lysosomes is a subtype of increasing number : A process that becomes larger in the number of damaged lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe) . increasing number of damaged lysosomes[Phospholipidosis (severe)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 PMID:28290443 ACC1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60581 Negative regulation of phospholipid binding is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid binding. negative regulation of phospholipid binding Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid deradation regulated by CAD. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Negative regulation of phospholipase binding to phospholipid by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid binding: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphholipid binding by phospholipase. negative regulation of phospholipase binding to phospholipid by CAD NCBI-Human-GeneID:8694 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13350 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84497 PMID:15308631 PMID:16864897 Dgat1 (rat)[lipidosis] PMID:15308631 PMID:16864897 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8694 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8694 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13350 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13350 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84497 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84497 PMID:15308631 Increasing DGAT1, ACAT1, or ACAT2 expression in McA-RH7777 cells stimulates the assembly and secretion of VLDL from liver cells PMID:16864897 The increased hepatic triacylglycerol level after tamoxifen treatment was accompanied by decreased acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and FAS activities, increased glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) activity, and a tendency to increased diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid degradation phospholipid catabolic process [Phospholipidosis] Negative regulation of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue is a subtype of negative regulation of lipid transport: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue. negative regulation of lipid transport from liver to peripheral tissue Increasing production amount of acetaldehyde is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of acetaldehyde to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. increasing production amount of acetaldehyde [Fibrosis] Increasing production amount of acetaldehyde is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of acetaldehyde to be higher. increasing production amount of acetaldehyde Hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis Hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis Increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of foam cell, a type of macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles, in the liver. increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell Hypofunction of ceramide synthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ceramide biosynthesis. hypofunction of ceramide biosynthesis eIF2a translation regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating translation by eIF2a as a systemic context. eIF2a translation regulation system Hyperfunction of choline transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive choline transport. hyperfunction of choline transport Hyperfunction of choline transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of choline transport: A process that performs an excesssive choline transport. And the degree is severe. This process is dependent on the phosphatidylcholine disorder (severe) and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of choline transport [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylcholine disorder (severe) ] DGAT(mol) Hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient glycerophospholipid degradation. hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation Increaseing production quantity of catecholamine is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of catecholamine to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. increaseing production quantity of catecholamine [Fibrosis] Hypofunction of phosphatidylcholine degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphatidylserine degradation. hypofunction of phosphatidylcholine degradation Increaseing production quantity of catecholamine is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of catecholamine to be higher. increaseing production quantity of catecholamine Heoatocyte growth is a subtype of cell growth: A process that The process in which a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver, increases in size. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. heoatocyte growth [Hypertrophy] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8694 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13350 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84497 DGAT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8694 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8694 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13350 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13350 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84497 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84497 Fatty Acid Synthase FASN PMID:16979167 PMID:3342096 PMID:7159463 gentamicin_phospholipase inhibitor [Phospholipidosis] PMID:16979167 While amiodarone was bound to the hydrophobic part, chlorphentermine and gentamicin displayed a strong affinity for the hydrophilic part, whereas chloroquine did not bind to either site of the phospholipid molecule. Gentamicin inhibited the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine specific variants of phospholipase C, and chlorphentermine inhibited a phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C. PMID:3342096 Biochemical mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced inhibition of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by lysosomal phospholipases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988, 37(4):591-9. Gentamicin and bis(beta-diethylaminoethylether)hexestrol (DEH), a cationic amphiphile which also binds to phospholipid bilayers, are equipotent inhibitors when added to negatively-charged liposomes at equinormal concentrations. Although direct aminoglycoside-enzyme interactions cannot be excluded, these results strongly suggest that gentamicin impairs the activities of the lysosomal phospholipases towards phosphatidylcholine by decreasing the available negative charges required for optimal activity. Arole played by the entity that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties with a charged cationic amine group. CADs exhibit the property of lysosomotropism, the property of a molecule to specifically associate with lysosomes. In theory, CADs could enter the lysosome through endocytosis, autophagy, or a drug-specific transporter. However, passive diffusion has been invoked as the major mechanism whereby CADs accumulate within the lysosome . CADs bind directly to phospholipids to result in indigestible drug–lipid complexes, which accumulate and are stored in the form of lysosomal lamellar bodies. Production of lamellar bodies was associated with inhibition of phospholipase activity; either due to direct inhibition or interaction of CAD at the phospholipid bilayer of the lysosome. PMID:9061852 CAD role Cationic Amphiphilic Drug role CADs exhibit the property of lysosomotropism, the property of a molecule to specifically associate with lysosomes. In theory, CADs could enter the lysosome through endocytosis, autophagy, or a drug-specific transporter. However, passive diffusion has been invoked as the major mechanism whereby CADs accumulate within the lysosome . CADs bind directly to phospholipids to result in indigestible drug–lipid complexes, which accumulate and are stored in the form of lysosomal lamellar bodies. Production of lamellar bodies was associated with inhibition of phospholipase activity; either due to direct inhibition or interaction of CAD at the phospholipid bilayer of the lysosome. PMID:16979167 PMID:9061852 Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis. Xenobiotics or their metabolites that induce phospholipidosis. Each of these drugs shares several common physiochemical properties: hydrophobic ring structure on the molecule and a hydrophilic side chain with a charged cationic amine group, hence the class term cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs). The hydrophobic structure enhances the molecule’s ability pass through plasma membranes when are they to not ionized. The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. cell proliferation [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:19 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 PMID:28290443 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 [lipidosis] ABCA1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:19 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60581 CHOP gene expression regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating gene expressions by CHOP as a systemic context. CHOP gene expression regulation system Hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hyperfunction of decompoing: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid degradation. hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation Hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs excessive phospholipid degradation as an excessive defense. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] The totality of all processes through which ground glass appearance is realized. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:22723046 PMID:24180433 cloudy swelling ground glass apperance [toxic corse] ISBN:0071769234 TCPOBOP and CITCO are potent direct activators of CAR. TCBOBOP is a potent agonist for mouse CAR, whereas CITCO is a potent agonist for human CAR. Casarett and Doull's PMID:22723046 Phenobarbitone and other microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers induce hepatocyte hypertrophy through sER proliferation. This results in the characteristic eosinophilic ‘‘ground glass’’ appearance of hepatocyte cytoplasm. Dysfunction of protein refolding is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete protein refolding. dysfunction of protein refolding Phospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of phospholipid metabolism. phospholipid metabolism balance Phospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of phospholipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). phospholipid metabolism balance [phopholipidosis - normal] ATF6 gene expression regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating gene expressions by ATF6 as a systemic context. ATF6 gene expression regulation system The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. This causal process is heredity. phospholipidosis (genetic) Loss of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of loss of function (process): A process that results in no longer having a phospholipid degradation function or the process that gradually loses it. loss of phospholipid degradation Loss of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of loss of function (process): A process that results in no longer having a phospholipid degradation function or the process that gradually loses it. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. loss of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] Loss of structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that lacks the structure or decreases structural parts. loss of structure Genetic defect is a subtype of structural defect: A process in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. wikipedia: Deletion_(genetics) genetic defect in vitro (human) 24hr NCBI-Human-GeneID:19 OMIM:600046 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 ABCA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:19 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19 Phopholipase gene mutation is a subtype of gene mutation: A process thatchanges the sequence of a phospholipase gene. phopholipase gene mutation Sphingomyelinase gene mutation is a subtype of phopholipase gene mutation: A process that changes the sequence of a sphingomyelinase gene. sphingomyelinase gene mutation Sphingomyelinase gene mutation is a subtype of phopholipase gene mutation: A process that changes the sequence of a sphingomyelinase gene. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. sphingomyelinase gene mutation [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Dysfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phospholipid degradation. dysfunction of phospholipid degradation Dysfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. dysfunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] Cell rupture is the tearing apart of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell rupture [Cell death] Hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of glutathione depletion. hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [Glutathione depletion] A role played by the entity which enables the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. cholesterol transporter role NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81508 PMID:19635752 PMID:21349258 Betaine--Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase Bhmt (rat)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81508 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81508 PMID:19635752 High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study. PMID:21349258 Folate and choline metabolism gene variants and development of uterine cervical carcinoma. Malfunctioning of intracellular signal transduction is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform signaling [biological] appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of intracellular signal transduction Malfunctioning of receptor function is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a receiving function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of receptor function Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26481188 autophagy in response to ER stress positive regulation of autophagy [ER stress] PMID:26481188 Blocking autophagy enhances meloxicam lethality to hepatocellular carcinoma by promotion of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Blocking autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg5 siRNA knock-down enhanced meloxicam lethality for HCC by activation of ER stress-related apoptosis. In addition, GRP78 seemed to lead to autophagic activation via the AMPK-mTOR signalling pathway. Blocking AMPK with a chemical inhibitor inhibited autophagy suggesting that meloxicam-regulated autophagy requires activation of AMPK. ER stress and autophagy were involved in cell death evoked by meloxicam in HCC cells. This inhibition of autophagy to enhance meloxicam lethality, suggests a novel therapeutic strategy against HCC. Changing membrane potential is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the electrical potential across a membrane. changing membrane potential A release process of the cholesterol from hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. cholesterol efflux from hepatoyte [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of cholesterol transport from hepatocyte is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholesterol transport from hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of cholesterol export from hepatoyte [lipidosis] A value in comparison to something else. relative value A value which is greater in comparison to something else. relative large (value) A value which is greater in comparison to something else. relative small (value) The totality of all processes through which the Niemann–Pick disease type A or type B is realized. This causal process is heredity. Niemann–Pick disease type A and type B are inherited as autosomal recessive deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase, in the lysosomes of the reticuloendothelial system. This results in the lysosomal storage of sphingomyelin. The liver and spleen are predominantly involved. Sherlock's Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 12th Edition PMID:20111001 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease course of Niemann–Pick disease type A and type B Niemann–Pick disease type A and type B are inherited as autosomal recessive deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase, in the lysosomes of the reticuloendothelial system. This results in the lysosomal storage of sphingomyelin. The liver and spleen are predominantly involved. Sherlock's Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 12th Edition Online ISBN:9781444341294 Print ISBN:9781405134897 PMID:20111001 Hsp70 stabilizes lysosomes and reverts Niemann-Pick disease-associated lysosomal pathology. Phopholipase gene mutation is a subtype of gene mutation: A process thatchanges the sequence of a phospholipase gene. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). phopholipase gene mutation [Phospholipidosis - genetic] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20597 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308909 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1 [Phospholipidosis] SMPD1 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20597 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20597 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308909 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/308909 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingophospholipids. sphingophospholipid breakdown sphingophospholipid catacolism sphingophospholipid degradation sphingophospholipid catabolic process Moving fatty axid to the hepatocyte is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of fatty acid into a hepatocyte. moving fatty acid to the hepatocyte Increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [Fibrosis] The totality of all processes through which the Niemann–Pick disease type A is realized. This causal process is heredity. PMID:16434659 PMID:24488099 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease https://omim.org/entry/257200 course of Niemann–Pick disease type A PMID:16434659 Natural history of type A Niemann-Pick disease: possible endpoints for therapeutic trials. Neurology 66: 228-232, 2006. The clinical course in Type A Niemann-Pick disease is similar among affected patients and is characterized by a relentless neurodegenerative course that leads to death, usually within 3 years. PMID:24488099 High sphingomyelin levels induce lysosomal damage and autophagy dysfunction in Niemann Pick disease type A. Niemann Pick disease type A (NPA), which is caused by loss of function mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene, is a lysosomal storage disorder leading to neurodegeneration. Undegraded molecules build up in neurons of acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice and in fibroblasts from NPA patients in which autophagolysosomes accumulate. The latter is not due to alterations in autophagy initiation or autophagosome-lysosome fusion but because of inefficient autophago-lysosomal clearance. T his, in turn, can be explained by lysosomal membrane permeabilization leading to cytosolic release of Cathepsin B. High sphingomyelin (SM) levels account for these effects as they can be induced in control cells on addition of the lipid and reverted on SM-lowering strategies in ASM-deficient cells. These results unveil a relevant role for SM in autophagy modulation and characterize autophagy anomalies in NPA, opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease Niemann-Pick disease type A usually develop an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) by age 3 months and fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). The affected children develop normally until around age 1 year when they experience a progressive loss of mental abilities and movement (psychomotor regression). Children with Niemann-Pick disease type A also develop widespread lung damage (interstitial lung disease) that can cause recurrent lung infections and eventually lead to respiratory failure. All affected children have an eye abnormality called a cherry-red spot, which can be identified with an eye examination. Children with Niemann-Pick disease type A generally do not survive past early childhood. The totality of all processes through which the Niemann–Pick disease type B is realized. This causal process is heredity. PMID:20111001 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease https://omim.org/entry/607616 course of Niemann–Pick disease type B https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease PMID:20111001 Kirkegaard et al. (2010) showed that Hsp70 (140550) stabilizes lysosomes by binding to an endolysosomal anionic phospholipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), an essential cofactor for lysosomal sphingomyelin metabolism. In acidic environments Hsp70 binds with high affinity and specificity to BMP, thereby facilitating the BMP binding and activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). The inhibition of the Hsp70-BMP interaction by BMP antibodies or a point mutation in Hsp70 (trp90 to phe), as well as the pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ASM, effectively reverted the Hsp70-mediated stabilization of lysosomes. Notably, the reduced ASM activity in cells from patients with Niemann-Pick disease A (257200) and B, severe lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-1 gene (SMPD1; 607616) encoding ASM, is also associated with a marked decrease in lysosomal stability, and this phenotype could be effectively corrected by treatment with recombinant Hsp70. Kirkegaard et al. (2010) concluded that, taken together, their data opened exciting possibilities for the development of new treatments for lysosomal storage disorders and cancer with compounds that enter the lysosomal lumen by the endocytic delivery pathway. https://omim.org/entry/607616 Hsp70 stabilizes lysosomes and reverts Niemann-Pick disease-associated lysosomal pathology. Nature 463: 549-553, 2010. [ https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease Niemann-Pick disease type B usually presents in mid-childhood. The signs and symptoms of this type are similar to type A, but not as severe. People with Niemann-Pick disease type B often have hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent lung infections, and a low number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia). They also have short stature and slowed mineralization of bone (delayed bone age). About one-third of affected individuals have the cherry-red spot eye abnormality or neurological impairment. People with Niemann-Pick disease type B usually survive into adulthood. Retinal degeneration is a subtype of changing material: A process that degenerates retinal photoreceptors and pigmented epithelial cells. Detinal degenration is usually caused by the progressive cell death. retinal degeneration Retinal degeneration is a subtype of changing material: A process that degenerates retinal photoreceptors and pigmented epithelial cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type A. retinal degeneration [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation in the myelin sheath Dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphosphingolipid degradation. dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Pulmonary infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the lung to increase the number. pulmonary infection Pulmonary infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the lung to increase the number. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. pulmonary infection [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Decrease in platelet count is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in platelet count. decrease in platelet count Decrease in platelet count is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in platelet count. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type B. decrease in platelet count [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Pulmonary infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the lung to increase the number. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. pulmonary infection [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Hyperfunction of phospholipid removing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive removal of phospholipids. hyperfunction of phospholipid removing Hyperfunction of phospholipid removing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive removal of phospholipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of phospholipid removing [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] lysophagy is a subtype of autophagy: A process that becomes larger in the number of autodigestion of abnormal lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . lysophagy [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] Hyperfunction of immune response is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive immune response. hyperfunction of immune response Hyperfunction of immune response is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive immune response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). PMID:26241657 hyperfunction of immune response [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). iflammation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] inflammatory response [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . regulation of cell cycle [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . cell proliferation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:12069817 PMID:12414665 tumor cell proliferation [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:12414665 PMID:12069817 Phosphoinositide 3-kinases in lysophosphatidic acid signaling: regulation and cross-talk with the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. EGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a EGFR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007173 EGFR signaling (primitive) EGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a EGFR This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . EGFR signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:12414665 PMID:12414665 AKT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043491 PKB signaling (primitive) AKT signaling (primitive) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] Moving free fatty acid to the hepatocyte is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of free fatty acid into a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. moving free fatty acid to the hepatocyte [eosinogranular degeneration] The spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [def-source: NCI] This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). metastasis [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] PMID:27816970 NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 PMID:15677505 PMID:16407588 PMID:18242221 PMID:21145849 PMID:27034954 CD36 -translocator role [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12491 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12491 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29184 PMID:16407588 Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. I. Hepatic fatty acid uptake: possible role in steatosis. PMID:18242221 Hepatic fatty acid transporter Cd36 is a common target of LXR, PXR, and PPARgamma in promoting steatosis. Activation of LXR induced Cd36. Moreover, the hepatic steatosis induced by LXR agonists was largely abolished in Cd36 null mice. PXR can regulate Cd36 directly or through its activation of PPARgamma. Both LXR-mediated Cd36 regulation and PXR-mediated PPARgamma regulation are liver specific. PMID:21145849 AMPK activation promotes fatty acid uptake into the cell through the fatty acid transporter FAT/CD36 in addition to its stimulating role on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. PMID:27034954 VPA enhanced oleic acid- (OLA-) induced lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in hepatocytes; this may be due to upregulated lipid uptake, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and lipid droplet formation. Following VPA treatment, the expression levels of genes encoding cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2), and perilipin 2 (Plin2) were increased. CD36 regulates lipid uptake in different cells via binding to different ligands including long-chain fatty acids and native/oxidized lipoproteins. Increased hepatic CD36 expression is highly correlated with human insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development A role played by the molecule which transfers free fatty acids. free fatty acid transporter role Hyperfunction of uptaking fatty acid into liver is a a process that performs an excesssive uptaking of fatty acids into the iver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of uptaking fatty acid [lipidosis] Hyperfunction of uptaking fatty acid into liver is a a process that performs an excesssive uptaking of fatty acids into the iver. hyperfunction of uptaking fatty acid Finding is a subtype of data item that the result (output) of an investigation or an image finding, or some combination thereof. finding The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. monomeric FXR imight represss human SLCO2B1 OATP2B1 SLCO2B1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides). OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1), OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), and OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes, although OATP2B1 appears not to be a bile Salt transporter. ISBN:0123878179 monomeric FXR imight represss human SLCO2B1 ISBN:0123878179 Changing time length is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the length of time. changing time length ATP-BINDING cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily (canonical)[Cholestasis] A pathological finding is a subtype of finding, which is observed as the lesion based on the pathological morphology. pathological finding myelin figure [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. Based on pathological morphology, lesions are observed as myelin-like layered structures under electron microscopy. membranous cytoplasmic body myelinsome [Liver PathologicalFindings] myeloid body [Liver PathologicalFindings] myelin figure [Liver Pathological Findings] GO:0004879 nuclear receptor family An attribute value of a tumor. This entity is a subtype of categorical value, which is non-quantitative and is dependent on tumors. tumor value A value of the attribute of tumors that progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. neoplastic (value) An attribute value of a tumor that does not progress, not invade surrounding tissues or not metastasize. non-neoplastic (value) Signal integration system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation as a systemic context. signal integration system continuousness (attribute) Catalysis role of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. EC:2.7. related molecular function GO:0016301 kinase Negative regulation ofglycosylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycosylation. negative regulation ofglycosylation NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11727 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 Ang (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/283 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11727 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11727 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305843 sequestering of triglyceride (mild) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps triglycerides in hepatocytes. And the degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. sequestering of triglyceride in hepatocyte (mild) [lipidosis] Changing pH is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the pH of the object, which denotes the acidity of a solution in terms of activity of hydrogen ions (H+). changing pH sequestering of triglyceride (moderate) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps triglycerides in hepatocytes. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. sequestering of triglyceride in hepatocyte (moderate) [lipidosis] sequestering of triglyceride in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps triglycerides in hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. sequestering of triglyceride in hepatocyte Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. regulation of innate immune response [Phospholipidosis] phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position velocity attribute A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. lymphocyte and (capable of some natural killer cell mediated immunity) and (capable of some regulation of immune response) and (lacks_plasma_membrane_part some CD19 molecule) and (lacks_plasma_membrane_part some CD3 epsilon) and (lacks_plasma_membrane_part some membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1) and (lacks_plasma_membrane_part some CD14 molecule) natural killer cell A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000623 JNK activation by IRE1 is a subtype of JNK activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher by IRE1. JNK activation by IRE1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 ERN1 IRE1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/498013 PERK signal integration system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via PERK as a systemic context. PERK signal integration system JNK activation by IRE1 is a subtype of JNK activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. JNK activation by IRE1 [ER stress] A role that represses the rate, timing and/or magnitude of transcription of genetic information. trannscriptional repressor Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 PMID:12914695 PMID:17261850 PMID:2335054 http://omim.org/entry/607309 Adaptor Related Protein Complex 1 Mu 2 Subunit [Phospholipidosis] AP1M2 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10053 PMID:12914695 Phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate regulates targeting of clathrin adaptor AP-1 complexes to the Golgi. Cell, 114, 299-310 (2003) PMID:17261850 Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase modulates adherens junction and E-cadherin trafficking via a direct interaction with mu 1B adaptin: Type Igamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPKIgamma) directly binds to E-cadherin and modulates E-cadherin trafficking. PIPKIgamma also interacts with the mu subunits of clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes and acts as a signalling scaffold that links AP complexes to E-cadherin. PIPKIgamma serves as both a scaffold, which links E-cadherin to AP complexes and the trafficking machinery, and a regulator of trafficking events via the spatial generation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. PMID:2335054 The cytosolic adaptor AP-1A is essential for the trafficking and function of Niemann-Pick type C proteins. PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signal integration system is a subtype of PERK pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via PERK, eIF2a, and ATF4 as a systemic context. PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signal integration system Sorting cargo transport signal is a subtype of extractng: A process that obtains a necessary cargo transport signal. PMID:12914695 sorting cargo transport signal PMID:12914695 Phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate regulates targeting of clathrin adaptor AP-1 complexes to the Golgi. Cell, 114, 299-310 (2003) The totality of all processes through which the Niemann–Pick disease type C is realized. This causal process is heredity. PMID:18953351 PMID:21502308 PMID:9211850 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease#genes https://omim.org/entry/257220 https://omim.org/entry/607623 https://omim.org/entry/607625 under construction Niemann–Pick disease type C PMID:18953351 NPC1 is involved in sphingosine efflux from lysosomes, and that lysosomal sphingosine accumulation in NPC alters intracellular calcium concentration and causes abnormal endocytic trafficking Niemann-Pick disease type C1 is a sphingosine storage disease that causes deregulation of lysosomal calcium. Nature Med. 14: 1247-1255, 2008. PMID:9211850 Murine model of Niemann-Pick C disease: mutation in a cholesterol homeostasis gene. Science 277: 232-235, 1997. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/niemann-pick-disease#genes Mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene cause Niemann-Pick disease type C. The proteins produced from these genes are involved in the movement of lipids within cells. Mutations in these genes lead to a shortage of functional protein, which prevents movement of cholesterol and other lipids, leading to their accumulation in cells. Because these lipids are not in their proper location in cells, many normal cell functions that require lipids (such as cell membrane formation) are impaired. The accumulation of lipids as well as the cell dysfunction eventually leads to cell death, causing the tissue and organ damage seen in Niemann-Pick disease types C1 and C2. An attribute in which events occur in sequence. time attribute Lysosomal cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the lysosome. lysosomal cholesterol storage Lysosomal cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C. lysosomal cholesterol storage [Niemann Pick Disease Type C] Dysfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (severe) is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation severely. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. Dysfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (severe) [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [lipidosis] Overeating is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the ingestion amount of food to be larger. overeating A behavioral process associated with the intake of food. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). feeding behavior [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] CAR -cell senescence inhibitor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] Catalysis role of the reaction: anandamide + H2O <=> arachidonate + ethanolaminium(1+) GO:0103073 anandamide amidohydrolase Catalysis role of the reaction: anandamide + H2O <=> arachidonate + ethanolaminium(1+) EC:3.5.1.99 Hypofunction of phosphoethanolamine degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphoethanolamine degradation. Decreasing phosphoethanolamine degradation is a subtype of decreasing functioning process of breakdown of phosphoethanolamine. hypofunction of phosphoethanolamine degradation Regulation of hepatocyte cell cycle is a subtype of regulation of cell cycle: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. regulation of hepatocyte cell cycle [Hypertrophy] P53 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by p53. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:17090686 p53 signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] Catalysis role of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H(+) EC:2.7.1.81 PMID:22241472 hydroxylysine kinase PMID:22241472 Molecular identification of hydroxylysine kinase and of ammoniophospholyases acting on 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine and phosphoethanolamine. J. Biol. Chem. 287: 7246-7255, 2012. [ NCBI-Human-GeneID:1557 PMID:12464799] PMID:19651758 PMID:21934639 PMID:23193974 PMID:26477383 CYP2C19 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1557 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1557 PMID:12464799] A. Identification and functional characterization of new potentially defective alleles of human CYP2C19. Pharmacogenetics 12: 703-711, 2002. [ PMID:19651758 Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme alterations in humans with progressive stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Microsomal protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 tended to decrease with NAFLD progression. Functional activity assays revealed decreasing trends in CYP1A2 (p = 0.001) and CYP2C19 (p = 0.05) enzymatic activity with increasing NAFLD severity. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta was observed and may be responsible for observed decreases in respective P450 activity. PMID:21934639 Aminoglycoside-induced suppression of CYP2C19*3 premature stop codon. PMID:23193974 The action of cytochrome b(5) on CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 activities requires anionic residues D58 and D65. PMID:26477383 Development of HepG2-derived cells expressing cytochrome P450s for assessing metabolism-associated drug-induced liver toxicity. Hypofunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hypofunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient drug metabolism phase I. hypofunction of drug metabolism phase I Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolism phase I. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I [Phospholipidosis] Cyp1 is a subtype of cytochrome P450. Cyp1 Cyp2 is a subtype of cytochrome P450. Cyp2 Cyp3 is a subtype of cytochrome P450. Cyp3 Cyp4 is a subtype of cytochrome P450. Cyp4 Hypofunction of cholesterol transport from lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholestsrol transport from lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick type C. hypofunction of cholesterol transport in lysosome [Niemann-Pick type C] . Cholesteroltransport gene mutation is a subtype of gene mutation: A process thatchanges the sequence of a cholesterol transport gene. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Type C. cholesterol transport gene mutation [Niemann Pick Type C] IPR:001128 PMID:16584116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38559 Cytochrome P450 PMID:16584116 AAPS J. 2006 Mar 10;8(1):E101-11. Cytochrome P450s and other enzymes in drug metabolism and toxicity. Drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of drug metabolism phase I: A process that is biotransformed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily . NCIT:C91423 PMID:16584116 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-211945&SEL=R-HSA-211981&PATH=R-HSA-1430728,R-HSA-211859 drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 PMID:15720040 imipramine _CAD [Phospholipidosis] PMID:15720040 Induction of apoptosis by cationic amphiphilic drugs amiodarone and imipramine. These observations suggested that accumulation of cellular phospholipids could inhibit cell proliferation. Amiodarone and imipramine induced apoptosis in U-937 cells and induced the activity of caspases 2 and 3. These results suggest that disruption of cell lysosomes in U-937 cells following accumulation of phospholipids does not cause a cell cycle arrest but instead induces apoptosis by activation of caspase pathways. A role played by the entity to repair the damaged DNA. DNA repair agent role NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 PMID:10199594 PMID:10784435 PMID:15128046 http://omim.org/entry/123930 Orthologs of the human CYP2B6 genes can be found in other species including rats, mice, and dogs, which are termed Cyp2b1, Cyp2b10, and CYP2B11, respectively CYP2B6 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1555 PMID:10199594 Xenobiotica. 1999 Feb;29(2):187-93. Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450s and steroidogenic CYP17 to the N-demethylation of aminopyrine. Among the hepatic P450s, the N-demethylation of aminopyrine was catalysed most efficiently by CYP2C19, followed by CYP2C8, 2D6, 2C18 and 1A2, whereas the activity with CYP2E1 was negligible. PMID:10784435 Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Apr;23(4):498-501. Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in human hepatic cytochrome P450s by bisphenol A. CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 catalyzed most efficiently the aminopyrine N-demethylation, followed by CYP2C8 and CYP2D6. Bisphenol A (1 mM) most efficiently inhibited aminopyrine N-demethylation by CYP2C8 and CYP2C19 by 82% and 85%, respectively, whereas inhibition of the activities by CYP 2B6 and 2D6 was less than 40%. Bisphenol A inhibits CYP2C19-mediated S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation. PMID:15128046 Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016 Sep; 6(5): 413–425. Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug–drug interactions Orthologs of the human CYP2B6 genes can be found in other species including rats, mice, and dogs, which are termed Cyp2b1, Cyp2b10, and CYP2B11, respectively PMID:15128046 Amitriptyline metabolism is a subtype of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450: A process that that is biotransformed of amitriptyline by cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily (CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9. ) This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. amitriptyline metabolism [Phospholipidosis] PMID:10199594 Amitriptyline metabolism is a subtype of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450: A process that that is biotransformed of amitriptyline by cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily (CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9. ) amitriptyline metabolism phase I PMID:24003057 PMID:24980264 amitriptyline [Phospholipidosis] A length quality value which is greater than the normal or average. short (value) long (value) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1565 PMID:12695349 PMID:17470523 PMID:26296708 PMID:27440861 CYP2D6 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1565 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1565 PMID:26296708 P450-Based Drug-Drug Interactions of Amiodarone and its Metabolites: Diversity of Inhibitory Mechanisms.: Both AMIO and its metabolites MDEA appear to be important in DDIs resulting from inhibition of CYP2D6. PMID:27440861 The Use of In Vitro Data and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Drug Metabolite Exposure: Desipramine Exposure in Cytochrome P4502D6 Extensive and Poor Metabolizers Following Administration of Imipramine. Decreasing ceramide is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the ceramide to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. decreasing ceramide [sphingomyelin disorder ] Hepatocyte cell division is a subtype of cell division: The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a heoatocyte cell to form more cells. hepatocyte cell division PPARalpha inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha ( (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha)) with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. PPAR alpha inactivation inactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha PPARalpha inactivation CHEBI:23981 MeSH:D004983 ethanoleamines MeSH:D019856 ethanoleamine A length quality value which is small. short (value) PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signal integration system signal integration system is a subtype of PERK pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via PERK, eIF2a, ATF4, and CHOP as a systemic context. PERK-eIF2a-ATF4-CHOP signal integration system Glycerophospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of phospholipid metabolism balance: A process that keeps a balance of glycerophospholipid metabolism. glycerophospholipid metabolism balance Glycerophospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of phospholipid metabolism balance: A process that keeps a balance of glycerophospholipid metabolism. This process is dependent on the glycerophospholipid disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. glycerophospholipid metabolism balance [phospholipidosis - glycerophospholipid disorder] Heoatocyte growth is a subtype of cell growth: A process that The process in which a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver, increases in size. heoatocyte growth Phosphatidylcholine metabolism balance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism balance: A process that keeps a balance of phosphatidylcholine metabolism. phosphatidylcholine metabolism balance Regulation of hepatocyte cell cycle [hypertrophy] is a subtype of regulation of cell cycle: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte cell cycle. regulation of hepatocyte cell cycle [hypertrophy] Stagnating is a subtype of decreasing velocity: A process that changes the flow velocity to be slower or stops it in progress. stagnating Increasing distance between hepatocytes is a subtype of increasing distance between cells: A process that places a distance between hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. separating between hepatocytes [Ground glass appearance] increasing distance between hepatocytes [Ground glass appearance] Increasing phosphatidylcholine material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidylcholine material to be larger. increasing phosphatidylcholine material The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. drug metabolic process [Ground glass appearance] Phosphatidylcholine metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidylcholine metabolism. phosphatidylcholine metabolism imbalance PMID:17090686 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 - apoptosis inducer (mouse)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. Hyperfunction of Phosphatidylcholine synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidylcholine ssynthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of Phosphatidylcholine synthesis gene expression The totality of all processes through which ground glass appearance is realized. This toxic course has a process of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) activation by phenobarbital. ground glass appearance with Cytochrome P450 activation by phenobarbital Nuclear receptor inactivation is a subtype of inactivation : A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. nuclear receptor inactivation nuclear receptor inactivation Increasing distance between hepatocytes is a subtype of increasing distance between cells: A process that places a distance between hepatocytes. separating between hepatocytes increasing distance between hepatocytes Drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of drug metabolic process: A process that of biotransformation reactions involving conjugate enabling efficient excretion. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D050217 drug metabolism phase II Increasing phosphatidylethanolamine material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine material to be larger. increasing phosphatidylethanolamine material Drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of drug metabolic process: A process that of biotransformation reactions involving conjugate enabling efficient excretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. drug metabolism phase II [Ground glass appearance] Phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism. phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism imbalance Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (sphingomyelin disorder) . negative regulation of apoptotic process [Phospholipidosis-sphingomyelin disorder] Hyperfunctioning of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidylethanolamine synthetic gene expression. hyperfunctioning of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis gene expression Drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of drug metabolic process: A process that of biotransformation reactions involving hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation or introduces a functional group (such as -OH, -NH2, -SH or -COOH) to increase in the water solubility of a xenobiotic. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. drug metabolism phase I [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine degradation is a subtype of Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylethanolamine degradation. negative regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine degradation The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, making it soluble in water: the conjugated version is the main form of bilirubin present in the "direct" bilirubin fraction. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. UGT1A1 responsible for conjugating bilirubin is inducible by CAR activators such as phenobarbital and scoparone. xenobiotic glucuronidation [Ground glass appearance] In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, making it soluble in water: the conjugated version is the main form of bilirubin present in the "direct" bilirubin fraction. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin UGT1A1 responsible for conjugating bilirubin is inducible by CAR activators such as phenobarbital and scoparone. ISBN:0071769234 Hyperfunction of phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis Hyperfunction of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis Hyperfunction of phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis Hyperfunction of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis Hyperfunction of phosphatidyl-L-serine biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidyl-L-serine biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidyl-L-serine biosynthesis Glutathione conjugation is a subtype of drug metabolism phase II: Glutathione conjugation is a detoxication reaction. Four types of activation reaction have been recognized: direct-acting compounds, conjugates that are activated through cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, conjugates that are activated through redox cycling and lastly conjugates that release the original reactive parent compound. The glutathione S-transferases have three connections with the formation of biactivated conjugatesto make them more soluble for excretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. glutathione conjugation [Ground glass appearance] Increasing phosphatidylglycerol material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidylglycerol material to be larger. increasing phosphatidylglycerol material Gene expression of cytochrome p450 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature cytochrome p450 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. gene expression of cytochrome p450 [Ground glass appearance] Phosphatidylglycerol metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidylglycerol metabolism. phosphatidylglycerol metabolism imbalance PMID:29147025 S1P -apoptosis inhibitor (inactivated state)[Phospholipidosis - positive regulation of apoptosis] Hypofunction of phosphatidylglycerol degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphatidylglycerol degradation. hypofunction of phosphatidylglycerol degradation Gene expression of cytochrome p450 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature cytochrome p450 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . gene expression of cytochrome p450 Hyperfunction of phosphatidylglycerol synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidylglycerol synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of phosphatidylglycerol synthesis gene expression Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of phosphatidylglycerol degradation is a subtype of Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylglycerol degradation. negative regulation of phosphatidylglycerol degradation Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane. smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization Changing color is a subtype of changing quality: A process that chnges the color of the object. changing color Increasing distance between cells is a subtype of increasing distance: A process that places a distance between cells. separating between cells increasing distance between cells PPARalpha inactivation is a subtype of inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. Reactome The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); PMID:25703085 PMID:25450203 PPAR alpha inactivation [Lipidosis] PMID:25450203 PMID:25450203 PMID:25703085 Liver PPARα expression negatively correlated with the presence of NASH (p=0.001) and with severity of steatosis (p=0.003), ballooning (p=0.001), NASH activity score (p=0.008) and fibrosis (p=0.003). Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy [Ground glass appearance] Phosphatidic acid degradation is a subtype of glycerophospholipid catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidic acid. phosphatic acid breakdown phosphatidic acid catabolic process phosphatidic acid catabolism phosphatidic acid degradation Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of phosphatidic acid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphatidic acid biosynthesis Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 Hyperfunction of phosphosphingolipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phosphosphingolipid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of phosphosphingolipid biosynthesis Hyperfunction of sphingomyelin biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of phosphosphingolipid biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive sphingomyelin biosynthesis. hyperfunction of sphingomyelin biosynthesis ER stress response gene expression via PERK is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ER stress response gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by PERK. ER stress response gene expression via PERK Hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression by phenobarbital (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Increasing phosphatidic acid material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidic acid material to be larger. increasing phosphatidic acid material Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Increasing phosphatidylserine material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidylserine material to be larger. increasing phosphatidylserine material Increasing amount of foreign substance is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of foreign substance to be higher. increasing amount of foreign substance NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha [lipidosis] PPAR alpha (canonical) [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 Increasing amount of xenobiotics is a subtype of increasing amount of foreign substance: A process that changes the amount of xenobiotics to be higher. increasing amount of xenobiotics acetaldehyde [Lipidosis] Increasing amount of drug is a subtype of increasing amount of xenobiotics: A process that changes the amount of drug to be higher. increasing amount of drug AMPK inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be lower. AMPK inactivation Increasing amount of drug is a subtype of increasing amount of xenobiotics: A process that changes the amount of drug to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing amount of drug [Ground glass appearance] AMPK inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. AMPK is sensitive to energy charge, which is activated by an increase in the ratio of AMP/ATP. PMID:17854140 AMPK inactivation [lipidosis] PMID:17854140 When ethanol is added to cultured hepatoma cells that oxidize ethanol, it induces transcription of an SREBP-regulated promoter and increases the levels of the mature form of SREBP-1. AMPK regulates the ethanol-elicited SREBP-1 activation and the development of steatosis. Decreasing amount of drug is a subtype of decreasing amount of xenobiotics: A process that changes the quantity of the drug to be lower. decreasing amount of drug Phosphatidylserine metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidylserine metabolism. phosphatidylserine metabolism imbalance Removing myelin figure by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes myelin figure from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages. removing myelin figure by Kupffer cell or macrophage Phosphatidic acid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidic acid metabolism. phosphatidic acid metabolism imbalance Removing myelin figure by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes myelin figure from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. removing myelin figure by Kupffer cell or macrophage [Phospholipidosis] Phosphatidylinositol metabolism imbalance is a subtype of glycerophospholipid metabolism imbalance : A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phosphatidylinositol metabolism. phosphatidylinositol metabolism imbalance Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes mildly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. lipid accumulation in hepatocyte [Phospholipidosis] Hyperfunction of Phosphatidylserine synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidylserine synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of Phosphatidylserine synthesis gene expression Decreasing amount of drug is a subtype of decreasing amount of xenobiotics: A process that changes the quantity of the drug to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. decreasing amount of drug [Ground glass appearance] Hypofunction of phosphatidylserine degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphatidylcholine degradation. hypofunction of phosphatidylserine degradation Keeping amount of drug is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintains the amount of the drug at a constant level . keeping amount of drug Negative regulation of phosphatidylserine degradation is a subtype of Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine degradation. negative regulation of phosphatidylserine degradation Cell rupture is the tearing apart of a cell. cell rupture The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ser/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensor conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolic enzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 PRKAA1 AMPK (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65248 Increasing phosphatidylinositol material is a subtype of increasing glycerophospholipid material: A process that changes the amount of phosphatidylinositol material to be larger. increasing phosphatidylinositol material Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of the phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of phosphatidylinositol synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidylinositol synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of phosphatidylinositol synthetic gene expression Chemical homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a chemical homeostastasis balance. chemical homeostasis imbalance Hypofunction of phosphatidylinositol degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphatidylinositol degradation. hypofunction of phosphatidylinositol degradation Changing balance of drug metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that that changes the balance between break down and the continued presence of the drug. changing balance of drug metabolism Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol degradation is a subtype of Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol degradation. negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol degradation Changing balance of drug metabolism is a subtype of changing balance: A process that that changes the balance between break down and the continued presence of the drug. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. changing balance of drug metabolism [Ground glass appearance] Drug metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of drug metabolism. drug metabolism imbalance Hyperfunction of hosphatidic acid gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of glycerophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phosphatidic acid synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of hosphatidic acid gene expression Hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation for phenobarbital intermediate metabolite is a subtype of hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation: A process that performs an excessive glucuronic acid conjugation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation for phenobarbital intermediate metabolite [Ground glass appearance] Hypofunction of phosphatidic acid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phosphatidic acid degradation. hypofunction of phosphatidic acid degradation Drug metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of drug metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. drug metabolism imbalance [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of phosphatidic acid degradation is a subtype of Negative regulation of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidic acid degradation. negative regulation of phosphatidic acid degradation Drug metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of drug metabolism. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of liver tumor via ground glass appearance. drug metabolism imbalance [Ground glass appearance (severe) - tumorigenesis] Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (severe). chemcal compound accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance (severe)] Increasing sphingophopholipid material is a subtype of increasing materials for lipid formation: A process that changes the amount of sphingophopholipid material to be larger. increasing sphingophopholipid material Increasing sphingomyelin material is a subtype of increasing sphingophopholipid material: A process that changes the amount of sphingomyelin material to be larger. increasing sphingomyelin material Increasing sphingomyelin material is a subtype of increasing sphingophopholipid material: A process that changes the amount of sphingomyelin material to be larger. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). increasing sphingomyelin material [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder ] Sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance is a subtype of sphingophopholipid metabolism imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of sphingomyelin metabolism. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance Increase in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increase in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [Phpspholipidosis] Hyperfunction of sphingomyelin synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of sphingophospholipid synthesis gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive sphingomyelin synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of sphingomyelin synthetic gene expression Phenobarbital accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps phenobarbital in the liver. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (severe). phenobarbital accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance (severe)] Hypofunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient sphingomyelin degradation. hypofunction of sphingomyelin degradation Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of sphingophopholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the sphingophospholipid catabolic process. negative regulation of sphingophopholipid degradation The totality of all processes through which ground glass appearance accompanied with hypertrophy is realized. PMID:22723046 PMID:24180433 ground glass appearance with hypertrophy PMID:22723046 Phenobarbitone and other microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers induce hepatocyte hypertrophy through sER proliferation. This results in the characteristic eosinophilic ‘‘ground glass’’ appearance of hepatocyte cytoplasm. Negative regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation of sphingophopholipid degradation: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the sphingomyelin catabolic process. negative regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process Hyperfunction of moving A to the inside of B is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive moving A to the inside of B. hyperfunction of moving A to the inside of B A role played by the entity which receives energy and transmits operand(s). energy sensor Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. maintaining phospholipid homeostasis [Phospholipidosis] Moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of drug into hepatocytes. moving drug to inside of hepatocyte The totality of all processes through which the sphingomyelin disorder is realized. This causal process is heredity. sphingomyelin disorder (genetic) Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. This process is dependent on the sphingomyelin disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder] Sphingomyelinase gene mutation is a subtype of phopholipase gene mutation: A process that changes the sequence of a sphingomyelinase gene. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). sphingomyelinase gene mutation [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder ] Increasing pressure is a subtype of changing pressure: A process that changes the pressure of the object to be higher. related quality: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001576 increasing pressure Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. This process is dependent on the sphingomyelin disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder] Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system is a subtype of sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome of nervous system. sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system Severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system is a subtype of sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome of nervous system severely. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A (severe). sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system [Niemann Pick Disease Type A (severe) ] Protein binding by NAPQI is a subtype of protein binding: Interacting between a protein and NAPQI. protein binding by NAPQI Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. chemical compound accumulation in liver Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). PMID:24003057 chemical compound accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe)] PMID:16979167 PMID:15342952 PMID:24003057 From the LOPAC library we found that a group of tricyclic analogs including imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine and amitriptyline used as antidepressant in the clinic were correctly identified as PLD inducers. PERK signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals via PERK as a systemic context. PERK signal transduction system Glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps glycerophospholipid in the lysosome. glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome Increase in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [Phpspholipidosis (severe)] Leaking is a subtype of moving A to the outside of B: A process that lets gas or liquid flow through. leaking Increase in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. The digree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increase in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [Phpspholipidosis(moderate)] Phosphatidic acid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidic acid in the lysosome. phosphatidic acid accumulation in lysosome Increasing phospholipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid material to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). increasing phospholipid material[Phospholipidosis (moderate )] Phosphatidylserine accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidylserine in the lysosome. phosphatidylserine accumulation in lysosome Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Phosphatidylcholine accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidylcholine in the lysosome. phosphatidylcholine accumulation in lysosome S1P inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the S1P (Sphingosine-1-phosphate) to be lower. S1P inactivation Phosphatidylglycerol accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidylglycerol in the lysosome. phosphatidylglycerol accumulation in lysosome Hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Phosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidylethanolamine in the lysosome. phosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in lysosome Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis] AMPK - inactivation state (canonical)[lipidosis] PERK-eIF2a signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals via PERK and eIF2a as a systemic context. PERK-eIF2a signal transduction system PERK signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals via PERK as a systemic context. This entity is dependent on ER stress. PERK signal transduction system [ER stress] Moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of drug into a liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. moving drug to the inside of liver [Ground glass appearance] Toxic course dependent process is a subtype of primitive process: A process that can constitute the toxic course. toxic course dependent process Phospholipidosis dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of phospholipidosis . PMID:1697167 phospholipidosis dependent process ER stress dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of endoplasmic reticulum stress. ER stress dependent process Malfunctioning of hepatic blood circulation is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform hepatic blood circulation function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of hepatic blood circulation Moving phenobarbital to the inside of liver is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of phenobarbital into a liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. moving phenobarbital to the inside of liver [Ground glass appearance] Hepatic steatosis dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of hepatic steatosis (fatty degeneration). hepatic steatosis dependent process MMP inactivation by TIMP1 is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the MMP to be lower by TIMP1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. MMP inactivation by TIMP1 [Fibrosis] Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis Hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid deradation by phospholipase. hypofunction of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase Hyperfunction of increasing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive function of increasing. hyperfunction of increasing PERK-eIF2a signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals via PERK and eIF2a as a systemic context. This entity is dependent on the translation attenuation of ER stress. PERK-eIF2a signal transduction system Hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipid synthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression Cell death dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of hepatocyte cell death. cell death dependent process Ground glass degeneration is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of ground glass appearance. ground glass degeneration dependent process Eosinophlic granular degeneration dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of eosinophilicgranular degeneration. eosinophlic granular degeneration dependent process Oxidative stress dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of oxidative stress. oxidative stress dependent process Toxic course dependent chemical entity is a subtype of chemical entity. This entity can participate in a specific toxic course. toxic course dependent chemical entity ATF6 signal transduction system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals via ATF6 as a systemic context. ATF6 signal transduction system In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is step 3: a state of balance between toxic activity and defense processes. balance state In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity indicates step 3: a state of imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes. imbalance state In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity indicates step 1: a state of functioning (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis. state of functional supply Cell part damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the cellular part as the direct or indirect result of an external force. cell part damage Membrane damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the membrane as the direct or indirect result of an external force. membrane damage Dysfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (severe) is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation severely. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Alcholic fatty liver. dysfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid degradation [Alchoric fatty liver] The level of degree is very high in comparison to the medium. very high level Dysfunction of lipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete lipid degradation. dysfunction of lipid degradation The level of degree is middle. medium level The level of degree is lower than medium. low level Inflammasome activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the inflammasome to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:20303873 Reactome: R-HSA-844456.2 inflammasome activation [lipidosis] PMID:20303873 NLRP3 agonists tested, including ATP and particulate activators, induce ROS and ROS blockade by chemical scavengers suppresses inflammasome activation. The source of ROS is currently unclear, but one or several NADPH oxidases are implicated, as suppression of the common p22 subunit inhibits inflammasome activation (Dostert et al., 2008); alternatively, ROS may be of mitochondrial origin. The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. oxidative phosphorylation [Lipidosis] In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity indicates step 2: a state of functional demand as toxic activity. functional demand state Malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transfer is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a respiratory electron transport chain appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transfer [lipidosis] Negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mrespiratory electron transport chain. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain [lipidosis] Negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the oxidative phosphorylation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation [Lipidosis] ATF6 signal integration system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via ATF6 as a systemic context. ATF6 signal integration system NAPQI accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) within a biological object(s). NAPQI is an intermediate metabolite of the paracetamol and plays a role as a toxic substance in the body. NAPQI accumulation Hypofunction of maintaining lysosome homeostasis is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient maintaining lysosome homeostasis. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hypofunction of maintaining lysosome homeostasis [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Preventing is a type of functioning process of meta-function of "ToPrevent". Two meta-functions "ToAllow" and "Toprevent" are concerned with the undesirable side effects of functions. A function fa having positive effects on the side effect of a function ft1 is said to have a meta-function “to allow the side-effects of ft1”. The “undesirable side effect” is defined in a relation with another function ft2 or the whole system. The “positive effect” means such a causal relation that increase of the focused attribute of fa causes decrease of the side effect. If a serious trouble (e.g., faults) will be caused in a function ft2 when a function fa is not achieved, function fa is said to have a meta-function “to prevent malfunction of ft2”. For example, the “to super-heat” function of the boiler prevents malfunction of the turbine, because the steam of low temperature would damage the turbine blade by water particles. For almost all fa performing a ToAllow meta-function for ft1, in general, there exists a ToPrevent meta-function for another function ft2. preventing Providing is a subtype of metafunctioning process. When a function fa generates (or transfers) the materials which another function ft intentionally processes, the function fa is said to perform a meta-function “to provide material” for the function ft. The material of ft can be basically defined as input objects (entity or energy) which will be a part of the output objects on which the function ft focuses. providing Abnormality of membrane is a subtype of changing abnormal cellular structure: A process that changes the membrane stucture abnormally. abnormality of membrane Driving is a type of functioning process of meta-function. The function which generates or transfers a driving energy is said to have meta-function “driving”. For example, the “to heat water” function of the boiler has a ToDrive meta-function for the “to generate torque” function of the turbine , because the amount of the heat energy transferred by the heating has a proportional causal relation to the torque and is consumed by the rotation. driving Enabling is a subtype of meta-functioning process. To enable is a meta-function that sets conditions for other functions to work correctly. enabling Cytochrome P450 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the cytochrome P450 to be higher. p450 activaion cytochrome P450 activation Importing substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane is a subtype of transport: A process of the directed movement of substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile contains bile acids, glutathione, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other organic anions, proteins, metals, ions, and xenobiotics. Hepatocytes begins the formation of bile by transporting bile acids, glutathione, and other solutes including Xenobiotics and their metabolites into the canalicular lumen. The major driving force of bile formation is the active transport of bile salts and other osmolytes into the canalicular lumen. Most conjugated bile acids (taurine and glycine conjugates) and some unconjugated bile acids are transported into hepatocytes by sodium-dependent transporters. Sodium-independent uptake of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids is performed by members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). OATPs also transport numerous drugs and hepatotoxicants. Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. Conjugates of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate are exported by multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2). Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent importing substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [Cholestasis] Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent ISBN:0123878179 ATF6-CHOP signal integration system is a subtype of ATF6 pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via ATF6 and CHOP as a systemic context. ATF6-CHOP signal integration system Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Increasing phospholipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid material to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing phospholipid material[Phospholipidosis ] Sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingophospholipid in the lysosome. sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome Calcium ion homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a calcium ion homeostastasis balance. calcium ion homeostasis imbalance Hypofunction of xenobiotic glucuronidation is a subtype of decreasing function of: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient xenobiotic glucuronidation. hypofunction of glucuronic acid conjugation hypofunction of xenobiotic glucuronidation phenobarbital - tumor promoting factor [Ground glass appearance] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder ] Hypofunction of phospholipase transport to lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipase transport to lysosome . hypofunction of phospholipase transport to lysosome Changing abnormal cellular structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of the cell abnormally. changing abnormal cellular structure Negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxodative phosphorylation. negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintaining the amount of lysosomal phospholipid. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal). keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome (normal condition) [Phospholipidosis] Glutathione deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the glutathione function required. glutathione deficiency This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 PMID:19710929 PMID:20018698 ALAS1 (human)[lipidosis] This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 PMID:19710929 Most of the genes commonly regulated in mouse and human were involved in lipid metabolism and many represented known PPARalpha targets, including CPT1A, HMGCS2, FABP1, ACSL1, and ADFP. Several genes were identified that were specifically induced by PPARalpha in human (MBL2, ALAS1, CYP1A1, TSKU) or mouse (Fbp2, lgals4, Cd36, Ucp2, Pxmp4). Hypofunction of glutathione conjugation is a subtype of hypofunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient glutathione conjugation. hypofunction of glutathione conjugation Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). phospholipid metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis - genetic] Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). phospholipid metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). phospholipid metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that includes step 1 to 4, and the toxic activity level is higher (Very High, VH) than usual to imbalance and toxicity manifestations. toxicological imbalance VH (toxic action) In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level and the functional demand level are high, as a result, keeping the balance. This state reflects the adaptation in the body. toxicological balance H=H (maintining homeostasis at higher level) In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level is higher (H) than daily life; however, the functional demand level is Very high(VH), which leads to the imbalance and leads to toxicity manifestation. toxicological imbalance H<VH Phospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of phospholipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). phospholipid metabolism balance [Phospholipidosis (adaptation)] The directed movement of the organic anion into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane during cholestasis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent importing anion into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [cholestasis] [Cholestasis] Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent ISBN:0123878179 The sodium-dependent movement of the organic anion into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent, whichi is mediated by the NTCP (sodium/bile acid cotransporter; SLC10A1) in a polar manner at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes organic anion import into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [cholestasis] [Cholestasis] Uptake of bile salts from sinusoidal blood into hepatocyte is predominantly sodium dependent, whichi is mediated by the NTCP (sodium/bile acid cotransporter; SLC10A1) in a polar manner at the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes ISBN:0123878179 Catalysis role of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+). EC 3.1.4.12 http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/ontology.php?ontology_id=1&f[id][value]=GO:0004767&f[id][type]=2&id_go=GO:0004767 http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+3.1.4.12 sphingomyelinase sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase Lipidosis marker is predicted by SVM, which is possible to participate in the course of lipidosis as a gene product. Predicted gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ lipidosis marker gene Negative regulation of enzyme activation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activation. negative regulation of enzyme activation Negative regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation of sphingophopholipid degradation: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the sphingomyelin catabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (sphingomyelin disorder). negative regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process [sphingomyelin disorder ] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 PMID:29440144 PMID:30318967 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10417 PMID:29440144 SPON2-α4β1 integrin signaling activated RhoA and Rac1, increased F-actin reorganization, and promoted M1-like macrophage recruitment. F-Actin accumulation also activated the Hippo pathway by suppressing LATS1 phosphorylation, promoting YAP nuclear translocation, and initiating downstream gene expression. However, SPON2-α5β1 integrin signaling inactivated RhoA and prevented F-actin assembly, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration. PMID:30318967 Upregulation of Spondin-2 protein expression correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that HCC patients who showed high levels of cytoplasmic SPON2 protein had poorer survival. Increasing free radical is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of free radicals to be larger. increasing free radical NCBI-Human-GeneID:1558 CYP2C8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1558 Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1) on 'Ser-52' during the unfolded protein response (UPR) and in response to low amino acid availability. Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1 either in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to a reduced overall utilization of amino acids, or to a translation initiation activator of specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4, and hence allowing ATF4-mediated reprogramming of amino acid biosynthetic gene expression to alleviate nutrient depletion. Serves as a critical effector of unfolded protein response (UPR)-induced G1 growth arrest due to the loss of cyclin-D1 (CCND1). Involved in control of mitochondrial morphology and function. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29702 Generating signal is a subtype of generating: A process that produces a signal as an output. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Signaling pathway. generating signal [Signaling pathway] Increasing glycerophospholipid material is a subtype of increasing materials for lipid formation: A process that changes the amount of glycerophospholipid material to be larger. This process is dependent on the sphingophospholipid disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing glycerophospholipid material [Phospholipidosis - sphingophospholipid disorder] Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) AKT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . AKT signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] G6PC [Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2538 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25634 Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit [Ground glass appearance] G6PC (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2538 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2538 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25634 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25634 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=1956 EGFR (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24329 NCBI-Human-GeneID:207 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11651 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24185 AKT (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:207 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/207 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11651 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11651 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24185 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5290 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18706 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170911 PI3K (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5290 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18706 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18706 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170911 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170911 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 P53 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7157 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24842 LBPA [Phospholipidosis] BMP (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:25833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18988 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116544 PLA1 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:25833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18988 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18988 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116544 PMID:30077006 PLA2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3339 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15530 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313641 PLC (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3339 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15530 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15530 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313641 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313641 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4074 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17113 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312689 mannose-6-phosphate receptor [Phospholipidosis] M6PR (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4074 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4074 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17113 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17113 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/312689 Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B (severe). severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B (severe)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1558 PMID:25160618 PMID:26467040 CYP2C8 (human)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1558 PMID:26467040 CYP2C8 Is a Novel Target of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α in Human Liver. CYP2C8 mRNA and protein levels were induced by bezafibrate. CYP2C8 promoter activity was increased by ectopic expression of PPARα in HepG2 cells, with a further increase after bezafibrate (∼18-fold), 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio acetic acid (∼10-fold) treatment, or the antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone, all known PPAR activators. CYP2C8, but not CYP2C9 or CYP2C19, is transcriptionally upregulated by PPARα activation in primary human hepatocytes. Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Malfunction of mitochondria is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a mitochondrial function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. malfunction of mitochondria [ER stress] A size change process in which the size of liver and spleen is increasing. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type B. splenohepatomegaly [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] A size change process in which the size of liver and spleen is increasing. icreasing size of liver and spleen splenohepatomegaly NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 JNK (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116554 Pulmonary infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the lung to increase the number. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. pulmonary infection [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of sphingophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] A size change process in which the size of liver and spleen is increasing. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type A. splenohepatomegaly [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Hypofunction of nervous system functioning is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient nervous system functioning. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type A. hypofunction of nervous system functioning [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Hypofunction of nervous system functioning is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient nervous system functioning. hypofunction of nervous system functioning System dependent functional molecule is asubtype of chemical entity. This entity is dependent on a system for functioning. system dependent functional molecule Signaling transduction system dependent molecule is a subtype of system dependeny functional molecule. This entity is dependent on a signal transduction system for functioning. signal transduction system dependent molecule Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). lipid accumulation in hepatocyte [Phospholipidosis(moderate)] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This process is dependent on the sphingomyelin disorder and can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis - sphingomyelin disorder] Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). phospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Hyperfunction of increasing the amount of drug is a subtype of hyperfunction of increasing: A process that performs an excessive increase in the amount of drug. hyperfunction of increasing the amount of drug Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress via protein refolding. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress - refolding] Hyperfunction of increasing the amount of drug is a subtype of hyperfunction of increasing: A process that performs an excessive increase in the amount of drug. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of increasing the amount of drug [Ground glass appearance] Receptor molecule is a subtype of signaling dependent molecule. This entity is dependent on a signal transduction system and can participate in signaling process. receptor molecule [signal transduction system] Hypofunction of ceramide degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ceramide degradation. hypofunction of ceramide degradation Decreasing production quantity of protein is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the production quantity of the protein to be lower. decreasing protein production decreasing production quantity of protein Phosphatidylinositol accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps phosphatidylinositol in the lysosome. phosphatidylinositol accumulation in lysosome Hyperfunction of decreasing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing amount or decreasing number of objects. hyperfunction of decreasing Signaling molecule is a subtype of signaling dependent molecule. This entity is dependent on a signal transduction system and can participate in signaling process. signaling molecule [signal transduction system] Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of drugs. hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 Reactome PathwayStep4038 Reactome:R-HSA-381086 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress - refolding] Reactome PathwayStep4038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0006880 Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drug is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of drugs. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drug [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Receiving signal in PERK signal transduction pathway is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into a signal in a PERK signal transduction pathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK pathway. receiving signal in PERK signal transduction pathway [PERK pathway] Hyperfunction of hepatocyte proliferation is a subtype of hyperfunction of cell proliferation: The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of hepatocyte proliferation [Ground glass appearance] Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 Reactome PathwayStep4038 Reactome:R-HSA-381086 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress - apoptosis] Reactome PathwayStep4038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0006880 Hyperfunction of increasing the amount of phenobarbital is a process of performing an excessive function of increasing the amount of drugs. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of increasing the amount of phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[Perk signalling system] Increasing the amount of phenobarbital is a subtype of increasing amount of drugs. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing the amount of phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] Drug metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of drug metabolism. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . drug metabolism imbalance[Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). lipid accumulation in hepatocyte [Phospholipidosis(severe)] S1P inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the S1P (Sphingosine-1-phosphate) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of phospholipidosis. S1P inactivation [Phospholipidosis] Malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transpor is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a respiratory electron transport chain appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transpor Changing balance is a subtype of changing relationship between operands: A process that changes the balance between operands. changing balance Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . chemical compound accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Phospholipidosis dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of phospholipidosis. phospholipidosis dependent chemical compound Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hepatic fibrosis [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] PMID:26973416 Making existence of xenobiotics is a subtype of making existence of foreign substance: A process that makes xenobiotics to be present in a cell, organelle, or an organism. making existence of xenobiotics http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[Perk signalling system] TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the TGF beta receptor (transforming growth factor beta receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a TGFR. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the TGF beta receptor (transforming growth factor beta receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a TGFR. TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) Decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of decreasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be lower. reduction of membrane potential decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. heme biosynthetic process [lipidosis] MeSH:C032881 lysophosphatidic acid [Phospholipidosis] LPA [Phospholipidosis] Hypofunction of PPAR alpha regulated gene expression is a subtype of hyporfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an PPARa trgulated gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NASH. hypofunction of PPARa regulated gene expression [NASH] Cyp4a11 relates to cardiovascular abnormality (blood pressure, etc.). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 PMID:12464261 PMID:16712844 PMID:18433732 PMID:21912424 PMID:30069903 CYP4A11(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1579 PMID:12464261 The PPARalpha agonist Wy14643 induced CYP4A11 mRNA in confluent cultures of HepG2 cells stably expressing the murine PPARalpha-E282G mutant. This mutant exhibits a significantly decreased ligand-independent trans-activation and can be activated by Wy14643 to a level similar to that of wild-type PPARalpha. PMID:16712844 Treatment of HepaRG cells with all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in a strong decrease in CYP4A11 gene expression and apoprotein content and, furthermore, was associated with a 50% decrease in the microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation activity. Such a strong suppression of CYP4A11 expression by retinoids could have a major impact on fatty acid metabolism in the liver. Hypofunction of PPARa regulated gene expression is a subtype of Hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient PPARa regulated gene expression. hypofunction of PPARa regulated gene expression A process that changes the activity of the target object by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK pathway. changing activity of target molecule by PERK [PERK pathway] The process that results in the movement of mitochondriall DNA from the mitochondria. mtDNA stress release of DNA from mitochondria The process that results in the movement of mitochondriall DNA from the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. PMID:30046112 release of DNA from mitochondria [lipidosis] Catalysis role of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. rerlated molecular fuction GO:0004672 protein kinase A role played by the entity which inhibits bile acid transport by BSEP. inhibitor role of BSEP bile acid transport A role played by the entity which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trasnport. negative regulator role of transport The sodium-independent movement of the organic anion into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Sodium-independent uptake of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids is performed by members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). OATPs also transport numerous drugs and hepatotoxicants. The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs PMID:23907487 organic anion import into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [Cholestasis] The sodium-independent portion of bile salt uptake is mediated by OATPs ISBN:0123878179 Gene expression by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153). gene expression by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 IL-1B (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 NLRP3 is a inflammasome component NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 NLRP3 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287362 NLRP3 is a inflammasome component NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 NLRP3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287362 The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. IL-1beta production [lipidosis] Increasing volume of mitochondria is a changing process to change the volume of the mitochondria to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 increasing volume of mitochondria [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 TNF-α induces mitochondrial perturbations such as swelling with a lighter matrix and abnormal morphological alterations in the membrane. In addition, TNF-α-induced mitochondrial swelling causes a bursting of the membrane leading to an interference between respiratory chain complexes I and III. Generating energy is a subtype of generating: A process that produces energy as an output. generating energy An attribute inhering in a bearer by an observation. findings attribute Electrophiles formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates electrophiles. Electrophile is a reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis (NASH). A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. Electrophiles are molecules that contain an electron-deficient atom with a partial or full positive charge that can react by sharing electron pairs with electron rich atoms in nucleophiles. Electrophilic toxicants generally are detoxificated by conjugation of with the nucleophile, glutathione. This reaction can be facilitated by glutathione S-trasferases. electrophiles formation [NASH] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29108 ASC CARD5 Caspase Recruitment Domain-Containing Protein 5 PYD And CARD Domain Containing PYCARD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29108 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29108 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 PMID:17550777 PMID:20451522 PMID:22009939 PMID:27690692 FGF21 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26291 PMID:17550777 Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARα-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21: FGF21 is induced directly by PPARalpha in liver in response to fasting and PPARalpha agonists. FGF21 in turn stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver. PPARalpha-FGF21 endocrine signaling pathway in regulating diverse metabolic and behavioral aspects of the adaptive response to starvation. PMID:20451522 Increased Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:We found increased serum FGF21 levels in patients with either NAFLD or NASH and for the first time we report that FGF21 mRNA expression in human liver is significantly increased in NAFLD. PMID:22009939 ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver: a modest increase in the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in both Acox1−/− and Acox1−/−/ob/ob mouse liver (Fig. 5A). Significant increases in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) were found in Acox1−/−/ob/ob mouse liver (Supplemental Fig. S2B). MTP regulates hepatic lipid secretion and may play a role in the reduction of hepatic steatosis in these mice A rifamycin that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei) Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). CASRN:13292-46-1 DrugBank:DB01045 Wikipedia:Rifampicin rifampicin [Cholestasis] Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29108 ASC [lipidosis] CARD5 [lipidosis] Caspase Recruitment Domain-Containing Protein 5 [lipidosis] PYD And CARD Domain Containing [lipidosis] PYCARD (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29108 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29108 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 PMID:26231377 PMID:28303724 PMID:29792708 CYP3A4 (human)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 PMID:26231377 Hepatic CYP3A4 mRNA expression in NASH was 69% lower than control livers. CYP3A4 gene luciferase activity in the livers of NAFLD mice was 38% lower than that of controls. Lipid-loaded Huh7 human hepatoma cells had a 38% reduction in CYP3A4 activity and 80% lower CYP3A4 mRNA expression compared with the control. CYP3A activity is reduced in human NAFLD in addition to mouse and in vitro cell models of the disease. PMID:28303724 The cytokine-mediated down-regulation of CYP3A4 (Werk and Cascorbi, 2014) in the course of the inflammatory response via the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) pathway (Jover et al., 2002 ) seem to be clinically relevant in NAFLD and diabetic patients due to circulating cytokines. Additionally, it has been suggested that the hepatic CYP3A4 expression is probably down-regulated by FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) through the receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which leads to reduced gene transcription (Woolsey et al., 2016). PMID:29792708 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes Are Associated with Decreased CYP3A4 Protein Expression and Activity in Human Liver. Cytochrome P450 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the Cytochrome P450 to be lower. cytochrome P450 inactivation Cytochrome P450 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the Cytochrome P450 to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:28303724 cytochrome P450 inactivation [lipidosis] PMID:28303724 The cytokine-mediated down-regulation of CYP3A4 (Werk and Cascorbi, 2014) in the course of the inflammatory response via the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) pathway (Jover et al., 2002 ) seem to be clinically relevant in NAFLD and diabetic patients due to circulating cytokines. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 PMID:26231377 PMID:28303724 PMID:29792708 CYP3A4 -inactitication state (human)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 PMID:26231377 Hepatic CYP3A4 mRNA expression in NASH was 69% lower than control livers. CYP3A4 gene luciferase activity in the livers of NAFLD mice was 38% lower than that of controls. Lipid-loaded Huh7 human hepatoma cells had a 38% reduction in CYP3A4 activity and 80% lower CYP3A4 mRNA expression compared with the control. CYP3A activity is reduced in human NAFLD in addition to mouse and in vitro cell models of the disease. PMID:28303724 The cytokine-mediated down-regulation of CYP3A4 (Werk and Cascorbi, 2014) in the course of the inflammatory response via the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) pathway (Jover et al., 2002 ) seem to be clinically relevant in NAFLD and diabetic patients due to circulating cytokines. Additionally, it has been suggested that the hepatic CYP3A4 expression is probably down-regulated by FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) through the receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which leads to reduced gene transcription (Woolsey et al., 2016). PMID:29792708 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes Are Associated with Decreased CYP3A4 Protein Expression and Activity in Human Liver. Negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte. negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. PMID:24132155 PMID:25132496 protein unfolding [lipidosis] PMID:25132496 Both NASH and HCC development were dependent on TNF produced by inflammatory macrophages that accumulate in the MUP-uPA liver in response to hepatocyte ER stress. Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used in the therapy of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia. Fenofibrate therapy is associated with mild and transient serum aminotransferase elevations and with rare instances of acute liver injury, which can be severe and prolonged and lead to significant hepatic fibrosis. fenofibrate [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used in the therapy of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia. Clofibrate therapy is associated with mild and transient serum aminotransferase elevations and with rare instances of acute liver injury. clofibrate [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] A role played by the entity which transmits signals. signal transducer EIF2a phosphorylation is a subtype of phosphorylation: The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a. eIF2a phosphorylation A role played by the entity which enables the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. related molecular function GO:0005253 anion channel NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 tumor necrosis factor alpha [lipidosis] TNF alpha (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 Gene regulation pathway is a subtype of pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes following signaling. gene regulation pathway NCBI-Human-GeneID:91543 PMID:23758785 https://omim.org/entry/607810 RSAD2(predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:91543 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/91543 PMID:23758785 Rsad2 may act as a modulator of lipid droplet contents and lipid biosynthesis. ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. PMID:12376530 ATF6 activation ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress - refolding] Acumulation of bile pigment in bile canaliculus is a subtype of bile pigment deposition: The aggregation of bile pigmentin a particular location in a bile canaliculus. acumulation of bile pigment in bile canaliculus NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79255 ATF4 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/468 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11911 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79255 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79255 Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid deradation regulated by CAD. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD [Phospholipidosis (latent)] A role played by the entity which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. related process GO:0036495 negative regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress GO:0010998: regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation (Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.) GO:0036492 eiF2alpha phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress inverse of GO:0036497 eIF2alpha dephosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulator role of translational initiation Hypofunction of biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient biosynthesis. hypofunction of biosynthesis Hypofunction of transport is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient transport. hypofunction of transport Increasing blood glucose lebvel is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be higher. hyperglycemia (process) increasing blood glucose level Decresing pressure is a subtype of changing pressure: A process that changes the pressure of the object to be lower. decresing pressure Increasing BUN concentration is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration to be higher. increasing BUN concentration Glutathione depletion dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of glutathione depletion. glutathione depletion dependent chemical entity Glutathione depletion dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of glutathione depletion as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ glutathione depletion dependent molecule (human in vitro) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 PMID:24287781 http://omim.org/entry/305900 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte G6PD (predicted)(human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2539 NCBI-Human-GeneID:168620 PMID:26456005 PMID:27644325 PMID:9073453 MIST1 (predicted) [Glutathione depletion] predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte BLHA15 (predicted)(human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:168620 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/168620 PMID:26456005 Mist1 suppressed expression of cholangiocytic markers such as Sox9, Sox17, Ck19, and Grhl2. CYP3A metabolic activity was significantly induced by Mist1 in this hepatoblast culture. In particular, the expression level of Cyp3a11, an important drug metabolic gene, was highly induced by Mist1. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8339 PMID:21130743 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680403 predicted gene by Support Vector Machine (SVM) using human primary hepatocyte HISTH1H2BG (predicted)(human)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8339 PMID:21130743 Glucose metabolism induces mono-ubiquitination of histone H2B in mammalian cells. Electrophiles formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates electrophiles. Electrophile is a reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. Electrophiles are molecules that contain an electron-deficient atom with a partial or full positive charge that can react by sharing electron pairs with electron rich atoms in nucleophiles. Electrophilic toxicants generally are detoxificated by conjugation of with the nucleophile, glutathione. This reaction can be facilitated by glutathione S-trasferases. PMID:21177773 electrophiles formation [Glutathione depletion] Glutathione depletion dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of glutathione depletion. glutathione depletion dependent chemical compound Wikipedia:Acetaminophen Wikipedia:Paracetamol N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide paracetamol [Glutathione depletion] APAP Acetaminophen [Glutathione depletion] Glutathione conjugation is a subtype of drug metabolism phase II: Glutathione conjugation is a detoxication reaction. Four types of activation reaction have been recognized: direct-acting compounds, conjugates that are activated through cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, conjugates that are activated through redox cycling and lastly conjugates that release the original reactive parent compound. The glutathione S-transferases have three connections with the formation of biactivated conjugatesto make them more soluble for excretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. glutathione conjugation [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 phorone [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 Michael acceptors such as diethyl maleate (DEA) and phorone are commonly used in vivo to deplete GSH levels in experimental animals. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Hyperfunction of glutathione conjugation is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II: A process that performs an excessive glutathione conjugation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of glutathione conjugation [Glutathione depletion] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance . negative regulation of DNA repair Glutathione depletion dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of glutathione depletion as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ glutathione depletion dependent molecule (rat) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296271 PMID:20621112 Srxn1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296271 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296271 PMID:23856494 Glutathione Synthetase [Glutathione depletion] ATP dependent. GSS (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 PMID:24287781 PMID:26058897 Txnrd1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58819 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2937 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14854 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25458 Glutathione Synthetase GSS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2937 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2937 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14854 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14854 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 Mdm2 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314856 Hyperfunction of glutathione synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive glutathione synthetic gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of glutathione synthetic gene expression [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26760 PMID:20621112 PMID:21688283 Akr7a3 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26760 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26760 PMID:21688283 Aldo-keto reductase-7A protects liver cells and tissues from acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity: In response to APAP or NAPQI exposure, Akr7a3 mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated in vitro in human HepG2 and LO2 cells. Similarly, strong induction was observed for Akr7a5 in mouse AML12 hepatocytes exposed to APAP. In vivo in wild-type rats, significant up-regulation of hepatic AKR7A1 protein was observed after administration of APAP. On the other hand, depletion of Nrf2 reduced the expression of Akr7a3, suggesting that Nrf2, indeed, contributes significantly to the induction of Akr7a. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171493 Osgin1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24552 PMID:23334421 PMID:24287781 Me1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24552 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24552 An enzyme that catalysis of the reaction: L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP + glycine = ADP + glutathione + 2 H(+) + phosphate. glutathione synthase NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 Aldh1a1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24188 Damage Specific DNA Binding Protein 2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 PMID:19428948 PMID:22334663 PMID:30297359 DDB2 -inactivation (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1643 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1643 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107986 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107986 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100362121 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100362121 PMID:19428948 Influence of aryl hydrocarbon- (Ah) receptor and genotoxins on DNA repair gene expression and cell survival of mouse hepatoma cells: As two NER genes, XP-C and DNA damage binding protein ddb2, are up-regulated by p53 and ultraviolet radiation in human cells these findings suggest cell type, species or lesion specific actions of p53 on DNA repair gene expression. PMID:30297359 In this study, generation of hepatocyte-specific Ddx3x-knockout mice revealed that loss of Ddx3x facilitates liver tumorigenesis. Loss of Ddx3x led to profound ductular reactions, cell apoptosis, and compensatory proliferation in female mutants at 6 weeks of age. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 Gsta3 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/494500 ISBN:0071769234 DMA [glutathoine depletion] diethyl malate [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 Michael acceptors such as diethyl maleate (DEA) and phorone are commonly used in vivo to deplete GSH levels in experimental animals. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 PMID:20463017 PMID:8097674 BSO [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 Inhibition of GSH is achieved by buthionine-S-sulfoximine (BSO), which inhbits ints gammma-GCL. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:1784629 PMID:29039508 PMID:29549912 Gclc (rat)[Glutathione depletion] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. negative regulation of glutathione biosyntheric process [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 PMID:22033105 Gadd45a (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25112 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process. down regulation of glutathione anabolism down regulation of glutathione biosynthesis negative regulation of glutathione anabolism negative regulation of glutathione biosynthesis negative regulation of glutathione formation negative regulation of glutathione synthesis negative regulation of glutathione biosynthetic process NCBI-Human-GeneID:2938 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24422 GSTA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2938 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2938 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24422 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 PMID:14967141 PMID:18931691 Jun (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24516 PMID:14967141 JNK suppresses apoptosis via phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD PMID:18931691 JNK can promote apoptosis by two distinct mechanisms. In the first mechanism targeted at the nuclear events, activated JNK translocates to the nucleus and transactivates c-Jun and other target transcription factors (TF). JNK can promote apoptosis by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes through the transactivation of c-Jun/AP1-dependent or p53/73 protein-dependent mechanisms NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 Cyp2b1 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24300 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:89813 PMID:25264247 Pdk4 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:89813 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/89813 PMID:23856494 GCLC - inactivated state (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] PMID:23856494 GSH is synthesized by two successive enzymatic reactions (Fig. 1). The first reaction, catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), couples L-glutamate to L-cysteine to form γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) . NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29326 Gpx2 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29326 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 PMID:20621112 Trib3 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246273 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 PMID:25202346 Gstm3 (rat)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/108348148 PMID:25202346 GSTM3 overexpression sensitized the PLC/PRF/5R cells to radiation mainly though induction of apoptosis. GSTM3 increased the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, p27 and p53) in PRF/PLC/5R cells with irradiation GCLC inactivation is a subtype of is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the GCLC to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of glutathione depletion. GCLC inactivation [Glutathione depletion] Changing protein structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the stucture of the protein. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. changing protein structure [ER stress] Hypofunction of forming disulfide bond is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient forming disulfide bond. hypofunction of forming disulfide bond Hypofunction of protein synthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient protein synthesis. hypofunction of protein synthesis Hypofunction of forming disulfide bond is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient forming disulfide bond. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypofunction of forming disulfide bond [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 PMID:23334697 HSP90B1 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7184 PMID:23334697 Toxicol Pathol. 2013 Feb;41(2):235-62. doi: 10.1177/0192623312470764. Epub 2013 Jan 18. Xenobiotic perturbation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1527/ CPT1 (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1374 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1527/ Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is a mitochondrial membrane protein that converts long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules to their corresponding acylcarnitine molecules. The resulting acylcarnitines are then available for transport into the mitochondrial matrix where they can undergo fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by the liver provides an alternative source of fuel when glycogen reserves are significantly reduced, most often due to fasting or other intercurrent illness. The pathway fuels ketogenesis for metabolism in peripheral tissues that cannot oxidize fatty acids. copyright University of Washington Open TG-Gates compound_id:00A02 tunicamycin-protein glycosylation inhibitor [ER stress] PMID:26977301 Hypofunction of protein glycosylation is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient protein glycosylation. hypofunction of protein glycosylation The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. This entity represents latent phospholipidosis, which describes the course of processes before toxic manifestation. In the drug exposure situation in phospholipidosis, it is known that CADs affect biological functioning. CADs bind to lysosomal membranes and form a complex with phospholipids, which negatively regulates phospholipid degradation. Therefore, the defence system cannot perform a ‘high’ level, i.e. there is a lack of adaptation. Under normal conditions, although the cell system can maintain the balance between increasing and decreasing phospholipid at a ‘medium’ level, in this state, the cellular system is in what is called the latent stage. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 phospholipidosis (latent) PMID:15342952 The following four processes were involved in the induction of phospholipidosis; (1) Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activivity (2) Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme transport, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of genes involved in lysosomal enzyme transport (3) Enhanced phospholipid biosynthesis, which is supported by the up- regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (4) Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis, as shown by the up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes Increased cholesterol biosynthesis is considered to be an indirect trigger for the reasons: (1) The accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs concurrently with the increase in cholesterol in visceral tissues (e.g., spleen) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), which is caused by a genetic defect in the cholesterol trafficking protein NPC1 or, in far fewer patients, the sterol regulating protein HE1 (Blanchette-Mackie, 2000; Harzer et al., 2003; Vanier, 1983). (2) The induction of lamellar myelin-like bodies and the accumulation of free cholesterol occur in cultured mouse macrophages that have been incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein or acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl- transferase inhibitor (McGookey and Anderson, 1983; Robenek and Schmitz, 1988). In addition, the up- or down-regulation of transporter genes (e.g., facilitated glucose transporter) and genes that control the cell cycle (e.g., cyclin G2) may also be involved. Increase in phospholipid synthesis and impaired membrane recycling and lysosomal enzyme sorting dynamics are also occured. Negative regulation ofglycosylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycosylation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of glycosylation [ER stress] PMID:26977301 Catalysis role of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. EC:2.7.11.1 related molecular function GO:0004674 protein serine/threonine kinase related molecular function GO:0004095 carnitine palmitoyltransferase NCBI-Human-GeneID:7494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289754 PMID:25629003 XBP1 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22433 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289754 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289754 PMID:25629003 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone GRP170: From Immunobiology to Cancer Therapeutics. A role played by the entity which determines the rate of a reaction by the slowest step. mitochondrial fatty acid βbeta-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme role CPT1 inactivation is a subtype of is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the activating CPT1 with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. Reactome The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); PMID:21145849 CPT1 inactivation [Lipidosis] CPT1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the CPT1 to be lower. CPT1 inactivation Negative regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation is a subtype of negative regulation of decomposing: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation. negative regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation Negative regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation is a subtype of negative regulation of decomposing: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:21145849 negative regulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1527/ CPT1 -inactivation state(canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1374 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1527/ Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is a mitochondrial membrane protein that converts long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules to their corresponding acylcarnitine molecules. The resulting acylcarnitines are then available for transport into the mitochondrial matrix where they can undergo fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by the liver provides an alternative source of fuel when glycogen reserves are significantly reduced, most often due to fasting or other intercurrent illness. The pathway fuels ketogenesis for metabolism in peripheral tissues that cannot oxidize fatty acids. copyright University of Washington ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 tamoxifen -fatty acid oxidation inhibitor [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as 4,4′- diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, amiodarone, tamoxifen, perhexiline, etc., which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 valproic acid - fatty acid oxidation inhibitor [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid in Table 13-2. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (mild). accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER [ER stress (mild) ] A role played by the gene which has a characteristic profile of gene expression change in a specific toxic mechanism. feature gene role Enterohepatic circulation is a subtype of changing between operands: Bile salts secreted by the liver pass into the intestine, are absorbed in large part by the ileum, and return to the liver by way of the portal vein. Bile salts (>90%) are absorbed along the small intestine and transported back by the portal blood to the liver. They are taken up into hepatocytes and re-secreted into the canaliculi. This round trip of bile salts between the intestine and the liver is termed enterohepatic circulation. MeSH:D004764 PMID:4627839 enterohepatic circulation PMID:21888831 PMID:25937070 1,4-dithiothreitol [ER stress] DTT [ER stress] Ccl4 [ER stress] Meloxicam is a long acting nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) available by prescription only and used in therapy of chronic arthritis. Meloxicam has been linked to rare instances of acute, clinically apparent liver injury. PMID:26481188 MLX [ER stress] meloxicam [ER stress] ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 amiodarone - fatty acid oxidation inhibitor ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as amiodarone, tamoxifen, which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Changing state is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the state of the object. changing state Mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA randomly and permanently. mutation The totality of all processes through which mitochondrial damage is realized. under construction mitochondrial damage [toxic course] Mitochondrial disorder dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. mitochondrial disorder dependent process ATP depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:31623280 ATP depletion [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 MPTP activation by a combination of elevated intramitochondrial Ca2+ and oxidative stress promotes the collapse of transmembrane ion gradients, resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion. Under conditions of low ATP levels, the cells are unable to maintain structural and functional integrity, including ion homeostasis. This results in outer membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm to initiate pro-apoptotic signals. PMID:31623280 Consistent with this, high glucose induces mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP depletion in several rodent and human cell models. Moreover, in vitro treatment of liver cells with saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in NASH, including decreasing cellular ATP content and mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit expression, coupled with increased oxidative stress. In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mrespiratory electron transport chain. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain [Mitochondrial disorder] The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:26571396 PMID:27151080 PMID:29222479 PMID:29335519 PMID:30232152 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Furthermore, enhanced mtFAO without concomitant up‐regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction within different MRC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. This event seems to play a significant role in the initiation of oxidative stress and subsequent development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in some individuals. Experimental investigations also pointed to a progressive reduction of MRC activity during NAFLD, which could impair energy output and aggravate ROS overproduction by the damaged MRC. Furthermore, high glucose levels promote ROS overproduction within hepatocytes, thus favoring oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is likely that this event triggers a vicious cycle since mitochondrial ROS are able to oxidatively damage nearby MRC enzymes and mtDNA PMID:25339807 These results suggest that the observed dysfunction of complex I in hepatic mitochondria from CDD animals could be attributed, at least in part, to ROS-induced cardiolipin alterations. Long-chain free fatty acids which accumulate in nonalcoholic fatty liver are considered the initial source of this ROS damaging cycle. These compounds have been shown to promote ROS production in mitochondria, although the mechanism(s) underlying this effect is still unclear. Thus, the CL-dependent alterations of the ETC organization in supercomplexes could be another factor contributing to ROS generation and to mitochondrial bioenergetic decay in NAFLD. PMID:26571396 During nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), mitochondria also produce ROS that damage hepatocytes, trigger inflammation, and contribute to insulin resistance. PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found a consistent and significant increase of mitochondrial ROS along with a parallel increase of total cellular ROS levels specifically in mC9ORF72 cells compared to both healthy control and mTDP-43 fibroblasts (Fig. 2e-​-ff). PMID:29222479 Alcohol-mediated damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also impairs cellular energy metabolism via enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alcohol decreases the activity of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and increases ROS production, leading to mitochondrial stress or dysfunction. PMID:29335519 Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. PMID:30232152 not reported in liver Exogenous H2O2 activates AMPK indirectly in myotubes by decreasing the ATP/ADP ratio. We conclude that AMPK activity in response to redox changes is not due to direct action on AMPK itself, but is a secondary consequence of redox effects on other processes, such as mitochondrial ATP production. PMID:31623280 The imbalance of respiratory complex activity during the development of NAFLD and its progression to NASH leads to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, mitochondria structural abnormalities, and lipid peroxidation. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Mitochondrial-derived ROS activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Phosphorylated JNK translocates to the mitochondria, where it binds to scaffold proteins inhibiting the mitochondrial respiratory chain and further increasing ROS production. Mitochondrial-derived ROS also activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) secondary to redox changes and mitochondrial ATP production. Mitochondrial ROS and oxidative stress can disrupt ER function leading to inappropriate release of calcium in liver parenchymal cells. Consistent with this, high glucose induces mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP depletion in several rodent and human cell models. Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. PMID:31649547 Accumulating evidence has shown that defective hepatic mitochondrial respiration characterized by damaged mitochondria accumulation can impair mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which sequentially causes various adverse consequences, such as excessive ROS, reduced ATP production, and hepatic fatty acid accumulation. In general, damaged mitochondria accumulation can cause excessive ROS production, which will destroy mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid oxidative degradation and accelerating fatty acid accumulation . Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:21145849 PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:23299992 Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. PMID:25339807 In fact, phospholipid peroxidation alters the structural organization of the mitochondrial bilayer, perturbing membrane fluidity and permeability. MPTP activation by a combination of elevated intramitochondrial Ca2+ and oxidative stress promotes the collapse of transmembrane ion gradients, resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion. Cardiolipin has been shown to be involved in several steps of the intrinsic pathway of the apoptotic process, including mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. MPTP is defined as the sudden increase of mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to low molecular weight solutes (1.5 kDa) in response to many stimuli, including high levels of Ca2+ and oxidant stress. If MPTP opening is transient, the cell can recover; while in conditions of prolonged MPTP opening and ATP depletion, irreversible damage and cell death occur, predominantly through necrosis. In addition, CL oxidation seems to promote the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, probably interacting with Bcl2 family proteins, such as Bax and Bid. Thus, oxidized CL may have a critical role in several steps of the apoptotic process such as: the translocation of t-Bid to mitochondria with subsequent oligomerization of Bax and Bak leading to membrane permeabilization; cytochrome c dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane; and activation of MPTP, followed by the release of this hemoprotein from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol (Figure ​1). A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:29335519 PMID:31623280 apoptotic process [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. In liver cells, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role by amplifying the apoptotic signal and integrating both pathways into a final common pathway. PMID:29335519 Metabolic reprogramming by PCK1 promotes TCA cataplerosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver cancer cells and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. PMID:31623280 Bellanti et al. showed through targeted lipidomic analysis that rats fed diets rich in cholesterol exhibited increased toxic hepatic triol, which induces apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of decreasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:31623280 decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 MPTP activation by a combination of elevated intramitochondrial Ca2+ and oxidative stress promotes the collapse of transmembrane ion gradients, resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion. PMID:31623280 Consistent with this, high glucose induces mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP depletion in several rodent and human cell models. More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Bile acid and bile salt transport to hepatocyte is a subtype of bile acid and bile salt transport: A process that transports bile acid and bile salts within a hepatocyte by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. After their uptake into hepatocytes, bile salts reach the canalicular plasma membrane, whch probably involves binding to cytoplasmic proteins. bile acid and bile salt transport to hepatocyte [Cholestasis] After their uptake into hepatocytes, bile salts reach the canalicular plasma membrane, whch probably involves binding to cytoplasmic proteins. ISBN:0123878179 Decreasing membrane potential is a subtype of changing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential across a membrane to be lower. decreasing membrane potential A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. antitubercular agent Malfunctioning of uncoupling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform uncoupling appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. malfunctioning of uncoupling [Mitochondrial disorder] A role played by the entity which enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. related molecular funcion GO:0005254 chloride channel Negative regulation of mitochondrial gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. negative regulation of mitochondrial gene expression [Mitochondrial disorder] GCLC inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the GCLC to be lower. GCLC inactivation Negative regulation of mitochondrial gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. PMID:28285835 negative regulation of mitochondrial gene expression negative regulation of mitochondrial gene expression The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. PMID:27058308 Catalysis role of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. EC:2.7.12.1 ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ser/Thr- and Tyr-phosphorylating) related molecular function GO:0004712 protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 PMID:22465940 PMID:26519955 PMID:28511854 PMID:28607105 http://omim.org/entry/614313 Acot1 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50559 PMID:22465940 The emerging role of acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases in regulating peroxisomal lipid metabolism. PMID:26519955 Toxicol Sci. 2016 Feb;149(2):312-25. Dose and Effect Thresholds for Early Key Events in a PPARα-Mediated Mode of Action. Thresholds varied widely by marker, from 2-fold (Pdk4 and proliferation LI) to 30-fold (Acot1) induction to reach hypothetical tumorigenic expression levels. PMID:28511854 Acot1 is a sensitive indicator for PPARα activation after perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in primary hepatocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. PMID:28607105 Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 1 (ACOT1) Regulates PPARα to Couple Fatty Acid Flux with Oxidative Capacity During Fasting. Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 lipid storage in liver [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 However, several hormonal and metabolic adaptations are set up in order to restrain hepatic fat accumulation, such as increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO). The expansion of hepatic lipids can be limited by different hormonal and metabolic adaptations leading to increased peroxisomal and mitochondrial FAO, as well as enhanced VLDL secretion (arrow 2). PMID:29222479 As shown in Fig. 3c, H&E staining and Oil Red O staining showed that hepatic fat accumulation and immune cell infiltration were increased in alcohol-fed GDF15 KO mice compared to controls (Fig. 3c).  PMID:31623280 Recent studies also show that MAMs are important for hepatic insulin signaling, nutrient sensing, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites could exacerbate hepatic lipid accumulation and miscommunication between organelles appears to be related to the pathology of hepatic metabolic diseases. Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Damaged mitochondria are usually eliminated by autophagy/mitophagy which is attenuated by lipid accumulation. Hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. Mitochondria are responsible for beta oxidation of fatty acids.Inhibition of mitochondrial beta -oxidationleads to hepatic steatosis and/or hepatotoxicity. DRUG INDUCED LIVER DISEASE CHAPTER 5, 3rd Ed. Editors: Neil Kaplowitz Laurie DeLev Hardcover ISBN: 9780123878175 PMID:21145849 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:31623280 H2O2 produced by mitochondria induces antioxidant enzyme expression through AMPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), and consistently, NRF2 knockout mice on a high-fat diet develop more severe NASH associated with decreased antioxidant response, reduced β-oxidation genes, and increased lipogenic genes. In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. PMID:31649547 Recent study has found that hepatic fatty acid accumulation can cause damaged mitochondria accumulation, which can impair mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fatty acid oxidative degradation. Accumulating evidence has shown that defective hepatic mitochondrial respiration characterized by damaged mitochondria accumulation can impair mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which sequentially causes various adverse consequences, such as excessive ROS, reduced ATP production, and hepatic fatty acid accumulation. In general, damaged mitochondria accumulation can cause excessive ROS production, which will destroy mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid oxidative degradation and accelerating fatty acid accumulation. Hypofunction of lipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid degradation. hypofunction of lipid degradation Hypofunction of fatty acid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid degradation. hypofunction of fatty acid degradation Hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid beta-oxidation. hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation Changing iron ion concentration is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the iron (Fe) concentration in the blood to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. changing iron ion concentration [Mitochondrial disorder] Degradation of a mitochondrion by macroautophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:22187934 PMID:22743996 PMID:27151080 mitohagy [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found evidence of autophagy/mitophagy in dynamic equilibrium with the biogenesis of novel mitochondria, particularly in mutant C9ORF72 fibroblasts where an increase of mitochondrial DNA content and mass, and of PGC1-α protein was observed. These results, together with electronic microscopy data showing few autophagic/mitophagic vacuoles in both mutant fibroblast groups (Fig. 1d), suggest an early activation of the autophagic process. C19H35N C1CCC(CC1)C(CC1CCCCN1)C1CCCCC1 DrugBank:DB01074 PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Perhexiline perhexiline - fatty acid oxidation inhibitor [lipidosis] Mitochondrial damage dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of mitochondrial damage. mitochondrial damage dependent chemical entity C19H35N C1CCC(CC1)C(CC1CCCCN1)C1CCCCC1 DrugBank:DB01074 Wikipedia:Perhexiline perhexiline [lipidosis] Uncoupling dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of uncoupling of miochondrial damage as a gene product. Gene profile:Rat/Liver/ under construction uncoupling dependent molecule (rat in vivo) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7352 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22229 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25708 PMID:19710539 https://omim.org/entry/602044 GENATLAS Biochemistry: uncoupling protein of inner mitochondrial membrane 3,with two forms,long and short missing C terminal 37 residues,dissipating the proton electrochemical gradient by uncoupling fuel oxidation from ADP-ATP conversion,highly expressed in skeletal muscle during development,regulated by nutritional factors,possible mediator of adaptive thermogenesis,involved in the variation of energy metabolism and obesity,regulated by PPARA and PPARG in mice,and dysregulated in states of insulin resistance,increased expression in function of obesity and in type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) UCP3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function: UCP are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. As a result, energy is dissipated in the form of heat. May play a role in the modulation of tissue respiratory control. Participates in thermogenesis and energy balance. UCP3_HUMAN,P55916 Ucp3 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7352 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7352 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22229 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22229 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25708 PMID:19710539 UCP3 expression in liver modulates gene expression and oxidative metabolism in response to fatty acids, and sensitizes mitochondria to permeability transition. NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 Acot12 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170570 NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 PMID:17485727 PMID:21094633 PMID:23967086 PMID:28385385 http://omim.org/entry/614313 Acot1 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50559 PMID:17485727 Acot1 mRNA levels were increased by 90-fold in liver by treatment with Wy-14,643 and that Acot1 mRNA was also increased by 15-fold in the liver of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha) knockout animals. Our study identified a direct repeat 1 (DR1) located in the Acot1 gene promoter in mouse, which binds the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and HNF4alpha. PMID:21094633 cytosolic ACOT1 becomes downregulated as the cellular use of acyl-CoA increases, while mitochondrial ACOT2 is upregulated as the beta-oxidation capacity increases. ACOT isoform expression may be regulated during brown adipocyte differentiation to support the fat storage and combustion characteristics of this cell type. PMID:23967086 Repeated restraint stress up-regulated Pparα and its target genes in the liver, including Acox, Acot1, Acot4, Cyp4a10, Cyp4a14 and Lipin2, an effect that was highly correlated with Hnf4α PMID:28385385 ACOT1 is a cytosolic enzyme with substrate selectivity for long chain (C12–C20) saturated-and monounsaturated acyl-CoAs. It is expressed mainly in liver, kidney, lung and heart in mouse. ACOT1 appears to modulate the cytosolic pool of long chain acyl-CoAs and FFA, potentially controlling ligand availability for the nuclear hormone receptors PPARα and HNF4α. ACOT1 (Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ACOT1 include Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infectious Disease. Among its related pathways are Metabolism and Fatty acid elongation. GO annotations related to this gene include hydrolase activity and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity. An important paralog of this gene is ACOT2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 http://omim.org/entry/614313 Acot1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:641371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26897 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26897 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50559 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50559 ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 tamoxifen -mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as 4,4′- diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, amiodarone, tamoxifen, perhexiline, etc., which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins, whose members display helicase and ATPase activities and which are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI and has sequence similarity to the yeast Swp73 protein. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] PMID:23219531 https://omim.org/entry/601737 Smarcd3 (rat)[Uncoupling] PMID:23219531 Brg1/Brm-associated factor (BAF) 60c is a specific chromatin remodeling component for lipogenic gene transcription in liver. Moving lipid to the hepatocyte is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of lipid into a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of eosinogranular degeneration. moving lipid to the hepatocye [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57875 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362850 PMID:10862772 PMID:10866690 PMID:19075393 PMID:22458843 PMID:22660330 PMID:24465718 PMID:28371666 http://omim.org/entry/605910 Angptl4 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51129 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57875 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57875 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362850 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362850 PMID:10862772 Characterization of the fasting-induced adipose factor FIAF, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target gene. PMID:10866690 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma target gene encoding a novel angiopoietin-related protein associated with adipose differentiation. PMID:19075393 Rare loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL family members contribute to plasma triglyceride levels in humans. PMID:22660330 Inhibitory receptors bind ANGPTLs and support blood stem cells and leukaemia development. Nature 485: 656-660, 2012. PMID:28371666 The circulating ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL 4 expression was significantly elevated in HCC cases compared to chronic hepatitis patients and controls  The totality of all processes through which eosinogranular degeneration accompanied with hypertrophy is realized. PMID:16332691 eosinophilic granular degeneration with hypertrophy　[toxic course] PMID:16332691 Excess peroxisomes are degraded by autophagic machinery in mammals. Atg7, an essential gene for autophagy, plays a pivotal role in the degradation of excess peroxisomes in mammals. The autophagic machinery is essential for the selective clearance of excess peroxisomes in mammals. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members bind heparin and possess broad mitogenic and angiogenic activities. This protein has been implicated in diverse biological processes, such as limb and nervous system development, wound healing, and tumor growth. The mRNA for this gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites, and is alternatively translated from non-AUG (CUG) and AUG initiation codons, resulting in five different isoforms with distinct properties. The CUG-initiated isoforms are localized in the nucleus and are responsible for the intracrine effect, whereas, the AUG-initiated form is mostly cytosolic and is responsible for the paracrine and autocrine effects of this FGF. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 PMID:28006775 PMID:28544332 Fgf2 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54250 PMID:28006775 FGF-2 protects against H2O2-induced necrosis of H9C2 cardiomyocytes via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway.  PMID:28544332 Fibroblast growth factor 2 protects against renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating mitochondrial damage and proinflammatory signalling. Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 increasing hepatocellular volume (moderate) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 Peroxisomes tylically occupy less than 2% of the cytoplasmic volume, while tratment with fibrate drugs inceases this volume to as much as 25%. Toxicity of Peroxisome Proliferators Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Toxicology John P. Vanden Heuvel ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 amiodarone -mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor [lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as amiodarone, tamoxifen, which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 increasing hepatocellular volume (mild) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 Peroxisomes tylically occupy less than 2% of the cytoplasmic volume, while tratment with fibrate drugs inceases this volume to as much as 25%. Toxicity of Peroxisome Proliferators Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Toxicology John P. Vanden Heuvel STARD7 (StAR Related Lipid Transfer Domain Containing 7) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with STARD7 include Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor. Among its related pathways are Metabolism and Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. GO annotations related to this gene include lipid binding. An important paralog of this gene is PCTP. NCBI-Human-GeneID:56910 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99138 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296128 PMID:15013637 PMID:20042613 PMID:27499296 http://omim.org/entry/616712 Stard7 (rat)[Uncoupling] NCBI-Human-GeneID:56910 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56910 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99138 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/99138 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296128 PMID:15013637 GTT1/StarD7, a novel phosphatidylcholine transfer protein-like highly expressed in gestational trophoblastic tumour: cloning and characterization. PMID:20042613 StarD7 mediates the intracellular trafficking of phosphatidylcholine to mitochondria. PMID:27499296 Mitochondrial Protein Interaction Mapping Identifies Regulators of Respiratory Chain Function. Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 increasing hepatocellular volume (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744307.gat023 Peroxisomes tylically occupy less than 2% of the cytoplasmic volume, while tratment with fibrate drugs inceases this volume to as much as 25%. Toxicity of Peroxisome Proliferators Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Toxicology John P. Vanden Heuvel C19H35N C1CCC(CC1)C(CC1CCCCN1)C1CCCCC1 DrugBank:DB01074 PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Perhexiline pergexiline -mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor [lipidosis] A role played by the entity which negative regulates the oxidative phosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor role NCBI-Human-GeneID:2939 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:501110 GSTA2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2939 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2939 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:501110 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/501110 The totality of all processes through which a given diabetes instance is realized. diabetes course Hypofunction of electron transport coupled proton transport is a subtype of hypofunction of ion transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient electron transport coupled proton transport. hypofunction of electron transport coupled proton transport ibuprofen [lipidosis] ibuprofen - oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor [lipidosis] A role played by the entity which regulates the glutathione conjugation. glutathione conjuation regulating agent role Leaking proton ion is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks the proton from the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. leaking proton ion [Mitochondrial disorder] Enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:21145849 PMID:25339807 oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling [mitochondrial disorder] Enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:15738989 PMID:16179945 PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:25339807 MPTP activation by a combination of elevated intramitochondrial Ca2+ and oxidative stress promotes the collapse of transmembrane ion gradients, resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP depletion. Fatty acid strorage is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps fatty acid in a biological object. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:26571396 PMID:31649547 fatty acid strorage [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 A second mechanism is ROS generation due to CYP2E1 overexpression and reduced levels of mtGSH. Whereas CYP2E1 induction could be secondary to higher levels of glucagon, FAs and KBs, reduced mtGSH could result from higher mitochondrial levels of cholesterol. Some lipid derivatives such as FAs can directly inhibit several enzymes involved in MRC and OXPHOS. Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). PMID:26571396 First, in murine livers, elevation of fatty acid delivery not only induced oxidative metabolism, but also amplified anaplerosis/cataplerosis and caused a proportional rise in oxidative stress and inflammation. Likewise, Pck1 knockdown did not cause lower fasting basal endogenous glucose production (Figure 4C) or GNG (Figure 4D) on a control diet, but it was sufficient to prevent the rise in these fluxes during a HFD. PMID:31649547 Recent study has found that hepatic fatty acid accumulation can cause damaged mitochondria accumulation, which can impair mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fatty acid oxidative degradation. Accumulating evidence has shown that defective hepatic mitochondrial respiration characterized by damaged mitochondria accumulation can impair mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which sequentially causes various adverse consequences, such as excessive ROS, reduced ATP production, and hepatic fatty acid accumulation. In general, damaged mitochondria accumulation can cause excessive ROS production, which will destroy mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid oxidative degradation and accelerating fatty acid accumulation. PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha ( (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha)) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. Reactome The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); PMID:23299992 PPARalpha activation [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). For instance, LCFA‐mediated PPARα activation increases the expression of the mitochondrial enzymes CPT1 and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). nimesulide [lipidosis] PMID:21145849 nimesulide [lipidosis - oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor] A compound which plays an inhibition of glutathione conjugation. glutathione conjugation inhibotor role Glutathione depletion dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of glutathione depletion as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. glutathione depletion dependent molecule (canonical) Changing force is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the force of the object. changing force Regulation of lipolytic gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid degradation related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of lipolytic gene expression [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Hypofunction of carbohydrate transport is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient carbohydrate transport. hypofunction of carbohydrate transport Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase I. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I Decreasing glycogen level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glycogen level to be lower. MPATH:50 glycogen depletion decreasing glycogen level Hyperfunction of Cyp gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450. hyperfunction of Cyp gene expression Hyperfunction of electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450. hyperfunction of electron transport from NADH to cytochrome P450 Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps dioxins and dioxin-like compoundsin the liver. dioxins and dioxin-like compounds accumulation in liver Negative regulation of heat generation is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat generation. down regulation of heat generation down-regulation of heat generation downregulation of heat generation inhibition of heat generation negative regulation of heat generation Mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint is a subtype of negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle: A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle. mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione conjugation process. negative regulation of glutathione conjugation Negative regulation of cell proliferation inhibitor expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation inhibitor expression. negative regulation of cell proliferation inhibitor expression Hyperfunction of reduction is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive reduction. hyperfunction of reduction Decreasing negative regulator of G1/S transition is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that chanes the quantity of the object with a negative regulator of G1/S role to be lower. decreasing negative regulator of G1/S transition Insufficient detoxification is a subtype of making insufficient: A process that lacks in detoxification. insufficient detoxification Antioxidant gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature antioxidant gene product or products (proteins or RNA). antioxidant gene expression NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase LPL (canonical)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4023 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4023 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16956 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24539 Hyprerfunction of anti-oxidative stress is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive response to oxidative stress. hyprerfunction of anti-oxidative stress Decreasing proton motive force is a subtype of decreasing force: A process that changes the force of proton generated by electrochemical proton gradient to be lower. decreasing proton motive force A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position. PMID:2922762 coumarin [Glutathione depletion] CAR binding is a subtype of binding: Interacting with CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) . constitutive androstane receptor binding CAR binding NCBI-Human-GeneID:2941 GSTA4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2941 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2941 Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. chemical compound accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance] Dysfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). dysfunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis - genetic] Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. This process is dependent on the sphingomyelin disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). phospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - genetic- sphingomyelin disorder ] Liver malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform liver function correctly or not functioning at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type A/ B. liver malfunction [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Spleen malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform spleen function correctly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick Disease Type A/ B. spleen malfunction [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Organ malfunction is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform organ(s) function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. organ malfunction Liver malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform liver function correctly or not functioning at all. liver malfunction Spleen malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform spleen function correctly. spleen malfunction In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. The defense performance level and the functional demand level are moderate (M) under the normal condition and keeping the balance. toxicological imbalance M=M (maintining homeostasis in the normal condition) Compound excretion is a subtype of xenobiotics excretion: A process that takes a compound from a cell, organelle, or makes a clearance of it from the body. chemical compound excretion Compound excretion is a subtype of xenobiotics excretion: A process that takes a compound from a cell, organelle, or makes a clearance of it from the body. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. chemical compound excretion [Phospholipidosis] Decreasing demand for phospholipid degradation is a subtype of decreasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the phospholipid degradation to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing demand for phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis] Decreasing demand is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity demanded to be lower. decreasing demand Decreasing functional demand is a subtype of decreasing demand: A process that changes the functional demand to be lower. decreasing functional demand Decreasing demand for phospholipid degradation is a subtype of decreasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for the phospholipid degradation to be lower. decreasing demand for phospholipid degradation ceramide accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps ceramide in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). increasing phospholipid metabolite [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Decreasing phospholipid is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the phospholipid to be lower. decreasing phospholipid Decreasing phospholipid is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the phospholipid to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing phospholipid [Phospholipidosis] Increasing lysosomal pH is a subtype of changing pH: A process that changes the pH in lysosome to be higher. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). increasing lysosomal pH [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation. And the degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). negative regulation of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). hypofunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (mild)] glutathione transferase family NCBI-HUman-GeneID:8879 PMID:17090686 PMID:20097939 PMID:2061324 PMID:26886371 http://omim.org/entry/603729 SGPL1(human) [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-HUman-GeneID:8879 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8879 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. PMID:2061324 Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver.　 PMID:26886371 Increased mRNA Levels of Sphingosine Kinases and S1P Lyase and Reduced Levels of S1P Were Observed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Association with Poorer Differentiation and Earlier Recurrence: Inhibition of SPL expression by siRNA led to reduced proliferation and invasion, while overexpression of SPL caused enhanced proliferation of HCC cell lines. Malfunctioning of phospholipid metabolism is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of phospholipid metabolism appropriately or cannot realize it at all. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). malfunctioning of phospholipid metabolism [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Malfunctioning of phospholipid metabolism is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of phospholipid metabolism appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of phospholipid metabolism NCBI-Human-GeneID:2944 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14863 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24424 GSTM1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2944 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14863 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14863 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24424 Lysosome damage is a subtype of organelle damage. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). PMID:23921551 lysosome damage [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Lysosomal enzyme leakage is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks the enzyme out from the lysosome. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). lysosomal enzyme leakage [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Lysosomal enzyme leakage is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks the enzyme out from the lysosome. lysosomal enzyme leakage Autolysis is a subtype of dissolving: The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell membrane by the action of their own enzymes. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). autolysis [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Dysfunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phospholipid degradation severely. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). dysfunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Increasing drug metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of drug metabolites to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. increasing drug metabolite [cell death] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. negative regulation of apoptotic process [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway is a subtype of negative regulation of signaling: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway [ER stress] Negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway is a subtype of negative regulation of signaling: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25966993 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126329/ negative regulation of AKT signaling [ER stress] PMID:25966993 ER stress in hepatocytes induces PHLDA3 via IRE1-Xbp1s pathway, which facilitates liver injury by inhibiting Akt. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2946 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68312 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81869 GSTM2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2946 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2946 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68312 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68312 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81869 NCBI-Human-GeneID:207 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11651 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24185 AKT (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:207 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/207 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11651 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11651 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24185 Unfolded protein is a subtype of substance with role. This entity participates in a unfolded protein response and plays a unfolded protein role. unfolded protein Molecular complex is a subtype of onject aggregates. This entity has sub-parts of molecules. molecular complex Bip-stress sensor complex is a subtype of molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules, BIP/GRP78 and other molecule which has role of stress sensor. This entity is dependent on ER stress. BIP-STRESS sensor complex (canonical)[ER stress] Bip-PERK sensor complex is a subtype of molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules, BIP/GRP78 and PERK which has role of stress sensor. This entity is dependent on ER stress. BIP-PERK complex (canonical)[ER stress] BIP-ATF6 complex is a subtype of molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules, BIP/GRP78 and ATF6 which has role of stress sensor. This entity is dependent on ER stress. BIP-ATF6 complex (canonical)[ER stress] BIP-IRE1 complex is a subtype of molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules, BIP/GRP78 and IRE1 which has role of stress sensor. This entity is dependent on ER stress. BIP-IRE1 complex (canonical)[ER stress] Hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation Glutathione depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of glutathione. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25931127 glutathione depletion [ER stress] Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26977301 positive regulation of apoptotic process [ER stress] PMID:26977301 PMID:26977301 In liver, the lesions observed in tunicamycin‐intoxicated animals include steatosis, bile ductular hyperplasia, swollen hepatocytes, and the presence of apoptotic bodies (Finnie and O'Shea 1989; Finnie and O'Shea 1990b; Finnie et al. 2004; Rutkowski et al. 2008). Bip-unfolded protein is a subtype of a molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules: BIP/GRP78, and an unfolded protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017506 https://identifiers.org/reactome:R-HSA-381062 Bip-unfolded protein complex A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25931127 cell cycle arrest [ER stress] PMID:25931127 Because of the role of glutathione in cell cycle progression and apoptosis, an important role for CHAC1 in regulating the redox potential, proliferation, and viability of cells following ER stress is suggested. CHAC1 induction may induce a biphasic signal, first for cell cycle arrest, allowing the cell time to adapt to the stress, followed by apoptosis if the stress is insurmountable. Forming disulfide bond is a subtype of binding: The interaction between molecules with interchain disulfide bonds. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:21091435 PMID:23198585 PMID:23637286 forming disulfide bond [ER stress] PMID:21091435 The endoplasmic reticulum sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1beta drives efficient oxidative protein folding with loose regulation. PMID:23637286 Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the first discovered, most abundant oxidoreductase in the ER. Depending on conditions, it catalyzes formation, isomerization, or reduction of disulfide bonds. Without oxidoreductase capacity in the ER, protein folding would be too slow and prone to disaster, with abundant aggregation and degradation favored. Considering that protein folding in principle is a spontaneous process and that chaperones guide the process, the formation of nonnative disulfide bonds during folding is a must. Forming disulfide bond is a subtype of binding: The interaction between molecules with interchain disulfide bonds. In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′. The linkage is also called an SS-bond or sometimes a disulfide bridge and is usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups. Occurrence in proteins Disulfide bonds play an important role in the folding and stability of some proteins, usually proteins secreted to the extracellular medium. Since most cellular compartments are reducing environments, in general, disulfide bonds are unstable in the cytosol, with some exceptions as noted below, unless a sulfhydryl oxidase is present. Disulfide bonds in proteins are formed between the thiol groups of cysteine residues by the process of oxidative folding. The other sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine, cannot form disulfide bonds. A disulfide bond is typically denoted by hyphenating the abbreviations for cysteine, e.g., when referring to ribonuclease A the "Cys26–Cys84 disulfide bond", or the "26–84 disulfide bond", or most simply as "C26–C84"　where the disulfide bond is understood and does not need to be mentioned. The prototype of a protein disulfide bond is the two-amino-acid peptide cystine, which is composed of two cysteine amino acids joined by a disulfide bond (shown in Figure 3 in its unionized form). The structure of a disulfide bond can be described by its χss dihedral angle between the Cβ−Sγ−Sγ−Cβ atoms, which is usually close to ±90°. forming disulfide bond In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′. The linkage is also called an SS-bond or sometimes a disulfide bridge and is usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups. Occurrence in proteins Disulfide bonds play an important role in the folding and stability of some proteins, usually proteins secreted to the extracellular medium. Since most cellular compartments are reducing environments, in general, disulfide bonds are unstable in the cytosol, with some exceptions as noted below, unless a sulfhydryl oxidase is present. Disulfide bonds in proteins are formed between the thiol groups of cysteine residues by the process of oxidative folding. The other sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine, cannot form disulfide bonds. A disulfide bond is typically denoted by hyphenating the abbreviations for cysteine, e.g., when referring to ribonuclease A the "Cys26–Cys84 disulfide bond", or the "26–84 disulfide bond", or most simply as "C26–C84"　where the disulfide bond is understood and does not need to be mentioned. The prototype of a protein disulfide bond is the two-amino-acid peptide cystine, which is composed of two cysteine amino acids joined by a disulfide bond (shown in Figure 3 in its unionized form). The structure of a disulfide bond can be described by its χss dihedral angle between the Cβ−Sγ−Sγ−Cβ atoms, which is usually close to ±90°. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[Perk-eIF2a signalling system] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14865 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499689 GSTM4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2948 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2948 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14865 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14865 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/499689 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2949 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14862 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24423 GSTM5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2949 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2949 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14862 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14862 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24423 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24423 Cell invasion into other cell is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of a cell into other different cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell invasion into other cell [Cell death] Cell invasion into other cell is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of a cell into other different cells. cell invasion into other cell Negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor cell proliferation. negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation Negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation [Cell death] A series of molecular signals mediated by ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 signal transduction pathway NCBI-Human-GeneID:9446 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114846 GSTO1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9446 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9446 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14873 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114846 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114846 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. negative regulation of autophagy [Cell death] Metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete metabolic function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. metabolic dysfunction [Cell death] Malfunctioning of metabolism is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a metabolism appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of metabolism Metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete metabolic function. metabolic dysfunction Changing fatty acid homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell. changing fatty acid homeostasis Changing fatty acid homeostasis in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of fatty acid within peroxisomes. changing fatty acid homeostasis in peroxisome Changing fatty acid homeostasis in peroxisome is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that changes the steady state of fatty acid within peroxisomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. changing fatty acid homeostasis in peroxisome [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Regulation of gene expression by p53 is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. regulation of gene expression by p53 [Cell death] Regulation of gene expression by p53 is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. regulation of gene expression by p53 The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. DNA repair [Cell death] Membrane phospholipid catabolic process is a subtype of lipid catabolic process: The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of membrane phopholipids This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. membrane phospholipid catabolic process [Cell death] Pathogen proliferation is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process becomes larger in the number of pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the body. pathogen proliferation Pathogen proliferation is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process becomes larger in the number of pathogen such as microorganism (bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, etc.) present in the body. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. pathogen proliferation [Cell death] Hyperfunction of immune response is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive immune response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. hyperfunction of immune response [Cell death] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. inflammatory response [Cell death] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response [ER stress] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22013210 A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. pyroptosis [Cell death] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-mediated unfolded protein response [ER stress] Decreasing proton motive force is a subtype of decreasing force: A process that changes the force of proton generated by electrochemical proton gradient to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. decreasing proton motive force [Mitochondrial disorder] Hypofunction of fatty acid oxidation is a subtype of hypofunctioning of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid oxidation. hypofunction of fatty acid oxidation 1 Anoikis is a subtype of cell death triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. An adherent cell-restricted lethal cascade that is ignited by detachment from the matrix and that is characterized by (i) lack of beta1-integrin engagement, (ii) downregulation of EGFR expression, (iii) inhibition of extracellular-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) signaling, and (iv) overexpression of the BCL-2 family member BIM. It should be noted that in most, if not all, instances, the cell death program ignited by anoikis is executed by the molecular machinery for intrinsic apoptosis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ under construction anoikis (course) In response to several stimuli, neutrophils and eosinophils can release the so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), that is, microbicidal structures composed of nuclear chromatin, histones and granular antimicrobial proteins. Netotic cells exhibit massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, rapid chromatin decondensation and breakdown of both the nuclear and granular membranes, which is required for proper NET formation. Netosis is insensitive to caspase inhibitors and necrostatin-1, further demonstrating that it constitutes a cell death subroutine distinct from apoptosis and regulated necrosis. Netosis might be defined as a cell death subroutine that is: (i) restricted to granulocytic cells; (ii) insensitive to (and perhaps dependent on)163 caspase inhibition; (iii) insensitive to necrostatin; (iv) dependent on NAPDH oxidase-mediated superoxide generation; and (v) dependent on (components of) the autophagic machinery https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252826/ PMID:24009232 netosis The directed movement of the organic cation into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane during cholestasis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. importing cation into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:119391 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309465 GSTO2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:119391 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/119391 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68214 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/309465 Collagenase inhibitor production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a substance with collagenase inhibitor role due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. collagenase inhibitor production [Fibrosis] Collagenase inhibitor production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a substance with collagenase inhibitor role due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. collagenase inhibitor production A role of combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. related molecular function GO:0004675 transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase A series of molecular signals mediated by IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 signal transduction pathway Malfunctioning of electron transport coupled proton transport is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform an electron transport coupled proton transport appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of uncoupling PERK-eIF2a signaling is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation pathway. This pathway is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-eIF2a signaling (integrated pathway)[ER stress - translation attenuation] Fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking afatty acid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking afatty acid homeostastasis balance. The degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome (mild) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking afatty acid homeostastasis balance. The degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome (moderate) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein unfolding [ER stress] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:18556558 PMID:26977301 lipid biosynthetic process [ER stress] PMID:18556558 X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), known as a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) secondary to ER stress, is a only recently characterized regulator of hepatic lipogenesis. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the transcription factor XBP1. Science 2008; 320: 1492-1496. XBP1 protein expression in mice was elevated after feeding carbohydrates and corresponded with the induction of critical genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Inducible, selective deletion of XBP1 in the liver resulted in marked hypocholesterolemia and hypotriglyceridemia, secondary to a decreased production of lipids from the liver. This phenotype was not accompanied by hepatic steatosis or compromise in protein secretory function. The identification of XBP1 as a regulator of lipogenesis has important implications for human dyslipidemias. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 R-HSA-1791066.1 https://omim.org/entry/601746 Hyou1 (rat)[ER stress] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 PMID:14559994 PMID:18400946 PMID:25146923 REACTOME: R-HSA-381038 https://omim.org/entry/602634 ERDJ4 [ER stress] IRE1->Xbp1->DNAJB9 DNAJB9 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4189 PMID:14559994 XBP-1 regulates a subset of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone genes in the unfolded protein response. XBP-1-dependent UPR target genes: ERdj4, p58IPK, EDEM, RAMP-4, PDI-P5, and HEDJ, all of which appear to act in the ER and display Hsp40-like ATPase augmenting activity for the Hsp70 family chaperone proteins. PMID:18400946 ERdj4 and ERdj5 are required for endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation of misfolded surfactant protein C. PMID:25146923 Genotoxic stress/p53-induced DNAJB9 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of p53. DNAJB9 as an inducible gene of the tumor suppressor p53. DNAJB9 expression was induced by p53 or genotoxic stress in a p53-dependent manner, which was mediated by the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway. In addition, depletion of DNAJB9 by using siRNAs greatly increased genotoxic stress/p53-induced apoptosis, suggesting that DNAJB9 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of p53. REACTOME: R-HSA-381038 XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes including DNAJB9, EDEM, RAMP4, p58IPK, and others. This results in an increase in protein folding activity in the ER. This gene encodes a member of the mammalian activation transcription factor/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. This gene is induced by a variety of signals, including many of those encountered by cancer cells, and is involved in the complex process of cellular stress response. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. It is possible that alternative splicing of this gene may be physiologically important in the regulation of target genes. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011] stress induction ->ATF3 ->apotosis induction by activating pro-apoptic genesTNRSF1-B and BBC3 cancer development ->ATF3 ->apoptosis inhibition by repressing proapoptic genes CDKN1A Systems analysis of ATF3 in stress response and cancer reveals opposing effects on pro-apoptotic genes in p53 pathway. PMID:22046379 Stress-induced ATF3 binds to 40% of p53 targets and activates pro-apoptotic genes such as TNFRSF10B/DR5 and BBC3/PUMA. Cancer-associated ATF3, by contrast, represses these pro-apoptotic genes in addition to CDKN1A/p21. ATF3 has opposing, cell context-dependent effects on p53 target genes in DNA damage response and cancer development. NCBI-Human-GeneID:467 PMID:20485437 PMID:22046379 PMID:24939851 PMID:26917416 PMID:27484784 PMID:8622660 PERK->ATF4->ATF3 reactome ATF3 (human)[ER stress] PMID:22046379 PMID:24217556 NCBI-Human-GeneID:467 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/467 PMID:20485437 Opposing roles for calcineurin and ATF3 in squamous skin cancer. Calcineurin/NFAT inhibition counteracts p53-dependent cancer cell senescence, thereby increasing tumorigenic potential. ATF3, a member of the 'enlarged' AP1 family, is selectively induced by calcineurin/NFAT inhibition, both under experimental conditions and in clinically occurring tumors, and increased ATF3 expression accounts for suppression of p53-dependent senescence and enhanced tumorigenic potential. PMID:22046379 Systems analysis of ATF3 in stress response and cancer reveals opposing effects on pro-apoptotic genes in p53 pathway. PMID:8622660 Analysis of ATF3, a transcription factor induced by physiological stresses and modulated by gadd153/Chop10 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 PMID:15601821 PMID:15775988 PMID:22761832 PMID:25904325 http://www.omim.org/entry/126337 CHOP [ER stress] DDIT3 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1649 PMID:15775988 TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. NCBI-Human-GeneID:57761 PMID:12791994 PMID:15775988 PMID:17369260 PMID:23695665 http://omim.org/entry/607898 TRIB3 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:57761 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57761 PMID:15775988 TRB3 is a novel target of CHOP/ATF4 and downregulates its own induction by repression of CHOP/ATF4 functions, and that it is involved in CHOP-dependent cell death during ER stress. PMID:17369260 TRB3 inhibits the transcriptional activation of stress-regulated genes by a negative feedback on the ATF4 pathway. Elucidation of a novel phenformin derivative on glucose-deprived stress responses in HT-29 cells. 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen) down-regulated expression of several ER stress-related genes, with the exception of GADD153. The expression levels of ATF6α, GRP78, MANF, and CRELD2 mRNA were almost completely decreased by 2-Cl-Phen. NCBI-Human-GeneID:79174 PMID:23956175 https://omim.org/entry/607171 CRELD2 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79174 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79174 PMID:23956175 Armet/Manf and Creld2 are components of a specialized ER stress response provoked by inappropriate formation of disulphide bonds: implications for genetic skeletal diseases. Dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete functioning of respiratory electron transport chain. dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain Hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypofunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [ER stress] Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:18556558 PMID:26977301 PMID:27325692 lipid storage in liver [ER stress] PMID:18556558 X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), known as a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) secondary to ER stress, is a only recently characterized regulator of hepatic lipogenesis. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the transcription factor XBP1. Science 2008; 320: 1492-1496. XBP1 protein expression in mice was elevated after feeding carbohydrates and corresponded with the induction of critical genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Inducible, selective deletion of XBP1 in the liver resulted in marked hypocholesterolemia and hypotriglyceridemia, secondary to a decreased production of lipids from the liver. This phenotype was not accompanied by hepatic steatosis or compromise in protein secretory function. The identification of XBP1 as a regulator of lipogenesis has important implications for human dyslipidemias. PMID:26977301 In liver, the lesions observed in tunicamycin‐intoxicated animals include steatosis, bile ductular hyperplasia, swollen hepatocytes, and the presence of apoptotic bodies (Finnie and O'Shea 1989; Finnie and O'Shea 1990b; Finnie et al. 2004; Rutkowski et al. 2008). The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. cell proliferation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Receiving signal is a subtype of receiving: A process that recognizes another object and changes into a signal. receiving signal The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (sustained) . protein refolding (sustained) [ER stress] Dissociation of IRE1:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates IRE-1-BIP heterodimers into BIP and IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 Dissociation of IRE1:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress] PMID:10854322 Perturbation of protein folding promotes reversible dissociation of BiP from the lumenal domains of PERK and IRE1. Protein refolding insufficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function of protein refolding required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein refolding insufficiency [ER stress] A role played by the entity within a toxicological context. toxicological role NCBI-Human-GeneID:373156 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76263 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297029 GSTK1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:373156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/373156 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76263 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76263 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297029 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297029 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2950 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24426 GSTP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2950 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2950 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14870 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24426 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24426 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2952 GSTT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2952 Pancreatic beta cell damage is a subtype of cellular damage: A process that injuries the structure of the pancreatic beta cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. pancreatic beta cell damage Abnormal protein production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of an abnormal protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. abnormal protein production A role played by the entity which inhibits or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. related process: GO:0060051 protein glycosylation inhibitor role NCBI-Human-GeneID:2953 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29487 GSTT2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2953 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2953 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29487 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29487 NCBI-Human-GeneID:653689 GSTT2B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:653689 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/653689 Accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER Hypofunction of carbohydrate metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient carbohydrate metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypofunction of carbohydrate metabolism [ER stress] Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. see quality : http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000855 decreasing isulin sensitivity insulin resistance (process) Hypofunction of drug metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient drug metabolism. hypofunction of drug metabolism Hypofunction of drug metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient drug metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypofunction of drug metabolism [ER stress] Hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient sequestering of calcium ion. hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion A role played by a process to maintain homeostasis and to ptotect the toxic insult. adaptive response Hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient sequestering of calcium ion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:27694578 hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion [ER stress] PMID:27694578 Redox-assisted regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum by disulfide reductase ERdj5. Hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid biosynthesis. hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis A role played by the entity which regulates the formation of lipids. lipid synthesis regulator role Malfunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of malfunctioning: A process that cannot perform the lipid biosynthesis function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. malfunction of lipid biosynthesis [ER stress] Malfunctioning of cellular membrane is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a cellular membrane function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of cellular membrane Malfunctioning of cellular membrane is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a cellular membrane function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. malfunctioning of cellular membrane [ER stress] A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. necrosis [ER stress] Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:27325692 insulin resistance (process) [ER stress] PMID:27325692 XBP1s Is an Anti-lipogenic Protein: XBP1s reduces hepatic lipogenic gene expression and improves hepatosteatosis in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance, which leads us to conclude that XBP1s has anti-lipogenic properties in the liver. Hepatic cirrhosis is a subtype of changing hardness: A process that changes the hardness of the liver to become hard due to the replacement of normal liver tissue to scar tissue. hepatic cirrhosis Hepatic cirrhosis is a subtype of changing hardness: A process that changes the hardness of the liver to become hard due to the replacement of normal liver tissue to scar tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hepatic cirrhosis [ER stress] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4257 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56615 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171341 MGST1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4257 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4257 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56615 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56615 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171341 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171341 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4258 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:211666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295037 MGST2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4258 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4258 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:211666 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295037 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/295037 The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (early stage). PMID:23637286 protein refolding [ER stress (early stage)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4259 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66447 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289197 MGST3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4259 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66447 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66447 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289197 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289197 Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [ER stress] Increasing demand for protein refolding is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for protein refolding to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing demand for protein refolding [ER stress] Increasing demand for protein refolding is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for protein refolding to be higher. increasing demand for protein refolding Accumulation of compound in ER is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). accumulation of compound in ER Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 Reactome PathwayStep4038 Reactome:R-HSA-381086 http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381119&SEL=R-HSA-381086&PATH=R-HSA-392499 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress] Reactome PathwayStep4038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0006880 CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs cationic amphiphile drug) in the lysosome. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). CAD accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10074564 phospholipidosis (toxic course) PMID:15342952 The following four processes were involved in the induction of phospholipidosis; (1) Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activivity (2) Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme transport, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of genes involved in lysosomal enzyme transport (3) Enhanced phospholipid biosynthesis, which is supported by the up- regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (4) Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis, as shown by the up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes Increased cholesterol biosynthesis is considered to be an indirect trigger for the reasons: (1) The accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs concurrently with the increase in cholesterol in visceral tissues (e.g., spleen) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), which is caused by a genetic defect in the cholesterol trafficking protein NPC1 or, in far fewer patients, the sterol regulating protein HE1 (Blanchette-Mackie, 2000; Harzer et al., 2003; Vanier, 1983). (2) The induction of lamellar myelin-like bodies and the accumulation of free cholesterol occur in cultured mouse macrophages that have been incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein or acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl- transferase inhibitor (McGookey and Anderson, 1983; Robenek and Schmitz, 1988). In addition, the up- or down-regulation of transporter genes (e.g., facilitated glucose transporter) and genes that control the cell cycle (e.g., cyclin G2) may also be involved. Increase in phospholipid synthesis and impaired membrane recycling and lysosomal enzyme sorting dynamics are also occured. PMID:16979167 Phospholipidosis is the appearance of intracellular accumulation of phospholipids and lamellar bodies, most likely from an impaired phospholipid metabolism of the lysosome. In drug induced phospholipidosis, CAD induces its own specific phospho-lipid composition and selectively targets organs. PMID:22960355 Drug induced phospholipidosis: an acquired lysosomal storage disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013, 1831(3):602-11. A process that changes the activity of the NRF2 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. NRF2 activation [Glutathione depletion] A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation severely. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). negative regulation of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Negative regulation of phospholipase transcription is a subtype of negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase transcription. negative regulation of phospholipase transcription Hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipase gene expression. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Lysosomal dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete lysosomal function. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). lysosomal dysfunction [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Lysosomal dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete lysosomal function. lysosomal dysfunction Malfunctioning of cellular membrane is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a cellular membrane function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). malfunctioning of cellular membrane [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] glutathione synthetic gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) involved in glutathione synthesis. glutathione synthetic gene expression Phospholipid material transport is a subtype of molecule transport: A process that of the directed movement of phospholipid materials into a peroxisome. phospholipid material transport Hyperfunction of phospholipid material transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipid material transport. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). hyperfunction of phospholipid material transport [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Increase in intracellular calcium level is a subtype of increase in calcium level: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration within a cell to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increase in intracellular calcium level [Phospholipidosis] In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level and the functional demand level are low, as a result, keeping the balance. This state reflects the adaptation in the body. toxicological balance L=L (maintining homeostasis at lower level) Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion to be higher. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 PMID:28789970 PMID:29335519 PMID:30232152 PMID:30250064 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). PMID:28789970 not reported in the liver. High-level exposures may result in increased fission, which blocks efficient ATP generation and limits rates of functional complementation, in addition to potentially leading to apoptosis. PMID:29335519 Supporting this notion, PCK1 expression in SK-Hep-1 dramatically reduced cellular ATP level by 4 folds in cells cultured in low glucose medium, but not in normal medium (Fig. 4c). In addition, supplement of dimethyl-α-KG may also increase cellular ATP level and alleviate energy stress, as indicated by the decreased phosphorylation of AMPKα1 and ACC (Fig. 5f). PMID:30232152 not reported in liver. Exogenous H2O2 activates AMPK indirectly in myotubes by decreasing the ATP/ADP ratio. We conclude that AMPK activity in response to redox changes is not due to direct action on AMPK itself, but is a secondary consequence of redox effects on other processes, such as mitochondrial ATP production. PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial-derived ROS also activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) secondary to redox changes and mitochondrial ATP production. PMID:31649547 Accumulating evidence has shown that defective hepatic mitochondrial respiration characterized by damaged mitochondria accumulation can impair mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which sequentially causes various adverse consequences, such as excessive ROS, reduced ATP production, and hepatic fatty acid accumulation. The directed movement of calcium from the lysosome. release of calcium ion from lysosome Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion [Phospholipidosis] Decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of decreasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential [Phospholipidosis] Hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ATP biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of ATP biosynthesis [Phospholipidosis] Autolysis is a subtype of dissolving: The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell membrane by the action of their own enzymes. MeSH:D001329 autolysis Stabilizing membrane structure is a subtype of keeping structure: A process that maintains the membrane structure. stabilizing membrane structure Stabilizing lysosomal membrane structure is a subtype of stabilizing membrane structure: A process that maintains the membrane structure in the lysosome. stabilizing lysosomal membrane structure Stabilizing lysosomal membrane structure is a subtype of stabilizing membrane structure: A process that maintains the membrane structure in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:21281795 stabilizing lysosomal membrane structure [Phospholipidosis] PMID:21281795 Attenuation of the lysosomal death pathway by lysosomal cholesterol accumulation. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . Negative regulation of apoptotic process might be a defense process prevent the number of cells from decreasing too much. negative regulation of apoptotic process [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:29147025 The directed movement of calcium from the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:27977664 release of calcium ion from lysosome [Phospholipidosis] PMID:27977664 Lysosomal Re-acidification Prevents Lysosphingolipid-Induced Lysosomal Impairment and Cellular Toxicity: Neutralization can cause release of lysosomal Ca2+ and cathepsins: Ca2+ release could compromise cytoskeletal function and hence cell division, whereas cathepsin release and activation could initiate cell death. In addition, increasing lysosomal pH would be predicted to decrease function of any lysosomal enzymes evolutionarily optimized for function in an acidic environment. Obesity is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the body weight to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. obesity [Phospholipidosis] PMID:27800604 Negative regulation of inflammatory response is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of inflammatory response [Phospholipidosis] Negative regulation of inflammatory response is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory response. negative regulation of inflammatory response NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 PMID:10334936 PMID:15776477 PMID:25604905 http://omim.org/entry/105850 Ang (mouse)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:25604905 NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/283 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305843 PMID:15776477 Angiogenin is up-regulated in the nucleus and cytoplasm in human primary breast carcinoma and is associated with markers of hypoxia but not survival. PMID:25604905 Angiogenin secretion from hepatoma cells activates hepatic stellate cells to amplify a self-sustained cycle promoting liver cancer. Tumor growth is a subtype of cell growth: The process in which a tumor cell increases in size. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. tumor growth [Phospholipidosis] A role played by the entity involved in DNA repair processes including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. DNA repair role A role played by the entity which involves in regulating a cell cycle process. cell cycle regulator role Increasing phospholipid metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid metabolites to be larger. increasing phospholipid metabolite PMID:10747892 PMID:10779360 PMID:15353598 PMID:22150313 PMID:24104470 http://omim.org/entry/126335 Gadd45a - cell cycle arrest factor (rat)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:10747892 The GADD45 inhibition of Cdc2 kinase correlates with GADD45-mediated growth suppression. PMID:10779360 Gadd45 may participate in the coupling between chromatin assembly and DNA repair. PMID:15353598 NF-kappa B-mediated repression of growth arrest- and DNA-damage-inducible proteins 45alpha and gamma is essential for cancer cell survival. PMID:22150313 Gadd45 stress sensors in malignancy and leukemia. PMID:24104470 Gadd45 in stress signaling, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Any substance that inhibits the process of fibrosis. fibrosis inhibitor PMID:10747892 PMID:10779360 PMID:24104470 PMID:26973416 http://omim.org/entry/126335 Gadd45a - fibrosis inhibitor (rat)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:26973416 New role and molecular mechanism of Gadd45a in hepatic fibrosis: Significant downregulation of Gadd45a, but not Gadd45b or Gadd45g, accompanied by activation of the TGF-beta (Smad) signaling pathways was detected in fibrotic liver tissues of mice and isolated HSCs with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4 treatment. Gadd45a may exert a protective effect against hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4, via the inhibition of canonical transforming growth factor-beta (Smad) signaling and fibrogenic gene expression. Decreasing CAD in lysosomal membranes is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of the Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs (CAD) in lysosomal membranes to be smaller. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing CAD in lysosomal membranes [Phospholipidosis] Decreasing CAD in lysosomal membranes is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the quantity of the Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs (CAD) in lysosomal membranes to be smaller. decreasing CAD in lysosomal membranes glutathione synthetic gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) involved in glutathione synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. glutathione synthetic gene expression [Glutathione depletion] Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of phospholipidosis. positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process [phopholipidosis - normal] Hyperfunction of phospholipase gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipase gene expression. hyperfunction of phospholipase gene expression Hyperfunction of phospholipase gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipase gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of phospholipase gene expression [Phospholipidosis] Keeping acidic environment in lysosome is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the acidic environment within the interior of the lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. keeping acidic environment in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] Keeping acidic environment in lysosome is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the acidic environment within the interior of the lysosomes. keeping acidic environment in lysosome A role played by the entity which positively regulates the process of tumor cell growth. positive regulator of tumor growth A role played by the entity within a pharmacological context. drug-metabolizing enzyme role Increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell (niemann pick cell) is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of foam cell, a type of macrophage (niemann pick cell) containing lipids in small vacuoles, in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell (niemann pick cell) [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] Hepatic cirrhosis is a subtype of changing hardness: A process that changes the hardness of the liver to become hard due to the replacement of normal liver tissue to scar tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hepatic cirrhosis [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:26241657 inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Phospholipidosis] PMID:26241657 Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). inflammatory cytokine gene expression IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2/c-myc->Cell cycle progression IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2->anti-apoptosis PMID:10579998 PMID:10982827 PMID:12200137 PMID:9108028 https://www.omim.org/entry/146710 interleukin 2 receptor, beta - apotosis restricting factor [Phospholipidosis] IL2RB - apotosis inhibitor (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:9108028 PMID:10579998 Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 15;13(22):2905-27. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. PMID:10982827 New role for Shc in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. PMID:12200137 IL-2 receptor signaling through the Shb adapter protein in T and NK cells. PMID:9108028 Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase. IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2/c-myc->Cell cycle progression IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2->anti-apoptosis PMID:10579998 PMID:10982827 PMID:12200137 PMID:9108028 https://www.omim.org/entry/146710 interleukin 2 receptor, beta - cell cycle progression promoting factor [Phospholipidosis] IL2RB - cell cycle progression promoting factor (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:9108028 PMID:10579998 Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 15;13(22):2905-27. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. PMID:10982827 Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;20(19):7109-20. New role for Shc in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Experiments with the chimeric receptors indicate that Shc also signals to the PI-3K/Akt pathway in response to IL-2. Our results suggest that cytokine receptors lacking direct PI-3K binding sites activate Akt via a Shc/Grb2/Gab2/PI-3K pathway, thereby regulating cell survival and/or proliferation. PMID:12200137 Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 30;296(4):929-36. IL-2 receptor signaling through the Shb adapter protein in T and NK cells. Interleukin-2 induces heterodimerization of the IL-2 receptor beta and gamma subunits. The IL-2Rbeta and gamma chains were found to co-immunoprecipitate with Shb, when each alone was co-expressed with Shb in COS cells. Using fusion proteins, the Shb SH2 domain was found to associate in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner with the IL-2 receptor beta and gamma subunits upon IL-2 stimulation in primary T cells and the NK cell line NK-92. JAK1 and JAK3 were also found to associate with Shb, but in contrast to the Shb-IL-2 receptor association, JAK1 and 3 appear to associate with the proline-rich regions of Shb. In conclusion, Shb links the IL-2 receptor to other signaling proteins and mediates the regulation of apoptosis in the presence of IL-2. PMID:9108028 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3627-32. Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) is composed of three subunits. Of these, IL-2Ra is required for high-affinity IL-2 binding, while IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma(c) are required for the transduction of IL-2-generated signals. Signals transduced via the S region of the IL-2R beta (amino acids 267-322) in BAF/3 cells activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and induce the expression of Bcl-2 and c-myc. Through the induction of Bcl-2, IL-2 inhibits apoptosis and through the combination of Bcl-2 and c-myc it stimulates progression through the cell cycle. Akt activation by IL-2 depends on PI3-kinase signals transduced via the S region of the IL-2R beta and is linked to the translocation of Akt to the cell membrane. Expression of catalytically active Akt mutants in BAF/3 cells expressing IL-2R beta[A0]delta S promotes the expression of Bcl-2 and c-myc, inhibits apoptosis induced by IL-3 deprivation or staurosporine, and stimulates cell cycle progression. The same mutants also stimulate cell cycle progression in 2780a, an IL-2-dependent T cell line that undergoes G1 arrest rather than apoptosis after IL-2 deprivation. The activation of Akt by IL-2 via the PI3-kinase and the rescue of the PI3-kinase-mediated antiapoptotic and proliferative IL-2 signals by catalytically active Akt indicate that these signals are transduced by Akt. A role played by the entity that positively regulates the process of cell cycle. positive regulator of cell cycle role A role played by the entity that positively regulates the process of cell cycle arrest. positive regulator of cell cycle arrest role A role played by the entity which positively regulates the process of cell proliferation. positive regulator of cell proliferation A role played by the entity which positively regulates the process of tumor cell proliferation. positive regulator of tumor cell proliferation Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). maintaining phospholipid homeostasis [Phospholipidosis (latent)] Hyperfunction of biological defense function is a subtype of hyperfunction of defensive function: A process that performs an excessive biological defensive function. hyperfunction of biological defense function Hyperfunction of cell survival is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive cell survival. hyperfunction of cell survival Hyperfunction of cell survival is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive cell survival. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of cell survival [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Hyperfunction of biological defense function is a subtype of hyperfunction of defensive function: A process that performs an excessive biological defensive function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of biological defense function [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Hyperfunction of removing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive removal function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of removing [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Hyperfunction of removing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive removal function. hyperfunction of removing AKT - apotosis inhibitor (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). carcinogenesis [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Converting type is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the type, kind, or class of the operand. converting type Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid. EC:3.1.1 related molecular function: GO:0016298 lipase A role played by an entity that responds to immunity. immune responsor role Glutathione depletion dependent gene is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of glutathione depletion as a gene product. Gene profile:Mice glutathione depletion dependent gene [mouse] A role played by the entity that ipositive regulates the cytokine production. cytokine production inducer A role played by the entity that ipositive regulates the IL-2 production. IL-2 production inducer NCBI-Human-GeneID:3558 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16183 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116562 IL2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3558 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16183 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16183 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116562 A role played by the entity which inhibits the process of infmammatory response. inhibitor of immune response PMID:14998370 PMID:24910243 PMID:25716287 http://omim.org/entry/601192 PLA2G5 - anntiinflammation factor (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID: 24910243 PMID:14998370 Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D. PMID:24910243 The adipocyte-inducible secreted phospholipases PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E play distinct roles in obesity. PMID:25716287 Sphingomyelin Regulates the Activity of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in the Plasma Membrane. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 PMID:22496397 PMID:25202346 Gstm3 (mouse)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14864 PMID:22496397 Coordinated regulation of hepatic phase I and II drug-metabolizing genes and transporters using AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-null mice. PMID:25202346 GSTM3 overexpression sensitized the PLC/PRF/5R cells to radiation mainly though induction of apoptosis. GSTM3 increased the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, p27 and p53) in PRF/PLC/5R cells with irradiation Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. PTK related molecular function GO:0004713 protein tyrosine kinase Phospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of phospholipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). phospholipid metabolism balance [Phospholipidosis (latent) ] This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, at least one of which is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4790 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18033 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81736 PMID:20457564 https://omim.org/entry/164011 NFKB1 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4790 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4790 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18033 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18033 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81736 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81736 PMID:20457564 The Nuclear Factor NF-κB Pathway in InflammationThe nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation. Hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipase gene expression. decreasing function of phospholipase transcription, DNA-templated hypofunction of phospholipase gene expression di-22:6-BMP [Phospholipidosis] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). negative regulation of endocytosis [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 JNK (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116554 Catalysis role of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H(+). In both mammals and birds, the creatine kinase (CK) family consists of four types of genes: cytosolic brain type (B-CK); cytosolic muscle type (M-CK); mitochondrial ubiquitous, acidic type (Mia-CK); and mitochondrial sarcomeric, basic type (Mib-CK). EC:2.7.3.2 IMR:0002602 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0004111 creatine kinase In both mammals and birds, the creatine kinase (CK) family consists of four types of genes: cytosolic brain type (B-CK); cytosolic muscle type (M-CK); mitochondrial ubiquitous, acidic type (Mia-CK); and mitochondrial sarcomeric, basic type (Mib-CK). PMID:8662608 PMID:23856494 GCLM (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] PMID:23856494 GSH is synthesized by two successive enzymatic reactions (Fig. 1). The first reaction, catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), couples L-glutamate to L-cysteine to form γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) . Increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing demand for response to oxidative stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the mitochondrial oxidative stress to be higher. increasing demand for response to mitochondrial oxidative stress Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance between glutathione conjugation supply and demand. Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance Hyperfunction of biological repair function is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive biological repair function. hyperfunction of biological repair function Hypofunction of xenobiotics conjugate excretion is a subtype of hypofunction of liver's excretion: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient xenobiotics conjugate excretion. hypofunction of xenobiotics conjugate excretion Decreasing excretion quantity of bile acid is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the excretion quantity of of bile acids to be lower. decreasing excretion quantity of the bile acid Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid. EC:2.3.1.51 Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acyltransferase (LPAAT), also known as 1-acyl sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (1-AGPAT) (EC 2.3.1.51), catalyzes the conversion of LPA to phosphatidic acid (PA). LPAAT related molecular function GO:0042171 lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acyltransferase (LPAAT), also known as 1-acyl sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (1-AGPAT) (EC 2.3.1.51), catalyzes the conversion of LPA to phosphatidic acid (PA). PMID:11487472 Catalysis role of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate. cacordase activity glycerol ester hydrolase activity glycerol-ester hydrolase activity triacylglycerol acylhydrolase activity triacylglycerol ester hydrolase activity triacylglycerol lipase activity tributyrin esterase activity tributyrinase activity related molecular finction GO:0004806 triglyceride lipase Catalysis role of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate. EC:3.1.1.3 cacordase activity EC:3.1.1.3 glycerol ester hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.3 glycerol-ester hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol acylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol ester hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol lipase activity EC:3.1.1.3 tributyrin esterase activity EC:3.1.1.3 tributyrinase activity EC:3.1.1.3 Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. phospholipid metabolism imbalance Constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher by phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:12130690 CAR activating [Ground glass ] activating CAR [Ground glass degeneration] activating constitutive androstane receptor [Ground glass appearance] constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] PMID:12130690 In vitro CAR-RXR heterodimer bound to the ER6 responsive element of the human CYP3A4 gene and mediated PB-dependent expression in a stable HepG2 cell line. Dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete glycerophospholipid degradation. dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation Hyperfunction of increasing the amount of phenobarbital is a process of performing an excessive function of increasing the amount of drugs. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of increasing the amount of phenobarbital (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Dysfunction ofphosphatidylinositol degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidylinositol degradation. dysfunction ofphosphatidylinositol degradation Dysfunction of phosphatidylethanolamine degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidylethanolamine degradation. dysfunction of phosphatidylethanolamine degradation Dysfunction of phosphatidylglycerol degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidylglycerol degradation. dysfunction of phosphatidylglycerol degradation Dysfunction of phosphatidylcholine degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidylcholine degradation. dysfunction of phosphatidylcholine degradation Dysfunction of phosphatidyl-L-serine degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidyl-L-serine degradation. dysfunction of phosphatidyl-L-serine degradation Dysfunction of phosphatidic acid degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of glycerophospholipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete phosphatidic acid degradation. dysfunction of phosphatidic acid degradation Hyperfunction of cell proliferation is a subtype of hyperfunction of increasing number: A process that performs an excessive cell proliferation. hyperfunction of cell proliferation A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 carcinogenesis [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 A single dose of N-nitrosomorpholine by daily treatments with phenobarbital for 12M in rats initiates and promotes neoplastic transformation in the liver. Phenobarbital is representive of a large number of compounds that appear to promote liver tumor formation in mice A process that results in an increase in hepatic cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an liver. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . ISBN:0071769234 hepatocyte proliferation (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 In mice and rats phenobarbital and related compounds only cause liver tumors at doses that cause liver enlargement due to an increase in cell number (hepatocyte hyperplasia) and cell size (hepatocellular hypertrophy). Hyperfunction of hepatocyte proliferation is a subtype of hyperfunction of cell proliferation: The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. hyperfunction of hepatocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . ISBN:0071769234 PMID:2379175 PMID:28356313 negative regulation of apoptotic process (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Phenobarbital promotes clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells and inhibits apoptosis in rodents. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:2379175 PB produced the following changes: (a) accelerated appearance of neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma (from 28 weeks onwards); (b) phenotypic changes in altered foci such as a shift from clear to eosinophilic appearance, enhanced expression of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and other markers, and more distinct borders from surrounding liver; (c) an increase in foci number; and (d) accelerated foci enlargement. PMID:28356313 CAR forms a complex with a growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta GADD45B to repress c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1 signaling in mouse primary hepatocytes, attenuating apoptosis. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . negative regulation of autophagy (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis] Accumulation of drug in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the hepatocyte. accumulation of drug in hepatocyte Increasing demand for NAPQI metabolism is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand for the for NAPQI metabolism to be higher. increasing demand for NAPQI metabolism In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. The defense performance level is very low (L) than the moderate (M) in normal condition. Threfore even if the functional demand level is Moderatelevel (M) in the daily life in the helathy person, which leads to the imbalance and leads to toxicity manifestation. toxicological imbalance VL(defense) The level of degree is very low. very low level The totality of all processes through which hepatic fibrosis is realized. PMID:15690074 PMID:21497738 PMID:24966597 PMID:25869468 PMID:29391303 PMID:30002817 under construction hepatic fibrosis [toxic course] Hypofunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hypofunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient drug metabolism phase II. hypofunction of drug metabolism phase II NCBI-Human-GeneID:2729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14629 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25283 glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit NCBI-Human-GeneID:2729 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14629 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14629 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25283 Hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression. hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Oxidative stress. increasing number of dead cells in liver [Oxidative stress] Cel cycle related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature cell cycle related gene product or products (proteins or RNA). cel cycle related gene expression Hyperfunction of fatty acid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive fatty acid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of fatty acid biosynthesis Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. lipid metabolism imbalance Hyperfunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive lipid biosynthesis. hyperfunction of lipid biosynthesis Hyperfunction of lipid synthetic gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive lipid biosynthetic gene expression. hyperfunction of lipid synthetic gene expression Lipid vacuole organization is a subtype of vacuole organization: A process that s carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid vacuole. lipid vacuole organization Liver carcinogenesis dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of liver carcinogenesis. liver carcinogenesis dependent process Leaking proton ion is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks the proton from the mitochondria. leaking proton ion Negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mrespiratory electron transport chain. negative regulation of respiratory electron transport chain Changing iron ion concentration is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the iron (Fe) concentration in the blood to be lower. changing iron ion concentration Hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation Hyperfunction of gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression. hyperfunction of gene expression Hyperfunction of biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive biosynthesis. hyperfunction of biosynthesis Hyperfunction of drug metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism. hyperfunction of drug metabolism Decreasing bile flow in bile canaliculus is a subtype of decreasing bile flow: A process that changes the amount of bile flow in bile canaliculus to be lower. decreasing bile flow in bile canaliculus Hyperfunction of decompoing is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive decomposition. hyperfunction of decompoing A role played by the entity for peroxisome proliferation peroxisome proliferator Hyperfunction of transport is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive transport. hyperfunction of transport Hyperfunction of metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive metabolism. hyperfunction of metabolism A role played by the entity that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior. positive regulator role of feeding behavior Hypofunction of metabolism is a subtype of hypofunction of changing between operands: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient metabolism. hypofunction of metabolism Hypofunction of removing is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient removing. hypofunction of removing Hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated decreasing function of transcription, DNA-templated hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated PPARalpha inactivation is a subtype of inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha) with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of alcoholic fatty liver. Reactome The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); PMID:17854140 PPARalpha inactivation [alcoholic fatty liver] PMID:17854140 Ethanol administration to rodents or ethanol exposure to ethanol-metabolizing cultured cells causes a general down-regulation of PPAR-α. Further, RXR-PPAR-α extracted from hepatoma cells previously exposed to ethanol or acetaldehyde binds poorly to an oligonucleotide containing peroxisome proliferator response elements, indicating that acetaldehyde is responsible for the action of ethanol. It is possible that acetaldehyde, because of its ability to covalently bind proteins]can form adducts with the PPAR-α transcription complex, thereby preventing its ability to bind the promoter element(s). A role played by the entity which regulates lipid metabolic process. lipid metabolic regulator role Hyperfunction of moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of hyperfunction of moving A to the inside of B: A process that performs an excesssive moving drug to the inside of liver. hyperfunction of moving drug to the inside of liver Hyperfunction of defensive function is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive defensive function. hyperfunction of defensive function Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. mitochondrial dysfunction A role played by the entity which positively regulates the formation of phospholipids. phospholipid biosynthetic positive regulator role Cell survial is a subtype of keeong quantity: A process that keeps the viability of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. cell survival [Glutathione depletion] Increasing drug metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of drug metabolites to be higher. increasing drug metabolite NCBI-Human-GeneID:2730 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14630 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29739 Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit GCLC (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2730 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2730 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14630 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14630 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29739 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29739 Dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a Nrf2-Keap1 complexe into Nrf2 and Keap1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex [Glutathione depletion] Activation of thioredoxin pathway is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the thioredoxin pathway to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:20463017 activation of thioredoxin pathway [Glutathione depletion] PMID:20463017 Under GSH deprivation, the cytosolic thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system plays an essential role for the cells to deal with the excess amount of intracellular cystine. Hyperfunction of anti-oxidative stress is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive response to oxidative stress. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of anti-oxidative stress [Glutathione depletion] P53 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by p53. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. p53 signaling (primitive) [Glutathione depletion] Caspase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. caspase signaling (primitive) [Glutathione depletion] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:19662025 apoptotic process [Glutathione depletion] PMID:19662025 Cell Death and Differentiation (2009) 16, 1303–1314; Apoptosis and glutathione: beyond an antioxidant Glutathione (GSH) depletion is a common feature of apoptotic cell death triggered by a wide variety of stimuli including activation of death receptors, stress, environmental agents, and cytotoxic drugs. Although initial studies suggested that GSH depletion was only a byproduct of oxidative stress generated during cell death, recent discoveries suggest that GSH depletion and post-translational modifications of proteins through glutathionylation are critical regulators of apoptosis. GSH is essential for cell survival as the GSH-depleted knock-out mouse of γ-GCS dies from massive apoptotic cell death. As the availability of cysteine is the rate-limiting factor in GSH formation, cysteine starvation has been shown to induce apoptosis by GSH depletion. Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing number of dead cells in liver [Glutathione depletion] Liver dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete liver function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. liver dysfunction [Glutathione depletion] A role played by the entity that activates the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances. p450 activator JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:18337250 JNK signaling (primitive) [Glutathione depletion] PMID:18931691 PMID:18337250 APAP-induced liver injury involves JNK activation, due to increased reactive oxygen species generated by GSH-depleted mitochondria, and translocation of activated JNK to mitochondria where JNK induces mitochondrial permeability transition and inhibits mitochondria bioenergetics. Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. regulation of cell cycle [Glutathione depletion] Keap1 oxidative modification by electrophiles is a subtype of protein binding: Interacting between a protein and electrophiles. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Keap1 oxidative modification by electrophiles A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the PERK-eIF2A pathway and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress PERK - eIF2A pathway] A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:24287781 NADPH regeneration [Glutathione depletion] PMID:24287781 Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Dec;12(12):931-47. doi: 10.1038/nrd4002. Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy. Both GSH and TXN utilize NADPH to regenerate themselves once they have reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are all upregulated by NRF2. Keap1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the Keap1 to be lower. Keap1 inactivation Abnormality of membrane is a subtype of changing abnormal cellular structure: A process that changes the membrane stucture abnormally. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. abnormality of membrane (severe) [Cell death] TP53 - cell cycle regulation factor (canonical)[Cell death] Eosinogranular degeneration dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of eosinogranular degeneration. eosinogranular degeneration dependent chemical compound Chaperon production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a protein with a chaperon role due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Generating a chparon protein is a generating process to make a protein as an output in the course of ER stress. chaperon production [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 PMID:12110171 PMID:8020977 BIP [ER stress] HEL-S-89n [ER stress] HSPA5 [ER stress] Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5 [ER stress] MIF2 [ER stress] GRP78 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25617 PMID:12110171 ER stress regulation of ATF6 localization by dissociation of BiP/GRP78 binding and unmasking of Golgi localization signals. PMID:8020977 Localization of the gene encoding human BiP/GRP78, the endoplasmic reticulum cognate of the HSP70 family, to chromosome 9q34. Genomics 20: 281-284, 1994. BiP/GRP78 is a member of the HSP70 family involved in the folding and assembly of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. FXR inhibits OCT1 via SHP1 OCT1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] FXR inhibits OCT1 via SHP1 ISBN:0123878179 A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. necrosis [Cell death] The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Apoptosis. REACT:1213.3 apoptotic DNA fragmentation [Apoptosis] Increasing cell volume is a changing process to change the volume of the cell to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. cell swelling [Necrosis] increasing cell volume [Necrosis] reduced oxygenation of body tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases; commonly due to hypoxemia This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. hypoxia [Cell death] Fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking afatty acid homeostastasis balance. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4870 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363735 Refolding gene expression by ATF6 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the protein refolding function by ATF6. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11779464 PMID:17765679 PMID:27346803 refolding gene expression by ATF6 [ER stress - refolding] PMID:27346803 PMID:18319259 PMID:27346803 PMID:11779464 PMID:17765679 PMID:11779464 The active form of ATF6 is produced faster than that of XBP1 in ER-stressed cells because the former is derived from preexisting precursor protein, whereas the latter must be newly translated from mRNA that is transcriptionally induced and then spliced. XBP1 can function in a more sustained fashion than ATF6 because, once produced, the spliced form of XBP1 can keep activating transcription by autoregulating its own transcription as far as IRE1 is activated. In contrast, ATF6 mRNA is not upregulated during ER stress. Low levels of ER stress may be dealt with only by proteolytic activation of ATF6, medium to high levels of ER stress may be handled by activating both ATF6 and IRE1-XBP1 systems, and extremely high levels of ER stress may be overcome by multiple rounds of activation of the XBP1 cycle. PMID:27346803 On release from BiP, ATF6α transfers to the Golgi compartment where it is processed by the Golgi enzymes site 1 protease (S1P) and S2P to produce a cytosolic p50 fragment that migrates to the nucleus. The p50 fragment activates the expression of genes encoding proteins that function to increase ER capacity and folding (including, BiP, GRP94, p58IPK (also known as DNAJC3) and XBP1), as well as the ERAD pathway A role played by the entity which is a first rate-limiting enzyme and regulates the glutathione biosynthetic process. glutathione biosynthetic limiting enzyme agent role A role that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. Extracellular polypeptide signal molecule that can stimulate a cell grow or proliferate. Examples are EGF and PDGF. Most growth factors also have other actions. GO:0008083 IMR:0000030 (obsolete) Growth Substance growth factor role Extracellular polypeptide signal molecule that can stimulate a cell grow or proliferate. Examples are EGF and PDGF. Most growth factors also have other actions. ISBN:0815340729 A role played by the entity which involves in poritively regulating a gulutathione expression process. glutathione expression positive regulator role A role played by the entity which induces the process of cell death. cell death inducer CDK5R1(mol) An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of p53. p53 inhibitor A role played by the entity which positively regulates the glutathione biosynthetic process. glutathione biosynthetic promoting agent A role played by small molecule that is formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal and helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples include cAMP, IP3, and Ca++. second messenger A role played by the entity which positively regulates the reduced glutathione biosynthetic process reduced glutathione biosynthetic promoting agent The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. release of cytochrome c from mitochondria [Cell death] Keap1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the Keap1 to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Keap1 inactivation [Glutathione depletion] BIP-stress sensor complex is a subtype of molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules, BIP/GRP78 and other molecule which has role of stress sensor. BIP-stress sensor complex A role played by the entity which regulates the process of cell death. cell death modulator role Keap1 modification by electrophiles is a subtype of oxidation by electrophiles. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Keap1 modification by electrophiles [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5322 PLA2G5 (human)(canonical)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:24910243 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5322 This gene is a member of the secretory phospholipase A2 family. It is located in a tightly-linked cluster of secretory phospholipase A2 genes on chromosome 1. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to generate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids including arachidonic acid. It preferentially hydrolyzes linoleoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine substrates. Secretion of this enzyme is thought to induce inflammatory responses in neighboring cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but their full-length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5322 Electrophiles formation is a subtype of biosynthetic process: A process that that generates electrophiles. Electrophile is a reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the nucleophile) by accepting both bonding electrons from that reaction partner. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. A number of xenobiotics exert a toxic effect theough their metabolites. Electrophiles are molecules that contain an electron-deficient atom with a partial or full positive charge that can react by sharing electron pairs with electron rich atoms in nucleophiles. Electrophilic toxicants generally are detoxificated by conjugation of with the nucleophile, glutathione. This reaction can be facilitated by glutathione S-trasferases. electrophiles formation [cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22027 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362862 HSP90B1 [ER stress] GRP94 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7184 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22027 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22027 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362862 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362862 NCBI-Human-GeneID:112476 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361651 PKCΕ (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:112476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/112476 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69017 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361651 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361651 A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress - refolding] An attribute related to the power or force. strength (attribute) A physical attribute that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. mass attribute A 1-D extent attribute which is equal to the distance between two points. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000122 length attribute A 3-D extent attribute related to amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies. volume attribute A physical attribure of the thermal energy of a system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000146 temperature attribute A physical attribute relaeted to the amount of force per unit area the bearer exerts. pressure attribute A physical attribute entity inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001035 force attribute An attribute to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001464 electric potential attribute An attribute entity inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001462 membrane potential attribute A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water. hydrophilicity attribute A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water. hydrophobicity attribute A time attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. age attribute An organismal attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000047 biological sex (attribute) An organismal value of an attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved. biological sex value A biological sex value inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes. female value A biological sex attribute inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes. male value An attribute that inheres in a bearer in virtue of its realizing one of its functions. activity (attribute) activation (attribute) Negative regulation of inflammatory response is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. negative regulation of inflammatory response [Glutathione depletion] The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:20173742 autophagy dependent Keap1 catabolic process [Glutathione depletion] PMID:20173742 Nrf2 target gene products, such as Gst-m1 and Gst-p1, were prominent proteins in autophagy-deficient liver. Surprisingly, Gst-m1 constituted 7.69 ± 1.25% of the cytosolic proteins in Atg7-deficient livers. The chemical reaction resulting in the breakdown of NRF2, which is mediated by the proteasome. proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent NRF2 catabolic process Gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF4. gene expression by ATF4 The chemical reaction resulting in the breakdown of NRF2, which is mediated by the proteasome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. proteasome-mediated NRF2 degradation [Glutathione depletion] Pancreatic beta cell damage is a subtype of cellular damage: A process that injuries the structure of the pancreatic beta cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Type I Diabetes mellitus. pancreatic beta cell damage [Type I Diabetes mellitus] Dysfunction of dysfunction of insulin secretion is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete insulin secretion. dysfunction of dysfunction of insulin secretion Dysfunction of insulin secretion is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete insulin secretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Type I Diabetes mellitus. dysfunction of insulin secretion [Type I Diabetes mellitus] Changing concentration is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the concentration of the object. changing concentration Decreasing blood glucose level in blood is a subtype of decreasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be lower. decreasing blood glucose level in blood A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress apoptosis] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of NRF2 by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent NRF2 catabolic process Overeating is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the ingestion amount of food to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Type II Diabetes mellitus. overeating [Type II Diabetes mellitus] Increasing insulin demand is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the demand for insulin to be higher. increasing insulin demand The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. autophagy dependent Keap1 catabolic process Fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome is a subtype of changing balance: A process that becomes lacking afatty acid homeostastasis balance. fatty acid homeostasis imbalance in peroxisome Receiving abnormal protein signal by ATF6 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by ATF6. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by ATF6 [ER stress - refolding] Regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta oxidation related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. The degree is severe. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. regulation of beta oxidation related gene expression (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress] An amount which is relatively low. decreased amount Hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948931/ hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation (severe) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis. C6H5Br Brc1ccccc1 CAS:108-86-1 MetaCyc:BROMOBENZENE PMID:18078705 PMID:20621112 PMID:569914 Wikipedia:Bromobenzene bromobenzene [Glutathione depletion] PMID:18078705 After 24h treatment with the hepatotoxins, there was evidence for the initiation of a late defence response. BB significantly increased both HO-1 and GCLC protein at this time point, CCl4 increased GCLC protein alone. PMID:569914 Synergistic effects of phorone on the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and paracetamol in mice. PMID:1784629 PMID:18078705 PMID:29039508 PMID:29549912 Gclc (mouse)[Glutathione depletion] PMID:18078705 Significant GSH depletion was seen with APAP (9.6+/-1.7% of control levels) and BB (52.8+/-6.2% of control levels) 1h after administration, but not with FS and CCl4. Treatment with APAP for 1h caused a significant increase in the levels of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1; 2.85-fold) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC; 1.62-fold) mRNA. BB and FS did not affect the mRNA levels of either gene after 1h of treatment; however CCl4 significantly increased HO-1 mRNA at this time point. After 24h treatment with the hepatotoxins, there was evidence for the initiation of a late defence response. BB significantly increased both HO-1 and GCLC protein at this time point, CCl4 increased GCLC protein alone. Signaling molecule activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a signaling molecule role to be higher. signaling molecule activation Excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte to to the bile tube. excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte to bile tube Excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte to blood is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte to to blood. excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte to blood glutathione export from hepatocyte to blood is a subtype of glutathione transport: A process that exports the glutathione from the hepatocyte to to the blood. glutathione export from hepatocyte to blood Refolding-unfolding imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (mild). refolding-unfolding imbalance [ER stress (mild) ] Refolding-unfolding imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding. refolding-unfolding imbalance Refolding-unfolding imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (moderate). refolding-unfolding imbalance [ER stress (moderate) ] PERK-NRF2 signal integration system is a subtype of PERK pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of transmitting signals and a gene regulation via PERK and NRF2 as a systemic context. PERK-NRF2 signal integration system A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic. flow rate attribute A role of receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. related molecular function GO:0004872 signaling receptor Stress sensor activation, is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with stress sensor role to be higher. stress sensor activation Transport ATF-6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi is a subtype of ER to Golgi transport: A process of the directed movement of ATF6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Transport ATF-6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi Transport ATF-6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi is a subtype of ER to Golgi transport: A process of the directed movement of ATF6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11821395 PMID:12110171 PMID:15657421 Reactome:R-HSA-381186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0008859 The association between ATF6-alpha and BiP causes ATF6-alpha to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once dissociated from BiP, the 2 Golgi Localization Sequences on ATF6-alpha are exposed and ATF6-alpha transits from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus. Transport ATF-6 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi [ER stress - refolding] ATF6 processing is a subtype of protein processing: A process that ATF6 maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within ATF6 protein. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 processing [ER stress - refolding] ATF6F (canonical)[ER stress] Increasing demand for protein refolding is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that changes the functional demand for protein refolding to be higher. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (sustained). increasing demand for protein refolding [ER stress (sustained)] Accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (moderate). accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER [ER stress (moderate) ] Increasing demand for protein degradation is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process that is subjected to increasing load of protein degradation. increasing demand for protein degradation Increasing demand for abnormal protein degradation is a subtype of increasing demand of protein degradation: A process is subjected to increasing load of abnormal protein degradation. increasing demand for abnormal protein degradation Increasing demand for abnormal protein degradation is a subtype of increasing demand of protein degradation: A process is subjected to increasing load of abnormal protein degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing demand for abnormal protein degradation [ER stress] Protein refolding insufficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function of protein refolding required. protein refolding insufficiency Protein refolding insufficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function of protein refolding required. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (sustained) . protein refolding insufficiency (sustained) [ER stress] Protein degradation insufficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function of protein degradation required. protein degradation insufficiency Protein degradation insufficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the function of protein degradation required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein degradation insufficiency [ER stress] Abnormal protein production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between abnormal protein production and degradation. abnormal protein production- degradation imbalance Abnormal protein production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between abnormal protein production and degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. abnormal protein production- degradation imbalance [ER stress] glutathione export from hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of glutathione transport: A process that exports the glutathione from the hepatocyte to to the blood. glutathione export from hepatocyte to bile tube A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. GO:0014065 PI3K signaling phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. PMID:22525052 A series of molecular signals mediated by Caspase family. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0000128 caspase pathway ATF4 gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by ATF4. ATF4 gene regulation pathway ATF4 gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by ATF4. This pathway is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF4 gene regulation pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] CHOP gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by CHOP. CHOP gene regulation pathway XBP1s gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: A series of process in which XBP1s regulates the gene expression. XBP1s gene regulation pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB. IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response [ER stress] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB. PMID:22013210 glutathione export from hepatocyte is a subtype of glutathione transport: A process that exports the glutathione from the hepatocyte. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:18786560 glutathione export from hepatocyte ISBN:0071769234 GSH itself is often cotranported with other xenobiotics or xenobiotics metabolites, namely, by MRP2 into bile, and by MRP1,4,5 into blood. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:18786560 The Mrp proteins mediate not only GSH efflux, but they also export oxidized glutathione derivatives (e.g., glutathione disulfide (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GS-NO), and glutathione-metal complexes), as well as other glutathione S-conjugates. PI3K-AKT signaling is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PI3 signaling and activation of the AKT gene. PI3K-AKT signaling NRF2 signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has NRF2 signaling and gene regulation pathway. nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway NRF2 signaling pathway glutathione export from hepatocyte is a subtype of glutathione transport: A process that exports the glutathione from the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:18786560 glutathione export from hepatocyte [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0071769234 GSH itself is often cotranported with other xenobiotics or xenobiotics metabolites, namely, by MRP2 into bile, and by MRP1,4,5 into blood. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:18786560 The Mrp proteins mediate not only GSH efflux, but they also export oxidized glutathione derivatives (e.g., glutathione disulfide (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GS-NO), and glutathione-metal complexes), as well as other glutathione S-conjugates. Dissociation of NF-kappaB -I-kappaB is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a NF-kappaB-I-kappaB to NF-kappaB dimers and I-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. GO:0008588 The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus. dissociation of NF-kappaB-I-kappaB ABCC2 [Glutathione depletion] MRP2 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NF-kappaB transport into nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. NF-kappaB transport into nucleus The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. PMID:21772278 GO:0007252 I-kappaB phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. PMID:21772278 PMID:7594468 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25303 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 2 ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C (CFTR/MRP), Member 2 Canalicular Multispecific Organic Anion Transporter 1 MRP2 Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 ABCC2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1244 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25303 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25303 https://doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.50.484 ERO1 (canonical)[ER stress] https://doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.50.484 IGFBP1 gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature IGFBP1 product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. IGFBP1 gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] Abnormal protein production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of an abnormal protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. abnormal protein production [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4363 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17250 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24565 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 1 ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C (CFTR/MRP), Member 1 Leukotriene C(4) Transporter MRP1 Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 ABCC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4363 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4363 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17250 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24565 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24565 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha [lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 Hyperfunction of protein unfolding is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive protein unfolding. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (sustained) . hyperfunction of protein unfolding (sustained) [ER stress] Accumulation of compound in ER is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (severe) . accumulation of compound in ER [ER stress (severe) ] Hyperfunction of repeated protein unfolding is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive protein unfolding. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hyperfunction of repeated protein unfolding [ER stress] Protein aggregation is a subtype of molecular assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of molecules. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. accumulatiing protein aggregates Protein aggregating [ER stress] is an assembling process to make proteins an aggregate in the course of ER stress. protein aggregation [ER stress] Protein aggretates are often insoluble and tend to sequester Fe 2+ ions. Fe 2+ helps to produce ROS. protein aggregation [ER stress] A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress - translation attenuation] Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress - translation attenuation] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress - refolding] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress - apoptosis] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 Chaperone gene regulation pathway by ATF6 is a subtype of ATF6 gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes which have a chaperone role by ATF6. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. chaperone gene regulation pathway by ATF6 [ER stress] MRP1 [Glutathione depletion] ABCC1(canonical)[Glutathione depletion] PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation by ATF4. PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 mediated pathway PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - translation attenuation] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This process is dependent on the apoptosis (sutained) and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - apoptosis (sutained ) ] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - refolding] A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress - apoptosis] A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress - refolding] PERK-eIF2a-ATF4-CHOP pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signaling and gene regulation by CHOP. This pathway is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling [ER stress - apoptosis] ATF6 gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by ATF6. Reactome ID: 381183 https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP2655 ATF6 gene regulation pathway The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF6. is a subtype of Gene expression by transcriptional regulator: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF6. gene expression by ATF6 The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF6. CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs) in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). CAD accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (latent)] NRF2 gene expression regulation system is a subtype of pathway system. This entity has sub-parts and has a goal of regulating gene expressions by NRF2 as a systemic context. NRf2 gene expression regulation system NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 The totality of all processes through which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is realized. The ER stress is a cellular response that occurs after sustained pertubation of ER protein synthesis, folding, and export machinery. Tis is likely to be induced by oxidative or covalent modification of ER proteins, which leads to misfolding of proteins. MeSH:D059865 PMID:17765679 PMID:22883813 PMID:23022383 PMID:23334697 PMID:26977301 ER stress [toxic course] endoplasmic reticulum stress [toxic course] The ER stress is a cellular response that occurs after sustained pertubation of ER protein synthesis, folding, and export machinery. Tis is likely to be induced by oxidative or covalent modification of ER proteins, which leads to misfolding of proteins. Drug-Induced Liver Disease 3rd Edition Editors: Neil Kaplowitz Laurie DeLeve Academic Press 2013 Aggregated protein production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between aggregated protein production and degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. aggregated protein production- degradation imbalance [ER stress] Aggregated protein production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between aggregated protein production and degradation. aggregated protein production- degradation imbalance Increasing number of abnormal cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of autodigestion of abnormal cells in the liver. increasing number of abnormal cells in liver Increasing number of abnormal cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of autodigestion of abnormal cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing number of abnormal cells in liver [ER stress] Hyperfunction of cell survival is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive cell survival. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. hyperfunction of cell survival[ER stress] A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. carcinogenesis [ER stress] Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. tumor cell proliferation [ER stress] Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing hepatocellular volume [ER stress] Negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin resistance. negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance Increasing volume of liver is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. increasing volume of liver [ER stress] Protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the protein quality in an early stage of toxic course. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress (early stage). protein quality control for unfolded proteins [ER stress (early stage)] BIP- chaperone [ER stress - refolding [early stage] HEL-S-89n- chaperone [ER stress - refolding [early stage] HSPA5- chaperone [ER stress - refolding [early stage] Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5- chaperone [ER stress - refolding [early stage] MIF2- chaperone [ER stress - refolding [early stage] GRP78 - chaperone (canonical)[ER stress - refolding [early stage] Optional contribution processis a subtype of meta-functioning and it represents optional contribution to functioning. The “optional” means that the effect of fa is not mandatory to ft, that is, ft can be performed without the effect of fa. optional contribution process Enhancing is a type of functioning process of meta-function. Both enhancing and improveing represents optional contribution to other function. The “optional” means that the effect of fa is not mandatory to ft, that is, the target function can be performed without improving or enhancing. The discrimination between improving and enhancing is made by whether augmentation of the output can be made without increase of the amount of the input energy or not. For example, the “to make low pressure” of the condenser contributes to the efficiency of the “to generate torque” function without increment of input energy, so its functioning is “Improving”. On the other hand, the “to super-heat” function of the boiler optionally increases the amount of the input energy to make a contribution. Its meta-function is “Enhancing” . enhancing A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. nuclear chromosome Protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins is a subtype of keeping quality: A process that maintains the protein quality. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. protein quality control for unfolded proteins [ER stress] Regulation of lipolytic gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid degradation related gene expression. regulation of lipolytic gene expression Refolding promoting gene expression by ATF6 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature refolding inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF6 . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. refolding promoting gene expression by ATF6 [ER stress] Negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin resistance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance [ER stress] ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation pathway. ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway) ATF6 mediated chaperon gene regulation pathway is a subtype of ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation pathway. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 mediated chaperon gene producion pathway [ER stress -refolding] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - refolding] Excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte. excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte Blood coagulation factor synthesis is a subtype of biosynthetic process: The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of substances with blood coagulation factor role. blood coagulation factor synthesis Cyp4a11 relates to cardiovascular abnormality (blood pressure, etc.). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 PMID:12464261 PMID:16712844 PMID:18433732 PMID:21912424 PMID:30069903 CYP4A11 - tumor progression marker (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1579 PMID:12464261 The PPARalpha agonist Wy14643 induced CYP4A11 mRNA in confluent cultures of HepG2 cells stably expressing the murine PPARalpha-E282G mutant. This mutant exhibits a significantly decreased ligand-independent trans-activation and can be activated by Wy14643 to a level similar to that of wild-type PPARalpha. PMID:16712844 Treatment of HepaRG cells with all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in a strong decrease in CYP4A11 gene expression and apoprotein content and, furthermore, was associated with a 50% decrease in the microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation activity. Such a strong suppression of CYP4A11 expression by retinoids could have a major impact on fatty acid metabolism in the liver. PMID:30069903 CYP4A11 expression level was higher in non-neoplastic hepatocytes than those in HCC cells (P < 0.001), and CYP4A11 expression positively correlated with favorable prognostic factors, including tumor size, histological grade, and pathological tumor stage (P = 0.007, P = 0.005, and P = 0.007) Receiving signal in ATF6 signal transduction pathway is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into a signal in a ATF6 signal transduction pathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ATF6 pathway. receiving signal by ATF6 [ATF6 pathway] ISBN 978-4-7581-0131-8 This gene encodes a eukaryotic translation initiation factor that catalyzes the formation of puromycin-sensitive 80 S preinitiation complexes and the poly(U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine at low concentrations of Mg2+. This gene should not be confused with eIF2-alpha (EIF2S1, Gene ID: 1965), the alpha subunit of the eIF2 translation initiation complex. Although both of these proteins function in binding initiator tRNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit, the encoded protein does so in a codon-dependent manner, whereas eIF2 complex requires GTP. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=83939 phosphorylated eIF2A P-EIF2A - translation initiation inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83939 phosphorylated eIF2A -ATF4 promoting factor [ER stress - proteinrefolding] P-EIF2A -ATF4 promoting factor (canonical)[ER stress - proteinrefolding] A role played by the entity which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. translation regulator role ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] 仮　要調査 ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - insulin resistance] PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and TRIB3 gene regulation by ATF4. This pathway is dependent on the insulin resistance and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-ATF4-TRIB3 signaling [ER stress - insulin resistance] Trib3 gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence of Trib3 is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the refolding by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Trib3 gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1 signaling and gene regulation pathway. IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway) Excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. excretion of glutathione conjugates from hepatocyte [Glutathione depletion.] Changing protein fold is a subtype of changing protein structure: A process that changes the folding stucture of the protein. changing protein fold Changing structure is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that change sthe stucture of the operand. changing structure Converting to information is a subtype of converting type: A process that changes a type of object to information. converting to information Changing composition is a subtype of changing between operands: A process that changes the relationship of the overall components. changing composition Combining is a subtype of assembling: A process that merges different parts into one. Each element can be recognized after combination. combining Dissolving is a subtype of assembling: A process that creates a solvent-solute relationship between components. dissolving IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling (primitive) [ER stress] CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). PMID:22960355 CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane [Phospholipidosis (latent)] PMID:22960355 Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. Mixing is a subtype of assembling: A process that combines two or more substances to a single element, and they cannot be distinguished. mixing Composing is a subtype of assembling: A process that makes the different constituents into a connected whole. composing Gathering is a subtype of assembling: A process that groups components of the same type. gathering Splitting is a subtype of separating: A process that divides the whole object into the same kinds of parts. A + A+ A splitting Taking is a subtype of separating: A process that separates and chooses an object . taking Extracting is a subtype of taking: A process that obtains a necessary component from the whole object 異種成分の１つに注目して取り出すこと extracting NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 FNIP2 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57600 Decreasing distance is a subtype of changing distance: A process that brings object A close to object B. decreasing distance Making contact between A and B is a subtype of decreasing distance: A process that brings object A close to object B to set the distance to 0. making contact between A and B Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance (severe) is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance between glutathione conjugation supply and demand. The degree is severe This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Glutathione conjugation (supply) - function demand imbalance (severe) [Glutathione depletion] Keeping distance is a subtype of changing distance: A process that maintains the relative positional relationship between objects. keeping distance Keeping adhesivity is a subtype of keeping distance: A process that maintains the relative positional relationship between objects with no distance. keeping adhesivity Keeping distance (d>0) is a subtype of keeping distance: A process that maintains the relative positional relationship between objects with a certain distance (>0) . keeping distance (>0) Changing the relationship between inside and outside is a subtype of changing position: A process that that changes the relative position between an inside object and an outside object. changing the relationship between inside and outside Moving A to the inside of B is a subtype of changing the relationship between inside and outside: A process that that places an object from the outside to the inside of the boundary. moving A to the inside of B Moving A to the outside of B is a subtype of changing the relationship between inside and outside: A process that that places an object from the inside to the outside of the boundary. moving A to the outside of B Discharging unnecessary object is a subtype of giving: A process that sends out an unnecessary object to an other medium. discharging unnecessary object Changing material is a subtype of changing relationship between operands: A process that replaces the old material into new material. changing material IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of IRE1 pathway. IRE1 activation [IRE1 pathway] XBP1 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of IRE1 pathway. Reactome:R-HSA-1791121.3 The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, which is spliced and translated to transcription factor Xbp(s). XBP1 activation by IRE1 [IRE1 pathway] Reactome:R-HSA-1791121.3 http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381183&SEL=R-HSA-1791121&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381033 IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of IRE1 pathway. IRE1 signaling (primitive) [IRE1 pathway] A process in which a signal to TRAF2 is transduced by the IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to TRAF2 [ER stress - inflammation] IRE1 dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a IRE1 dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. IRE1 dimerization IRE1 dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a IRE1 dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11897784 PMID:16365312 PMID:23236464 Reactome:R-HSA-381109 IRE1 dimerization [ER stress] IRE1 autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by IRE1 of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on IRE1 (trans-autophosphorylation). IRE1 autophosphorylation IRE1 autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by IRE1 of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on IRE1 (trans-autophosphorylation). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 autophosphorylation [ER stress] IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK-AP1 pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK signaling and gene regulation by AP1. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1-TRAF2-ASK1 complex A protein complex of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that consists of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, a MAP3K). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1990604 PMID:27346803 IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK-AP1 pathway [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:27346803 The IRE1α–TRAF2 complex can, in addition to the activation of NF-κB, recruit ASK1( also known as MAP3K5) and can activate JNK, leading to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes through enhanced AP1 activity Hyperfunction of moving drug to the inside of liver is a subtype of hyperfunction of moving A to the inside of B: A process that performs an excesssive moving drug to the inside of liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of moving drug to the inside of liver [Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/498013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signal sensor (canonical)[IRE1 signalling system] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[IRE1 signalling system] Receiving signal in IRE1 signal transduction pathway is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into a signal in a IRE1 signal transduction pathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of IRE1 pathway. receiving signal in IRE1 signal transduction pathway [ILE1 pathway] XBP1 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] Gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1. gene expression by XBP1 Gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress] ERAD gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA)related to the ER associated degradation (ERAD) by XBP1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ERAD gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress] IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1 signaling and gene regulation by XBP1. This process is dependent on refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway [ER stress - refolding] IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1 signaling and gene regulation by XBP1. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway [ER stress - ERAD] Hyou gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a Hyou gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. Hyou gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress - refolding] DNAJB9 gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a DNAJB9 gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. DNAJB9 gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress - refolding] Hyperfunctio of glutathione conjugates excretion from hepatocyte is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of glutathione conjugates excretion from hepatocyte [Glutathione depletion] A release process of the cholesterol from one side of a membrane of hepatocyte to the other side of canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. cholesterol efflux (from heptocyte menbrane to canaliculus) [cholestasis] ABCG5 (canonical)[Cholestasis] ABCG8 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Enabling translation is a subtype of enabling: A process that sets conditions for translation to work correctly. enabling translation Antioxidant gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature antioxidant gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. antioxidant gene expression [ER stress] BIP HEL-S-89n HSPA5 Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5 MIF2 GRP78 - stress sensor inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - proteinrefolding [short-term]] A role played by the entity that inhibits or desensitizes the stress sensor. By dissociating this inhibitor from the sensor, it can be received the stress and converted into a molecular signal. negative regulator role of stress sensor BIP- stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -IRE1 pathway] HSPA5- stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -IRE1 pathway] Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5 - stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -IRE1 pathway] GRP78 - stress sensor inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -IRE1 pathway] BIP- stress sensor inhibitor[ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] HEL-S-89n- stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] HSPA5- stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5- stress sensor inhibitor [ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] MIF2- stress sensor inhibitor[ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] GRP78 - stress sensor inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - proteinrefolding [persist] -ATF6 pathway] nucleoside phosphate PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation by ATF4. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 pathway [ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] A release process of the phosphatidylcholine from one side of a membrane of hepatocyte to the other side of canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile salts, by acting as detergents, release phosphatidylcholine from the outer can canalicular leaflet into the canaliculus phosphatidylcholine efflux (from heptocyte menbrane to canaliculus) [cholestasis] A release process of the phospholipids from one side of a membrane of hepatocyte to the other side of canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile is rich in phospholipids and organic anions such as bilirubin conjugates. Phospholipids are the main component of biliary lipids and need MFR3 (multidrug resistance protein 3, ABCB4) to enter the canalicular bile . This ABC transporter translocates the main biliary lipid phosphatidylcholine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane. Bile salts, by acting as detergents, release phosphatidylcholine from the outer can canalicular leaflet into the canaliculus. Cholesterol release from the canalicular membrane it; in part mediated by the heterodimeric ABC transporter ABCG5/ABCG8 (ABCG5/ABCG8) Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. phospholipid efflux (from heptocyte menbrane to canaliculus) [cholestasis] Bile is rich in phospholipids and organic anions such as bilirubin conjugates. Phospholipids are the main component of biliary lipids and need MFR3 (multidrug resistance protein 3, ABCB4) to enter the canalicular bile . This ABC transporter translocates the main biliary lipid phosphatidylcholine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane. Bile salts, by acting as detergents, release phosphatidylcholine from the outer can canalicular leaflet into the canaliculus. Cholesterol release from the canalicular membrane it; in part mediated by the heterodimeric ABC transporter ABCG5/ABCG8 (ABCG5/ABCG8) ISBN:0123878179 Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. ISBN:0071769234 A role played by the entity which enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. IMR:0000746 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005217 intracellular ligand-gated ion channel Autophagy regulator is a role played by any compound that regulates the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell). autophagy regulator role A release process of the bile from one side of a membrane of hepatocyte to the other side of canaliculus druing the cholestasis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Export into the canaliculus is mediated by the BSEP (bile salt export pump, ABCB11) . Bile circulation (whole body): From the blood vessel side (sinusoidal side) -> hepatocyte ttransport -> bile secretion/excretion from the bile duct side membrane to the capillary bile duct, then to the bile duct, duodenum, intestinal hepatic circulation. Hepatocytes have polarity and have transporters in the membranes on the side of the sinusoidal side and the bile duct. Sinusoid side: OATP family (OATP 1 B 1, OATP 1 B 3): organic anion NTCP: Na dependent uptake MRP 3, 4: Excretion of organic anion from inside the liver into sinusoids Bile duct membrane side: BSEP (ABCG 11): (amino acid conjugation) excretion of bile acid into the bile canaliculi MRP 2: Excretion of organic anions such as sulfate conjugated bile acid, glucuronic acid conjugated bile acid, conjugated bilirubin MDR1: cation excretion MDR 3: phospholipid excretion ABCG 5 / ABCG 8: cholesterol excretion bile secretion (from heptocyte menbrane to canaliculus) [cholestasis] Export into the canaliculus is mediated by the BSEP (bile salt export pump, ABCB11) . ISBN:0123878179 MRP4 [Cholestasis] ABCB4 (canonical)[Cholestasis] A release process of organic anions from one side of a membrane of hepatocyte to the other side of canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Biliary organic anions other than bile salts are mainly conjugates of bilirubin and GSH. Drug metabolites excreted into bile are also organic anions, which are transported by the two ABC transporters, MRP2 (canalicular multi specific organic anion transport 1/multi drug resistance-associated protein 2, ABCC2) and ABCG2 (ABCG2). Conjugates of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate are exported by multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2). oranic anion export (from heptocyte menbrane to canaliculus) [cholestasis] Biliary organic anions other than bile salts are mainly conjugates of bilirubin and GSH. Drug metabolites excreted into bile are also organic anions, which are transported by the two ABC transporters, MRP2 (canalicular multi specific organic anion transport 1/multi drug resistance-associated protein 2, ABCC2) and ABCG2 (ABCG2). ISBN:0123878179 NF-kappaB transport into nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of NF-kappaB [ER stress] ABCC2 [Cholestasis] MRP2 (canonical)[Cholestasis] ABCG2 (canonical)[Cholestasis] ABCB1 [Cholestasis] P-glycoprotein [Cholestasis] MDR1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Drug export from the hepatocyte to to bile tube is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the drug from the hepatocyte to the bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Export into the canaliculus is mediated by MDR1 . MDR1 is also expressed at many oegan boundaries. drug export from the hepatocyte to to bile tube [Cholestasis] Export into the canaliculus is mediated by MDR1 . MDR1 is also expressed at many oegan boundaries. ISBN:0123878179 Expcretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of excretion of compound: A process that excretes the drug metabolite from the hepatocyte to to the bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Export into the canaliculus is mediated by MDR1 . MDR1 is also expressed at many organ boundaries. expcretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube [cholestasis] Export into the canaliculus is mediated by MDR1 . MDR1 is also expressed at many organ boundaries. ISBN:0123878179 The directed movement of drugs into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. importing substance into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane [cholestasis] [Cholestasis] ABCC3 [Cholestasis] MRP3 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Bile tube occlusion is a subtype of occlusion: Obstruction or a closure of bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile tube occlusion [Cholestasis] PMID:17404579 PMID:21359593 ABCC4 [Cholestasis] MRP4 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Bile salts activate a bile sil sensor, FXR (bile acid receptor; NR1H4) in hepatocytes. https://omim.org/entry/603826 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 PMID:26888176 UniProt:Q96RI1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C094063 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 FARNESOID X-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR [cholestasis] bile acid receptor [cholestasis] FXR (canonical)[Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60351 PMID:26888176 Mutations in the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clinical features of severe, NR1H4-related cholestasis include neonatal onset with rapid progression to end-stage liver disease, vitamin K-independent coagulopathy, low-to-normal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and undetectable liver bile salt export pump (ABCB11) expression. Farnesoid X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating FxR (farnesoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile salts activate a bile salt sensor, FXR (bile acid receptor; NR1H4) in hepatocytes. FXR activation [cholestasis] activating FXR [cholestasis] farnesoid X receptor activation [Cholestasis] Bile salts activate a bile salt sensor, FXR (bile acid receptor; NR1H4) in hepatocytes. ISBN:0123878179 Positive regulation of bile export is a subtype of positive regulation process: A process that that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid secretion. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. FXR regulates of metabolic processes. Activation of FXR by increased bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes downregulates the uptake systems for bile salts and maintains or upregulates bill salt efflux systems positive regulation of bile export [Cholestasis] FXR regulates of metabolic processes. Activation of FXR by increased bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes downregulates the uptake systems for bile salts and maintains or upregulates bill salt efflux systems ISBN:0123878179 Negative regularuion of bile acid and bile salt transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a bile acid and bile salts transport . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. トランスポーター遺伝子の発現を変えることで阻害 FXR regulates of metabolic processes. Activation of FXR by increased bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes downregulates the uptake systems for bile salts and maintains or upregulates bill salt efflux systems negative regularuion of bile acid and bile salt transport [Cholestasis] FXR regulates of metabolic processes. Activation of FXR by increased bile salt concentrations in hepatocytes downregulates the uptake systems for bile salts and maintains or upregulates bill salt efflux systems ISBN:0123878179 oeganic cation transporter [Cholestasis] OCT family (canonical)[Cholestasis] Decreasing cross-sectional area is a subtype of decreasing area: A process that changes the cross-sectional area of the object to be smaller. decreasing cross-sectional area The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile contains bile acids, glutathione, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other organic anions, proteins, metals, ions, and xenobiotics. Hepatocytes begins the formation of bile by transporting bile acids, glutathione, and other solutes including Xenobiotics and their metabolites into the canalicular lumen. The major driving force of bile formation is the active transport of bile salts and other osmolytes into the canalicular lumen. Most conjugated bile acids (taurine and glycine conjugates) and some unconjugated bile acids are transported into hepatocytes by sodium-dependent transporters. Sodium-independent uptake of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids is performed by members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). OATPs also transport numerous drugs and hepatotoxicants. Lipophilic cationic drugs, estrogens, and lipids are exported by the canalicular multiple-drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins, one of which is exclusive for phospholipids. Conjugates of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate are exported by multidrug resistance-associated protein2 (MRP2). bile acid secretion [Cholestasis] Impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction within the liver. under construction intrahepatic cholestasis Impairment of the bile flow caused by an obstruction in the portion of the bile duct system located outside of the liver. under construction extrahepatic cholestasis Binding to bile canaliculus membrane transporter by drug is a subtype of protein binding: Interacting process with the membrane transporter of bile canaliculus by the drug. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. binding to bile canaliculus membrane transporter by drug [Cholestasis] Bile transport (import-export) imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between bile import and export. bile transport (import-export) imbalance Bile transport (import-export) imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between bile import and export. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile transport (import-export) imbalance [Cholestasis] Biliary tract stenosis is a subtype of decreasing cross-sectional area: A process that changes the cross-sectional area of the biliary tract to be smaller. biliary tract stenosis Changing topology is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the setting of the subsets of a topological space. changing topology Decreasing bile flow in bile canaliculus is a subtype of decreasing bile flow: A process that changes the amount of bile flow in bile canaliculus to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. decreasing bile flow in bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] Decreasing bile acid production level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of bile acid to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. decreasing bile acid production level [Cholestasis] Regulation of bile acid and bile salt transport is a subtype of regulation of transport (biology): Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of bile acid and bile salts . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. regulation of bile acid and bile salt transport [Cholestasis] Bile thrombus formation in bile canaliculus is a subtype of bile thrombus formation: A process that constructs bile thrombus in bile canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile thrombus formation in bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] Protein aggregation is a subtype of molecular assembly: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of molecules. http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200906073816740790 http://purl.jp/bio/4/id/200906073816740790 protein aggregation Increasing vomume of bile canaliculus is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the bile canaliculus to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing vomume of bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] Increasing canalicular membrane permeability is a subtype of increasing membrane permeabilization: A process that changes the permeability of the canalicular membrane to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing canalicular membrane permeability [Cholestasis] Bile reflux is a subtype of back-flow: A process that changes the bile flow to the opposite direction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile reflux [Cholestasis] Regulation of cell survival is a subtype of controlling: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell survival. regulation of cell survival Contraction of bile canaliculus is a subtype of contraction: A process that generates the directed movement in which the bile canaliculus decreases in volume. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. contraction of bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] Negative regulation of contractile movement of bile canaliculus is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of contractile movement of bile canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. negative regulation of contractile movement of bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] phospholipidosis dependent molecule (HepG2_24h_sawada) A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. necrosis [Cholestasis] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. inflammatory response [Cholestasis] The totality of all processes through which a given type I diabetes instance is realized. type I diabetes course Decreasing flow is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of flow to be lower. Decreasing flow is a deacreasing process to decrease the magnitude of the flow. decreasing flow Decreasing bile flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the amount of bile flow to be lower. decreasing bile flow Decreasing bile flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the amount of bile flow to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. decreasing bile flow [Cholestasis] Enterohepatic circulation is a subtype of changing between operands: Bile salts secreted by the liver pass into the intestine, are absorbed in large part by the ileum, and return to the liver by way of the portal vein. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Bile salts (>90%) are absorbed along the small intestine and transported back by the portal blood to the liver. They are taken up into hepatocytes and re-secreted into the canaliculi. This round trip of bile salts between the intestine and the liver is termed enterohepatic circulation. enterohepatic circulation [Cholestasis] Increasing bile concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the bile in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing bile concentration in blood [Cholestasis] PMID:12110171 PMID:18653895 PMID:8020977 BIP HEL-S-89n HSPA5 Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5 MIF2 GRP78 - chaperone (canonical)[ER stress - proteinrefolding (sustained)] PMID:12110171 ER stress regulation of ATF6 localization by dissociation of BiP/GRP78 binding and unmasking of Golgi localization signals. Dev. Cell 3: 99-111, 2002. ATF6 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated transmembrane transcription factor that activates the transcription of ER molecular chaperones. Upon ER stress, ATF6 translocates from the ER to the Golgi where it is processed to its active form. ER chaperone BiP/GRP78 binds ATF6 and dissociates in response to ER stress. BiP retains ATF6 in the ER by inhibiting its GLSs and that dissociation of BiP during ER stress allows ATF6 to be transported to the Golgi. PMID:18653895 ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Science 321: 569-572, 2008. Misfolded or unassembled proteins are discarded by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which involves their retrotranslocation into the cytosol. ERAD substrates frequently contain disulfide bonds that must be cleaved before their retrotranslocation. ER-resident protein ERdj5 had a reductase activity, cleaved the disulfide bonds of misfolded proteins, and accelerated ERAD through its physical and functional associations with EDEM (ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein) and an ER-resident chaperone BiP. PMID:8020977 Localization of the gene encoding human BiP/GRP78, the endoplasmic reticulum cognate of the HSP70 family, to chromosome 9q34. Genomics 20: 281-284, 1994. BiP/GRP78 is a member of the HSP70 family involved in the folding and assembly of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Acumulation of bile pigment in bile canaliculus is a subtype of bile pigment deposition: The aggregation of bile pigmentin a particular location in a bile canaliculus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. acumulation of bile pigment in bile canaliculus [Cholestasis] Acumulation of bile pigment in hepatocyte is a subtype of bile pigment deposition: The aggregation of bile pigmentin a particular location in a hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. acumulation of bile pigment in hepatocyte [Cholestasis] XBP1 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on the ERAD process and can constitute the course of ER stress. http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381183&SEL=R-HSA-1791121&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381033 The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, the mRNA is spliced to yield Xbp(s) mRNA, and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. XBP1 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - ERAD] Negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to the bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. Export into the canaliculus is mediated by the BSEP (bile salt export pump, ABCB11) . Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to bile tube [Cholestasis] ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0071769234 Export into the canaliculus is mediated by the BSEP (bile salt export pump, ABCB11) . Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ISBN:0123878179 Negative regulation of transport is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. negative regulation of transport Bile secretion is a subtype of moving A to the outside of B: A process of the release of the bile to the outside of the liver. bile secretion IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - ERAD] IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 activation [ER stress - ERAD] IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 activation [ER stress - refolding] IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 activation [ER stress - apoptosis] IRE1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IRE1 to be higher. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 activation [ER stress - inflammation] XBP1 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher by IRE1. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381183&SEL=R-HSA-1791121&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381033 The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, the mRNA is spliced to yield Xbp(s) mRNA, and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. XBP1 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - refolding] XBP1 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-1791121.3 The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, the mRNA is spliced to yield Xbp(s) mRNA, and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. XBP1 activation by IRE1 [ER stress] Reactome:R-HSA-1791121.3 http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381183&SEL=R-HSA-1791121&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381033 ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - ERAD] Bile secretion to bile canaliculus is a subtype of bile secretion: A process that of the release from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane to a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. bile secretion to bile canaliculus Bile acid and bile salt transport to hepatocyte is a subtype of bile acid and bile salt transport: A process that transports bile acid and bile salts within a hepatocyte by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bile acid and bile salt transport to hepatocyte A family of transmembrane proteins that usually function as dimers to hydrolyze ATP, which permits them to transport a wide variety of substrates across cellular membranes. These proteins consist of two distinct domains, a transmembrane domain and a nucleotide-binding domain. ATP binding is required for both dimerization and transporter activity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C17750 ATP-binding cassette Transporter ABC transporter Contraction of bile canaliculus is a subtype of contraction: A process that generates the directed movement in which the bile canaliculus decreases in volume. PMID:2040644 PMID:7015506 contraction of bile canaliculus ERAD related gene expression by XBP1s is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ER-associated degradation (ERAD) gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XBP1s. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ERAD related gene expression byXBP1s [ER stress] OATP transporters are a critical factor controlling the uptake of glibenclamide by the liver. GLB is a substrate for OATP2B1 and OATP1B1, which are expressed at the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats An urea that has formula C23H28ClN3O5S. CASRN:10238-21-8 DrugBank:DB01016 InChIKeyZ:NNLBTZKUZBEKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Wikipedia:Glyburide glibenclamide [Cholestasis] OATP transporters are a critical factor controlling the uptake of glibenclamide by the liver. GLB is a substrate for OATP2B1 and OATP1B1, which are expressed at the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. PMID:23907487 rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats PMID:21480339 The directed movement of drugs into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane by OATP. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. importing substance into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane by OATP [Cholestasis] Extracts misfolded glycoproteins, but not glycoproteins undergoing productive folding, from the calnexin cycle. It is directly involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and targets misfolded glycoproteins for degradation in an N-glycan-independent manner, probably by forming a complex with SEL1L. It has low mannosidase activity, catalyzing mannose trimming from Man8GlcNAc2 to Man7GlcNAc2. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297504 PMID:11375934 PMID:12610306 PMID:18653895 http://omim.org/entry/607673 EDEM (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297504 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297504 PMID:18653895 ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Science 321: 569-572, 2008. EDEM -ERAD promoting factor (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] Hyperfunctioning of glutathione conjugates excretion from hepatocyte is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive excretion of the glutathione conjugates from the hepatocyte. hyperfunctioning of glutathione conjugates excretion from hepatocyte prostaglandin [Cholestasis] Converting cell type is a subtype of converting type: A process that changes the type of the cell. converting cell type Changing permeability is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the temperature of the object. changing permeability Changing size is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the size of the object. changing size Increasing canalicular membrane permeability is a subtype of increasing membrane permeabilization: A process that changes the permeability of the canalicular membrane to be higher. increasing canalicular membrane permeability An estrogen that has formula C18H22O2. This compound might be participated in the process involved in the course of cholestasis. estrone [cholestasis] ATC:G03CA07 ATC:G03CC04 CASRN:53-16-7 DrugBank:DB00655 InChIKey:DNXHEGUUPJUMQT-CBZIJGRNSA-N estrone [Cholestasis] Hyperfunction of glutathione export from hepatocyte is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive export of the glutathione from the hepatocyte. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:18786560 hyperfunction of glutathione export from hepatocyte ISBN:0071769234 GSH itself is often cotranported with other xenobiotics or xenobiotics metabolites, namely, by MRP2 into bile, and by MRP1,4,5 into blood. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:18786560 The Mrp proteins mediate not only GSH efflux, but they also export oxidized glutathione derivatives (e.g., glutathione disulfide (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GS-NO), and glutathione-metal complexes), as well as other glutathione S-conjugates. A process in which a signal to XBP1 is transduced by the IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to XBP1 [ER stress] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - ERAD] Hyperfunction of glutathione export from hepatocyte is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive export of the glutathione from the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:18786560 hyperfunction of glutathione export from hepatocyte [Glutathione depletion] ISBN:0071769234 GSH itself is often cotranported with other xenobiotics or xenobiotics metabolites, namely, by MRP2 into bile, and by MRP1,4,5 into blood. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:18786560 The Mrp proteins mediate not only GSH efflux, but they also export oxidized glutathione derivatives (e.g., glutathione disulfide (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GS-NO), and glutathione-metal complexes), as well as other glutathione S-conjugates. A role played by the entity which regulatess OATP bile acid transport process. regulator of OATP bile acid transport Bile tube occlusion is a subtype of occlusion: Obstruction or a closure of bile tube. bile tube occlusion Increasing bile level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of bile to be higher. increasing bile level Increasing bile concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the concentration of the bile in the blood to be higher. increasing bile concentration in blood Refolding promoting gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature refolding inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. refolding promoting gene expression [ER stress] Increasing vomume of bile canaliculus is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the bile canaliculus to be higher. increasing vomume of bile canaliculus Hyperfunction of protein unfolding is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive protein unfolding. hyperfunction of protein unfolding A process that performs an excesssive moving phenobarbital to the inside of liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of moving phenobarbital to the inside of liver [Ground glass appearance] ATC:A10BG02 DrugBank:DB00412 InChIKey:YASAKCUCGLMORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Wikipedia:Rosiglitazone rosiglitazone [Cholestasis] ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ATF4 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by eIF2a. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 Reactome:R-HSA-381128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426796 ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a [ER stress - apoptosis] PMID:23334697 Under conditions of eIF2α phosphorylation, a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames (such as activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4]) or internal ribosome entry sites are preferentially translated. ATF4 is a bZIP transcription factor that controls the regulation of expression of pro-survival UPR-target genes (e.g., the chaperones glucose regulated protein [GRP]78 and GRP94) as well as genes involved in other functions such as redox homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Chop expession by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a sequence of the Chop is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF4. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26977301 Chop expression by ATF4 [ER stress] [ER stress - apoptosis] Nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1), an orphan nuclear receptor known to regulate CYP7A1 expression. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5777 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15170 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116689 PTPN6 [cholestasis] SHP1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1), an orphan nuclear receptor known to regulate CYP7A1 expression. PMID:11030332 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5777 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5777 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15170 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15170 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116689 Genes encoding for organic anion uptake (NTCP, OATPs), canalicular export (BSEP, MRP2) and alternative basolateral export (MRP3, MRP4) in liver are regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF1, 3, 4) and nuclear (orphan) receptors (e.g., FXR, PXR, CAR, RAR, LRH-1, SHP, GR). Bile acids, proinflammatory cytokines, hormones and drugs mediate causative and adaptive transporter changes at a transcriptional level by interacting with these nuclear factors and receptors. CAR (canonical)[Cholestasis] Genes encoding for organic anion uptake (NTCP, OATPs), canalicular export (BSEP, MRP2) and alternative basolateral export (MRP3, MRP4) in liver are regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF1, 3, 4) and nuclear (orphan) receptors (e.g., FXR, PXR, CAR, RAR, LRH-1, SHP, GR). Bile acids, proinflammatory cytokines, hormones and drugs mediate causative and adaptive transporter changes at a transcriptional level by interacting with these nuclear factors and receptors. PMID:17291602 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2908 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14815 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24413 GR (canonical)[Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2908 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2908 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14815 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14815 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24413 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8856 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84385 http://omim.org/entry/603065 NR1I2 [Cholestasis] PXR (canonical)[Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8856 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84385 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84385 Ubiquitination of IkB is a subtype of protein ubiquitination: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to IkB. PMID:12464174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017767 ubiquitination of IkB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress via apoptosis. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress - apoptosis] Positive regulation of bile export is a subtype of positive regulation process: A process that that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid secretion. positive regulation of bile export Negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to the bile tube. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. negative regulation of bile acid and bile salts export from the hepatocyte to bile tube [Glutathione depletion] Cholestasis is a subtype of stagnating: A process that changes the bile flow to be slower due to obstruction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of glutathione depletion. cholestasis [Glutathione depletion] PERK-Nrf2 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK signaling and gene regulation pathway. PERK-Nrf2 mediated pathway (integrated pathway) A process that changes the activity of the NRF2 to be higher by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK - NRF2 pathway. PMID:14517290 NRF2 activation by PERK [PERK - NRF2 pathway] PMID:14517290 Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. Dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a Nrf2-Keap1 complexe into Nrf2 and Keap1. dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex Dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex by Perk is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a Nrf2-Keap1 complex into Nrf2 and Keap1 by Perk. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation->dissociation of Nrf2/Keap in ER stress PERK-dependent phosphorylation triggers dissociation of Nrf2/Keap1 complexes and inhibits reassociation of Nrf2/Keap1 complexes in vitro. PMID:14517290 dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1 complex by PERK [ER stress] A process that changes the activity of the NRF2 to be higher by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:14517290 NRF2 activation by PERK [ER stress] PMID:14517290 Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. PERK-NRF2 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-NRF2 signaling and gene regulation pathway. This pathway is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-Nrf2 mediated pathway Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress] A process in which a signal to NRF2 is transduced PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK - eIF2A pathway. PERK signaling to Nrf2 [PERK - eIF2A pathway] A process in which a signal to NRF2 is transduced PERK . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to Nrf2 [ER stress] Antioxidant gene expression by NRF2 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which an antioxidant gene sequence is converted into a mature antioxidant gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NRF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. antioxidant gene expression by NRF2 [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress [ER stress] Oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation that inhibits oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance [ER stress] Oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation that inhibits oxidation. PMID:24641954 oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance Receiving oxidative signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into a oxidative signal by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving oxidative signal by PERK [ER stress] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process is dependent on the antioxidation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - antioxidation] Enabling translation is a subtype of enabling: A process that sets conditions for translation to work correctly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. This entity refers to the process of restarting translation. During protein refolding, it is known that a translation attenuation is occurred temporarily to reduce the production of new proteins. enabling translation [ER stress] The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from the eIF2a. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. dephosphorylation of eIF2a [ER stress] Gene expression patheway dependent molecule is a subtype of system dependeny functional molecule. This entity is dependent on a gene expresion system for functioning. gene expression patheway dependent molecule eIF2a gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate translation of genes by eIF2a. eIF2a gene regulation pathway Regulation of translation by eIF2a is a subtype of regulation of translation: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eIF2 alpha mediated translation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. regulation of translation by eIF2a [ER stress] Positive regulation of uORF dependent gene expression is a subtype of positive regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uORF dependent gene expression. positive regulation of uORF dependent gene expression Positive regulation of uORF dependent gene expression is a subtype of positive regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uORF dependent gene expression. This entity is a specific eIF2a translational system depedent. positive regulation of uORF dependent gene expression [eIF2a [translation regulation] Degradation of I-kappaB is a subtype of protein catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein degradation of I-kappaB Bile acid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps bile acid within the hepatocute in the liver (intrahepatic). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Bile acid accumulation in hepatocyte [Glutathione depletion] Refolding promoting gene expression by XBP1s is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature refolding inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by XbP1s . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. refolding promoting gene expression by XBP1s [ER stress] A process in which a signal to XBP1 is transduced by the IRE1. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to XBP1 [ER stress - refolding] Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA by eIF2A in the course of ER stress. This process is dependent on the translation attenuation and can constitute the course of ER stress. regulation of translation by eIF2a [ER stress - translation attenuation] Gene expression by NRF2 is a subtype of Gene expression by transcriptional regulator: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NRF2. gene expression by NRF2 Gene expression by NRF2 is a subtype of Gene expression by transcriptional regulator: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NRF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of PERK - NRF2 pathway. gene expression by NRF2 [PERK - NRF2 pathway] Gene expression by NRF2 is a subtype of Gene expression by transcriptional regulator: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NRF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. gene expression by NRF2 [ER stress] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:20303879 inflammatory cytokine gene expression [ER stress] PMID:20303879 IRE1->JNK->AP-1->inflammatory response IRE1->XBP1s->IL6, IL8, MCP1 IRE1->IKK->NfkB ATF6->NfkB Perk->reducedIkB->NfkB Gene expression by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153). This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26977301 gene expression by CHOP (DDIT3, GADD153) [ER stress - apoptosis] NFKB - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] NFKB (canonical)[ER stress] Gene expression bu NF-kappaB is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NF-kappaB. gene expression bu NF-kappaB NCBI-Human-GeneID:5034 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18453 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25506 PMID:15158710 PMID:23198585 PMID:23637286 PDI (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5034 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5034 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18453 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18453 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25506 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25506 PMID:23637286 Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the first discovered, most abundant oxidoreductase in the ER. Depending on conditions, it catalyzes formation, isomerization, or reduction of disulfide bonds. Without oxidoreductase capacity in the ER, protein folding would be too slow and prone to disaster, with abundant aggregation and degradation favored. Considering that protein folding in principle is a spontaneous process and that chaperones guide the process, the formation of nonnative disulfide bonds during folding is a must. I-kappaB phosphorylation is a subtype of phosphorylation: The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. GO:0007252 PMID:12464174 PMID:15134788 PMID:21772278 I-kappaB phosphorylation [NfKB pathway] XBP1 splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the XBP1 RNA transcript to remove sequences. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1 splicing [ER stress - inflammation] A series of molecular signals transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. GO:0007249 NfkB gene regulation pathway Inflammatory gene expression by NF-kappa B is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by NF-kappa B. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory gene expression by NF-kappa B [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF-NfkB pathway] NCBI-Human-GeneID:54431 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66861 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295690 PMID:18653895 ERDJ5 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:54431 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54431 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66861 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66861 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/295690 Ubiquitination of IkB is a subtype of protein ubiquitination: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to IkB. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. PMID:12464174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017767 ubiquitination of IkB [NfKB pathway] Degradation of I-kappaB is a subtype of protein catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. degradation of IKB [NfkB pathway] NF-kappaB transport into nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017769 Translocation of NF-kappaB [NfKB pathway] IKK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IKK (kappaB Kinase) to be higher. IKK activation IKK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IIKK (kappaB Kinase) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. IKK activation [NfKB pathway] NF-kappaB activation is a subtype of transcription factor activation: A process that changes the activity of the NF-kappaB to be higher. NF-kappaB activation NF-kappaB activation is a subtype of transcription factor activation: A process that changes the activity of the NF-kappaB to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. NF-kappaB activation [NfKB pathway] Regulation of gene expression by NfKB is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by NfkB. regulation of gene expression by NfKB Regulation of gene expression by NfKB is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by NfkB. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. regulation of gene expression by NfKB [NfKB pathway] Binding of NF-kappaB and I-kappaB in cytosol is a subtype of binding: The selective interaction of a inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein with NF-kappaB. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0000214 (obsolete) Binding of NF-kappaB and I-kappaB in cytosol PMID:23087145 MRP4 [Glutathione depletion] ABCC4 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] Forming disulfide bond 2 is a subtype of binding: The interaction between molecules with interchain disulfide bonds. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:21091435 PMID:23198585 PMID:23637286 forming disulfide bond 2 [ER stress] PMID:21091435 The endoplasmic reticulum sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1beta drives efficient oxidative protein folding with loose regulation. PMID:23637286 Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the first discovered, most abundant oxidoreductase in the ER. Depending on conditions, it catalyzes formation, isomerization, or reduction of disulfide bonds. Without oxidoreductase capacity in the ER, protein folding would be too slow and prone to disaster, with abundant aggregation and degradation favored. Considering that protein folding in principle is a spontaneous process and that chaperones guide the process, the formation of nonnative disulfide bonds during folding is a must. The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB [NfKB pathway] The selective interaction of a inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein with NF-kappaB. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. PMID:15134788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0000214 Binding of NF-kappaB and I-kappaB in cytosol [NfkB pathway] Binding of NF-kappaB and I-kappaB in cytosol [NfKB pathway] Dissociation of NF-kappaB -I-kappaB is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates a NF-kappaB-I-kappaB to NF-kappaB dimers and I-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NfKB pathway. PMID:15134788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IEV_0000215 dissociation of NF-kappaB - IkappaB [NfKB pathway] MRP5 [Glutathione depletion] ABCC5 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] PERK-NFkB pathway is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK signaling and gene regulation pathway. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12773372 PERK-NFkB pathway [ER stress - inflammation] PERK-eIF2a-NFkB pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation by NF-kappa B. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:15542827 PMID:20303879 PMID:28860159 PERK-eIF2a-NFkB pathway [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:20303879 Both the IRE1α and PERK branches of the UPR can lead to activation of the NF-κB-IKK pathway. This pathway also plays a critical role in the induction of multiple inflammatory mediators and has been implicated in insulin resistance. PMID:28860159 phosphorylated eIF2α attenuates general mRNA translation, During translational attenuation, IκB, an inhibitor of NF-κB, is depleted (due to its short half-life) to activate NF-κB. IRE1-TRAF2-NFkB signal transduction pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1-TRAF2 signaling and gene regulation by NF-kappaB. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12843613 PMID:20303879 PMID:25232821 IRE1-TRAF2-NFkB signal transduction pathway [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:12843613 NF-kB was activated by ER stress-inducing agents, thapsigargin and tunicamycin. The activation was inhibited by a dominant-negative IRE1. In addition, a dominant-negative TRAF2 also suppressed the activation of NF-kB by ER stress. These results suggest that ER stress-induced NF-kB activation is also mediated by the IRE1- TRAF2 pathway, as well as JNK activation. Result indicates that the RNase domain of IRE1 in the C-terminus is necessary for the binding of IRE1 with TRAF2, and that ER stress-induced NF-kB activation is dependent on not only the interaction between IRE1 and TRAF2, but also the kinase activity of IRE1. PMID:20303879 Both the IRE1α and PERK branches of the UPR can lead to activation of the NF-κB-IKK pathway. This pathway also plays a critical role in the induction of multiple inflammatory mediators and has been implicated in insulin resistance. PMID:25232821 IRE-1 directly triggers IκB kinase and as such IκB phosphorylation, in a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 dependent manne ATF6-NFkB signal transduction pathway is a subtype of ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation by NF-kappaB. This process is dependent on positive inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:20303879 ATF6-NFkB signal transduction pathway [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:20303879 The ATF6 branch of the UPR has also been linked to NF-κB-IKK signaling, suggesting that specific inflammatory triggers may signal through different branches of the UPR. PERK-eIF2a signaling is a subtype of PERK signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and gene regulation pathway. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-eIF2a signaling [ER stress - inflammation] NF-kappaB activation is a subtype of transcription factor activation: A process that changes the activity of the NF-kappaB to be higher. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. CHOP Knock Down resulted in reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activity and expression of key NF-κB target genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation, including iNOS, FAS, IRF-7, IL-15, CCL5 and CXCL10. This was due to decreased IκB degradation and p65 translocation to the nucleus NF-kappaB activation [ER stress - inflammation] CHOP Knock Down resulted in reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activity and expression of key NF-κB target genes involved in apoptosis and inflammation, including iNOS, FAS, IRF-7, IL-15, CCL5 and CXCL10. This was due to decreased IκB degradation and p65 translocation to the nucleus PMID:22653339 Decreasing I-kappaB production is a subtype of decreasing production quantity of protein: A process that changes the quantity of the Iinhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) to be lower. decreasing I-kappaB production Decreasing I-kappaB production is a subtype of decreasing production quantity of protein: A process that changes the quantity of the Iinhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) to be lower. This process is dependent on the Perk-eIF2a-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22249202 PMID:25232821 decreasing I-kappaB production [ER stress - inflammation -Perk-eIF2a-NfkB] PMID:25232821 Activation of PERK and concomitant translational inhibition leads to a disequilibrium in the ratio of the short-lived IκB protein (inhibitor of NF-κB) to the longer-lived NF-κB protein, resulting in activation of NF-κB, independent of IκB phosphorylation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388558/figure/F4/ inhibitor of NF-kappaB [ER stress - inflammation] I-kappaB -NfkB inhibitor [ER stress - inflammation] IKB A role played by the entity which enables the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. related molecular function GO:0005261 cation channel NF-kappaB transport into nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of NF-kappaB [ER stress - inflammation] Inflammatory gene expression by NF-kappa B via PERK is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by NF-kappa B via PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression by NF-kappa B via PERK [ER stress - inflammation] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression via JNK is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA) via JNK pathway. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression via JNK [ER stress - inflammation] NF-kappaB activation is a subtype of transcription factor activation: A process that changes the activity of the NF-kappaB to be higher. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-IkB-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. NF-kappaB activation [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-IkB-NfkB pathway] I-kappaB phosphorylation is a subtype of phosphorylation: The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. This process is dependent on the IRE1-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. GO:0007252 PMID:12464174 PMID:15134788 PMID:21772278 I-kappaB phosphorylation [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-NfkB pathway] Ubiquitination of IkB is a subtype of protein ubiquitination: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to IkB. This process is dependent on the IRE1-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12464174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017767 ubiquitination of IkB [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-NfKB pathway] Degradation of I-kappaB is a subtype of protein catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. This process is dependent on the IRE1-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. degradation of I-kappaB [ER stress] Inflammatory gene expression by NF-kappa B via IRE1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by NF-kappa B via IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression by NF-kappa B via IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation] Regulation of gene expression by NfKB is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by NfkB. This process is dependent on the PERK-eIF2a-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:20303879 regulation of gene expression by NfKB [ER stress - inflammation - PERK-eIF2a-NfkB pathway] Regulation of gene expression by NfKB is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by NfkB. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TARF2-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. regulation of gene expression by NfKB [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-Traf2-NfkB pathway] Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the Perk-eIF2a-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus [ER stress - inflammation - Perk-eIF2a-NfkB pathway] Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-NfkB pathway] TRAF2 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the TARF2 to be higher by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 TRAF2 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 directly triggers IκB kinase and as such IκB phosphorylation, in a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 dependent manner IKK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the IIKK (kappaB Kinase) to be higher. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12843613 PMID:25232821 IKK activation [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-NfkB pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 directly triggers IκB kinase and as such IκB phosphorylation, in a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 dependent manner. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7186 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22030 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:311786 TRAF2 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7186 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7186 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22030 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22030 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:311786 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/311786 TRAF2 -IRE1 adaptor protein (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -IRE1-NfkB] TRAF2 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the TARF2 to be higher by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 TRAF2 activation by IRE1 [ER stress] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 directly triggers IκB kinase and as such IκB phosphorylation, in a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 dependent manner TRAF2 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the TARF2 to be higher by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 TRAF2 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway18, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes TRAF2 -IRE1 adaptor protein (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -IRE1-JNK] ASK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of one of the ASK (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase) family to be higher. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12843613 PMID:25232821 ASK activation [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes. ASK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of one of the ASK (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase) family to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of IRE-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway. ASK activation [IRE-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] ASK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of one of the ASK （apoptosis signal-regulating kinase) family to be higher. ASK activation JNK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of JNK pathway. JNK activation [JNK pathway] JNK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 JNK activation [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway18, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes JNK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher. JNK activation AP-1 activation is a subtype of AP-1 activation: A process that changes the activity of the AP-1 to be higher by JNK. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. AP-1 activation by JNK [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] Inflammatory gene expression by XBP1s is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by XBP1s. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression by XBP1s [ER stress - inflammation] A process in which a signal to XBP1 is transduced by the IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to XBP1 [ER stress - inflammation] XBP1 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of XBP1 (X-Box Binding Protein 1) to be higher by IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-381183&SEL=R-HSA-1791121&PATH=R-HSA-392499,R-HSA-381119,R-HSA-381033 The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, the mRNA is spliced to yield Xbp(s) mRNA, and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. XBP1 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation] Inflammatory gene expression by AP-1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by AP-1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22883813 inflammatory cytokine gene expression by AP-1 [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:22883813 The IRE1a branch of the UPR is responsible for AP-1 activation. Genes tran- scribed by AP-1 include those encoding tumor necrosis factor (TNF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), granulo- cyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), in- terleukin (IL)-8, and certain cytokine receptors . A process in which a signal to TRAF2 is transduced by the IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to TRAF2 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway] A process in which a signal to TRAF2 is transduced by the IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling to TRAF2 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1 signaling and gene regulation by XBP1. This process is dependent on inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1-XBP1 mediated pathway [ER stress - inflammation] Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the ATF6-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of NF-kappaB from the Cytosol to the Nucleus [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-NfkB pathway] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - inflammation] PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] Regulation of gene expression by NfKB is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by NfkB. This process is dependent on the ATF6-NfkB Pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. regulation of gene expression by NfKB [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-NfkB Pathway] NF-kappaB activation is a subtype of transcription factor activation: A process that changes the activity of the NF-kappaB to be higher. This process is dependent on the ATF6-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. NF-kappaB activation [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-NfkB] Decreasing I-kappaB production is a subtype of decreasing production quantity of protein: A process that changes the quantity of the Iinhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) to be lower. This process is dependent on the ATF6-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22249202 PMID:25232821 decreasing I-kappaB production [ER stress -inflmmation- ATF6-NfkB] PMID:25232821 Activation of PERK and concomitant translational inhibition leads to a disequilibrium in the ratio of the short-lived IκB protein (inhibitor of NF-κB) to the longer-lived NF-κB protein, resulting in activation of NF-κB, independent of IκB phosphorylation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388558/figure/F4/ Inflammatory cytokine gene expression by NF-kappaB via ATF6 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by NF-kappaB via ATF6 signaling. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression by NF-kappa B via ATF6 [ER stress - inflammation] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the ATF6-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-NfkB pathway] PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress via inflammation. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] XBP1 splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the XBP1 RNA transcript to remove sequences. This process is dependent on the refolding process and can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1 splicing [ER stress - refolding] A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress - inflammation] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of I-Kappa B translation by eIF2a. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. attenuation of I-kappaB translation by eIF2a [ER stress - inflammation] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - inflammation] PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress - inflammation] PERK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] PERK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] PERK - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] PERK - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] PERK - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] PERK - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] PERK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] PERK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 Reactome:R-HSA-381086 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress - inflammation] PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress - apoptosis] PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress - refolding] PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress - inflammation] PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress - apoptosis] PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress - refolding] XBP1 splicing is a subtype of removing: The process of removing sections of the XBP1 RNA transcript to remove sequences. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on the ERAD process and can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1 splicing [ER stress - ERAD] TRAF2 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the TARF2 to be higher by IRE1. PMID:25232821 TRAF2 activation by IRE1 PMID:25232821 IRE-1 directly triggers IκB kinase and as such IκB phosphorylation, in a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 dependent manner A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having slow progressive course of indefinite duration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001863 chronic Regulation of translation by eIF2a is a subtype of regulation of translation: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eIF2 alpha mediated translation. regulation of translation by eIF2a A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the apoptosis that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the inflammation via IRE1-XBP1 pathway that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-XBP1 pathway] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the inflammation that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - ERAD] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the inflammation via IRE1-JNK pathway that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-JNK pathway] A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the inflammation via IRE1-NfkB pathway that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-NfkB pathway] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://omim.org/entry/604032 EIF2AK3 PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9451 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13666 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13666 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29702 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29702 PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress - translation attenuation] Dissociation of IRE1:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates IRE-1-BIP heterodimers into BIP and IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Dissociation of IRE1:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress - inflammation] IRE - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK pathway] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-TRAF2-IKK-NfkB pathway] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -Xbp1] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -TRAF2] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1-XBP1 pathway mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - inflammation - IRE1-XBP1 pathway] phosphorylated eIF2A - translation initiation inhibitor [ER stress - inflammation] P-EIF2A - translation initiation inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] PMID:8107808 CALR [ER stress] CALRETICULIN (canonical)[ER stress] PMID:8107808 Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein that acts as a major Ca(2+)-binding (storage) protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation. PMID:27698029 PMID:8107808 http://omim.org/entry/109091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=811 CALR - chaperone [ER stress -Refolding [persist]] CALRETICULIN - chaperone (canonical)[ER stress -Refolding [persist]] PMID:27698029 Calnexin and calreticulin promote the efficient folding of glycoproteins by: (1) stabilizing folding events or slowing the folding process in a domain specific manner; (2) preventing aggregation and turnover; (3) retaining nonnative substrates in the ER to support additional attempts for proper folding; (4) facilitating the formation of disulfide bond formation through their association with the oxidoreductase ERp57 ; (5) perhaps facilitating Pro isomerization through association with the PPIase CypB PMID:8107808 Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein that acts as a major Ca(2+)-binding (storage) protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation. ATF6 - transcriptional factor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] ATF6 - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] ATF6 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] ATF6 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] Dissociation of ATF6:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates ATF6-BIP heterodimers into BIP and ATF6. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Dissociation of ATF6-alpha:BIP Complex [ER stress] Dissociation of ATF6:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates ATF6-BIP heterodimers into BIP and ATF6. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. Dissociation of ATF6-alpha:BIP Complex [ER stress - refolding] Bip-unfolded protein is a subtype of a molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules: BIP/GRP78, and an unfolded protein. This entity can participate in the infmallation of ER stress via PERK pathway. Bip-unfolded protein complex 1 [ER stress - refolding] Bip-unfolded protein is a subtype of a molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules: BIP/GRP78, and an unfolded protein. This entity can participate in the protein refolding of ER stress. Bip-Unfolded Protein complex 2 [ER stress - refolding] Bip-unfolded protein is a subtype of a molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules: BIP/GRP78, and an unfolded protein. This entity can participate in the inflammation of ER stress via IRE1 pathway. Bip-unfolded protein complex 3 [ER stress - inflammation] ATF6 mediated proapoptic gene production pathway is a subtype of ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation pathway. This process is dependent on positive regulation of apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 mediated proapoptic gene production pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] ATF6 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress - apoptosis] Refolding gene expression by ATF6 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the apoptosis by ATF6. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:26960794 apoptotic gene expression by ATF6 [ER stress - apoptosis] PMID:233334697 PMID:26960794 These findings support the idea that PERK/ATF6 cross-talk is a primary driver of CHOP expression within the liver ( A previous study of CHO and COS-1 cell lines suggested that ATF6 can contribute to CHOP expression by an ER-stress element situated in the CHOP promoter (Ma et al., 2002 blue right-pointing triangle). We addressed the role played by ATF6 in CHOP expression in Hepa1-6 cells by depleting ATF6 using shRNA, followed by treatment with 2 μM tunicamycin. Loss of ATF6 led to reductions in the expression of well-defined ATF6-target genes, including ER chaperone BiP (GRP78/HSPA5) and XBP1t and its spliced variant XBP1s (Figure 2A; Yoshida et al., 2001 blue right-pointing triangle; Baumeister et al., 2005 blue right-pointing triangle). ATF4 mRNA levels were also modestly reduced in the ATF6-depleted cells treated with tunicamycin, but there was no measurable reduction in ATF4 protein levels (Figure 2, A and B). Of importance, depletion of ATF6 sharply lowered the induction of CHOP mRNA and protein upon ER stress in the Hepa1-6 cells. The CHOP protein levels were reduced by 76 and 51% at 3 and 6 h, respectively. These results suggest that ATF6 can be a major contributor to CHOP expression, especially during ER stress. To address whether other ATF transcription factors regulated by PERK can effect CHOP expression, we depleted ATF5 expression in Hepa1-6 cells using shRNA and found no changes in induced expression of CHOP protein by ER stress (Figure 2C). These findings indicate that the requirement of ATF6 for induced CHOP expression in the Hepa1-6 hepatocytes is not broadly shared among other transcription factors controlled by PERK. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850040/ ATF6 - transcriptional factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29467 PMID:15601821 PMID:15775988 PMID:22761832 PMID:25904325 DDIT3 [ER stress] CHOP (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29467 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29467 PMID:15775988 TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. PMID:15601821 PMID:15775988 PMID:22761832 PMID:25904325 http://www.omim.org/entry/126337 DDIT3 [ER stress - apoptosis - apoptosis inducer ] CHOP - apotosis inducing factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] PMID:15775988 TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. Apoptosis inducing gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature apoptosis inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. apoptosis promoting gene expression [ER stress] Apoptosis inducing gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature apoptosis inducing gene product or products (proteins or RNA). apoptosis promoting gene expression ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress - ERAD] Refolding gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the protein refolding function by XBP1. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. refolding gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress - refolding] PMID:10837345 PMID:14674765 PMID:20942857 R-HSA-1791066.1 https://omim.org/entry/601746 GRP170 - chaperone [ER stress - Refolding] HYOU1 - chaperone (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] PMID:20942857 A comprehensive review of GRP170 as a putative GRP78 co-chaperone is available. NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 PMID:10037731 PMID:10837345 R-HSA-1791066.1 https://omim.org/entry/601746 grp170 [ER stress] HYOU1 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10525 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192235 PMID:10037731 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150) suppresses hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death. A role played by the entity that assists chaperon and ensures correct protein folding. co-chaperone XBP1 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress - inflammation] Positive regulation of gene expression via JNK signaling is a subtype of positive regulation of gene expression: A process that that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression via JNK signaling. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. positive regulation of gene expression via JNK signaling [ER stress] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - apoptosis] JNK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] JNK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] JNK - signalling factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] JNK - signalling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] P-EIF2A - translation initiation inhibitor (canonical)[ER stress - translation] EIF2A - translation initiation factor (canonical)[ER stress - translation] A role played by the entity that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation positive regulator role of translational initiation NCBI-Human-GeneID:23645 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171071 GADD34 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23645 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23645 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171071 http://omim.org/entry/611048 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23645 GADD34 - phosphatase (canonical)[ER stress - translation] IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway is a subtype of IRE1 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK-BCL2 pathway and gene regulation. This pathway is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1-TRAF2-ASK1 complex A protein complex of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that consists of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, a MAP3K). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1990604 IRE1-Traf2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] TRAF2 activation by IRE1 is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the TARF2 to be higher by IRE1. This process is dependent on the IRE1−TRAF2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway mediated apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 TRAF2 activation by IRE1 [ER stress - apoptosis - IRE1−TRAF2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway18, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes TRAF2 -IRE1 adaptor protein (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis -IRE1-JNK] ASK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of one of the ASK (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase) family to be higher. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12843613 PMID:25232821 ASK activation [ER stress - apoptosis - IRE1-TRAF2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes. JNK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the JNK to be higher. This process is dependent on the IRE1−TRAF2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway mediated apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:25232821 JNK activation [ER stress - apoptosis - IRE1−TRAF2-ASK-JNK-Bcl2 pathway] PMID:25232821 IRE-1 also mediates phosphorylation of JNK in a TRAF2-ASK dependent pathway18, which was linked to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 IRE1 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312046 ASK (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27214 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312046 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/312046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 ASK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 ASK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -TRAF2] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 ASK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis -TRAF2] A process that changes the activity of the Bcl2 to be lower by JNK. This process is dependent on the IRE1-TRAF2-JNK pathway mediated apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. Inhibition of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 results in the promotion of apoptosis. Bcl2 inactivation by JNK [ER stress - apoptosis - IRE1-TRAF2-JNK pathway] Bcl2 inactivation by JNK is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the Bcl2 to be lower by JNK. Bcl2 inactivation by JNK BIM activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BIM (BCL2L11), BH3-only BCL-2 family, to be higher. This process is dependent on the IRE1−TRAF2-JNK-Bcl2 pathway mediated apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:12818176 BIM activation [ER stress - apoptosis - IRE1−TRAF2-JNK-Bcl2 pathway] BIM activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BIM (BCL2L11), BH3-only BCL-2 family, to be higher. BIM activation Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK is a subtype of Bcl2 phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into Bcl2 by JNK. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK [ER stress - apoptosis] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. R-HSA-381111 Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK is a subtype of Bcl2 phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into Bcl2 by JNK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK [ER stress] PMID:23334697 IRE1 can bind to the adaptor protein TRAF2 to initiate the activation of ASK1 and JNK signaling pathways. JNK can then phosphorylate BCL-2 to reduce its antiapoptotic activity and phosphorylate the pro-apoptotic protein BIM (BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death) resulting in BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX)-dependent apoptosis. Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK is a subtype of Bcl2 phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into Bcl2 by JNK. Bcl2 phosphorylation by JNK IRE1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). IRE1 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] BIM (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10018 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12125 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64547 BIM (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10018 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10018 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12125 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64547 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64547 A series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). This process is dependent on the protein refolding that can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 pathway [ER stress - refolding] Receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by IRE1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress via protein refolding. receiving abnormal protein signal by IRE1 [ER stress - refolding] ATF6 - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] XBP1s gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: A series of process in which XBP1s regulates the gene expression. This process is dependent on the protein refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1s gene regulation pathway [ER stress - refolding] XBP1s gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: A series of process in which XBP1s regulates the gene expression. This process is dependent on the inflammation that can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1s gene regulation pathway [ER stress - ERAD] CHOP gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by CHOP. This pathway is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. CHOP gene regulation pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] NRF2 signaling (integrated pathway) is a subtype of integrated signaling pathway: Sequence of linked reactions, which has NRF2 signaling and gene regulation pathway. This pathway is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. NRF2 gene regulation pathway [ER stress] Refolding gene regulation pathway by ATF4 is a subtype of ATF4 gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate refolding genes by ATF4. This pathway can constitute the course of ER stress. Refolding gene regulation pathway by ATF4 [ER stress] Refolding gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the refolding by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26977301 refolding gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] Inflammatiory gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to apoptosis by ATF4. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26977301 apoptotic gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress - apoptosis] Carbohydrate metabolism related gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related carbohydrate metabolism by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. carbohydrate metabolism gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] Lipid metabolism gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the lipid metabolism by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. lipid metabolism gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - glucose metabolism disorder] ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - dyslipidemia] IRE1 dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a IRE1 dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11897784 PMID:23236464 Reactome:R-HSA-381109 IRE1 dimerization [ER stress - refolding] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 http://omim.org/entry/604032 ERN1 dimer [ER stress] IRE1 dimer (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78943 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78943 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/498013 IRE1 dimer (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] IRE1 dimer (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] IRE1 dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a IRE1 dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11897784 PMID:23236464 Reactome:R-HSA-381109 IRE1 dimerization [ER stress - ERAD] IRE1 autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by IRE1 of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on IRE1 (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 autophosphorylation [ER stress - refolding] IRE1 autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by IRE1 of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on IRE1 (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 autophosphorylation [ER stress - ERAD] IRE1 - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] IRE1 - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress -ERAD] Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of XBP1s from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of XBP1s from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus [ER stress] Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of XBP1s from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the refolding and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus [ER stress - refolding] Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of XBP1s from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on the ERAD and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus [ER stress - ERAD] XBP1s gene regulation pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: A series of process in which XBP1s regulates the gene expression. This pathway is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. XBP1s gene regulation pathway[ER stress - inflammation] Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of XBP1s from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Translocation of XBP1s from the cytosol to the nucleus [ER stress - inflammation] PERK-eIF2a-CyclinD1 pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and CyclinD1 gene regulation. This pathway is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-eIF2a-CyclinD1 pathway [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] Regulation of cell cycle related gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cel cycle related gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. regulation of cell cycle related gene expression [ER stress] Negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 negative regulation of formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex by eIF2a [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Cyclin D1 translation by eIF2a. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. attenuation of Cyclin D1 translation by eIF2a [ER stress] Negative regulation of cell cycle regulator gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle regulator gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of cell cycle regulator gene expression [ER stress] A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] Receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by PERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress via cell cycle arrest. receiving abnormal protein signal by PERK [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signal sensor (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding] Dissociation of PERK:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates PERK-BIP heterodimers into BIP and PERK. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10854322 PMID:11907036 Reactome PathwayStep4038 PERK (EIF2AK3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. PERK has an N-terminal luminal domain and a C-terminal cytosolic domain. It is maintained in an inactive state by association of its luminal domain with BiP, a chaperone in the ER. Because BiP also binds unfolded proteins, BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins exceed chaperone activity in the ER. Dissociation of PERK:BIP Heterodimer [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] Reactome PathwayStep4038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0006880 PERK - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by PERK of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on PERK (trans-autophosphorylation). This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK autophosphorylation [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK - kinase (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK is a subtype of eIF2a phosphorylation: A process that The process of introducing a phosphate group into eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 PMID:9930704 Reactome:R-HSA-381111 The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha by PERK [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK phosphorylates the eIF2α at serine 51, resulting in inactivation of eIF2α, preventing assembly of the preinitiation ribosome complex. This attenuates general mRNA translation. ATF4 which has a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames or internal ribosome entry sites are translated. PMID:9930704 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. The C-terminal domain of PERK (EIF2AK3) has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1. Id:R-HSA-381111 A process that changes the activity of the eIF2a by PERK. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. changing activity of eIF2a by PERK [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK activation is a subtype of Molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of PERK to be higher. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK activation [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UniProt_Q9NZJ5 http://www.uniprot.org/entry/Q9NZJ5 PERK - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a PERK dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on the process of cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907036 PERK dimerization [ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PERK dimer (canonical)[ER stress - cell cycle arrest] PMID:10411905 PMID:23334697 CCND1 (canonical)[ER stress] PMID:23334697 Activated PERK can phosphorylate eIF2α. Phospho-eIF2α leads to translation attenuation with immediate effects on proteins with short half-lives Cyclin D1 which results in immediate cell cycle arrest. Changing calcium ion concentration is a subtype of changing concentration: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration in the blood. changing calcium ion concentration Changing calcium ion concentration in ER is a subtype of changing calcium ion concentration: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:16672378 PMID:23334697 changing calcium ion concentration in ER [ER stress] PMID:233334697 PMID:23334697 PMID:23334697 PMID:16672378 PMID:23334697 PMID:23334697 Ritonavir and lopinavir may also have effects on ER Ca2+ levels by inhibition of SERCA Changing calcium ion concentration in ER is a subtype of changing calcium ion concentration: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). changing calcium ion concentration in ER PMID:27993242 ritonavir [ER stress] PMID:19447225 PMID:19732776 lopinavir [ER stress] PMID:19447225 HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression is coupled to the unfolded protein response and ERK signaling pathways in macrophages. PMID:19732776 HIV protease inhibitors induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupt barrier integrity in intestinal epithelial cells. ER stress dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of ER stress. ER stress dependent chemical compound Negative regulation of SERCA gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of SERCA gene expression. negative regulation of SERCA gene expression Negative regulation of SERCA gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of SERCA gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:22407670 PMID:23334697 negative regulation of SERCA gene expression [ER stress] PMID:23334697 PMID:23334697 PMID:22407670 In alcohol plus RIT and LOP, alcohol synergistically increased the HIV drug-induced GRP78 and ratio of spliced sXbp1 to Xbp1. In addition, RIT and LOP inhibited protein expression of the Sarco/ER Calcium-ATPase (SERCA) which was further inhibited in the presence of alcohol. CYP2E1 was not significantly affected in response to any of these acute treatments. An increased alcohol exposure induces oxidative stress and/or hyperhomocysteinmia, which disturb SERCA further and exacerbate the HIV drug-induced ER stress leading to hepatic steatosis and fibrosis PMID:23334697 Ritonavir and lopinavir may also have effects on ER Ca2+ levels by inhibition of SERCA PMID:19444596 PMID:20587749 PMID:29142472 PMID:30254132 PMID:30396238 thapsigargin [ER stress] PMID:19444596 Reduced endoplasmic reticulum luminal calcium links saturated fatty acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in liver cells. Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of protein catabolic process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation [ER stress] Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:19520899 negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process [ER stress] PMID:19520899 Hepatic CYP3A suppression by high concentrations of proteasomal inhibitors (MG-132): a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction, activation of PERK and general control nonderepressible-2 eIF2alpha kinase (GCN2), and global translational shutoff. NCBI-Human-GeneID:10057 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27416 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116721 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 5 ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C (CFTR/MRP), Member 5 MRP5 Multi-Specific Organic Anion Transporter C Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 5 ABCC5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10057 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10057 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27416 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27416 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116721 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116721 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10257 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:239273 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170924 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 4 ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C (CFTR/MRP), Member 4 MOATB MRP/CMOAT-Related ABC Transporter MRP4 Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 ABCC4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10257 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10257 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:239273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/239273 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170924 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170924 PMID:19520899 MG-132 [ER stress] PMID:19520899 Marked (approximately 4-fold) MG132 concentration-dependent PERK autophosphorylation, along with an 8-fold increase in eIF2alpha-phosphorylation was found. MG132 also activated GCN2 [general control nonderepressible-2 (EIF2AK4)] eIF2alpha kinase in a concentration-dependent manner, but not the heme-regulated inhibitor eIF2alpha kinase [(EIF2AK1)]. Pulse-chase, immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analyses documented the consequently dramatic translational shutoff of total hepatic protein, including but not limited to CYP3A and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase protein syntheses. These findings reveal that at high concentrations, MG132 is indeed cytotoxic and can suppress CYP3A synthesis, a result confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence analyses of MG132-treated hepatocytes C19H25BN4O4 CC(C)C[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)c1cnccn1)B(O)O PMID: 23877657 PMID: 28588081 PMID:29980790 Wikipedia:Bortezomib bortezomib [ER stress] PMID: 28588081 Intercellular transmission of the unfolded protein response promotes survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha - inactivated[lipidosis] PPARA - inactivated (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 nelfinavir [ER stress] PMID:18006837 PMID:23973637 atazanavir [ER stress] PMID:18006837 HIV-1 protease inhibitors nelfinavir and atazanavir induce malignant glioma death by triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress. PMID:25501753 PMID:25901709 PMID:26546044 sorafenib [ER stress] PMID:25501753 New therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma by molecular targeting agents via inhibition of cellular stress defense mechanisms. PMID:25901709 RACK1 modulates apoptosis induced by sorafenib in HCC cells by interfering with the IRE1/XBP1 axis. PMID:26546044 Alpha-fetoprotein is a biomarker of unfolded protein response and altered proteostasis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to sorafenib. Sorafenib activated the Regulated Inositol-Requiring Enzyme-1α (IRE-1α) and the PKR-like ER Kinase (PERK)-dependent arms of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The inhibition of IRE-1α partially restored the mRNA levels of AFP upon treatment with sorafenib. The inhibition of both pathways partially prevented the drop in the production of AFP induced by sorafenib. Intrinsic apoptosis signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The process starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.). This process is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. Reactome:R-HSA-109606.3 intrinsic apotosis signaling (primitive) resveratrol [ER stress] PMID:29438776 PMID:29457838 PMID:30538632 STF-083010 [ER stress] PMID:29457838 Quercetin ameliorates HFD-induced NAFLD by promoting hepatic VLDL assembly and lipophagy via the IRE1a/XBP1s pathway. PMID:30538632 Hepatic MCP1, CTGF, P4HA1, Col1α1, and Mmp9, target genes of miR-122, were upregulated in CCl4-treated mice. Interestingly, STF-083010 reversed CCl4-induced hepatic miR-122 downregulation. STF-083010 inhibited CCl4-induced upregulation of miR-122 target genes. Therefore, STF-083010 alleviated CCl4-induced liver injury and thus protected against liver fibrosis associated with hepatic miR-122. GSK2606414 [ER stress] Receiving abnormal protein signal by ATF6 is a subtype of receiving signal: A process that recognizes another object and changes into an abnormal protein (e.g., misfolded protein, etc.) signal by ATF6. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. receiving abnormal protein signal by ATF6 [ER stress - apoptosis] Dissociation of ATF6:BIP heterodimer is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates ATF6-BIP heterodimers into BIP and ATF6. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. Dissociation of ATF6-alpha:BIP Complex [ER stress - apoptosis] ATF6 - stress sensor (canonical)[ER stress - apotosis] Proapoptic gene regulation pathway by ATF6 is a subtype of ATF6 gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes which have a proapoptosis inducer role by ATF6. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. proapoptic gene regulation pathway by ATF6 [ER stress] PMID:23334697 HSP90B1 - chaperone (canonical)[ER stress -Refolding [persist]] PMID:23334697 Xenobiotic perturbation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ATF4 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by eIF2a. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. Reactome:R-HSA-381128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426796 ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a [ER stress - inflammation] Inflammatiory gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the induction of inflammation by ATF4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:26086088 PMID:27346803 PMID:28860159 inflammatory gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] PMID:26086088 Expression of NLRP1, a core inflammasome component, is specifically up-regulated during severe ER stress conditions in human cell lines. Both IRE1α and PERK, but not the ATF6 pathway, modulate NLRP1 gene expression. ATF4 transcription factor directly binds to NLRP1 promoter during ER stress. PMID:27346803 The PERK pathway has been shown to induce inflammation through the direct binding of ATF4 to the Il6 promoter PMID:28860159 ATF4 increases expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), by inducing transcription of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 1 (NLRP1), a core component of the inflammasome. I NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 IL-6 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24498 PMID:23990363 IL-6 - inflammatory cytokine (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -ATF4 pathway] PMID:23990363 Chronic inflammation is a molecular element of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are considered to be an important proinflammatory factor. ATF 4, a transcription factor that is induced downstream of metabolic stresses including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, plays critical roles in SFA-induced interleukin-6 (Il6) expression. ATF4 exerts its proinflammatory effects through at least two different mechanisms: ATF4 is involved in SFA-induced nuclear factor-κB activation; and ATF4 directly activates the Il6 promoter. NLRP1 is a inflammasome component NCBI-Human-GeneID:22861 PMID:22634126 PMID:25879280 PMID:27662089 NLRP1 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:22861 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22861 NLRP1 is a inflammasome component NLRP1 - inflammatory substance (canonical)[ER stress] A role played by the entity that has inflammatory effects. inflammatory substance role The totality of all processes through which a typeII instance is realized. type II diabetes course Inflammatory cytokine gene expression via ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA) via ATF4. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. inflammatory cytokine gene expression via ATF4 [ER stress - inflammation] ATF6-CREBPH-APR pathway is a subtype of ATF6 signaling (integrated pathway): Sequence of linked reactions, which has ATF6 signaling and gene regulation pathway. This process is dependent on positive inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6-CREBPH-APR pathway [ER stress - inflammation] APR gene expression by ATF6. is a subtype of Gene expression by transcriptional regulator: The process in which the sequence of APR is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF6. This process is dependent on the ATF6-ARP mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:16469704 PMID:23334697 APR gene expression by ATF6 [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-ARP] PMID:233334697 PMID:16469704 PMID:16469704 In this study,(1) expression of CREBH is liver specific and is induced by proinflammatory cytokines; (2) ER stress induces cleavage of CREBH to release an N-terminal fragment that traffics to the nucleus to activate transcription; (3) CREBH activation requires processing by Golgi-localized proteases S1P and S2P; (4) CREBH does not contribute to the classical UPR induction but is required for the APR by regulating transcription of the CRP and SAP genes; (5) CREBH and ATF6 bind to a conserved promoter element in the specific APR genes; (6) CREBH and ATF6 interact and synergistically activate transcription of target genes in hepatocytes upon ER stress; and (7) proinflammatory cytokines induce cleavage of CREBH and activate the APR and the UPR in the liver in vivo. ATF6 - transcriptional factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] ATF6 -APR transcriptional factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -APR] PMID:16469704 PMID:23317820 Acute Phase Response molecule [ER stress] APR gene (canonical)[ER stress] PMID:16469704 CREBH and ATF6 activate transcription from the SAP (E) and CRP promoters. PMID:23317820 ER stress in hepatocytes, ATF6α and CREBH traffic to the Golgi to undergo S1P- and S2P–mediated cleavage; the cytosolic active transcription factors that are released induce the expression of APR genes, including those encoding C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component GRP94 - chaperone (canonical)[proteinrefolding [persist]] XBP1 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - Refolding -ATF6 pathway] Refolding promotor is a role played by any substance that promotes the process of refolding. Yuki Y. 2018.08.31 refolding promoting factor role NCBI-Human-GeneID:5611 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100037258 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63880 http://omim.org/entry/601184 ERdj6 [ER stress] p58IPK [ER stress] DNAJC3 (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5611 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5611 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100037258 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100037258 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63880 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/63880 p58IPK [ER stress] DNAJC3 -cochaperone (canonical)[ER stress -Refolding [persist]] ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ATF4 gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by eIF2a. This process is dependent on the retranslation process and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 Reactome:R-HSA-381128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426796 ATF4 gene expression by eIF2a [ER stress - translation] PMID:23334697 Under conditions of eIF2α phosphorylation, a subset of mRNAs with small upstream open reading frames (such as activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4]) or internal ribosome entry sites are preferentially translated. ATF4 is a bZIP transcription factor that controls the regulation of expression of pro-survival UPR-target genes (e.g., the chaperones glucose regulated protein [GRP]78 and GRP94) as well as genes involved in other functions such as redox homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. ATF4 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - translation] Tranlation promotion gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the translation promotion by ATF4. This process is dependent on the retranslation process and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11564868 PMID:27346803 tranlation promotion gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] PMID:27346803 Perk->eIF2a-> translation attenuation Perk -> eIF2a->ATF4->GADD34 expression->eIF2a inactivation (dephosphorylation) by GADD34-> restoring translation GAA34 is a regulatory subunit of protein posphatase 1 (PP1). GADD34 gene expression by ATF4 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence of GADD34 is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by ATF4. This process is dependent on the retranslation process and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:27346803 GADD34 gene expression by ATF4 [ER stress] PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 mediated pathway is a subtype of PERK-eIF2a signaling: Sequence of linked reactions, which has PERK-eIF2a signaling and GADD34 gene regulation by ATF4. This pathway is dependent on the retranslation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK-ATF4-GADD34 signaling [ER stress - retranslation] A process in which a signal to eIF2a is transduced by PERK. This process is dependent on the translation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PERK signaling to eIF2a [ER stress - translation] Peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: A process that The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene product or products (proteins or RNA) persistently. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. peroxisome fatty acid beta oxidation gene expression(sustained) [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of cell death. PMID:21525013 extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors [cell death] PMID:21525013 Gene products that may be annotated to this term include: 1) ligands such as FASL; 2) receptors such as FAS/CD95 (though care should be taken because FAS can also act as a non-apoptotic signal transducer); 3) signaling molecules such as FADD (FAS-associated protein with a death domain), cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins), c-FLIPs and caspases 8 and 10. Examples are TWEAK (TNF12) and FN14 (TNFRSF12A) (UniProt symbols O43508 and Q9NP84) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7076 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21857 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116510 TIMP1 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7076 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7076 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21857 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21857 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116510 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116510 ATF6 processing is a subtype of protein processing: A process that ATF6 maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within ATF6 protein. ATF6 processing IRE1 autophosphorylation is a subtype of protein autophosphorylation: The phosphorylation by IRE1 of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on IRE1 (trans-autophosphorylation). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on RODD and can constitute the course of ER stress. IRE1 autophosphorylation [ER stress - RIDD] Inflammatory gene expression by XBP1 is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) related to the inflammation by XBP1. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:27346803 inflammatory gene expression by XBP1 [ER stress - inflammation] PMID:27347803 XBP1 - transcriptional regulator (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] PMID:23990363 IL-6 - inflammatory cytokine (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -XBP1 pathway] PMID:23990363 Chronic inflammation is a molecular element of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are considered to be an important proinflammatory factor. ATF 4, a transcription factor that is induced downstream of metabolic stresses including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, plays critical roles in SFA-induced interleukin-6 (Il6) expression. ATF4 exerts its proinflammatory effects through at least two different mechanisms: ATF4 is involved in SFA-induced nuclear factor-κB activation; and ATF4 directly activates the Il6 promoter. ARP related gene expression via ATF6 is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ARP gene product or products (proteins or RNA) ia ATF6. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ARP related gene expression via ATF6 [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12944 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25419 https://omim.org/entry/123260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1401 C-reactive protein [ER stress] PTX1 [ER stress] CRP (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12944 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25419 C-reactive protein C-reactive protein - inflammatory substance [ER stress] CRP - inflammatory substance (canonical)[ER stress] ARP related gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature ARP gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by PERK. ARP related gene expression ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This process is dependent on the ATF6-ARP mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:16469704 ATF6 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - inflammation - ATF6-ARP] ATF6 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) to be higher. This process is dependent on the ARP mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 activation [ER stress - inflammation - ARP] ATF6 processing is a subtype of protein processing: A process that ATF6 maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within ATF6 protein. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. ATF6 processing [ER stress - inflammation] Cleavage of CREB by S1P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which CREB is cleaved by endopeptidase S1P( MBTPS1). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:27346803 cleavage of CREB by S1P [ER stress] Cleavage of CREB by S1P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which CREB is cleaved by endopeptidase S1P( MBTPS1). cleavage of CREB by S1P Cleavage of CREB by S2P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which CREB is cleaved by endopeptidase S2P( MBTPS2). Site-2 cleavage comes after site-1 cleavage cleavage of CREB by S2P Cleavage of CREB by S2P is a subtype of proteolysis: A process in which CREB is cleaved by endopeptidase S2P( MBTPS2). Site-2 cleavage comes after site-1 cleavage This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:10564271 PMID:11163209 PMID:15299016 Reactome:R-HSA-420818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0008876 cleavage of CREB by S2P [ER stress] CERB processing is a subtype of protein processing: CREB maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within CREB protein. This process is dependent on the ARP mediated inflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. CERB processing [ER stress - inflammation -ARP] CREB3L3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CREBL3 to be higher. This process is dependent on the rinflammation and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:16469704 CREB3L3 activation [ER stress - inflammation - ARP] CREB3L3 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by CREB3L3. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. CREB3L3 signaling [ER stress - inflammation] CRBPH (canonical)[ER stress] CREBPH - signaling factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation] ARP gene regulation pathway by ATF6 is a subtype of ATF6 gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate acute response protein (ARP) genes by ATF6. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. ARP gene regulation pathway by ATF6 [ER stress] Creb3l3 PMID:16469704 CREBPH -APR transcriptional factor (canonical)[ER stress - inflammation -APR] NCBI-Human-GeneID:325 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20219 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29339 https://omim.org/entry/104770 APCS [ER stress] serum amyloid P-component [ER stress] SAP (canonical)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:325 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/325 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20219 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20219 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29339 serum amyloid P-component - inflammatory factor [ER stress] SAP - inflammatory factor (canonical)[ER stress] IRE1 - autophosphorylation kinase (canonical)[ER stress -RIDD] IRE1 dimerization is a subtype of protein dimerization: The formation of a IRE1 dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process is dependent on RIDD and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11897784 PMID:23236464 Reactome:R-HSA-381109 IRE1 dimerization [ER stress - RIDD] IRE1 dimer (canonical)[ER stress -RIDD] Caspase 12 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase 12. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. caspase 12 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] Caspase 4 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase 4. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. ミトコンドリア(intrinsic)と独立のパスウェイ caspase 4 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] Caspase-12 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-12, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:11278723 caspase-12 activation [ER stress] Caspase-4 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-4, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. caspase-4 activation [ER stress] PMID:23334697 Caspase activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. caspase activation Caspase-9 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-9, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. caspase-9 activation [ER stress] PMID:23334697 Caspase-3 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-3, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:29335519 caspase-3 activation [ER stress] PMID:29335519 Expression of catalytic inactive PCK1(C288S) mutant reduced, but not completely inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.  Caspase-3 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-3, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. caspase-3 activation Caspase-9 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-9, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. caspase-9 activation Caspase-12 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-12, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. caspase-12 activation Caspase-4 activation is a subtype of caspase activation: A process that changes the activity of the caspase-4, intracellular cysteine endopeptidase family members, to be higher. caspase-4 activation A series of molecular signals mediated by Caspase family. This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of ER stress. This pathway is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. caspase pathway [ER stress - apoptosis] Caspase 9 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase 9. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:19737514 PMID:23334697 caspase 9 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] Caspase 3 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the caspase 3. This process is dependent on the apoptosis and can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:19737514 caspase 3 signaling (primitive) [ER stress - apoptosis] The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane by pro-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins, such as BAK and BAX, allows cytochrome c eflux from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol (Arnoult et al. 2003). Reactome:R-HSA-114284 release of cytochrome c from mitochondria [ER stress] BAK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BAK1 (BCL2 Antagonist/Killer 1), BCL-2 family, to be higher. BAK activation BAK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BAK1 (BCL2 Antagonist/Killer 1), BCL-2 family, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 BAK activation [ER stress] PMID:23334697 BAX activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BAX (BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator), BCL-2 family, to be higher. BAX activation BAX activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BAX (BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator), BCL-2 family, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. PMID:23334697 BAX activation [ER stress] The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. Apoptosome formation in cytosol apoptosome assembly [ER stress] A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). This pathway is a specific course-dependent and can constitute the course of cell death. Reactome:Id: R-HSA-109606.3 intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway [cell death] Reactome:Id: R-HSA-109606.3 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-109606&PATH=R-HSA-5357801,R-HSA-109581 Preventing is a type of functioning process of meta-function of "ToPrevent". Two meta-functions "ToAllow" and "ToPrevent" are concerned with the undesirable side effects of functions. A function fa having positive effects on the side effect of a function ft1 is said to have a meta-function “to allow the side-effects of ft1”. The “undesirable side effect” is defined in a relation with another function ft2 or the whole system. The “positive effect” means such a causal relation that increase of the focused attribute of fa causes decrease of the side effect. If a serious trouble (e.g., faults) will be caused in a function ft2 when a function fa is not achieved, function fa is said to have a meta-function “to prevent malfunction of ft2”. For example, the “to super-heat” function of the boiler prevents malfunction of the turbine, because the steam of low temperature would damage the turbine blade by water particles. For almost all fa performing a ToAllow meta-function for ft1, in general, there exists a ToPrevent meta-function for another function ft2. allowing Bax/Bak complex formation is a subtype of protein complex assembly: A process that forms a complex consisting of BAX/BAK, a member of the Bcl-2 family. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. BAX and BAK homo-oligomerize at the ER membrane, leading to its permeabilization and the release of ER luminal proteins to the cytosol. BAX/BAK formed a protein complex with the cytosolic domain of IRE1alpha that was essential for IRE1alpha activation. Thus, BAX and BAK function at the ER membrane to activate IRE1alpha signaling and to provide a physical link between members of the core apoptotic pathway and the UPR. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release can also be mediated by BAK and BAX which oligomerize and form a pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane, given the appropriate pro-apoptotic signals. BAX and BAK can also insert into the ER membrane to mediate Ca2+ release into the cytosol activating calpains. PMID:29472455 Bax/Bak complex formation [ER stress] BAX and BAK homo-oligomerize at the ER membrane, leading to its permeabilization and the release of ER luminal proteins to the cytosol. PMID:28622296 BAX/BAK formed a protein complex with the cytosolic domain of IRE1alpha that was essential for IRE1alpha activation. Thus, BAX and BAK function at the ER membrane to activate IRE1alpha signaling and to provide a physical link between members of the core apoptotic pathway and the UPR. PMID:16645094 Mitochondrial cytochrome c release can also be mediated by BAK and BAX which oligomerize and form a pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane, given the appropriate pro-apoptotic signals. BAX and BAK can also insert into the ER membrane to mediate Ca2+ release into the cytosol activating calpains. PMID:23334697 Bax-Bak complex formation is a subtype of protein complex assembly: A process that forms a complex consisting of BAX/BAK, a member of the Bcl-2 family. Bax-Bak complex formation Changes in Bsep localization are involved in E217G-induced impairment of bile flow and bile salt transport.a Mrp2 is required for E217G to induce its harmful effect. estradiol-17beta-glucuronide inhibited ATP-dependent taurocholate transport only in normal canalicular plasma membrane and in Bsep/Mrp2-coexpressing Sf9 cell vesicles, but not in Mrp2-deficient, indicating trans-inhibitionof Bsep only after its secretion into bile canaliculi by Mrp2. esgtradiol‐17β‐ glucuronide [Cholestasis] Changes in Bsep localization are involved in E217G-induced impairment of bile flow and bile salt transport.a Mrp2 is required for E217G to induce its harmful effect. PMID:12702498 estradiol-17beta-glucuronide inhibited ATP-dependent taurocholate transport only in normal canalicular plasma membrane and in Bsep/Mrp2-coexpressing Sf9 cell vesicles, but not in Mrp2-deficient, indicating trans-inhibitionof Bsep only after its secretion into bile canaliculi by Mrp2. PMID:10648470 Positive regulation of gene expression via JNK signaling is a subtype of positive regulation of gene expression: A process that that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression via JNK signaling. positive regulation of gene expression via JNK signaling Binding to bile canaliculus membrane transporter by drug is a subtype of protein binding: Interacting process with the membrane transporter of bile canaliculus by the drug. binding to bile canaliculus membrane transporter by drug Sulindac is secreted into bile in unconjugated form by a canalicular bile acid transporter and is absorbed by cholangiocytes, inducing hypercholeresis. At high flux rates, sulindac competitively inhibits canalicular bile salt transport and may induce cholestasis in patients. ATC:M01AB02 InChIKey:MLKXDPUZXIRXEP-MFOYZWKCSA-N Wikipedia:Sulindac sulindac [Cholestasis] Sulindac is secreted into bile in unconjugated form by a canalicular bile acid transporter and is absorbed by cholangiocytes, inducing hypercholeresis. At high flux rates, sulindac competitively inhibits canalicular bile salt transport and may induce cholestasis in patients. PMID:10500080 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 PMID:30013008 FXR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60351 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8856 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84385 PXR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8856 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84385 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84385 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2908 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14815 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24413 http://omim.org/entry/138040 GR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2908 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2908 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14815 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14815 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24413 Back-flow is a subtype of changing direction: A process that changes the flow to the opposite direction. back-flow BAK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the BAK1 (BCL2 Antagonist/Killer 1), BCL-2 family, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. BAK activation [Cell death] Import substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane is a subtype of transport: A process of the directed movement of substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane. import substances into hepatocyte vascular side (sinusoidal side) membrane Bile acids repress the transcription of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis. FXR induces expression of SHP-1, a member of the nuclear receptor family that lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). NCBI-Human-GeneID:2494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60349 http://omim.org/entry/604453 CYP7A Promoter-Binding Factor [Cholestasis] NR5A2 [Cholestasis] LRH1 (canonical)[Cholestasis] Bile acids repress the transcription of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis. FXR induces expression of SHP-1, a member of the nuclear receptor family that lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP-1 represses expression of CYP7A1 by inhibiting the activity of liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1). PMID:11030332 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60349 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60349 Negative regularuion of bile acid and bile salt transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a bile acid and bile salts transport . negative regularuion of bile acid and bile salt transport This gene encodes a sodium-independent transporter which mediates cellular uptake of organic ions in the liver. Its substrates include bile acids, bromosulphophthalein, and some steroidal compounds. The protein is a member of the SLC21A family of solute carriers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008] PMID:25924632 PMID:7557095 OATP-1 [Cholestasis] OATP-A [Cholestasis] OATP1A2 [Cholestasis] SLC21A3 [Cholestasis] Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1A2 [Cholestasis] SLCO1A2 (canonical)[Cholestasis] CAS:7723-14-0 Inchikey:OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus phosphorus atom Contraction is a subtype of generating motion: A process that generates the directed movement in which the object decreases in volume. contraction Bile accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps bile within the liver (intrahepatic), or outside the liver (extrahepatic) in the bile duct system. bile accumulation Erythromycin estolate, troglitazone, and bosentan resulted in a decrease in , bile excretion and in vitro biliary clearance of euterium-labeled sodium taurocholate rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats erythromycin estolate erythromycin estolate [Cholestasis] Erythromycin estolate, troglitazone, and bosentan resulted in a decrease in , bile excretion and in vitro biliary clearance of euterium-labeled sodium taurocholate PMID:19910518 rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats PMID:21480339 Cyclosporine, an MDR1 substrate, can cause cholestatic liver injury through a number of different mechanisms: i) Competitive inhibition of ATP dependent transporters, ii) Iinhibition of intrahepatic vesicle transport and targeting of ATP dependent transporters to the canalicular membrane and iii) Impairment of bile secretion partly by increasing canalicular membrane fluidity without affecting the expression of canalicular transporter. cyclosporine reduces the expression of glutathione synthesizing enzymes and the canalicular glutathione efflux system, MRP2, leading to reduced bile salt-independent bile flow rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats DrugBank:DB00091 InChIKey:PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N cyclosporineA [Cholestasis] Cyclosporine, an MDR1 substrate, can cause cholestatic liver injury through a number of different mechanisms: i) Competitive inhibition of ATP dependent transporters, ii) Iinhibition of intrahepatic vesicle transport and targeting of ATP dependent transporters to the canalicular membrane and iii) Impairment of bile secretion partly by increasing canalicular membrane fluidity without affecting the expression of canalicular transporter. PMID:21480339 cyclosporine reduces the expression of glutathione synthesizing enzymes and the canalicular glutathione efflux system, MRP2, leading to reduced bile salt-independent bile flow PMID:21480339 rifampicin, cyclosporine A, rifamycin SV, bosentan, troglitazone, erythromycin estolate, and glibenclamide inhibit Bsep in rats PMID:19910518 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. vesicle-mediated transport [Cholestasis] Increasing glutathione is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glutathione to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing glutathione [Cholestasis] Cholesterol biosynthetic process is a subtype of lipid biosynthetic process: The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. cholesterol biosynthetic process [Cholestasis] Increasing bile level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of bile to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing bile level [Cholestasis] Increasing materials for bile formation is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of bile formation material to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing materials for bile formation [Cholestasis] Regulation of transporter gene expression by cytokine is a subtype of regulation of transporter gene expression: A process that changes the the gene expression level of the transporter by cytokines. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-6 alters human hepatic transporters expression. Bile salt transporters as well as sinusoidal solute carrier transporters are usually repressed, whereas ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps remain unchanged or are either downregulated or upregulated. They maight alter drug pharmacokinetics, impairment of bile salt secretion and cholestasis caused by inflammation in humans. regulation of transporter gene expression by cytokine IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-6 alters human hepatic transporters expression. Bile salt transporters as well as sinusoidal solute carrier transporters are usually repressed, whereas ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps remain unchanged or are either downregulated or upregulated. They maight alter drug pharmacokinetics, impairment of bile salt secretion and cholestasis caused by inflammation in humans. PMID:19785515 Regulation of transporter gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that changes the the gene expression level of the transporter. regulation of transporter gene expression Decreasing bile acid production level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of bile acid to be lower. decreasing bile acid production level Bile thrombus formation is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that construcyss bile thrombus. bile thrombus formation Bile thrombus formation in bile canaliculus is a subtype of bile thrombus formation: A process that constructs bile thrombus in bile canaliculus. bile thrombus formation in bile canaliculus Farnesoid X receptor activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating FxR (farnesoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. Farnesoid X Receptor activation FxR activating activating FXR farnesoid X receptor activation Increasing materials for bile formation is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of bile formation material to be higher. increasing materials for bile formation Farnesoid X Receptor Pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by nuclear receptor Farnesoid X Receptor. http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP2879 Farnesoid X Receptor Pathway Gene expression by farnesoid X receptor is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). gene expression by FXR gene expression by farnesoid X receptor Gene expression by farnesoid X receptor is a subtype of gene expression by transcriptional factor: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA) by Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. bile acid transport gene expression by FXR [cholestasis] gene expression by farnesoid X receptor [Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9965 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170582 FGF19 (canonical)[Cholestasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9965 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170582 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170582 Farnesoid X Receptor Pathway is a subtype of gene regulation pathway: Sequence of reactions to regulate genes by nuclear receptor Farnesoid X Receptor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of cholestasis. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, a.k.a. NR1H4) is a nuclear receptor that responds to levels of bile acids present in the body and regulates many processes related to bile acids synthesis and transport. http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP2879 Farnesoid X Receptor Pathway [cholestasis] Acumulation of bile pigment in hepatocyte is a subtype of bile pigment deposition: The aggregation of bile pigmentin a particular location in a hepatocyte. acumulation of bile pigment in hepatocyte Increasing glutathione is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glutathione to be higher. increasing glutathione Excretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the drug metabolite from the hepatocyte to to the bile tube. excretion of drug metabolite from hepatocyte to bile tube Drug export from the hepatocyte to to bile tube is a subtype of compound excretion: A process that excretes the drug from the hepatocyte to the bile tube. drug export from the hepatocyte to to bile tube Regulation of transporter gene expression by cytokine is a subtype of regulation of transporter gene expression: A process that changes the the gene expression level of the transporter by cytokines. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-6 alters human hepatic transporters expression. Bile salt transporters as well as sinusoidal solute carrier transporters are usually repressed, whereas ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps remain unchanged or are either downregulated or upregulated. They maight alter drug pharmacokinetics, impairment of bile salt secretion and cholestasis caused by inflammation in humans. regulation of transporter gene expression by cytokine [Cholestasis] IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-6 alters human hepatic transporters expression. Bile salt transporters as well as sinusoidal solute carrier transporters are usually repressed, whereas ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps remain unchanged or are either downregulated or upregulated. They maight alter drug pharmacokinetics, impairment of bile salt secretion and cholestasis caused by inflammation in humans. PMID:19785515 Negative regulation of contractile movement of bile canaliculus is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of contractile movement of bile canaliculus. negative regulation of contractile movement of bile canaliculus A role played by a process that consitutes the toxic course. constituent of toxic course Bip-unfolded protein is a subtype of a molecular complex. This entity has sub-parts of molecules: BIP/GRP78, and an unfolded protein. This entity is dependent on ER stress. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HINO_0017506 https://identifiers.org/reactome:R-HSA-381062 Bip-unfolded protein complex [ER stress] catenin A role played by the entity which regulates the process of cell proliferation. regulator of cell proliferation Hypofunction of glycogen degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient glycogen degradation. hypofunction of glycogen degradation A role played by the entity which enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. IMR:0000499 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005262 calcium channel NCBI-Human-GeneID:3725 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 PMID:14967141 PMID:18931691 JUN (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3725 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3725 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24516 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24516 PMID:14967141 JNK suppresses apoptosis via phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD. PMID:18931691 JNK can promote apoptosis by two distinct mechanisms. In the first mechanism targeted at the nuclear events, activated JNK translocates to the nucleus and transactivates c-Jun and other target transcription factors (TF). JNK can promote apoptosis by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes through the transactivation of c-Jun/AP1-dependent or p53/73 protein-dependent mechanisms Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein is a subtype of molecular subpathway. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release can also be mediated by BAK and BAX which oligomerize and form a pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane, given the appropriate pro-apoptotic signals. BAX and BAK can also insert into the ER membrane to mediate Ca2+ release into the cytosol activating calpains. Reactome:R-HSA-114294.2 tBID binds to its mitochondrial partner BAK to release cytochrome c. Activated tBID results in an allosteric activation of BAK. This may induce its intramembranous oligomerization into a pore for cytochrome c efflux. PMID:29472455 Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein [cell death] Mitochondrial cytochrome c release can also be mediated by BAK and BAX which oligomerize and form a pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane, given the appropriate pro-apoptotic signals. BAX and BAK can also insert into the ER membrane to mediate Ca2+ release into the cytosol activating calpains. PMID:23334697 A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. CHEBI:16856 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine GSH L-Glutathione Reduced glutathione GLUTATHIONE (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] GSHC [Glutathione depletion] GSHPx-1 [Glutathione depletion] Glutathione peroxidase 1 [Glutathione depletion] glutathione peroxidase monomer GLUTATHIONE peroxidase (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 CASPASE 3 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25402 NFKB (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. inflammatory response [Glutathione depletion] Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hepatic fibrosis [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 PMID:21177773 CYP2E1 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25086 PMID:21177773 Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, convert 5–9% of acetaminophen to a highly reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine (NAPQI) (Corcoran et al., 1980; Dahlin et al., 1984). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 PMID:21177773 CYP3A4 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 PMID:21177773 Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, convert 5–9% of acetaminophen to a highly reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine (NAPQI) (Corcoran et al., 1980; Dahlin et al., 1984). NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 IL-6 - inflammatory cytokine (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24498 The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ROS biosynthetic process [Glutathione depletion] reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process [Glutathione depletion] Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [Glutathione depletion] Increasing anti-oxidation demand is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand of oxidation to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. increasing anti-oxidation demand [Glutathione depletion] Increasing anti-oxidation demand is a subtype of increasing functional demand: A process changes the functional demand of oxidation to be higher. increasing anti-oxidation demand Oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation that inhibits oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. oxidation-antioxidtion inbalance [Glutathione depletion] ROS accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) in a biological object. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ROS accumulation [Glutathione depletion] ROS accumulation [Glutathione depletion] ROS accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) in a biological object. ROS accumulation Hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hyperfunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation [Glutathione depletion] The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. ATP biosynthetic process [Glutathione depletion] Iron accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps iron in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. iron accumulation Iron accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps iron in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:21373260 PMID:24200681 iron accumulation [Glutathione depletion] Kupffer cell activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of a kupffer cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. kupffer cell activation Kupffer cell activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of a kupffer cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. Chronic ethanol exposure increases the gut permeability, resulting in translocation of gut endotoxin/LPS to liver. In liver, LPS leads to KCs activation via activating NOX and the TLR-4 pathway. The activated KCs then produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, which finally lead to liver injury kupffer cell activation [Glutathione depletion] Chronic ethanol exposure increases the gut permeability, resulting in translocation of gut endotoxin/LPS to liver. In liver, LPS leads to KCs activation via activating NOX and the TLR-4 pathway. The activated KCs then produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, which finally lead to liver injury PMID:27965666 Accumulation of ethanol in intestine is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps ethanol in the intestine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. accumulation of ethanol in intestine [Glutathione depletion] Accumulation of ethanol in intestine is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps ethanol in the intestine. accumulation of ethanol in intestine LPS translocation from gut to liver is a subtype of transmitting: A process that of the directed movement of LPS from the gut to the liver. chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. LPS translocation from gut to liver chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. PMID:27965666 LPS translocation from gut to liver is a subtype of transmitting: A process that of the directed movement of LPS from the gut to the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. LPS translocation from gut to liver [Glutathione depletion] chronic ethanol-induced activation of KCs is attributed to gut-sourced LPS, which is a major component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Chronic ethanol exposure can increase translocation of LPS from gut to liver by enhancing the intestinal permeability and altering the gut microflora. PMID:27965666 NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 BAX (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24887 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 IL-1B (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3586 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16153 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25325 IL-10 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3586 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3586 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16153 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16153 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25325 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25325 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3565 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16189 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287287 IL-4 (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3565 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3565 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16189 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287287 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287287 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 TNF-A (canonical)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 Cell death dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of cell death as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. cell death dependent dependent molecule (canonical) NCBI-Human-GeneID:317 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11783 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78963 APAF1 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11783 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11783 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78963 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78963 NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12015 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64639 BAD (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:572 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/572 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12015 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64639 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64639 NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 BAK1 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116502 NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 BID (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64625 NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 FAS (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246097 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 TNF (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 TP53 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7157 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24842 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8717 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246756 TRADD (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8717 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8717 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/71609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246756 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246756 NCBI-Human-GeneID:841 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12370 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64044 CASP8 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/841 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12370 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12370 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64044 NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 CASPASE-3 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25402 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7187 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22031 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362788 TRAF3 (canonical)[apotosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7187 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7187 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22031 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22031 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362788 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362788 Negative regulation of inflammatory response is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory response. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. negative regulation of inflammatory response [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. inflammatory cytokine gene expression [Glutathione depletion] A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. PMID:29558368 tumorigenesis [Glutathione depletion] PMID:29558368 Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. lipid storage in liver [Cholestasis] Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. hepatic fibrosis [Cholestasis] Liver dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete liver function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. liver dysfunction [Cholestasis] Phospholipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of phospholipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. phospholipidosis dependent molecule (canonical) Osgin1 - apotosis inducing factor (rat)[Cell death] Osgin1 - cancer repressor (rat)[Cell death] Osgin1 - oxidative stress response protein (rat)[Cell death] TP53 - apotosis inducing factor (canonical)[Cell death] Negative regulation of cytokine gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inflammatory cytokine gene expression. negative regulation of cytokine gene expression The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:26344566 pexophagy [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:26344566 PMID:26344566 The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:12914914 PMID:16973210 PMID:26344566 Autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) is provided by ATM phosphorylation of PEX5 at Ser141, which promotes PEX5 mono-ubiquitination at K209, and recognition of ubiquitinated PEX5 by the autophagy adapter protein p62, directing the autophagosome to peroxisomes to induce pexophagy. A role played by the entity that competitively inhibits the catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. conpetitive inhibitor of phospholipase AMPK is a highly evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, and orthologs of the AMPK subunits are found in all eukaryotic species. At the molecular level, AMPK is a heterotrimer complex comprising a catalytic alpha subunit, with a conventional serine/threonine protein kinase domain, and two regulatory subunits, beta and gamma. In mammals, each subunit is encoded by multiple genes (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, gamma1, gamma2, gamma3), which results in 12 possible combinations of AMPK complex. AMPK is a highly evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, and orthologs of the AMPK subunits are found in all eukaryotic species. At the molecular level, AMPK is a heterotrimer complex comprising a catalytic alpha subunit, with a conventional serine/threonine protein kinase domain, and two regulatory subunits, beta and gamma. In mammals, each subunit is encoded by multiple genes (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, gamma1, gamma2, gamma3), which results in 12 possible combinations of AMPK complex. IMR:0002775 (obsolete) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 gene name: PRKAA2 AMPK (mol) AMPK is a highly evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, and orthologs of the AMPK subunits are found in all eukaryotic species. At the molecular level, AMPK is a heterotrimer complex comprising a catalytic alpha subunit, with a conventional serine/threonine protein kinase domain, and two regulatory subunits, beta and gamma. In mammals, each subunit is encoded by multiple genes (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, gamma1, gamma2, gamma3), which results in 12 possible combinations of AMPK complex. PMID:16644800 PMID:17307971 PMID:18977694 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65248 A set or series of molecular interactions. molecular subpathway NCBI-Human-GeneID:5290 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18706 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170911 PI3K (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5290 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18706 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18706 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170911 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170911 A combining role with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. IMR:0000085 (obsolete) hasrelated molecular function GO:0004879 nuclear receptor PMID:15720040 imipramine - apotosis inducing factor [Phospholipidosis] PMID:15720040 Induction of apoptosis by cationic amphiphilic drugs amiodarone and imipramine. Drugs that induce this disease often share common physiochemical properties and are collectively classified as cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs). Phosospholipids, which were significantly increased in drug-treated cells. Cell number in amiodarone (10 microg/mL) and imipramine (20 microg/mL) cultures following the 96-h incubation period were markedly reduced compared to control cultures. These observations suggested that accumulation of cellular phospholipids could inhibit cell proliferation. Disruption of cell lysosomes in U-937 cells following accumulation of phospholipids does not cause a cell cycle arrest but instead induces apoptosis by activation of caspase pathways. PMID:15720040 PMID:22960355 PMID:28552552 amiodarone - apotosis inducing factor [Phospholipidosis] PMID:15720040 Drug Chem Toxicol. 2005;28(1):117-33. Induction of apoptosis by cationic amphiphilic drugs amiodarone and imipramine. Treatment of U-937 cells with these compounds for 96 h resulted in concentration-related increases in phospholipids. Disruption of cell lysosomes in U-937 cells following accumulation of phospholipids does not cause a cell cycle arrest but instead induces apoptosis by activation of caspase pathways. PMID:22960355 Amiodarone induces phospholipidosis Amiodarone inhibits PLA2. Amiodarone accumulates in the lysosome and insert into the inner membranbe decreasig the anionic binding site for the lipase. Lipase is not able to bind to phopholipid and to be degraded by lysosomal proteases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Mar; 1831(3): 602–611. PMID:28552552 Treating both B-13 and B-13/H cells with the drug amiodarone, which has been reported to induce phospholipidosis in variety of cell types, induced phospholipidosis – most markedly in B-13/H cells. PMID:15720040 PMID:28552552 PMID:28904294 PMID:3663236 amiodarone - phospholipase competition inhibitor [Phospholipidosis] PMID:28552552 Treating both B-13 and B-13/H cells with the drug amiodarone, which has been reported to induce phospholipidosis in variety of cell types, induced phospholipidosis – most markedly in B-13/H cells. imipramine - phospholipase competition inhibitor [Phospholipidosis] AKT - cell proliferation promoting factor (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] A role played by the entity which involves in regulating a process. process regulator role Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of eosinogranular dgeneration. PMID:9855014 regulation of cell cycle [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Eosinogranular degeneration. PMID:15172993 PMID:9855014 tumor cell proliferation [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PMID:9855014 The totality of all processes through which increasing liver weight is realized. PMID:22723046 increasing liver weight [toxic course] PMID:22723046 Liver hypertrophy: a review of adaptive (adverse and non-adverse) changes--conclusions from the 3rd International ESTP Expert Workshop. The totality of all processes through which eosinogranular degeneration and is realized and finally, tumorigenesis can be occured. PMID:1637780 PMID:22318237 tumorigenesis via eosinophilic granular degeneration [toxic course] The activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX involved in the apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. As a result of binding to Bid, Bax oligomerizes and integrates in the outer mitochondrial membrane that triggers cytochrome c release. Bax mitochondrial membrane insertion triggered by Bid may represent a key step in pathways leading to apoptosis (Eskes et al., 2000) Reactome:R-HSA-114294.2 Activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX [cell death] As a result of binding to Bid, Bax oligomerizes and integrates in the outer mitochondrial membrane that triggers cytochrome c release. Bax mitochondrial membrane insertion triggered by Bid may represent a key step in pathways leading to apoptosis (Eskes et al., 2000) Reactome:R-HSA-114294.2 NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 BAX (canonical)[cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24887 Intrinsic apoptosis signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A processin which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The process starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.). This process is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP). intrinsic apoptosis signaling (primitive) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 OMIM:116940 Cdk1 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12534 cyclin dependent kinase 1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54237 OMIM:116940 Cdk1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/983 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54237 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54237 cyclin dependent kinase 4 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12567 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:94201 OMIM:123829 CRK3 Cell division protein kinase 4 Cell division protein kinase 4 (EC 2.7.1.- ) (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4) (PSK-J3) (CDK4) Cdk4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1019 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12567 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12567 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:94201 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/94201 GO:0004693 Cyclin-dependent kinase CDK (family) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12567 OMIM:123829 Cdk4(mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12567 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12567 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 Ppara (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 Ppara - cell cycle regulator (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 Myc (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17869 NCBI-Human-GeneID:30 PMID:19710929 ACAA1A (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:30 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 PMID:19710929 Acaa1a (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113868 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 PMID:19710929 Acox1 (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11430 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 PMID:19710929 ACOX1 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11430 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74147 PMID:19710929 Ehhadh (mouse)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74147 PMID:19710929 we find that induction by PPARα of numerous other peroxisomal genes, including Ehhadh, Pxmp4, Acot4, and Peci, is specific for mouse. A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of drugs. drug transporter https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Human-GeneID:472 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300711 ATM (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:472 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/472 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11920 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300711 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/300711 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/641371 NCBI-Human-GeneID:472 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300711 ATM (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:472 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/472 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11920 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300711 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/300711 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5830 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19305 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312703 PEX5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5830 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5830 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19305 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19305 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312703 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/312703 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5830 PEX5 (human)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5830 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5830 Farnesoid X receptor inactivation is a subtype of inactivating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the inactivating FxR (farnesoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. FXR inactivation Farnesoid X Receptor inactivation farnesoid X receptor inactivation Hyperfunction of drug transporter gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive drug transporter gene expression. hyperfunction of drug transporter gene expression Hyperfunction of drug transporter gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive drug transporter gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug transporter gene expression [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of bile acid transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive bile acid transport. hyperfunction of bile acid transport Hyperfunction of bile acid transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive bile acid transport. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of bile acid transport [Ground glass appearance] PMID:2061324 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 - lipid metabolism regulator (rat)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:2061324 Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver.　 PMID:17090686 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 - tumor cell proliferationregulating factor (mouse) [Phospholipidosis] PMID:26886371 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. Abcc2 [Ground glass appearance] Mrp2 (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] Farnesoid X receptor inactivation is a subtype of inactivating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating FxR (farnesoid X receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:15146238 PMID:21286345 FXR inactivation [lipidosis] Farnesoid X Receptor inactivation [lipidosis] Bile salts activate a bile sil sensor, FXR (bile acid receptor; NR1H4) in hepatocytes. https://omim.org/entry/603826 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 PMID:26888176 UniProt:Q96RI1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C094063 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 farnesoid x-activated receptor [lipidosis] FXR (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60351 PMID:26888176 Mutations in the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clinical features of severe, NR1H4-related cholestasis include neonatal onset with rapid progression to end-stage liver disease, vitamin K-independent coagulopathy, low-to-normal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and undetectable liver bile salt export pump (ABCB11) expression. Bile salts activate a bile sil sensor, FXR (bile acid receptor; NR1H4) in hepatocytes. https://omim.org/entry/603826 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 PMID:26888176 UniProt:Q96RI1 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C094063 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 bile acid receptor [cholestasis] farnesoid x-activated receptor -inactivated state [lipidosis] FXR -inactivated state (canonical)[lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9971 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9971 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20186 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20186 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60351 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60351 PMID:26888176 Mutations in the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clinical features of severe, NR1H4-related cholestasis include neonatal onset with rapid progression to end-stage liver disease, vitamin K-independent coagulopathy, low-to-normal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and undetectable liver bile salt export pump (ABCB11) expression. Malfunction of biosynthesis is a subtype of malfunctioning: A process that cannot perform the biosynthesis function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunction of biosynthesis Malfunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of malfunctioning: A process that cannot perform the lipid biosynthesis function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunction of lipid biosynthesis Hypofunction of phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane. hypofunction of phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane Hypofunction of phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress hypofunction of phospholipid transport from ER to mitochondrial membrane [ER stress] Increasing liver weight is a subtype of increasing weight: A process that changes the weight of the liver to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. increasing liver weight [Hypertrophy] NCBI-Human-GeneID:835 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12366 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64314 CASPASE-2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/835 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12366 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64314 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64314 NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 CASPASE-3 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25402 ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver. PMID:22009939 Hepatosteatosis in peroxisome deficient liver despite increased beta-oxidation capacity and impaired lipogenesis. Biochimie (2011) 93:1828–38. FGF21-FGFR1 coordinates phospholipid homeostasis, lipid droplet function and ER stress in obesity.Endocrinology. 2016 PMID:27690692 Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine growth factor, a regulator of fatty acids and glucose metabolism. Recently, it has been reported that FGF21 expression is regulated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a transcription factor activated by various stimuli such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PMID:27010621 Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces up-regulation of hepatic beta-Klotho expression through ATF4 signaling pathway. PMID:25727012 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 PMID:17550777 PMID:22009939 PMID:25727012 PMID:27010621 PMID:27690692 Fgf21 (mouse)[ER stress] PMID:24217556 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56636 PMID:17550777 Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARα-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21: FGF21 is induced directly by PPARalpha in liver in response to fasting and PPARalpha agonists. FGF21 in turn stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver. PPARalpha-FGF21 endocrine signaling pathway in regulating diverse metabolic and behavioral aspects of the adaptive response to starvation. PMID:22009939 ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver. PMID:27010621 FGF21 expression is regulated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a transcription factor activated by various stimuli such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PMID:27690692 FGF21 is regulated by PPARa: Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARα and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states. Malfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of malfunctioning: A process that cannot perform the phospholipid biosynthesis function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis Malfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of malfunctioning: A process that cannot perform the phospholipid biosynthesis function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. malfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis [ER stress] PMID:10818100 PMID:21091435 PMID:23334697 PMID:24469402 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86YB8#function https://omim.org/entry/615437 Ero1lb (mouse)[ER stress] PMID:21091435 The endoplasmic reticulum sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1-beta drives efficient oxidative protein folding with loose regulation. PMID:23334697 Xenobiotic perturbation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. PMID:24469402 Deregulation of Pancreas-Specific Oxidoreductin ERO1β in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus Phospholipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of phospholipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse/Liver/ phospholipidosis dependent molecule (mouse) Increasing liver weight dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of liver hypertrophy. increasing liver weight dependent process NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 PMID:10334936 PMID:15776477 PMID:17125737 PMID:22021078 PMID:25604905 http://omim.org/entry/105850 ANG (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:25604905 NCBI-Human-GeneID:283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/283 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305843 PMID:15776477 Angiogenin is up-regulated in the nucleus and cytoplasm in human primary breast carcinoma and is associated with markers of hypoxia but not survival. PMID:17125737 Angiogenin-induced protein kinase B/Akt activation is necessary for angiogenesis but is independent of nuclear translocation of angiogenin in HUVE cells. PMID:25604905 Angiogenin secretion from hepatoma cells activates hepatic stellate cells to amplify a self-sustained cycle promoting liver cancer. Hepatocytes release angiogenin extracellularly, which is first taken up by a specific transporter in endothelial and cancer cells, and then undergoes translocation to the nucleus through a phospholipase C dependent mechanism. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15945 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:3627 IP-10 CXCL10 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3627 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15945 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15945 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:3627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/245920 Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). hypofunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (moderate)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4864 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 18145 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266732 OMIM: 607623 PMID:18772377 NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 1 [Niemann Pick Type C] NPC1 (canonical)[Niemann Pick Type C] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4864 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4864 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 18145 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18145 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266732 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/266732 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4864 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 18145 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266732 OMIM: 607623 NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 1 NPC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4864 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4864 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 18145 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18145 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266732 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/266732 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10577 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 67963 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286898 PMID:18772377 NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 2 [Niemann-Pick Type C] NPC2 (canonical)[Niemann-Pick Type C] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10577 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 67963 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67963 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286898 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286898 PMID:18772377 Because of its ability to bind cholesterol, NPC2 can transfer cholesterol from one liposome to another. This transfer is accelerated in the presence of anionic phospholipids such as bis(monooleoylglycero)phosphate (BMP) and phosphatidyl inositol, which are found in lysosomes The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. cell proliferation [Hypertrophy] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10577 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 67963 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286898 PMID:18772377 NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 2 [Niemann-Pick Type C] NPC2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10577 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: 67963 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67963 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286898 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286898 Hypofunction of alcohol metabolism is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient glutathione conjugation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. hypofunction of glutathione conjugation [Glutathione depletion] Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of diabetes. insulin deficiency [diabetes course] Increasing blood glucose level is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of diabetes. hyperglycemia increasing blood glucose level [diabetes coruse] The totality of all processes through which a given diabetic retinopathy instance is realized. diabetic retinopathy course Mcrovascular dysfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform microvascular function correctly or not functioning at all. microvascular dysfunction Narrowing of the retinal artery is a subtype of decreasing cross-sectional area: A process that changes the cross-sectional area of the retinal arteries to be smaller. narrowing of the retinal artery Narrowing of the retinal artery is a subtype of decreasing cross-sectional area: A process that changes the cross-sectional area of the retinal arteries to be smaller. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Diabetic retinopathy. narrowing of the retinal artery [Diabetic retinopathy] Retinal degeneration is a subtype of changing material: A process that degenerates retinal photoreceptors and pigmented epithelial cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Diabetic retinopathy. retinal degeneration [Diabetic retinopathy] Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. regulation of cell cycle [Hypertrophy] Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. increasing hepatocellular volume [Hypertrophy] The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. cell division [Hypertrophy] A process of liquid water accumulation in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. water accumulation [Hypertrophy] Peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of peroxisome in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. peroxisomal proliferation in hepatocyte [Hypertrophy] Mitochondria proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of mitochondria in hepatocyte(s). mitochondria proliferation in hepatocyte Mitochondria proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of hepatocyte organelle proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of mitochondria in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. mitochondria proliferation in hepatocyte [Hypertrophy] Hepatocyte organelle proliferation is a subtype of increasing number of organelle: A process that becomes larger in the number of organelles in hepatocyte(s). hepatocyte organelle proliferation Hepatocyte organelle proliferation is a subtype of increasing number of organelle: A process that becomes larger in the number of organelles in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. hepatocyte organelle proliferation [Hypertrophy] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte [Hypertrophy] Increasing osmotic pressure. is a subtype of increasing pressure: A process that changes the osmotic pressure of the object to be higher. increasing osmotic pressure. Decreasing osmotic pressure. is a subtype of decresing pressure: A process that changes the osmotic pressure to be lower. decreasing osmotic pressure. Increasing osmotic pressure in cell is a subtype of increasing osmotic pressure.: A process that changes the osmotic pressure of the cell to be higher. increasing osmotic pressure in cell A process that changes the osmotic pressure of the cell to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. increasing osmotic pressure in cell [Hypertrophy] Lipid strorage in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid storage: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. lipid strorage in hepatocyte [Hypertrophy] Improving is a type of functioning process of meta-function. Both enhancing and improveing represents optional contribution to other function. The “optional” means that the effect of fa is not mandatory to ft, that is, the target function can be performed without improving or enhancing. The discrimination between improving and enhancing is made by whether augmentation of the output can be made without increase of the amount of the input energy or not. For example, the “to make low pressure” of the condenser contributes to the efficiency of the “to generate torque” function without increment of input energy, so its functioning is “Improving”. On the other hand, the “to super-heat” function of the boiler optionally increases the amount of the input energy to make a contribution. Its meta-function is “Enhancing” . improving Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. increasing number of dead cells in liver [Cholestasis] Accumulation of substance in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps substances in the hepatocyte. accumulation of substance in hepatocyte Accumulation of substance in hepatocyte is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps substances in the hepatocyte. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. accumulation of substance in hepatocyte [Hypertrophy] Decreasing retinal blood flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the amount of retinal flow to be lower. decreasing retinal blood flow Moving water to the inside of cell is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of water into a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. moving water to the inside of cell [Hypertrophy] Decreasing retinal blood flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the amount of retinal flow to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Diabetic retinopathy. decreasing retinal blood flow [Diabetic retinopathy] Moving water to the inside of cell is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process of the movement of water into a cell. moving water to the inside of cell The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hypertrophy. cell growth [Hypertrophy] FNDC4 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor on macrophages and improves colitis in mice. Analysis of binding of FNDC4 to different immune cell types reveals strong and specific binding to macrophages and monocytes. FNDC4 treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro results in reduced phagocytosis, increased cell survival and reduced proinflammatory chemokine expression. Hence, treatment with FNDC4 results in a state of dampened macrophage activity, while enhancing their survival. NCBI-Human-GeneID:64838 PMID:27066907 http://omim.org/entry/611905 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64838 FRCP1 [Phospholipidosis] Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 4 [Phospholipidosis] FNDC4 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:64838 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64838 PMID:27066907 FNDC4 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor on macrophages and improves colitis in mice. http://omim.org/entry/611905 PMID:27066907 Catalysis role of the reaction: N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a fatty acid + sphingosine. ceramidase NCBI-Human-GeneID:10924 PMID:28414139 http://omim.org/entry/610728 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10924 SMPDL3A (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10924 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10924 PMID:28414139 Ligand-dependent and -independent regulation of human hepatic sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A expression by pregnane X receptor and crosstalk with liver X receptor. NCBI-Human-GeneID:284161 http://omim.org/entry/616317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/284161 GDE4 [Phospholipidosis] MGC4171 [Phospholipidosis] GDPD1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:284161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/284161 The protein encoded by this gene is part of the clathrin coat assembly complex which links clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. These vesicles are involved in endocytosis and Golgi processing. This protein, as well as beta-prime-adaptin, gamma-adaptin, and the medium (mu) chain AP47, form the AP-1 assembly protein complex located at the Golgi vesicle. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Clathrin-coated vesicles that form on the trans-Golgi network (TGN)1 concentrate newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases for transport from the Golgi system to the endosome compartment. The endosomes then deliver the hydrolases to the lysosome The formation of clathrin coats depends on the recruitment of the Golgi-specific adaptor protein complex AP-1 onto the cytosolic face of the TGN. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1174 PMID:10069802 PMID:11031247 PMID:9733768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1174 Adaptor Protein Complex AP-1 Subunit Sigma-1A [Phospholipidosis (Sawada)] AP1S1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] Clathrin-coated vesicles that form on the trans-Golgi network (TGN)1 concentrate newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases for transport from the Golgi system to the endosome compartment. The endosomes then deliver the hydrolases to the lysosome The formation of clathrin coats depends on the recruitment of the Golgi-specific adaptor protein complex AP-1 onto the cytosolic face of the TGN. PMID:10069802 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1174 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1174 The birth rate of Elovl6 knockout mice was lower, and the surviving mice were smaller in size and had reduced body weight. Crucial role of a long-chain fatty acid elongase, Elovl6, in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Secondary regulation of PPARa activity could be a part of SREBP-1c/Elovl6 regulation of lipogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:79071 PMID:17906635 PMID:27467521 http://omim.org/entry/611546 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79071 ELOVL6 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79071 Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C). related molecular function GO:0009922 fatty acid elongase NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 PMID:19850634 PMID:21045174 PMID:26519296 PMID:4382040 Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase [Phospholipidosis] SCD (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6319 PMID:19850634 Hepatic lipid composition and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 mRNA expression can be estimated from plasma VLDL fatty acid ratios. PMID:26519296 Remarkably, liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd) mRNA expression was by far the most highly-induced transcript in WD-fed rats (approximately 30-fold, FDR = 0.01) which supports previous literature underscoring this gene as a crucial target during NAFLD development. Catalysis role of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = desaturated-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O EC:1.14.19 related molecular function GO:0016215 acyl-coA desaturase Catalysis role of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O. EC:1.14.19.1 related molecular function GO:0004768 stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase NCBI-Human-GeneID:4047 PMID:11421484 PMID:17186944 http://omim.org/entry/600909 Lanosterol Synthase [Phospholipidosis] LSS (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4047 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4047 PMID:17186944 Selective up-regulation of LXR-regulated genes ABCA1, ABCG1, and APOE in macrophages through increased endogenous synthesis of 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. Combining role with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. IMR:0000095 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0004896 cytokine receptor Cholesterol biosynthetic process is a subtype of lipid biosynthetic process: The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. cholesterol biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8431 PMID:23042943 PMID:25720568 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0 Group B Member 2 [Phospholipidosis] Shp1 [Phospholipidosis] NR0B2 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8431 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8431 PMID:23042943 Downregulation of nuclear receptor FXR is associated with multiple malignant clinicopathological characteristics in human hepatocellular carcinoma: FXR mRNA level was significantly and positively correlated with the SHP mRNA level in HCC. SHP protein expression in HCC was also found to be dramatically decreased in HCC by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Thus, suppression of the FXR-SHP pathway may be involved in the tumorigenesis of HCC. LV-FXR-GFP-mediated upregulation of FXR induced SHP expression and inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation in vitro. PMID:25720568 At the molecular level, estrogen upregulated hepatic SHP expression through binding to its proximal promoter. In addition, the roles of estrogen were largely blunted in mice with SHP deficiency. These findings reveal a novel role of estrogen in improving hepatosteatosis through upregulation of SHP expression. This gene encodes a shape change and transformation sensitive actin-binding protein which belongs to the calponin family. It is ubiquitously expressed in vascular and visceral smooth muscle, and is an early marker of smooth muscle differentiation. The encoded protein is thought to be involved in calcium-independent smooth muscle contraction. It acts as a tumor suppressor, and the loss of its expression is an early event in cell transformation and the development of some tumors, coinciding with cellular plasticity. The encoded protein has a domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain and a C-terminal calponin-like (CLIK) domain. Mice with a knockout of the orthologous gene are viable and fertile but their vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit alterations in the distribution of the actin filament and changes in cytoskeletal organization. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017] AKT and JNK Signaling Pathways Increase the Metastatic Potential of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Altering Transgelin Expression. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6876 PMID:25841305 PMID:26847345 http://omim.org/entry/600818 Transgelin [Phospholipidosis（Sawada）] TAGLN (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6876 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6876 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6515 PMID:17567588 PMID:27302065 http://omim.org/entry/138170 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6515 GLUT3 [Phospholipidosis] Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 3 [Phospholipidosis] SLC2A3 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6515 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6515 PMID:17567588 A lack of available glucose is known to drive cells to increase lipid production for use as fuel. Therefore, repression of SLC2A3 could represent an adaptive response to high in- tracellular lipid levels that could be used preferentially to fulfill energy requirements. PMID:27302065 Mammalian Glucose Transporter Activity Is Dependent upon Anionic and Conical Phospholipids he regulated movement of glucose across mammalian cell membranes is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) embedded in lipid bilayers. Despite the known importance of phospholipids in regulating protein structure and activity, the lipid-induced effects on the GLUTs remain poorly understood. We systematically examined the effects of physiologically relevant phospholipids on glucose transport in liposomes containing purified GLUT4 and GLUT3. The anionic phospholipids, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, were found to be essential for transporter function by activating it and stabilizing its structure. Conical lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and diacylglycerol, enhanced transporter activity up to 3-fold in the presence of anionic phospholipids but did not stabilize protein structure. Kinetic analyses revealed that both lipids increase the kcat of transport without changing the Km values. These results allowed us to elucidate the activation of GLUT by plasma membrane phospholipids and to extend the field of membrane protein-lipid interactions to the family of structurally and functionally related human solute carriers. KEYWORDS: glucose transport; glucose transport kinetics; glucose transporter type 3 (GLUT3); glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4); liposome; membrane transporter reconstitution; phospholipid; phospholipid vesicle; protein-lipid interaction A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other. glucose permease related molecular function GO:0005355 glucose transmembrane transporter This gene encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. This protein and FABP6 (the ileal fatty acid binding protein) are also able to bind bile acids. It is thought that FABPs roles include fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011] GO:0005543 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2168 http://omim.org/entry/134650 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/gene/2168 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1 [Phospholipidosis] FABP1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] GO:0005543 phospholipid binding NCBI-Human-GeneID:2168 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2168 A role played by the entity which transfers long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22 EC:3.6.3.47 PMID:15249972 related molecular function GO:0005324 long-chain fatty acid transporter PMID:15249972 Effect of liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP) T94A missense mutation on plasma lipoprotein responsiveness to treatment with fenofibrate. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferated activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, has been shown to decrease plasma triglyceride (TG) and increase plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels despite a large interindividual variation in the response. Fenofibrate-activated PPARalpha binds to a DNA sequence element termed PPAR response element (PPRE) present in regulatory regions of target genes. A PPRE has been identified in the proximal 5' flanking region of the gene encoding the liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP). LFABP is a small cytosolic protein of 14 kDa present in the liver and the intestine and is a member of the superfamily of the fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). FABPs play a role in the solubilization of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and their CoA-ester to various intracellular organelles. FABPs serves as intracellular acceptors of LCFAs, and they may also have an impact in ligand-dependent transactivation of PPARs in trafficking LCFAs to the nucleus. Since PPARs are known to regulate the transcription of many genes involved in lipid metabolism, the importance of LFABP in fatty acid uptake has to be considered. The aim of this study was to verify whether genetic variations in the LFABP gene may impact on plasma lipoprotein/lipid levels in the fasting state as well as on the response to a lipid-lowering therapy with fenofibrate on plasma lipids and obesity variables. We also wanted to verify whether the presence of the PPARalpha L162V mutation interacts with genetic variants in LFABP gene. To achieve this goal, we first determined the genomic structure of the human LFABP gene and then designed intronic primers to sequence the coding regions, all exon-intron splicing boundaries, and the promoter region of the gene in 24 patients showing divergent plasma lipoprotein/lipid response to fenofibrate. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a T94A missense mutation in exon 3. Interspecies comparison revealed that threonine 94 is conserved among species. We subsequently screened another sample of 130 French Canadian subjects treated with fenofibrate for the presence of the LFABP T94A mutation. Carriers of the A94 allele were at increased risk to exhibit plasma TG levels above 2.00 mmol/l after treatment with fenofibrate [2.75 (1.03-7.34); OR 95% confidence interval (CI)]. In addition, carriers of the A94 allele were characterized by higher baseline plasma-free fatty acid levels (FFA) ( p=0.01) and by a lower body mass index (BMI) ( p=0.05) and waist circumference ( p=0.005) than T94 homozygotes. Moreover, PPARalpha L162V and LFABP T94A showed to have a synergistic effect on BMI ( p interaction = 0.03). These results suggest that the LFABP T94A missense mutation could influence obesity indices as well as the risk to exhibit residual hypertriglyceridmia following a lipid-lowering therapy with fenofibrate. The protein encoded by this gene is a plasma protease inhibitor and member of the serine protease inhibitor class. Polymorphisms in this protein appear to be tissue specific and influence protease targeting. Variations in this protein's sequence have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, and deficiency of this protein has been associated with liver disease. Mutations have been identified in patients with Parkinson disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:12 http://omim.org/entry/107280 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is a plasma protease inhibitor synthesized in the liver. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12 Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin Serpin Family A Member 3 SERPINA3 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12 Increasing blood glucose lebvel is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Diabetic retinopathy. increasing blood glucose level [Diabetic retinopathy] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1958 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24330 PMID:15752369 PMID:16344600 PMID:24619556 PMID:25122760 PMID:25737480 PMID:29607419 http://omim.org/entry/128990 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1958 EGR1 (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1958 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1958 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13653 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24330 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24330 PMID:15752369 Liver X receptor agonists inhibit tissue factor expression in macrophages. PMID:16344600 Ethanol-induced liver injury: potential roles for egr-1. PMID:24619556 E2F1 is a novel fibrogenic gene that regulates cholestatic liver fibrosis through the Egr-1/SHP/EID1 network. PMID:25122760 ATF3 epigenetically suppresses expression of EGR-1, a non-canonical pro-inflammatory transcriptional modulator crucial to cancer chemokine induction. PMID:25737480 Loss of Egr-1 sensitizes pancreatic beta-cells to palmitate-induced ER stress and apoptosis. PMID:29607419 Role of early growth response 1 in liver metabolism and liver cancer. Diabetes dependent process is a subtype of disease course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of diabetes. Diabetes dependent process [diabetes course] Process of binding by which electrophiles interact with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). binding to DNA by electrophiles Process of binding by which electrophiles interact with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. binding to DNA by electrophiles [cell death] Substance with substance with cationic amphiphilic drug role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in a phospholipidosis and playing a cationic amphiphilic drug role. PMID:9061852 CAD [Phospholipidosis] Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism，Fatty acid metabolism The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene family. Desaturase enzymes regulate unsaturation of fatty acids through the introduction of double bonds between defined carbons of the fatty acyl chain. FADS family members are considered fusion products composed of an N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain and a C-terminal multiple membrane-spanning desaturase portion, both of which are characterized by conserved histidine motifs. This gene is clustered with family members at 11q12-q13.1; this cluster is thought to have arisen evolutionarily from gene duplication based on its similar exon/intron organization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83512 PMID:19875987 http://omim.org/entry/606149 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9415 Delta-6 Fatty Acid Desaturase [Phospholipidosis] Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Delta-6 Fatty Acid Desaturase [Phospholipidosis] FADS2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene family. Desaturase enzymes regulate unsaturation of fatty acids through the introduction of double bonds between defined carbons of the fatty acyl chain. FADS family members are considered fusion products composed of an N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain and a C-terminal multiple membrane-spanning desaturase portion, both of which are characterized by conserved histidine motifs. This gene is clustered with family members at 11q12-q13.1; this cluster is thought to have arisen evolutionarily from gene duplication based on its similar exon/intron organization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9415 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83512 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83512 GO:0005504 fatty acid binding Triglyceride catabolism NCBI-Human-GeneID:2171 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16592 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140868 PMID:19307565 PMID:28219080 PMID:28374947 http://omim.org/entry/605168 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2171 FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN 5 FABP5 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2171 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16592 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16592 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140868 PMID:19307565 Identification of intracellular carriers for the endocannabinoid anandamide. The endocannabinoid anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide, AEA) is an uncharged neuromodulatory lipid that, similar to many neurotransmitters, is inactivated through its cellular uptake and subsequent catabolism. AEA is hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme localized on the endoplasmic reticulum. Three fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) known to be expressed in brain were examined as possible intracellular AEA carriers. FABPs represent the first proteins known to transport AEA from the plasma membrane to FAAH for inactivation and may therefore be novel pharmacological targets. PMID:28219080 Survival of tissue-resident memory T cells requires exogenous lipid uptake and metabolism. Increased FABP4 and FABP5 expression and enhanced extracellular FFA uptake were also demonstrated in human CD8+ TRM cells in normal and psoriatic skin. These results suggest that FABP4 and FABP5 have a critical role in the maintenance, longevity and function of CD8+ TRM cells, and suggest that CD8+ TRM cells use exogenous FFAs and their oxidative metabolism to persist in tissue and to mediate protective immunity. PMID:28374947 Fatty acid-binding protein 5 function in hepatocellular carcinoma through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Catalysis role of the reaction: linoleoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O. EC:1.14.19.3 PMID:7212717 related molecular function GO:0016213 linoleoyl-CoA desaturase role PMID:29147025 S1P[Phospholipidosis - tumor proliferation] This gene encodes a member of the acid ceramidase family of proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed. Processing of this preproprotein generates alpha and beta subunits that heterodimerize to form the mature lysosomal enzyme, which catalyzes the degradation of ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid. This enzyme is overexpressed in multiple human cancers and may play a role in cancer progression. Mutations in this gene are associated with the lysosomal storage disorder, Farber lipogranulomatosis, and a neuromuscular disorder, spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015] http://omim.org/entry/613468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/427 ASAH1 (human)[Phospholipidosis - insulin resistance inhibition] A role played by the entity that ihibits the insulin resistance. inhibitor of insulin resistance Negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin resistance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of increasing insulin resistance [Phospholipidosis] Substance with substance with cationic amphiphilic drug role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is participating in a biological process and playing a cationic amphiphilic drug role. PMID:9061852 This entity is inferred from Description Logic. substance with cationic amphiphilic drug role lysosomal enzyme transport to lysosome is a subtype of transport: A process that of the transfer of a lysosomal enzyme (from the ribosome to the lysosome). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. lysosomal enzyme transport (to lysosome) [Phospholipidosis] lysosomal enzyme transport (from ribosome to lysosome) is a subtype of transport: A process that of the transfer of a lysosomal enzyme (from the ribosome to the lysosome). transportng lysosomal enzyme from ribosome to lysosome Phospholipidosis (normal course) is a subtype of process sequences: The courses of processes through which phospholipid homeostasis balance is keeping. phospholipidosis (normal course) Keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintaining the amount of lysosomal phospholipid. keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome Keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome is a subtype of keeping amount: A process that maintaining the amount of lysosomal phospholipid. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. keeping amount of phospholipid in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. The severity is mild. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 phospholipidosis (mild) PMID:15342952 The following four processes were involved in the induction of phospholipidosis; (1) Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activivity (2) Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme transport, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of genes involved in lysosomal enzyme transport (3) Enhanced phospholipid biosynthesis, which is supported by the up- regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (4) Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis, as shown by the up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes Increased cholesterol biosynthesis is considered to be an indirect trigger for the reasons: (1) The accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs concurrently with the increase in cholesterol in visceral tissues (e.g., spleen) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), which is caused by a genetic defect in the cholesterol trafficking protein NPC1 or, in far fewer patients, the sterol regulating protein HE1 (Blanchette-Mackie, 2000; Harzer et al., 2003; Vanier, 1983). (2) The induction of lamellar myelin-like bodies and the accumulation of free cholesterol occur in cultured mouse macrophages that have been incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein or acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl- transferase inhibitor (McGookey and Anderson, 1983; Robenek and Schmitz, 1988). In addition, the up- or down-regulation of transporter genes (e.g., facilitated glucose transporter) and genes that control the cell cycle (e.g., cyclin G2) may also be involved. Increase in phospholipid synthesis and impaired membrane recycling and lysosomal enzyme sorting dynamics are also occured. Dysfunction of fatty acid degradation is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. dysfunction of fatty acid degradation [Lipidosis] CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). PMID:22960355 CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane [Phospholipidosis (mild)] PMID:22960355 Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid [Phospholipidosis] Forming a complex of CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs) and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. CAD decreases phospholipid release for cell membrane repair from lysosome. forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs cationic amphiphile drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome is a subtype of hypofunction of export: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid export from lysosome. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). hypofunction of phospholipid export from lysosome [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. CAD accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). PMID:22960355 CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] PMID:22960355 Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. The severity is moderate. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 phospholipidosis (moderate) PMID:15342952 The following four processes were involved in the induction of phospholipidosis; (1) Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activivity (2) Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme transport, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of genes involved in lysosomal enzyme transport (3) Enhanced phospholipid biosynthesis, which is supported by the up- regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (4) Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis, as shown by the up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes Increased cholesterol biosynthesis is considered to be an indirect trigger for the reasons: (1) The accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs concurrently with the increase in cholesterol in visceral tissues (e.g., spleen) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), which is caused by a genetic defect in the cholesterol trafficking protein NPC1 or, in far fewer patients, the sterol regulating protein HE1 (Blanchette-Mackie, 2000; Harzer et al., 2003; Vanier, 1983). (2) The induction of lamellar myelin-like bodies and the accumulation of free cholesterol occur in cultured mouse macrophages that have been incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein or acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl- transferase inhibitor (McGookey and Anderson, 1983; Robenek and Schmitz, 1988). In addition, the up- or down-regulation of transporter genes (e.g., facilitated glucose transporter) and genes that control the cell cycle (e.g., cyclin G2) may also be involved. Increase in phospholipid synthesis and impaired membrane recycling and lysosomal enzyme sorting dynamics are also occured. Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). phospholipid homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Phospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation: A process that keeps phospholipid in the lysosome. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). phospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Phospholipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of phospholipid metabolism. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). phospholipid metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps glycerophospholipid in the lysosome. And the degree is moderate. This process is dependent on the glycerophospholipid disorder (moderate) and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. glycerophospholipid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - glycerophospholipid disorder ] A process that keeps phosphatidylinositol in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (phosphatidylinositol disorder ). phosphatidylinositol accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylinositol disorder] A process that keeps phosphatidylethanolamine in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (phosphatidylethanolamine disorder). phosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylethanolamine disorder] A process that keeps phosphatidylglycerol in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (phosphatidylglycerol disorder ). phosphatidylglycerol accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylglycerol disorder] A process that keeps phosphatidylcholine in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (phosphatidylethanolamine disorder). phosphatidylcholine accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylcholine disorder] A process that keeps phosphatidylserine in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (phosphatidylserine disorder). phosphatidylserine accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidylserine disorder ] A process that keeps phosphatidic acid in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis　phosphatidic acid disorder). phosphatidic acid accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - phosphatidic acid disorder] PMID:17090686 PMID:20097939 PMID:2061324 http://omim.org/entry/603729 SGPL1 - apoptosis inducer (human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:17090686 PMID:17090686 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. PMID:2061324 Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver.　 Sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of phospholipid accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome. This process can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis - sphingomyelin disorder ] Phosphoipidosis is a subtype of process sequences: The courses of processes through which phospholipidosis is realized. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 phospholipidosis (course) Phosholipase gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature phospholipase gene product or products (proteins or RNA). phosholipase gene expression Phosholipase gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature phospholipase gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phosholipase gene expression [Phospholipidosis] Hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipid synthetic gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). hyperfunction of phospholipid synthesis gene expression [Phospholipidosis - normal] Increasing phospholipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). increasing phospholipid [Phospholipidosis (normal condition)] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis(normal)] Phospholipid transport from lysosome into cytosol is a subtype of phospholipid transfer to membrane: A process of the transfer of a phospholipid from the lysosome to the plasma membrane. phospholipid transport from lysosome NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 Cyp3a11 (mouse)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13112 Decreasing number of cells is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in number of cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing number of cells [Phospholipidosis] A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:17090686 apoptotic process [Phospholipidosis] PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Hyperfunctioning of apoptotic process is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive apoptosis. hyperfunctioning of apoptotic process Decreasing number of lysosomes is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in number of lysosomes. decreasing number of lysosomes Decreasing number of lysosomes is a subtype of decreasing number of objects: A process that becomes smaller in number of lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing number of lysosomes [Phospholipidosis] Removing phospholipid by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes a phospholipid from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). removing phospholipid by Kupffer cell or macrophage [Phospholipidosis] Removing phospholipid by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes a phospholipid from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages . removing phospholipid by Kupffer cell or macrophage Phospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature phospholipid synthesis gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipid synthesis gene expression [Phospholipidosis] Phospholipid synthesis gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature phospholipid synthesis gene product or products (proteins or RNA). phospholipid synthesis gene expression Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(normal condition). positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis (normal)] Moving phopholipid to lysosome is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of phospholipids into lysosomes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. moving phopholipid to lysosome [Phospholipidosis] Moving phopholipid to lysosome is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that of the movement of phospholipids into lysosomes. moving phopholipid to lysosome Increasing phospholipid material is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of phospholipid material to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosisb(normal condition). increasing phospholipid material (normal condition) [Phospholipidosis] Phosphholipid binding by phospholipase is a subtype of phospholipid binding: Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids byphospholipases. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(normal condition). phosphholipid binding by phospholipase [Phospholipidosis] IL-2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-2. This process is dependent on the inflammation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:28732506 Reactome:R-HSA-451927.2 IL-2 signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - inflammation ] PMID:28732506 Blimp-1 is also crucial for inducing cytokine production by inflammatory T helper cells and effector Treg cells. The gene encoding IL-2 is one of the most important genes targeted by Blimp-1 in T cells, because IL-2 production is indispensable for T cell proliferation and differentiation IL-2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-2. This process is dependent on the apoptosis inhibition and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . Reactome:R-HSA-451927.2 IL-2 signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - apoptosis inhibition ] PMID:9108028 PMID:9108028 IL-2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-2. This process is dependent on the cell cycle arrest and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . Reactome:R-HSA-451927.2 IL-2 signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - cell cycle arrest ] PMID:9108028 PMID:9108028 IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2/c-myc->Cell cycle progression IL2->IL2R->PI3K->Akt->Bcl2->anti-apoptosis PMID:10579998 PMID:10982827 PMID:12200137 PMID:9108028 https://www.omim.org/entry/146710 interleukin 2 receptor, beta [Phospholipidosis - inflammation] IL2RB (human)[Phospholipidosis - inflammation] PMID:9108028 PMID:10579998 Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 15;13(22):2905-27. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. PMID:10982827 New role for Shc in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Experiments with the chimeric receptors indicate that Shc also signals to the PI-3K/Akt pathway in response to IL-2. Our results suggest that cytokine receptors lacking direct PI-3K binding sites activate Akt via a Shc/Grb2/Gab2/PI-3K pathway, thereby regulating cell survival and/or proliferation. PMID:12200137 IL-2 receptor signaling through the Shb adapter protein in T and NK cells. PMID:9108028 Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase. PPARA - glucose metabolism regulator (canonical)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] Phospholipid hydrolysis is a subtype of hydrolysis: A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a phospholipid. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. phospholipase activity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004620 phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis] Phospholipid hydrolysis is a subtype of hydrolysis: A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a phospholipid. phospholipid hydrolysis A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis mildly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis (mild)] Negative regulation of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis. negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid deradation regulated by CAD. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD [Phospholipidosis] AKT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT). This process is dependent on the cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . AKT signaling (primitive) [phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - cell proliferation ] AKT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT). This process is dependent on the tumor cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . AKT signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - tumor cell proliferation ] PMID:27325557 PMID:27325557 AKT - tumor cell proliferation promoting factor (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). This process is dependent on the cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - cell proliferation ] PI3K - cell proliferation promoting factor (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] PI3K - tumor cell proliferation promoting factor (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). This process is dependent on the tumor cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - tumor cell proliferation ] EGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a EGFR This process is dependent on the cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . EGFR signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - cell proliferation ] PMID:12414665 PMID:12414665 EGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a EGFR This process is dependent on the tumor cell proliferation and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . EGFR signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - tumor cell proliferation ] PMID:12414665 PMID:12414665 The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=1956 EGFR (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - cell proliferation factor] The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=1956 EGFR (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - tumor cell proliferation factor] IL2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - inflammatory cytokine] IL2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] IL2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - tumor cell proliferation promoting factor] IL2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - cell cycle progression promoting factor] Kupffer cell differentiation is a subtype of macrophage differentiation: The process that acquires the specialized features of a kupffer cell. The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a Kupffer cell. kupffer cell differentiation Hyperfunction of phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). hyperfunction of phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense)] Hyperfunction of phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells. hyperfunction of phospholipid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells Hyperfunction of cell differentiation is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive cell differentiation. hyperfunction of cell differentiation Hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation is a subtype of hyperfunction of cell differentiation: A process that performs an excesssive kupffer cell differentiation. hyperfunction of Kupffer cell differentiation Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). phospholipid homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Decreasing lysosomal membrane permeability is a subtype of decreasing membrane permeability: A process that changes the permeability of the lysosomal membrane to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing lysosomal membrane permeability [Phospholipidosis] in vitro (human) 8hr Decreasing lysosomal membrane permeability is a subtype of decreasing membrane permeability: A process that changes the permeability of the lysosomal membrane to be lower. decreasing lysosomal membrane permeability Decreasing membrane permeability is a subtype of changing permeability: A process that changes the permeability of the membrane to be lower. decreasing membrane permeability Hyperfunction of phospholipid material transport is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive phospholipid material transport. hyperfunction of phospholipid material transport Combining role with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), an endogenous molecule released from damaged cells), to initiate a change in cell activity. Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. LPS) are called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). IMR:0001791 (obsolete) PRR related molecular function GO:0038187 pattern recognition receptor Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. LPS) are called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PMID:11724812 PMID:16697918 Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid deradation regulated by CAD. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis moderately. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). negative regulation of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] Hypofunction of ceramide degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid degradation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient ceramide degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (sphingomyelin disorder). hypofunction of ceramide degradation [sphingomyelin disorder ] Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid deradation by phospholipase. negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis severely. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). Phospholipases hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. This entity indicates mainly to the process of inhibiting phospholipases. negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis] CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane is a subtype of binding: A process that CAD inserts and replaces the phospholipase binding site in the lysosomal inner membrane. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). PMID:22960355 CAD insertion into phospholipase binding site to lysosomal inner membrane [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] PMID:22960355 Under normal conditions, lysosomal phospholipase A2 is bound through electrostatic charge interactions to the inner membranes of the lysosome. A cationic amphiphile, accumulates in the lysosome and inserts into the inner membrane decreasing or eliminating the anionic binding sites for the lipase. The lipase is no longer able to bind to its substrates and is potentially susceptible to degradation by lysosomal proteases. Negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD is a subtype of negative regulation of phospholipid degradation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid deradation regulated by CAD. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). negative regulation of phospholipase-mediated phospholipid degradation by CAD [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] CAD accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of compound accumulation in lysosome: A process that keeps CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs cationic amphiphile drug) in the lysosome. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). CAD accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (severe)] The totality of all processes through which the phospholipidosis is realized. The severity is severe. PMID:15342952 PMID:16979167 PMID:22960355 phospholipidosis (severe) PMID:15342952 The following four processes were involved in the induction of phospholipidosis; (1) Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activivity (2) Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme transport, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of genes involved in lysosomal enzyme transport (3) Enhanced phospholipid biosynthesis, which is supported by the up- regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (4) Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis, as shown by the up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes Increased cholesterol biosynthesis is considered to be an indirect trigger for the reasons: (1) The accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs concurrently with the increase in cholesterol in visceral tissues (e.g., spleen) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), which is caused by a genetic defect in the cholesterol trafficking protein NPC1 or, in far fewer patients, the sterol regulating protein HE1 (Blanchette-Mackie, 2000; Harzer et al., 2003; Vanier, 1983). (2) The induction of lamellar myelin-like bodies and the accumulation of free cholesterol occur in cultured mouse macrophages that have been incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein or acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl- transferase inhibitor (McGookey and Anderson, 1983; Robenek and Schmitz, 1988). In addition, the up- or down-regulation of transporter genes (e.g., facilitated glucose transporter) and genes that control the cell cycle (e.g., cyclin G2) may also be involved. Increase in phospholipid synthesis and impaired membrane recycling and lysosomal enzyme sorting dynamics are also occured. Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). compound accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (mild)] PMID:16979167 Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (moderate). compound accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (moderate) ] PMID:16979167 Negative regulation of cell cycle regulator gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle regulator gene expression. negative regulation of cell cycle gene expression http://omim.org/entry/613468 ASAH1 - inactivated (human)[Phospholipidosis - hypofunctioning of ceramide degradation] Increasing hepatic portal pressure is a subtype of increasing pressure: A process that changes the hepatic portal pressure to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. increasing hepatic portal pressure [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Increasing hepatic venous pressure is a subtype of increasing pressure: A process that changes the hpatic venous pressure to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. increasing hepatic venous pressure [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Hyperfunction of hepatic lymph production is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive hepatic lymph production. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. hyperfunction of hepatic lymph production [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Hepatic lymph leakage is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks lymph out from the liver lymphatic vessel. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. hepatic lymph leakage [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Ascites (process) is a subtype of accumulation of fluids: A process that keeps fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. ascites (process) [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Inzreasing size of the spleen is a subtype of increasing size: A process that changes the size of the of the spleen to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. inzreasing size of the spleen [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Stomach congestion is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of accumulation: A process that performs an excessive accumulation of blood in the stomach. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. stomach congestion [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Intestine congestion is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of accumulation: A process that performs an excessive accumulation of blood in the intestine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. intestine congestion [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Intestine congestion is a subtype of hyperfunctioning of accumulation: A process that performs an excessive accumulation of blood in the intestine. intestine congestion Bypass formation is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that constructs an alternate passage of a bodily substancepassage carrying blood. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. bypass formation [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Varicosity of veins formation is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that have a varicosity of veins. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. varicosity of veins formation [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Sphingomyelinase gene mutation is a subtype of phopholipase gene mutation: A process that changes the sequence of a sphingomyelinase gene. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. sphingomyelinase gene mutation [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1 [Niemann Pick Disease Type A -B] SMPD1 (canonical)[Niemann Pick Disease Type A -B] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1 [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] SMPD1 (canonical)[Niemann Pick Disease Type A] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 PMID:25146923 PMID:28452953 ERDJ4 DNAJB9 - apotosis repressor -vitro (human)[ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4189 PMID:25146923 Genotoxic stress/p53-induced DNAJB9 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of p53. DNAJB9 as an inducible gene of the tumor suppressor p53. DNAJB9 expression was induced by p53 or genotoxic stress in a p53-dependent manner, which was mediated by the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway. In addition, depletion of DNAJB9 by using siRNAs greatly increased genotoxic stress/p53-induced apoptosis, suggesting that DNAJB9 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of p53. PMID:28452953 DNABJ9 suppresses apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic agents by forming a negative regulatory loop with p53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1 [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] SMPD1 (canonical)[Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Sphingomyelinase gene mutation is a subtype of phopholipase gene mutation: A process that changes the sequence of a sphingomyelinase gene. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. sphingomyelinase gene mutation [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (severe) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid storage in hepatocyte (severe) [Lipidosis] lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (severe) [Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2 (canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. positive regulation of autophagy [Lipidosis] Increasing hepatocellular volume is a changing process to change the volume of the hepatocyte to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing hepatocellular volume [Lipidosis] Hyperfunction of glucose transport to liver is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive glucose transport to liver. hyperfunction of glucose transport to liver Hyperfunction of glucose transport to liver is a subtype of hyperfunction of transport: A process that performs an excesssive glucose transport to liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hyperfunction of glucose transport to liver [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic. hypofunction of triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic Hypofunction of triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic [Lipidosis] HSP90B1 - apotosis repressor -vitro (human)[ER stress] Triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic is a subtype of triglyceride transport: A process that of the transfer of a triglyceride from the hepatocyte to the exrrahepatic tissues. triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic Triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic is a subtype of triglyceride transport: A process that of the transfer of a triglyceride from the hepatocyte to the exrrahepatic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. triglyceride transport from hepatocyte to extrahepatic [Lipidosis] Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. lipid homeostasis imbalance lipid homeostasis imbalance GRP78 - apotosis repressor (canonical)[ER stress] Tumor cell survial is a subtype of cell survival: A process that keeps the viability of a tumor cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. tumor cell survial [ER stress] Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid homeostasis imbalance [Lipidosis] Increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte Increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the lipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte Increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the lipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte [Lipidosis] A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. necrosis [Lipidosis] Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:26006114 insulin resistance (process) [Lipidosis] PMID:26006114 Insulin resistance alters hepatic ethanol metabolism: studies in mice and children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. insulin deficiency [Lipidosis] The totality of all processes through which non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is realized. PMID:24133660 PMID:26962021 PMID:30642126 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable in the course of lipidosis. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. vacuolation [Liver Pathological Findings][Lipidosis] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed in the form that the cytoplasm presents eosinophilic granules based on pathological morphology. FI-L510 eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver Pathological Findings] Hypertrophy [liver findings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. An increase in size (volume) of hepatocytes is observed based on pathological morphology. It is sometimes accompanied by an increase in the number of cells. hepatocellular hypertrophy [Liver Pathological Findings] Cholestasis [liver findings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. A pathological findings caused by obstruction in intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system. Bile thrombus appears in the intrahepatic bile duct, and in general, bile pigment is observed in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Open TG-Gates:FI-L0360 cholestasis [Liver Pathological Findings] Hyperplasia [ [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. An increase in cell number is observed based on pathological morphology. Open TG-Gates:FI-L0910 hyperplasia [Liver Pathological Findings] Hepatic fibrosis [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. Lesions are observed as a proliferation of fibrous tissue in the liver based on pathological morphology. FI-L0780 hepatic fibrosis [Liver Pathological Findings] Hypofunction of lipoprotein biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of protein synthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipoprotein biosynthesis. hypofunction of lipoprotein biosynthesis Hypofunction of lipoprotein biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of protein synthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipoprotein biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hypofunction of lipoprotein biosynthesis [Lipidosis] Lipidosis dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of lipidosis. lipidosis dependent chemical compound ISBN:0071769234 CCL4 [Lipidosis] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid in Table 13-2. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for stress response : A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. Because the mitochondrial pathway is saturated, fatty acids are metabolized in peroxisomes, and Cyp2E1 enzyme induction occurs, resulting in oxidative stress. increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [Lipidosis] Because the mitochondrial pathway is saturated, fatty acids are metabolized in peroxisomes, and Cyp2E1 enzyme induction occurs, resulting in oxidative stress. ISBN:4890133267 Malfunctioning of cellular membrane is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform a cellular membrane function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. malfunctioning of cellular membrane [Lipidosis] Cellular membrane lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipoperoxidation: A process that the degradation of lipids of cellular membrane caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. cellular membrane lipoperoxidation [Lipidosis] Cellular membrane lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipoperoxidation: A process that the degradation of lipids of cellular membrane caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. cellular membrane lipoperoxidation Lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C81870 lipoperoxidation Eosinophilic change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Based on pathological morphology, lesions are stained with eosin. · Stained with eosinophilic (eosinophilic) dye of hepatic cytoplasm. · Generally, it is caused by diffuse or focal increase of cytoplasmic organelle or excessive accumulation of eosinophilic substance. · Eosinophilic staining area: It often corresponds to mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or peroxisome. · Changes over the entire cytoplasm: granule degeneration, eosinophilic granular change, glute-like change · Cytoplasmic local changes: vitreous, eosinophilic inclusion bodies etc. acidophilic change eosinophilic change [Liver Pathological Findings] · Stained with eosinophilic (eosinophilic) dye of hepatic cytoplasm. · Generally, it is caused by diffuse or focal increase of cytoplasmic organelle or excessive accumulation of eosinophilic substance. · Eosinophilic staining area: It often corresponds to mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or peroxisome. · Changes over the entire cytoplasm: granule degeneration, eosinophilic granular change, glute-like change · Cytoplasmic local changes: vitreous, eosinophilic inclusion bodies etc. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Lipidosis dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This molecule can participate in the course of lipidosis as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. lipidosis dependent molecule (canonical) The protein encoded by this gene is a major apoprotein of the chylomicron. It binds to a specific liver and peripheral cell receptor, and is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. This gene maps to chromosome 19 in a cluster with the related apolipoprotein C1 and C2 genes. Mutations in this gene result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] NCBI-Human-GeneID:348 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11816 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25728 http://omim.org/entry/107741 APOE (canonical)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:348 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11816 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11816 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25728 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25728 An affinity inhering in a tissue constituent by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific ph conditions. acidophilic NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 PMID:26456005 PMID:27644325 PMID:9073453 MIST1 [Glutathione depletion] Bhlha15(mouse)[Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17341 PMID:26456005 Mist1 suppressed expression of cholangiocytic markers such as Sox9, Sox17, Ck19, and Grhl2. CYP3A metabolic activity was significantly induced by Mist1 in this hepatoblast culture. In particular, the expression level of Cyp3a11, an important drug metabolic gene, was highly induced by Mist1. Metabolic intermediate accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps intermediate(s) of metabolism in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. metabolic intermediate accumulation [Glutathione depletion] A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of doing work. power (attribute) Ground glass appearance [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Based on the pathological morphology, lesions are observed as a frosted-like change in whole or most of the hepatocytes. This finding is observable in the course of ground glass appearance. ground glass appearance [Liver Pathological Findings] [Ground glass appearance (course)] Eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed in the form that the cytoplasm presents eosinophilic granules based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable as a result of increasing peroxisome caused by PPAR. eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver Pathological Findings] [eosinogranular degeneration (course) ] Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. Open TG-Gates:FI-L1580 fatty degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] steatosis [Liver PathologicalFindings] vacuolation [Liver PathologicalFindings] fatty change [Liver Pathological Findings] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable in the course of phospholipidosis. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. vacuolation [Liver Pathological Findings][Phospholipidosis] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 myelin figure in lysosome [Liver Pathological Findings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. Based on pathological morphology, lesions are observed as myelin-like layered structures under electron microscopy. This finding is observable in the course of phospholipidosis. The presence of phospholipid inclusions are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles seen under the electron microscope as dense cytoplasmic myelin-like bodies showing a concentric lamellar structure with a periodicity of 4-4.5 nm along with an amorphorous matrix within a single membrane-bound lysosomal space. Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies : interpretation and relevance in drug safety studies, Peter Greaves. 4th ed. Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/AP, 2012. myelin figure in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] The presence of phospholipid inclusions are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles seen under the electron microscope as dense cytoplasmic myelin-like bodies showing a concentric lamellar structure with a periodicity of 4-4.5 nm along with an amorphorous matrix within a single membrane-bound lysosomal space. Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies : interpretation and relevance in drug safety studies, Peter Greaves. 4th ed. Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/AP, 2012. https://www.worldcat.org/title/histopathology-of-preclinical-toxicity-studies-interpretation-and-relevance-in-drug-safety-evaluation/oclc/778774101 Moderate accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) moderately. moderate accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER Severe accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER is a subtype of accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER: A process that keeps abnormal protein(s) in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) severely. severe accumulation of abnormal proteins in ER NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20397 PMID:17090686 PMID:20097939 PMID:2061324 PMID:26886371 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 (mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20397 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20397 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. PMID:2061324 Subcellular localization and membrane topology of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in rat liver.　 PMID:26886371 Increased mRNA Levels of Sphingosine Kinases and S1P Lyase and Reduced Levels of S1P Were Observed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Association with Poorer Differentiation and Earlier Recurrence: Inhibition of SPL expression by siRNA led to reduced proliferation and invasion, while overexpression of SPL caused enhanced proliferation of HCC cell lines. PMID:20097939 http://omim.org/entry/603729 Sgpl1 - lipid metabolism regulator (mouse)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:20097939 Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase deficiency disrupts lipid homeostasis in liver. PMID:17090686 PMID:26886371 http://omim.org/entry/603729 SGPL1 - tumor cell proliferation regulating factor (human) [Phospholipidosis] PMID:26886371 PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103: 17384–17389. PMID:26886371 Increased mRNA Levels of Sphingosine Kinases and S1P Lyase and Reduced Levels of S1P Were Observed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Association with Poorer Differentiation and Earlier Recurrence: The increased expression of SPL (S1P Lyase) mRNA in HCC tissues correlated with poorer HCC differentiation, suggesting that SPL may also play a role in the pathophysiology of HCC. Furthermore, our in vitro study showed that inhibition of SPL expression by siRNA led to reduced proliferation and invasion, while overexpression of SPL caused enhanced proliferation of HCC cell lines. This finding is in direct contrast to data showing that SPL inhibits tumor cell proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells [39]. The role of SPL in tumor cell proliferation may differ in various cell and cancer types (e.g., colon cancer vs. HCC). Refolding-unfolding imbalance (mild) is a subtype of refolding-unfolding imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding mildly. refolding-unfolding imbalance (mild) Refolding-unfolding imbalance (moderate) is a subtype of refolding-unfolding imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between protein refolding and unfolding moderately. refolding-unfolding imbalance (moderate) A role played by the entity which regulates the process of tumor cell proliferation. regulator of tumor cell proliferation Eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed in the form that the cytoplasm presents eosinophilic granules based on pathological morphology. The degree is mild. This finding is observable as a result of increasing peroxisome caused by PPAR. eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver Pathological Findings] [eosinogranular degeneration (mild) ] Eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed in the form that the cytoplasm presents eosinophilic granules based on pathological morphology. The degree is moderate. This finding is observable as a result of increasing peroxisome caused by PPAR. eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver Pathological Findings] [eosinogranular degeneration (moderate) ] Eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed in the form that the cytoplasm presents eosinophilic granules based on pathological morphology. The degree is severe. This finding is observable as a result of increasing peroxisome caused by PPAR. eosinophilic granular degeneration [Liver Pathological Findings] [eosinogranular degeneration (severe) ] Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable in the course of lipidosis. The degree is mild. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. vacuolation [Liver Pathological Findings][Lipidosis(mild)] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Phosphatidylcholine efflux is a subtype of moving A to the outside of B: A process that excretes phosphatidylcholine to the outside of a cell or organelle. phosphatidylcholine efflux Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable in the course of lipidosis. The degree is moderate. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. vacuolation [Liver Pathological Findings][Lipidosis(moderate)] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Fatty change [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocytes. Lesions are observed as lipid droplets consisting of neutral fat in the hepatocyte based on pathological morphology. This finding is observable in the course of lipidosis. The degree is severe. A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. vacuolation [Liver Pathological Findings][Lipidosis(severe)] A metabolic disorder of neutral fat causes fatty change. Lipid droplets consisting of large and small neutral fats (triglycerides) increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the case of large lipid droplets, the uneven distribution of nuclei is observed, but in the case of small loose droplets (microvesicular fatty change), uneven distribution of nuclei is not observed. According to the distribution, it classifies into centrilobular, periportal, and diffuse type. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/isbn/4890134719.html?txt_isbn=4890134719 Ground glass appearance [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Based on the pathological morphology, lesions are observed as a frosted-like change in whole or most of the hepatocytes. This finding is observable in the course of ground glass appearance. The degree is severe. ground glass appearance [Liver Pathological Findings] [Ground glass appearance (severe)] PMID:29147025 ceramide -apoptosis inducer [Phospholipidosis - positive regulation of apoptosis] Changing cell survival-cell death balance is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of cell number between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. changing cell survival-cell death balance Maintaining cell survival-cell death balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. maintaining cell survival - cell death balance Cell survival-cell death imbalance is a subtype is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. cell survival-cell death imbalance Cell survival-cell death imbalance is a subtype is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). cell survival-cell death imbalance [Phospholipidosis (severe)] Changing cell survival-cell death balance is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of cell number between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. changing cell survival-cell death balance [Phospholipidosis] Maintaining cell survival-cell death balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. maintaining cell survival-cell death balance [Phospholipidosis] PMID:26481188 GRP78 - tumor cell enhanced survlival factor (canonical)[ER stress - tumor survival] Changing cell homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of cell within an organ or an organism. changing cell homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cell within an organ or an organism. maintaining cell homeostasis Cell homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a cell homeostastasis balance. cell homeostasis imbalance The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. sequestering of calcium ion [ER stress] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5319 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18778 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29526 PMID:15528384 PMID:16005851 PLA2G1B(mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5319 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18778 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18778 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29526 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5320 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18780 PMID:27060751 PLA2G2A(mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5320 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5320 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18780 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5320 PMID:27060751 PMID:28663239 PLA2G2A(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5320 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5320 PMID:27060751 Dimethyl ester of bilirubin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. PMID:28663239 Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA modulates insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) is a member of a family of secretory phospholipases that have been implicated in inflammation, atherogenesis, and antibacterial actions. The IIA+ mice were more insulin sensitive and glucose tolerant than the BL/6 mice, even when the IIA+ mice were provided the high fat diet. The IIA+ mice had increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), suggesting that PLA2G2A activates mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT. PMID:10330231 Hmox1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 PMID:27571925 PMID:28497199 PMID:30515391 PMID:30606233 PMID:30927048 HMOX1 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3162 PMID:27571925 Heme oxygenase-1 retards hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the microRNA pathway. PMID:30515391 S-Allyl Cysteine Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Injury and Apoptosis through Upregulation of Akt/Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HepG2 Cells. PMID:30606233 14-3-3ζ inhibits heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degradation and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation: involvement of STAT3 signaling. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 PMID:27325557 PKIB (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5570 PMID:27325557 PKIB promotes cell proliferation and the invasion-metastasis cascade through the PI3K/Akt pathway in NSCLC cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 KCNMA1 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3778 Combining role with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. IMR:0000137 (obsolete) Wikipedia:GPCR GPCR related molecular function GO:0004930 G-Protein Coupled Receptor A role played by the entity that positively regulates the process ofof G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle role. G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle An affinity which is relatively high. increased affinity A role played by the entity that positively regulates the process of cell cycle phase transition. positive regulator of cell cycle phase transition role Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. The degree is mild. forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid (mild) Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. The degree is moderate. forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid (moderate) Forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid is a subtype of forming a complex of drugs and biological substance: A process that forms a complex consisiting phospholipids and CAD (Cationic Amphiphilic Drug) in the lysosomal membrane, which causes structural change of the membrane. The degree is severe. forming a complex of CAD and phospholipid (severe) Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder]. PMID:31623280 cell death [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. Glutathione depletion is a subtype of depleting: A process that lessens markedly in the amount of glutathione. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 glutathione depletion [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels could also be due to its reduced uptake by mitochondria as a result of enhanced levels of cholesterol within the inner mitochondrial membrane and the decrease in synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl donor in liver and precursor to GSH. PMID:29147025 S1P -apoptosis inhibitor[Phospholipidosis - positive regulation of apoptosis] PLA2positively regulator of immune response (canonical) [Phospholipidosis] A role played by the entity which positivey regulates the process of infmammatory response. positive regulator of immune response NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 PMID:15784740 https://omim.org/entry/608034 https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5691507 ASPA (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/443 PMID:15784740 The gene encoding ASPA has been inactivated in the mouse model of CD, and here we show significant decreases in the synthesis of six classes of myelin-associated lipids, as well as reduced acetate levels, in the brains of these mice at the time of peak postnatal CNS myelination. There was an ≈79% reduction in free acetate levels in the brains of ASPA–/– mice but that the levels in kidney and liver were not reduced relative to controls. https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5691507 Aspartoacylase (ASPA) is a cytosolic zinc metalloenzyme highly expressed in brain white matter, skeletal muscle, kidney, adrenal glands, lung and liver. ASPA catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate (CH3COO-) and L-aspartate (L-Asp). NAA occurs in high concentration in brain and is thought to play a significant part in the maintenance of intact white matter. In other tissues it acts as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids. Defects in ASPA lead to Canavan disease (CAND; MIM:271900), a fatal neurological disorder of infants characterised by white matter vacuolisation and demyelination (Herga et al. 2006, Le Coq et al. 2006, Bitto et al. 2007). PMID:19000037 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 PMID:11387212 PMID:23781020 PMID:25331956 PMID:27398911 DAB2 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:19000037 Dab2 regulates clathrin assembly and cell spreading. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1601 PMID:11387212 TGFβ stimulation triggers a transient increase in association of Dab2 with Smad2 and Smad3, which is mediated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dab2 and the MH2 domain of Smad2. Dab2 associates with both the type I and type II TGFβ receptors in vivo, suggesting that Dab2 is part of a multiprotein signaling complex. Re-introduction of Dab2 in ovarian, prostate and choriocarcinoma cell lines resulted in a decreased growth rate while Dab2-transfected SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells formed tumors 50% smaller compared with parental cells when injected into nude mice, demonstrating that Dab2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID:23781020 Myosin VI and its cargo adaptors - linking endocytosis and autophagy. Owing to the presence of binding motifs for AP-2, clathrin and myosin VI, Dab2 functions as an adaptor that links myosin VI LI to clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. PMID:25331956 The clathrin adaptor proteins ARH, Dab2, and numb play distinct roles in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 versus low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake. PMID:27398911 Further, CTSB-mediated Dab2 degradation attenuates drug-induced apoptosis by promoting autophagy and cell survival, and CTSB KD or overexpression of CTSB-resistant Dab2 enhances drug-induced apoptosis by abrogating autophagy. Thus, we identify Dab2 as an inhibitor of autophagy and a promoter of apoptosis, suggesting that targeting of this molecular mechanism may provide therapeutic benefit. Substance with cytokine role is a subtype of substance with role. This entity is inferred from Description Logic. substance with cytokine role Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of type II diabetes. PMID:26006114 Insulin resistance (process) [Type II Diabetes] PMID:26006114 Insulin resistance alters hepatic ethanol metabolism: studies in mice and children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required absolutely. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of type I diabetes. insulin absolute deficiency A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid hydrolysis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). negative regulation of phospholipid hydrolysis [Phospholipidosis (latent)] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. sphingomyelin anabolism sphingomyelin biosynthesis sphingomyelin formation sphingomyelin synthesis sphingomyelin biosynthetic process[Niemann Pick Disease Type A] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. sphingomyelin anabolism sphingomyelin biosynthesis sphingomyelin formation sphingomyelin synthesis sphingomyelin biosynthetic process[Niemann Pick Disease Type B] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. ISBN:0198506732 Insulin deficiency is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that lacks performing the insulin function required. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of type II diabetes. insulin relative deficiency [diabetes course] Cyp4a11 relates to cardiovascular abnormality (blood pressure, etc.). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 PMID:12464261 PMID:16712844 PMID:18433732 PMID:21912424 PMID:30069903 CYP4A11(predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1579 PMID:12464261 The PPARalpha agonist Wy14643 induced CYP4A11 mRNA in confluent cultures of HepG2 cells stably expressing the murine PPARalpha-E282G mutant. This mutant exhibits a significantly decreased ligand-independent trans-activation and can be activated by Wy14643 to a level similar to that of wild-type PPARalpha. PMID:16712844 Treatment of HepaRG cells with all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in a strong decrease in CYP4A11 gene expression and apoprotein content and, furthermore, was associated with a 50% decrease in the microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation activity. Such a strong suppression of CYP4A11 expression by retinoids could have a major impact on fatty acid metabolism in the liver. Hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation (severe) is a subtype of hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation: A process that performs an excessive phospholipid degradation severely. hyperfunction of phospholipid degradation (severe) Increasing phospholipid inflow (severe) is a subtype of increase in phospholipid inflow: A process that changes the phospholipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. increasing phospholipid inflow (severe) NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 PMID:19528259 PMID:26241657 http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5683240 https://omim.org/entry/613714 NCR3LG1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/374383 PMID:19528259 The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans. PMID:26241657 NKP30-B7-H6 Interaction Aggravates Hepatocyte Damage through Up-Regulation of Interleukin-32 Expression in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure. The totality of all processes through which a given Niepamnn-pick disease instance is realized. Niemann–Pick disease course EIF2A - cell cycle arresr inducer (canonical)[ER stress - translation] Cell homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a cell homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). cell homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis (severe)] Changing cell homeostasis is a subtype of changing balance: A process that changes the steady state of cell within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. changing cell homeostasis [Phospholipidosis] Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cell within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. maintaining cell homeostasis [Phospholiipidosis] Increasing energy is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). increasing energy [Phospholipidosis(severe)] Increasing energy is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. increasing energy [Phospholipidosis] Energy supply is a subtype of providing process to perform a meta-function “to provide energy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). energy supply [Phospholipidosis(severe)] Energy supply is a subtype of providing process to perform a meta-function “to provide energy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. energy supply [Phospholipidosis] Increasing number of dead cells in liver is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process that becomes larger in the number of dead cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). increasing number of dead cells in liver [Phosholipidosis] Cell survival-cell death imbalance is a subtype is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. cell survival-cell death imbalance [Ground glass appearance] Cell survival-cell death imbalance is a subtype is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between cell death and cell survival within an organ or an organism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of ER stress. maintaining cell survival-cell death balance [ER stress] PMID:29147025 ceramide -phopholipid metabolite [Phospholipidosis - positive regulation of apoptosis] Any intermediate or product resulting from phospholipid metabolism. phospholipid metabolite Decreasing ceramide is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the ceramide to be lower. decreasing ceramide ASAH1 is an estrogen-dependent member of the sphingolipid metabolism, which might provide further prognostic information in ER-positive breast cancers. PMID:17064658 PMID:23423838 PMID:29147025 http://omim.org/entry/613468 ASAH1 (human) - apoptosis inducer [Phospholipidosis] PMID:23423838 ASAH1 is an estrogen-dependent member of the sphingolipid metabolism, which might provide further prognostic information in ER-positive breast cancers. PMID:19905902 PMID:17064658 Acid ceramidase and human disease. PMID:23423838 Acid ceramidase as a therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer. Mitochondrial damage dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Mitochondrial damage as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ mitochondrial damage dependent molecule (human in vitro) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64081 PBLD (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:64081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64081 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 CYP3A5 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1577 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8743 TNFSF10 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8743 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8743 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6372 CXCL6 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6372 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10635 RAD51AP1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10635 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10635 Oranic anion export is a subtype of moving A to the outside of B: A process of the directed movement of organic anions into, out of a cell, or an organelle, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. oranic anion export PMID:30894684, Hepatocarcinoma cell NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 PMID:30894684 CCL2 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6347 PMID:30894684 CCL2 is a multifunctional factor involved in various aspects of liver disease pathogenesis, including cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that CCL2 promotes the accumulation and polarization of macrophages by CCR2 receptor signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that CCL2 was a critical mediator to link the cytosolic mtDNA stress in HCC cells and TAM infiltration. NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 PMID:24746669 CDK1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/983 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3161 HMMR (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3161 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 PMID:29222479 GDF15 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9518 PMID:29222479 Treatment with alcohol also increased the levels of secreted GDF15 in supernatants of cultured hepatocytes. We next investigated the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on GDF15 expression in hepatocytes. Inhibition of the mitochondrial OXPHOS complex using oligomycin or rotenone significantly increased Gdf15 expression and GDF15 secretion by cultured hepatocytes. Hepatic Gdf15 expression and serum levels of GDF15 were remarkably increased in alcohol-fed mice. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1719 DHFR (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1719 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1719 Severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system is a subtype of sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system: A process that keeps sphingomyelin in the lysosome of nervous system severely. severe sphingomyelin accumulation in lysosome of nervous system Spleen hyperfunction is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive spleen function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. spleen hyperfunction [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Malfunctioning of hepatic blood circulation is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform hepatic blood circulation function appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. malfunctioning of hepatic blood circulation [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Hepatic vascular circulation disorder dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of hepatic vascular circulation disorder. hepatic vascular circulation disorder dependent process Hepatic shunt formtion is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that makes abnormal communications between the hepatic arteries, portal veins, and hepatic or systemic veins. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatic blood circulatory disorder. hepatic shunt formtion [hepatic blood circulatory disorder] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. PMID:20303879 PMID:21038418 PMID:22883813 PMID:25232821 PMID:26609140 PMID:27346803 PMID:27814504 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887297/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887297/figure/F1/ inflammatory response [Lipidosis] PMID:20303879 IRE1->JNK->AP-1->inflammatory response IRE1->XBP1s->IL6, IL8, MCP1 IRE1->IKK->NfkB ATF6->NfkB Perk->reducedIkB->NfkB PMID:21038418 Inflammation Preceding Steatosis. Simple hepatic steatosis, which is benign and nonprogressive in the majority of patients, and NASH may reflect different disease entities. Inflammation results in a stress response of hepatocytes, may lead to lipid accumulation, and therefore could precede steatosis in NASH. PMID:22883813 When activated, all three sensors of the unfolded protein response (UPR), PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, participate in upregulating inflammatory processes. ER stress in various cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and intestinal bowel and airway diseases. Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. hepatic fibrosis [Lipidosis] Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that that moves the  outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. inflammatory cell infiltration [Lipidosis] Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte is a subtype of lipid storage: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. lipid accumulation in hepatocyte Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (mild) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes mildly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. lipid strorage in hepatocyte [Lipidosis (mild)] lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (mild) [Lipidosis] An cross-sectional area which is relatively low. decreased cross-sectional area A 2-D extent attribute of the bearer which has been cut off to an axis. cross-sectional area Balooning [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. On the basis of pathological morphology, the cytoplasm becomes enlarged like balloons accompanied by the vacuolation. balooning [Liver Pathological Findings] Balooning [Liver PathologicalFindings] is a type of finding observed in the liver. On the basis of pathological morphology, the cytoplasm becomes enlarged like balloons accompanied by the vacuolation . This finding is observable in the course of lipidosis. balooning [Liver Pathological Findings] [Lipidosis] Hypofunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hypofunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient fatty acid degradation. hypofunction of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation CCL3 Cl[C](Cl)Cl CCL3 [lipidosis] trichloromethyl(.) [NASH] in vitro (human) 2hr This course is categorized from the viewpoint of the findings of fatty change. This entity is inferred from Description Logic. toxic course based on fatty change NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 Cyp1A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24297 A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. fluid flow rate Mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA randomly and permanently. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease. mutation [Niemann Pick Disease] Regulation of transmitting is a subtype of controlling: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmitting. regulation of transmitting Regulation of bile acid and bile salt transport is a subtype of regulation of transport (biology): Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of bile acid and bile salts . regulation of bile acid and bile salt transport A role which enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. related molecular function GO:0005215 transporter A role enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules. related molecular function GO:0015267 channel Phosphholipid binding by phospholipase is a subtype of phospholipid binding: Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids byphospholipases. phosphholipid binding by phospholipase Protein dimerization is a subtype of protein polymerization: The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. protein dimerization Niemann–Pick disease dependent process is a subtype of disease course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of Niemann–Pick disease. Niemann–Pick disease dependent process [diabetes course] NFKB (canonical)[Fibrosis] A role played by the entity that regulates transcriptional elongation by enabling the transition from transcription initiation to elongation or by altering the elongation properties of the enzyme during the elongation phase of transcription. transcriptional elongation factor related molecular function GO:0003711 transcription elongation regulation factor A role played by the entity to initiate or regulate transcription. IMR:0000368 (obsolete) This term is sometimes used for both gene regulatory proteins as well as the general transcription factors. transcription factor An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10048998 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000210 acute phase responses by cytokines A role played by the entity which regulates the formation of phospholipids. phospholipid metabolic regulator role A role played by the entity which regulates fatty acid metabolic process. fatty accid metabolic regulator role NCBI-Human-GeneID:6772 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20846 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25124 STAT1 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6772 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6772 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20846 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20846 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25124 A role played by the entity which involves in regulating a gene expression process. gene expression regulator role Phospholipid metabolism balance is a subtype of maintaining balance: A process that keeps a balance of phospholipid metabolism at small level. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). phospholipid metabolism balance [Phospholipidosis (adaptation2)] Dysfunction of fatty acid degradation is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete fatty acid degradation. dysfunction of fatty acid degradation A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour. tranquilizing drug A role played by the entity which regulates the glutathione synthesis. glutathione synthesis regulating agent role A role played by the entity which enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. related molecular function GO:0005267 potassium channel A role played by the entity which enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. related molecular function GO:0005272 sodium channel A role played by the entity that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. General term for proteins in intracellular signaling pathways that link different proteins in the pathway directly together. IMR:0000333 (obsolete) anchoring protein docking protein scaffold protein adaptor protein role General term for proteins in intracellular signaling pathways that link different proteins in the pathway directly together. ISBN:0815340729 PMID:9405336 Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. major tranquilizers neuroleptic antipsychotic agent Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be more likely than second generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements; such body movements can become permanent even after treatment has ceased. Wikipedia:Typical_antipsychotic first generation antipsychotic Protein that catalyze a specific chemical reaction. IMR:0000207 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0003824 enzyme Protein that catalyze a specific chemical reaction. ISBN:0815340729 phenothiazine antipsychotic drug Catalysis role of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. IMR:0010034 (obsolete) related molecular function: GO:0004386 helicase Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. EC:3.-.-.- IMR:0010044 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0016787 hydrolase Catalysis role of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. IMR:0000918 (obsolete) ATP hydrolase adenosine 5'-triphosphatase adenosine triphosphatase complex V (mitochondrial electron transport) related molecular function GO:0016887 ATPase ATP hydrolase EC:3.6.1.3 adenosine 5'-triphosphatase EC:3.6.1.3 adenosine triphosphatase EC:3.6.1.3 A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood. opioid analgesic Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. EC:3.2.-.- IMR:0010049 (obsolete) glycosylase Catalysis role of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. EC:3.2.2 DNA glycosylase DNA N-glycosylase Catalysis role of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. PMID:11554296 Catalysis role of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate. EC:3.6.5.- IMR:0000960 (obsolete) related moleular function: GO:0003924 GTPase A role of the RAS superfamily of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) hydrolysis-coupled signal transduction relay protein. It can be subclassified into RAS, RHO, RAB, and ARF families, as well as the closely related G alpha family. The members of each family can, in turn, be arranged into evolutionarily conserved branches. These groupings reflect structural, biochemical, and functional conservation. EC:3.6.5.2 small G-protein small GTP-binding protein small GTPase Ras superfamily small GTPase A role of the RAS superfamily of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) hydrolysis-coupled signal transduction relay protein. It can be subclassified into RAS, RHO, RAB, and ARF families, as well as the closely related G alpha family. The members of each family can, in turn, be arranged into evolutionarily conserved branches. These groupings reflect structural, biochemical, and functional conservation. PMID:15367757 PMID:15731001 Catalysis role of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes. IMR:0001166 (obsolete) related molecule fuction GO:0004407 HDAC histone deacetylase Catalysis role of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes. EC:3.5.1.98 PMID:9893272 Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. EC:3.1.1 IMR:0000281 (obsolete) related molecular fuction : GO:0004620 phospholipase Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid. ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis role of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group. EC:3.1.4.- PDE phosphodiesterase related molecular function GO:0008081 phosphoric diester hydrolase Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate. EC:3.1.3. EC:3.1.3.41 IMR:0000517 (obsolete) phosphoric monoester hydrolase activity NPPase activity related molecular function GO:0016791 phosphatase Catalysis role of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC:3.1.3.9 IMR:0010260 (obsolete) D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity G-6-Pase G6Pase glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity glucose-6-phosphatase Catalysis role of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC:3.1.3.9 D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity EC:3.1.3.9 glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity EC:3.1.3.9 Catalysis role of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. IMR:0000272 (obsolete) phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase protein phosphatase protein phosphatase-2A related molecular function GO:0004721 phosphoprotein phosphatase Catalysis role of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity. EC:3.1.3.16 phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase EC:3.1.3.16 protein phosphatase EC:3.1.3.16 Catalysis role of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.16 IMR:0000277 (obsolete) serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase related molecular function GO:0004722 protein serine/threonine phosphatase Catalysis role of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. IMR:0100208 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0008138 Note that this term applies only to free amino acids. protein serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphatase Compound accumulation in lysosome is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). compound accumulation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis (latent)] PMID:16979167 Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.48 PPT-phosphatase PTPase [phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase phosphoprotein phosphatase (phosphotyrosine) phosphotyrosine histone phosphatase phosphotyrosine phosphatase phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase tyrosine O-phosphate phosphatase tyrosylprotein phosphatase related molecular function GO:0004725 protein tyrosine phosphatase Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. EC:3.1.3.48 A role played by the entity which enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. related molecular function GO:0015276 ligand-gated ion channel A role played by the entity interacting selectively and non-covalently and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68). This term refers to the adaptor proteins that possesses both SH2 and SH3 domains, such as Grb2, Nck and Crk, and does not include adaptor proteins that contain only SH2 or PTB domains, such as the Shc family and the IRS family. IMR:0000334 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005070 SH2/SH3 adaptor protein role This term refers to the adaptor proteins that possesses both SH2 and SH3 domains, such as Grb2, Nck and Crk, and does not include adaptor proteins that contain only SH2 or PTB domains, such as the Shc family and the IRS family. PMID:10393272 A role played by the entity interacting selectively and non-covalently and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close using Death Domains. IMR:0000742 (obsolete) death domain-containing adaptor protein DD-containing adaptor protein role An attribute of morphology inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. size (attribute) A role played by the entity that acts as docking sites for multiple signaling molecules. IMR:0000345 (obsolete) docking protein A role played by the entity that acts as docking sites for multiple signaling molecules. PMID:11057895 PMID:9405336 A role of involving the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. related molecular function GO:0003743 translation initiation factor Lipid Mediator role is played by a lipid having bioactivity, which is transiently produced locally, acts on a cell membrane receptor located in its place, transmits a signal, and usually is decomposed promptly. IMR:0100181 (obsolete) lipid mediator The role of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. IMR:0100710 (obsolete) ribosomal protein reated molecular function GO:0003735 structural constituent of ribosome A role played by the molecule to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell. IMR:0000166 (obsolete) cell adhesion mediator related molecular function GO:0098631 adhesion molecule The role played by the molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. IMR:0000185(obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005200 cytoskeletal protein A role played by the entity that catalyses the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate. molecular motor IMR:0000518 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0003774 motor protein The role of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell. IMR:0000950 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0005198 structural molecule The role played by the molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an microfilament (actin filament). Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells actin filament protein related cellular component GO:0005884 microfilament protein The role played by the molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the intermediate filaments. IMR:0000496 (obsolete) related cellular component GO:0005882 intermediate filament protein The role played by the molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of cytoskeletal fibers. related cellular component GO:0099513 cytoskeletal fiber protein The role of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix. IMR:0000540 (obsolete) ECM protein related molecular function GO:0005201 extracellular matrix structural constituent A role played by the entity of transport systems. This type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. IMR:0000656 (obsolete) relate molecular function GO:0015250 water channel A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. IMR:0000929 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0015171 amino acid transmembrane transporter A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other. related molecular function GO:0022857 transmembrane transporter A role played by the entity which enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. related molecular function GO:0005319 lipid transportor A role played by the entity which enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. related molecular function GO:0005548 phospholipid transporter A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides. sugar transmembrane transporter A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides. ISBN:0815340729 A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. related molecular finction GO:0015075 ion transmembrane transporter A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. Reactome:REACT_10072 Reactome:REACT_10091 Reactome:REACT_10124 related molecular function GO:0015125 bile acid transmembrane transporter Reactome:REACT_10072 Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A, Homo sapiens Reactome:REACT_10091 Transport (influx) of glycocholate and taurocholate by OATP-C, Homo sapiens Reactome:REACT_10124 Transport (influx) of glycocholate and taurocholate by OATP-8, Homo sapiens A role played by the entity which enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(out) + Na+(out) = bile acid(in) + Na+(in). sodium/bile acid symporter related molecular function GO:0008508 bile acid:sodium symporter A role played by the entity which changes the size of the operand(s). role related to changing size IMR:0000914 (obsolete) G-protein re;ated molecular function GO:0005525 GTP-binding protein The entity of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits (or beta-gamma dimers) of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding (G) proteins. It is an intracellular membrane-associated protein activated by various receptors (e.g., beta adrenergic). It serves as transducers of the receptor-initiated response linked to intracellular elements, such as enzymes, that generate second messengers to initiate an effect. G-protein heterotrimeric G-protein trimeric GTP-binding protein trimeric G-protein A role played by the entity which changes the quality of the operand(s). role related to changing quality A role played by the entity to make multiple components to an assembly role related to assembling role related to regulating regulator role A role played by the entity that inhibits molecular activity. molecular inhibitor role related to changing A role played by the entity involved in changing process. changer role A role played by the entity which regulates molecular activities. molecular (activity) regulator A role played by the entity that activates molecular activity. molecular activator type converter is a role played by the entity to change the type of the operand(s) type converter A role played by the entity that interacts specifically and non-covalently with a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP-dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-binding transcription factor with other transcription coregulators. related molecular function GO:0003712 transcription coregulator A role played by the entity that interacts specifically and non-covalently with a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor to activate the transcription of specific genes. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP-dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin. Another type of coregulator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the basal transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator. IMR:0000424 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0003713 transcriptional co-activator lysosomal process mitochondrial procress A role of the entity which positively/negatively regulates a signaling pathway or metabolic pathway. IMR:0000428 (obsolete) pathway regulator IMR:0001160 (obsolete) inhibitor of Wnt signaling pathway negative regulator of Wnt signaling pathway A role played by the entity which binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme. IMR:0000429 (obsolete) related molecular function GO:0030234 catalytic regulator enzyme modulator enzyme regulator A role of the entity of binding to a specific ion or molecule and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location. related molecular function GO:0140104 molecular carrier A role played by the entity which positively regulates the process of tumorigenesis. positive regulator of tumorigenesis role A role played by the entity that regulates the activity of tumor cells. regulator of tumor cell activity role A role played by the entity which regulates the process of infmammatory response. regulator of immune response A role played by the entity of funtion as realizable entity. functional role receiver role related to receiving A physical attribute inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced hardness (attribute) A role played by the entity involved in changing some state. changing state role A role played by the entity that contributes to keep the structural integrity. keeping structure role A role played by the entity which assists the molecule activity. molecular (activity) co-regulator Keeping structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that maintains the structure of the object at a constant level . keeping structure GRP94 - tumor cell enhanced survlival factor (canonical)[ER stress] PMID:25463537 HSP90B1 - tumor cell production promoting factor (human)[ER stress] PMID:25463537 PMID:25463537 Endoplasmic reticulum heat shock protein gp96 maintains liver homeostasis and promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Inhibition of gp96 in human HCCs perturbed multiple growth signals, and attenuated proliferation and expansion. ER stress dependent process (molecular level) is a subtype of ER stress dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of endoplasmic reticulum stress and specifies the molecular level. ER stress dependent process (molecular level) The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. apoptosome assembly [Cell death] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:367038 PMID:2335054 Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP1M2 (canonical)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10053 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:367038 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/367038 Leaking content from cell is a subtype of leaking: A process that leaks contents from the cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. leaking content from cell [Cholestasis] Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that that moves the outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. This entity is a specific course dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cholestasis. inflammatory cell infiltration [Cholestasis] Increasing organelle volume is a subtype of increasing volume: A process that changes the volume of the organelle to be higher. increasing organelle volume Hepatic fibrosis dependent process is a subtype of toxic course dependent process: A process that can constitute the course of hepatic fibrosis. hepatic fibrosis dependent process Kupffer cell activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of a kupffer cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. kupffer cell activation [Fibrosis] It is an attribute of structure inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). permeability (attribute) The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. cytokine secretion [Fibrosis] A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hepatic stellate cell activation [Fibrosis] A physical attribute inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. fluid flow rate (attribute) ISBN:0071769234 CCL4 [NASH] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid in Table 13-2. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Hepatic fibrosis dependent chemical entity is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity can participate in the course of hepatic fibrosis. hepatic fibrosis dependent chemical entity Hepatic fibrosis dependent gene is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of hepatic fibrosis as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. hepatic fibrosis dependent molecule (canonical) NCBI-Human-GeneID: NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: NCBI-Rat-GeneID: TGFB1 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59086 PDGF (canonical)[Fibrosis] Counting numbers of objects and how many times an event happens are essential not to individuals in them but to collectives of objects or events. counting quality Addition of xenobiotics is a subtype of addition of foreign substance: A process that xenobiotics to make an addition to a cell, organelle, or an organism. addition of xenobiotics The multiplication or reproduction of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a hepatic stellate cell population. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, and are capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hepatic stellate cell proliferation [Fibrosis] Increasing drug metabolite is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of drug metabolites to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of lipidosis. Increasing drug metabolite [lipidosis] The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. myoblast differentiation [Fibrosis] A number quality which is relatively few. decreased number (quality) A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. extracellular structure organization [Fibrosis] Liver Enriched Antimicrobial Peptide 2 This gene encodes a cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide that is expressed predominantly in the liver. The mature peptide has activity against gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014] NCBI-Human-GeneID:116842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:259301 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497901 PMID:27335344 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116842 LEAP2 (human)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:116842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:259301 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/259301 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497901 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/497901 PMID:27335344 These findings suggest a model in which LEAP2 could act at the extracellular level as a modulator of FGF and activin signals in relation with cellular processes such as cell differentiation and migration. Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly [Fibrosis] High Mobility Group AT-Hook 1 This gene encodes a chromatin-associated protein involved in the regulation of gene transcription, integration of retroviruses into chromosomes, and the metastatic progression of cancer cells. The encoded protein preferentially binds to the minor groove of AT-rich regions in double-stranded DNA. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been identified on multiple chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016] https://omim.org/entry/600701 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117062 PMID:27001612  PMID:27855356 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3159 HMGA1 (human)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3159 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15361 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117062 PMID:27001612  The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) gene is highly overexpressed in human uterine serous carcinomas and carcinosarcomas and drives Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in a subset of tumors. PMID:27855356 HMGA1 Expression in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Correlates with Poor Prognosis and Promotes Tumor Growth and Migration in in vitro Models. HMGA1 is frequently expressed in cirrhotic tissues and HCCs and its expression is associated with worse prognosis in HCC. This course is categorized from the viewpoint of pathological findings derived by inference. toxic course based on pathological findings This course is categorized from the viewpoint of the findings of eosinogranular degeneration. toxic course based on the eosinogranular degeneration (finding) This course is categorized from the viewpoint of the findings of ground glass appearance. toxic course based on ground glass appearance CERB processing is a subtype of protein processing: CREB maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within CREB protein. CERB processing NCBI-Human-GeneID:1906 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13614 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24323 ET-1 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1906 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1906 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13614 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13614 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24323 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24323 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 CCL2 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6347 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24770 acetaldehyde [Fibrosis] The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation See also the biological process terms 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968' and 'retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol ; GO:0030970'. cytoplasm protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system Hepatic fibrosis dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of hepatic fibrosis. hepatic fibrosis dependent chemical compound CCL4 [Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4318 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17395 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81687 MMP9 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4318 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4318 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17395 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17395 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81687 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81687 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3552 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16175 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24493 IL-1 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3552 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3552 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16175 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16175 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24493 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 IL-6 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24498 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 TNFΑ (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4313 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17390 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81686 MMP2 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4313 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4313 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17390 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17390 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81686 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81686 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 CXCR3 (canonical)[Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84475 A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. necrosis [Fibrosis] CCL3 production is a subtype of generating a substance : A process that synthesizes trichloromethyl(.) as output. CCL3 production Decreasing blood flow is a subtype of decreasing flow: A process that changes the blood flow to be smaller. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. decreasing blood flow [Fibrosis] Scarring is a subtype of changing material: A process of keeping area replaced into fibrous tissue by injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. scarring [fibrosis] The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. nodule formation [Fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7077 TIMP2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7076 TIMP2 (canonical)[Fibrosis] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. negative regulation of apoptotic process [Fibrosis] CCL3 production is a subtype of generating a substance : A process that synthesizes trichloromethyl(.) as output. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NASH. PMID:12708612 CCL3 production [NASH] PMID:12708612 CCl4 is activated by cytochrome (CYP)2E1, CYP2B1 or CYP2B2, and possibly CYP3A, to form the trichloromethyl radical, CCl3*. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:10876156 PMID:11016923 PMID:1637335 PMID:1837142 PMID:27398911 CTSB (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:10876156 Lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is targeted to lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate-independent pathway in rat hepatocytes: site-specific phosphorylation in oligosaccharides of the proregion. PMID:11016923 These observations suggest that the mechanism of insertion of cathepsin B on the plasma membrane and its cellular traffic can be dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at cell surface. In addition, this hypothesis is also supported by the perinuclear cathepsin B location in tumor cells, as also observed for the cellular distribution of heparan sulfate complexed to fibroblast growth factor. PMID:1637335 Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar. PMID:1837142 Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. brain PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. Decreasing stored glycogen is a subtype of decreasing glycogen level: A process that changes the stored amount of glycogen level to be lower. decreasing stored glycogen Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:12563100 negative regulation of gap junction assembly [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 During cell division, cell-cell communication through gap-junctions is temporarily disrupted. Tumor promotors such as phenobarbital decrease gap junctional intercellular communication. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition This gene encodes a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is a key regulator of xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. The protein binds to DNA as a monomer or a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor and regulates the transcription of target genes involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance, such as cytochrome P450 family members. Unlike most nuclear receptors, this transcriptional regulator is constitutively active in the absence of ligand but is regulated by both agonists and inverse agonists. Ligand binding results in translocation of this protein to the nucleus, where it activates or represses target gene transcription. These ligands include bilirubin, a variety of foreign compounds, steroid hormones, and prescription drugs. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] 9970 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65035 http://omim.org/entry/603881 Gene name: NR1I3 CAR (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9970 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12355 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65035 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 CYP2E1 (canonical)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25086 The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. cell division [Ground glass appearance] Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0048255 negative regulation of mRNA degradation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. positive regulation of cell division [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of adherens junction assembly is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 negative regulation of adherens junction assembly [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 During cell division, cell-cell communication through gap-junctions is temporarily disrupted. Tumor promotors such as phenobarbital decrease gap junctional intercellular communication. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition Changing cycle phase is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the cycle phase. changing periodicity changing cycle phase Maintaining cyclicity is a subtype of changing cyclicity: A process that keepss the repeating values in regular cycles (periods). maintaining cyclicity Cytochrome P450 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the cytochrome P450 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NASH. PMID:2708612 Cytochrome P450 activation [Glutathione depletion] P450 activation [Glutathione depletion] Cytochrome P450 activation [NASH] PMID:26456005 Extracellular matrix production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between extracellular matrix production and degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. extracellular matrix production- degradation imbalance [Fibrosis] Extracellular matrix production- degradation imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that lacks a balance between extracellular matrix production and degradation. extracellular matrix production- degradation imbalance Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Fibrosis. hepatic fibrosis [Fibrosis] The totality of all processes through which hepatic fibrosis is realized by alcoholic liver injury. under construction hepatic fibrosis by alcoholic liver injury The totality of all processes through which hepatic fibrosis is realized by NASH. under construction hepatic fibrosis by NASH NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 PMID:19590965 PMID:21177773 CYP1A2(canonical) [Glutathione depletion] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24297 PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. PMID:21177773 Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, convert 5–9% of acetaminophen to a highly reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine (NAPQI) (Corcoran et al., 1980; Dahlin et al., 1984). Overeating is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the ingestion amount of food to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NAFLD. overeating [NAFLD] Increasing fatty acid synthesis substrate is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of the substrate of the fatty acid synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing fatty acid synthesis substrate [lipidosis] Converting to acetyl CoA is a subtype of metabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (NAFLD). converting to acetyl CoA [NAFLD] Increasing amount of carbohydrate is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of carbohydrates to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis (NAFLD). increasing amount of carbohydrate [NAFLD] Increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the lipid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NAFLD. increase in lipid inflow into hepatocyte [NAFLD] Increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the fatty acid inflow into the hepatocyte to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of NAFLD. increaing in fatty acid inflow into hepatocyte [NAFLD] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 PMID:10962028 PMID:20817607 PMID:21286345 SREBP1C (canonical)[Lipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78968 Negative regulation of adherens junction assembly is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction assembly. negative regulation of adherens junction assembly A role played by the entity to transmit something to be detected. signal role Molecular assembly is a subtype of assembling: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of molecules. molecular assembly A role played by the entity to transmit the stress to be detected. stress signal role NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16416 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29302 ITGB3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3690 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16416 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16416 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29302 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29302 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00A02 PMID:26977301 tunicamycin - apoptosis inducer [ER stress] PMID:26977301 Open TG-Gates compound_id:00A02 PMID:26977301 tunicamycin - lipidosis inducer [ER stress] lipofuscin granule Melanin granule is a sutype of pigment granule melanin granule A role played by the entity which involves in inducing lipidosis lipidosis inducer role steatosis inducer role NCBI-Human-GeneID:1385 CREB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1385 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1385 Lysosomal cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the lysosome severely. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. lysosomal cholesterol storage (severe)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:23921551 Inflammasome activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the inflammasome to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. PMID:18667412 PMID:21760595 Reactome: R-HSA-844456.2 Inflammasome activation [pyroptosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 PMID:20303873 CASP1 (canonical)[pyroptopsis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/834 Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression[pyroptosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 PMID:21760595 IL-1B (canonical)[pyroptosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 Compound accumulation in liver is a subtype of accumulation of xenobiotics: A process that keeps compound in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Cell death. compound accumulation in liver [Cell death] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of pyroptosis. inflammatory response [pyroptosis] Inflammatory cell infiltration is a subtype of moving A to the inside of B: A process that that moves the outside inflammatory cell to the inside in response to an inflammatory reaction. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of pyroptosis. inflammatory cell infiltration [pyroptosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171072 SULT1C2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6819 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69083 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171072 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171072 NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:109136 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291939 PMID:15523652 MMAA (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/166785 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:109136 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/109136 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291939 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291939 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100689 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171569 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10417 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100689 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100689 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171569 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171569 NCBI-Human-GeneID:91543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65190 RSAD2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:91543 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/91543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58185 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65190 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65190 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24306 https://omim.org/entry/601310 CYP4A11 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1579 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24306 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24306 NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329679 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310538 FNIP2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57600 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329679 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/329679 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310538 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/310538 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24678 https://omim.org/entry/606914 PKIB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5570 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18768 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24678 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24678 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16531 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83731 KCNMA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3778 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16531 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16531 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83731 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83731 NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11484 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79251 ASPA (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/443 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11484 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11484 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79251 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79251 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79128 DAB2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1601 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13132 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79128 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79128 NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:691092 PMID:19528259 https://omim.org/entry/613714 NCR3LG1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/374383 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:691092 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/691092 PMID:19528259 The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64529 CTSB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64529 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64529 Hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excesssive drug metabolism phase I. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of the phenobarbital. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II: A process that performs an excessive glucuronic acid conjugation. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation for phenobarbital intermediate metabolite (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase II. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] The chemical reaction resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:17090686 mitochondrial dysfunction [Ground glass appearance] A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. necrosis [Ground glass appearance] The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . PMID:24878338 glycogen catabolic process (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] PMID:24878338 Activation of the constitutive androstane receptor inhibits gluconeogenesis without affecting lipogenesis or fatty acid synthesis in human hepatocytes. Making existence of drug is a subtype of making existence of xenobiotics: A process that makes a drug to be present in in a cell, organelle, or an organism. making existence of drug Nuclear receptor activation is a subtype of activation of transcription factor: A process that changes the activity of the molecule with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. activating nuclear receptor [Ground glass appearance] nuclear receptor activating [Ground glass ] nuclear receptor activation [Ground glass appearance] Phenobarbital metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the phenobarbital metabolism. And the degree is severe. This process is dependent on the tumorigenesis and can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (severe). phenobarbital metabolism imbalance [Ground glass appearance (severe) - tumorigenesis] The totality of all processes through which ground glass appearance is realized. This toxic course has processes of CYP activation. ground glass appearance with Cytochrome P450 activation [toxic course] Hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression by phenobarbital is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450 by phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. CAR activator phenobarbital can induce CYP2B10 and CYP3A11 in wild type and PXR knock-out mouse. PMID:28546505 hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression by phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] CAR activator phenobarbital can induce CYP2B10 and CYP3A11 in wild type and PXR knock-out mouse. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:28546505 Humans have a single CYP2B gene, CYP2B6; whereas mice have five Cyp2b genes, Cyp2b9, Cyp2b10, Cyp2b13, Cyp2b19, and Cyp2b23 (Nelson et al., 2004). In mice, Cyp2b9, Cyp2b10, and Cyp2b13 are the forms primarily expressed in the liver (Finger et al., 2011). Cyp2b10 is transcriptionally regulated by CAR (Honkakoski et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2003; Kretschmer and Baldwin, 2005) and it is highly inducible by PB treatment (Honkakoski et al., 1998; Li-Masters and Morgan, 2001). Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of drugs. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs [Ground glass appearance] Phenobarbital metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the phenobarbital metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. phenobarbital metabolism imbalance [Ground glass appearance] Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs is a process of performing an excessive function of decreasing the amount of drugs by Cytochrome P450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of drugs by Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] 9970 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65035 Constitutive Androstane Receptor NR1I3 CAR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9970 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12355 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65035 A role played by the entity which receives xenobiotics (signal) and transmits operand(s). xenosensor Hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive that performs an excesssive phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance] Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] The totality of all processes through which ground glass appearance is realized. This toxic course has a process of CYP activation by phenobarbital and manifests liver tumor. PMID:22723046 PMID:24180433 phenobarbital induced liver tumor via ground glass appearance PMID:22723046 Long-term treatment with CAR activators such as TCPOBOP and Phenobarbitone results in a strain- and species-specific induction of liver tumors in rats and mice.(Diwan et al. 1992). It is due to the stimulation of S-phase DNA synthesis leading to hepatocyte proliferation and a decrease in apoptosis (Hasmall and Roberts 1999). This process appears morphologically as a temporal progression from centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy (with a concomitant induction of Cyp2b enzymes) , and ultimately the appearance of adenomas and carcinomas (Ross et al. 2010). Clonal expansion of preneoplastic cell is a subtype of clonal expansion: A process that becomes larger in the number of preneoplastic cells by cell division of a population of identical cells descended from a single progenitor. clonal expansion of preneoplastic cell Hyperfunction of increasing the amount of drug is a process of performing an excessive function of increasing the amount of drugs. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of increasing the amount of phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Phenobarbital metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the phenobarbital metabolism. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . phenobarbital metabolism imbalance [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Phenobarbital accumulation in liver is a subtype of compound accumulation in liver: A process that keeps phenobarbital in the liver. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . phenobarbital accumulation in liver [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital is a subtype of hyperfunction of decreasing: A process that performs an excesssive decreasing the amount of the phenobarbital. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of decreasing the amount of phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II: A process that performs an excessive glucuronic acid conjugation. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of glucuronic acid conjugation for phenobarbital intermediate metabolite [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase I: A process that performs an excesssive phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of phenobarbital metabolism phase I by Cytochrome P450 [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolizing enzyme gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of cytochrome p450. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of cytochrome p450 gene expression  by phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher by phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . CAR activating [sustained] [Ground glass ] continued CAR activation [Ground glass appearance] constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital (moderate) [Ground glass appearance ] A process that performs an excesssive moving the phenobarbital to the inside of liver. And the degree is moderate. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (moderate) . hyperfunction of moving phenobarbital to the inside of liver [Ground glass appearance (moderate) ] Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis PMID:27398911 positive regulation of autophagy [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:27398911 CTSB- autophagy inducing factor (human)[Phospholipidosis - autophagy indution] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:10876156 PMID:11016923 PMID:1540143 PMID:1637335 PMID:1837142 PMID:27398911 CTSB- tumor cell metastasis factor (human)[Phospholipidosis - tumor metasitasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:10876156 Lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is targeted to lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate-independent pathway in rat hepatocytes: site-specific phosphorylation in oligosaccharides of the proregion. PMID:11016923 These observations suggest that the mechanism of insertion of cathepsin B on the plasma membrane and its cellular traffic can be dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at cell surface. In addition, this hypothesis is also supported by the perinuclear cathepsin B location in tumor cells, as also observed for the cellular distribution of heparan sulfate complexed to fibroblast growth factor. It has been shown that lysosomal cysteine proteinases, specially cathepsin B, can participate in tumor invasion by degradation of extracellular matrix components. This can take place either intracellularly by heterophagosomal activity of tumors cell or extracellularly by cell surface associated cathepsin B . It has been demonstrated that the presence of cathepsin B at plasma membrane results in focal dissolution of extracellular matrix proteins and enables the tumor cell to invade. PMID:1637335 Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar. PMID:1837142 Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. brain PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. A role played by the entity which positively regulates the tumor metastasis. tumor metastasis inducer Cyp4a11 relates to cardiovascular abnormality (blood pressure, etc.). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 PMID:12464261 PMID:16712844 PMID:18433732 PMID:21912424 PMID:30069903 CYP4A11 - arachidonic acid metabolic factor (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1579 PMID:12464261 The PPARalpha agonist Wy14643 induced CYP4A11 mRNA in confluent cultures of HepG2 cells stably expressing the murine PPARalpha-E282G mutant. This mutant exhibits a significantly decreased ligand-independent trans-activation and can be activated by Wy14643 to a level similar to that of wild-type PPARalpha. PMID:16712844 Treatment of HepaRG cells with all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in a strong decrease in CYP4A11 gene expression and apoprotein content and, furthermore, was associated with a 50% decrease in the microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation activity. Such a strong suppression of CYP4A11 expression by retinoids could have a major impact on fatty acid metabolism in the liver. PMID:30069903 CYP4A11 expression level was higher in non-neoplastic hepatocytes than those in HCC cells (P < 0.001), and CYP4A11 expression positively correlated with favorable prognostic factors, including tumor size, histological grade, and pathological tumor stage (P = 0.007, P = 0.005, and P = 0.007) Negative regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the arachidonic acid metabolism. negative regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process Hyperfunctioning of apoptotic process is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive autophagy. hyperfunctioning of autophagy The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. Wikipedia:Arachidonic_acid arachidonic acid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation. omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation. PMID:10681399 Negative regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the arachidonic acid metabolism. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process [phospholipidosis] fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activity A role played by the entity which inhibits the tumor progression. tumor progression inhibitor Hyperfunctioning of apoptotic process is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excesssive apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . PMID:17090686 Hyperfunctioning of apoptotic process [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) ] PMID:17090686 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase potentiates apoptosis via p53- and p38-dependent pathways and is down-regulated in colon cancer. TGFbeta signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine TGFbeta. This process is dependent on the apoptosis inhibition and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) . TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) [Phospholipidosis (excessive defense) - apoptosis inhibition ] PMID:9108028 TGFbeta (canonical)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] NCBI-Human-GeneID: NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: NCBI-Rat-GeneID: TGFB1(canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59086 NCBI-Human-GeneID: TGFB1(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 PMID:18403135 PMID:24095279 PMID:24272703 PMID:27353360 PMID:28039480 FNIP2(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:57600 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57600 PMID:18403135 Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel FNIP1 homolog FNIP2 that also interacts with FLCN and AMPK. FNIP2 expression was higher relative to FNIP1 in fat, liver and pancreas, which may suggest that FNIP2 has a specific function in those metabolic tissues. PMID:24095279 We identify FLCN and its binding partners, FNIP1/2, as Rag-interacting proteins with GAP activity for RagC/D, but not RagA/B. Thus, we reveal a role for RagC/D in mTORC1 activation and a molecular function for the FLCN tumor suppressor. FLCN-GFP was found diffusely throughout the cell when FNIP2 was not co-expressed, suggesting that FNIP2 is required for the lysosomal localization of FLCN. PMID:24272703 A mutation in the canine gene encoding folliculin-interacting protein 2 (FNIP2) associated with a unique disruption in spinal cord myelination. PMID:28039480 Starvation evokes FLCN recruitment to lysosomes, and FNIP co-expression facilitates the FLCN accumulation at the lysosomal membrane through the formation of the FLCN complex. Degradation of FNIP2 leads to lysosomal dissociation of FLCN and subsequent lysosomal association of mTOR, which in turn promotes the proliferation of renal cancer cells. These results indicate that SCFβ-TRCP negatively regulates the FLCN complex by promoting FNIP degradation and provide molecular insight into the pathogenesis of BHD-associated renal cancer. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: Tgfb1(mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 NCBI-Human-GeneID: TGFB1(canonical)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: Tgfb1(mouse)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 Degradation of Dab2 is a subtype of protein catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of Dab2. degradation of Dab2 Degradation of Dab2 is a subtype of protein catabolic process: A process of the chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of Dab2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. degradation of Dab2 [Phospholipidosis] PMID:19000037 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 PMID:11387212 PMID:23781020 PMID:25331956 PMID:27398911 DAB2(human)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:19000037 Dab2 regulates clathrin assembly and cell spreading. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1601 PMID:11387212 TGFβ stimulation triggers a transient increase in association of Dab2 with Smad2 and Smad3, which is mediated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dab2 and the MH2 domain of Smad2. Dab2 associates with both the type I and type II TGFβ receptors in vivo, suggesting that Dab2 is part of a multiprotein signaling complex. Re-introduction of Dab2 in ovarian, prostate and choriocarcinoma cell lines resulted in a decreased growth rate while Dab2-transfected SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells formed tumors 50% smaller compared with parental cells when injected into nude mice, demonstrating that Dab2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID:23781020 Myosin VI and its cargo adaptors - linking endocytosis and autophagy. Owing to the presence of binding motifs for AP-2, clathrin and myosin VI, Dab2 functions as an adaptor that links myosin VI LI to clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. PMID:25331956 The clathrin adaptor proteins ARH, Dab2, and numb play distinct roles in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 versus low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake. PMID:27398911 Further, CTSB-mediated Dab2 degradation attenuates drug-induced apoptosis by promoting autophagy and cell survival, and CTSB KD or overexpression of CTSB-resistant Dab2 enhances drug-induced apoptosis by abrogating autophagy. Thus, we identify Dab2 as an inhibitor of autophagy and a promoter of apoptosis, suggesting that targeting of this molecular mechanism may provide therapeutic benefit. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This process is dependent on the Cyp activation and can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte [Ground glass appearance - Cyp] Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase II. This process is dependent on the CYP activation and can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II [Ground glass appearance - Cyp] Smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte is a subtype of endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte: A process that becomes larger in the number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocyte(s). This process is dependent on the phenobarbital induced CYP activation and can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in hepatocyte [Ground glass appearance - Cyp - PB] Clonal expansion of preneoplastic cell is a subtype of clonal expansion: A process that becomes larger in the number of preneoplastic cells by cell division of a population of identical cells descended from a single progenitor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. Inhibition of apoptosis by phenobarbital promotes clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells. clonal expansion of preneoplastic cell [Ground glass appearance] Inhibition of apoptosis by phenobarbital promotes clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells. ISBN:0071769234 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. PMID:23652203 PMID:28265001 negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway [Ground glass appearance] PMID:23652203 Phenobarbital Indirectly Activates the Constitutive Active Androstane Receptor (CAR) by Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Phenobarbital bound to EGFR and potently inhibited the binding of EGF, which prevented the activation of EGFR. This abrogation of EGFR signaling induced the dephosphorylation of RACK1 which then promoted the dephosphorylation of CAR by the catalytic core subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. PMID:28265001 EGF stimulates homodimerization, retaining CAR in its phosphorylated (i.e., inactivated) form, while CAR activators antagonize EGF to dissociate the homodimer for activation. phenobarbital -EGFR signalling inhibitor [Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13088 PMID:16684649 PMID:28546505 species:mice Cyp2b10 (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13088 PMID:28546505 A typical effect of CAR activation by PB is a marked induction of Cyp2b10 expression in the liver; PB induces hepatic Cyp2b10 expression and hepatocyte proliferation to greater extents in male mice than in female mice. In male mice, CYP2B plays a significant, but partial, role in PB-induced hepatocyte proliferation. ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 Cyp3a11 (mouse)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Phenobarbital can maximally induce CYP2B10 and CYP3A11 in wild-type and PXR knockout moice, indicating that CAR also can induce both CYP2B and CyP3A enzymes. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13112 ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 CYP3A4 (human)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 PXR can maximally induce both CYP2B6 and CYP3a4, whereas CAR can maximally induce CYP2B6 and induce CYP3A4 submaximaly due to its weaker binding and functional activation of CYP3A4ER6. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 PMID:12611900 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime [Ground glass appearance] CITCO [Ground glass appearance] PMID:12611900 CITCO and phenytoin as selective hCAR activators A role of the entity which negatively regulates the EGFR signaling pathway. EGFR pathway negative regulator role NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=1956 EGFR (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24329 The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=1956 EGFR - inactivation (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] PMID:19000037 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 PMID:11387212 PMID:23781020 PMID:25331956 PMID:27398911 DAB2(human)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] PMID:19000037 Dab2 regulates clathrin assembly and cell spreading. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1601 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1601 PMID:11387212 TGFβ stimulation triggers a transient increase in association of Dab2 with Smad2 and Smad3, which is mediated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dab2 and the MH2 domain of Smad2. Dab2 associates with both the type I and type II TGFβ receptors in vivo, suggesting that Dab2 is part of a multiprotein signaling complex. Re-introduction of Dab2 in ovarian, prostate and choriocarcinoma cell lines resulted in a decreased growth rate while Dab2-transfected SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells formed tumors 50% smaller compared with parental cells when injected into nude mice, demonstrating that Dab2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID:23781020 Myosin VI and its cargo adaptors - linking endocytosis and autophagy. Owing to the presence of binding motifs for AP-2, clathrin and myosin VI, Dab2 functions as an adaptor that links myosin VI LI to clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. PMID:25331956 The clathrin adaptor proteins ARH, Dab2, and numb play distinct roles in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 versus low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake. PMID:27398911 Further, CTSB-mediated Dab2 degradation attenuates drug-induced apoptosis by promoting autophagy and cell survival, and CTSB KD or overexpression of CTSB-resistant Dab2 enhances drug-induced apoptosis by abrogating autophagy. Thus, we identify Dab2 as an inhibitor of autophagy and a promoter of apoptosis, suggesting that targeting of this molecular mechanism may provide therapeutic benefit. This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 PMID:19710929 ALAS1(predicted)(human)[lipidosis] This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 PMID:19710929 Most of the genes commonly regulated in mouse and human were involved in lipid metabolism and many represented known PPARalpha targets, including CPT1A, HMGCS2, FABP1, ACSL1, and ADFP. Several genes were identified that were specifically induced by PPARalpha in human (MBL2, ALAS1, CYP1A1, TSKU) or mouse (Fbp2, lgals4, Cd36, Ucp2, Pxmp4). PMID:19000037 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 PMID:11387212 PMID:23781020 PMID:25331956 PMID:27398911 DAB2(mouse)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:19000037 Dab2 regulates clathrin assembly and cell spreading. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13132 PMID:11387212 TGFβ stimulation triggers a transient increase in association of Dab2 with Smad2 and Smad3, which is mediated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dab2 and the MH2 domain of Smad2. Dab2 associates with both the type I and type II TGFβ receptors in vivo, suggesting that Dab2 is part of a multiprotein signaling complex. Re-introduction of Dab2 in ovarian, prostate and choriocarcinoma cell lines resulted in a decreased growth rate while Dab2-transfected SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells formed tumors 50% smaller compared with parental cells when injected into nude mice, demonstrating that Dab2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID:23781020 Myosin VI and its cargo adaptors - linking endocytosis and autophagy. Owing to the presence of binding motifs for AP-2, clathrin and myosin VI, Dab2 functions as an adaptor that links myosin VI LI to clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. PMID:25331956 The clathrin adaptor proteins ARH, Dab2, and numb play distinct roles in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 versus low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake. PMID:27398911 Further, CTSB-mediated Dab2 degradation attenuates drug-induced apoptosis by promoting autophagy and cell survival, and CTSB KD or overexpression of CTSB-resistant Dab2 enhances drug-induced apoptosis by abrogating autophagy. Thus, we identify Dab2 as an inhibitor of autophagy and a promoter of apoptosis, suggesting that targeting of this molecular mechanism may provide therapeutic benefit. Translocation of CAR from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of CAR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Translocation of CAR from the cytosol to the nucleus Translocation of CAR from the cytosol to the nucleus is a subtype of nuclear transport: A process that of the directed movement of CAR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. Translocation of CAR from the cytosol to the nucleus [Ground glass appearance] Hypofunction of gluconeogenesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient gluconeogenesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. hypofunction of gluconeogenesis [Ground glass appearance] Hypofunction of gluconeogenesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient gluconeogenesis. hypofunction of gluconeogenesis AMPK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. AMPK is sensitive to energy charge, which is activated by an increase in the ratio of AMP/ATP. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:22815988 PMID:25500869 AMPK activation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 AMPK dose not phosphorylate CAR directly but it does phosphorylate transcriptional coactivators such as p300, TORC2 (transducer of CREB), PGC1a. ISBN:0071769234 Proteins which are inactvated by AMPK inculdes those that are involved in biosynthetic ATP-consuming reactions. AMPK inhibits a) glycogen synthesis via phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase, b) lipid synthesis by phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, whose product malonyl-CoA is an essential substrate for fatty acid synthesis, c) cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylation and inactivation HMG-CoA reductase, d)glucose synthesis via by phosphorylation and inactivation of TORC2, wich decreases expression of key gluconeogenetic enzymes such as PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase, and e) protein synthesis, and thus cell growth, by inhibiting the protein kinase mTOR. This adaptation is a rapid process. PMID:22815988 MicroRNA-122 down-regulation is involved in phenobarbital-mediated activation of the constitutive androstane receptor. PMID:25500869 AMPK has been long known to mediate phenobarbital-induced CAR activation. However, the result from the mechanistic study of the AMPK-dependent activation of CAR leave much to be desired. Phenobarbital seems to increase AMP/ATP ratio and ptomote liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-mediated AMPK activation. phenobarbital - gluconeogenic inhibitor [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 FOXO1 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic genes such as PERCK1and G6pase, and supression of PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84482 ISBN:0071769234 FOXO1 - inactive form (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic gemes suc as PERCK1and G6pase, and supression of PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATP consuming process in the course of the ground glass degeneration via Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR). This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . PMID:22460906 negative regulation of ATP consuming via CAR activation (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] PMID:22460906 MYC promotes cell growth and proliferation, and alters cellular metabolism to enhance the provision of precursors for phospholipids and cellular macromolecules. Here we show in human and murine cell lines that oncogenic levels of MYC establish a dependence on AMPK-related kinase 5 (ARK5; also known as NUAK1) for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and for cell survival. ARK5 is an upstream regulator of AMPK and limits protein synthesis via inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway. ARK5 also maintains expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and respiratory capacity, which is required for efficient glutamine metabolism. Inhibition of ARK5 leads to a collapse of cellular ATP levels in cells expressing deregulated MYC, inducing multiple pro-apoptotic responses as a secondary consequence. Depletion of ARK5 prolongs survival in MYC-driven mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma, demonstrating that targeting cellular energy homeostasis is a valid therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumour cells that express deregulated MYC. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 negative regulation of gluconeogenesis [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic genes such as PERCK1and G6pase, supresses PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. GLUCOSE-6- phosphatase - gluconeogenic (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] A role played by the entity involved in gluconeogenesis. gluconeogenic factor A role played by the entity which inhibits gluconeogenesis. gluconeogenesis inhibitor role CAR -FOXO1 transcriptional repression factor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] AMPK - inhibitor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis in the course of ground grlass appearence. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . ISBN:0071769234 negative regulation of gluconeogenesis (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic genes such as PERCK1and G6pase, supresses PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. PMID:19000037 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 PMID:11387212 PMID:23781020 PMID:25331956 PMID:27398911 Dab2(mouse)[Phospholipidosis - apotosis inhibitor] PMID:19000037 Dab2 regulates clathrin assembly and cell spreading. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13132 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13132 PMID:11387212 TGFβ stimulation triggers a transient increase in association of Dab2 with Smad2 and Smad3, which is mediated by a direct interaction between the N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dab2 and the MH2 domain of Smad2. Dab2 associates with both the type I and type II TGFβ receptors in vivo, suggesting that Dab2 is part of a multiprotein signaling complex. Re-introduction of Dab2 in ovarian, prostate and choriocarcinoma cell lines resulted in a decreased growth rate while Dab2-transfected SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells formed tumors 50% smaller compared with parental cells when injected into nude mice, demonstrating that Dab2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. PMID:23781020 Myosin VI and its cargo adaptors - linking endocytosis and autophagy. Owing to the presence of binding motifs for AP-2, clathrin and myosin VI, Dab2 functions as an adaptor that links myosin VI LI to clathrin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. PMID:25331956 The clathrin adaptor proteins ARH, Dab2, and numb play distinct roles in Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 versus low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake. PMID:27398911 Further, CTSB-mediated Dab2 degradation attenuates drug-induced apoptosis by promoting autophagy and cell survival, and CTSB KD or overexpression of CTSB-resistant Dab2 enhances drug-induced apoptosis by abrogating autophagy. Thus, we identify Dab2 as an inhibitor of autophagy and a promoter of apoptosis, suggesting that targeting of this molecular mechanism may provide therapeutic benefit. A role played by the entity that activates AMPK activity. AMPK activator FOXO1 inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the FOXO1 to be lower. FOXO1 inactivation FOXO1 inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the FOXO1 to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 FOXO1 inactivation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic genes such as PERCK1and G6pase, and supression of PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gene expression: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis gene expression. regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression Negative regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis gene expression. negative regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression Negative regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression is a subtype of regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of gluconeogenesis gene expression [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of G6Pase expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G6Pase expression. negative regulation of G6Pase expression NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:10876156 PMID:11016923 PMID:1637335 PMID:1837142 PMID:22102288 PMID:27398911 CTSB (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:10876156 Lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is targeted to lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate-independent pathway in rat hepatocytes: site-specific phosphorylation in oligosaccharides of the proregion. PMID:11016923 These observations suggest that the mechanism of insertion of cathepsin B on the plasma membrane and its cellular traffic can be dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at cell surface. In addition, this hypothesis is also supported by the perinuclear cathepsin B location in tumor cells, as also observed for the cellular distribution of heparan sulfate complexed to fibroblast growth factor. PMID:1637335 Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar. PMID:1837142 Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. brain PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. Negative regulation of glucogenesis related gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucogenesis related gene expression expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 negative regulation of glucogenesis related gene expression [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic genes such as PERCK1and G6pase, and supression of PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Hypofunction of gluconeogenesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient gluconeogenesis. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . hypofunction of gluconeogenesis (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of glucogenesis related gene expression is a subtype of negative regulation of gene expression: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucogenesis related gene expression expression. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . negative regulation of glucogenesis related gene expression (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] FOXO1 inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the FOXO1 to be lower.This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . FOXO1 inactivation (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] A role that represses the rate, timing and/or magnitude of transcription of FOXO1. trannscriptional repressor of FOXO1 A role that activates, or increases the rate, timing and/or magnitude of transcription of gluconeogenic gene. positive regulator of gluconeogenic gene transcription role AMPK - activation state (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] A role played by the entity which regulates carbohydrate metabolic process. carbohydrate sysnthesis regulator role Increasing AMP/ATP ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of AMP to ATP to be higher. increasing AMP/ATP ratio Increasing AMP/ATP ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of AMP to ATP to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. increasing AMP/ATP ratio [Ground glass appearance] Increasing AMP/ATP ratio is a subtype of increasing ratio: A process that changes the ratio of AMP to ATP to be higher. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . increasing AMP/ATP ratio (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances regulated by phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy by phenobarbital [Ground glass appearance] Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATP consuming process in the course of the ground glass degeneration via Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of ATP consuming via CAR activation [Ground glass appearance] Constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital_2 is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating CAR ( constitutive androstane receptor) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher by phenobarbital. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:28265001 Phenobarbital indirectly activates CAR and CAR translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. constitutive androstane receptor activation by phenobarbital_2 [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 AMPK has been long known to mediate phenovarbital- induced CAR activation. However, it remains unclear how AMPK activation influences CAR nuclear translocation. AMPK dose not phosphorylate CAR directly but it does phosphorylate transcriptional coactivators such as p300, TORC2 (transducer of CREB), PGC1a. Casarett and Doull's 8th ed. PMID:28265001 Phosphorylated Nuclear Receptor CAR Forms a Homodimer To Repress Its Constitutive Activity for Ligand Activation. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process [Ground glass appearance] AMPK - lipogenic inhibitor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] SREBP1 inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the SREBP1 to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 SREBP1 inactivation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activation and iths associated activation of AMPK lead to the induction of Insig-1, together with Insig-2, plays a key role on the control of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. Induction of Insig1 results in repression of SREBP-1 which results in the down regulation of lipogenic enzymes and decrease hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. SREBP1 inactivation is a subtype of inactivating: A process that changes the activity of the SREBP1 to be lower. SREBP1 inactivation Decreasing cholesterol is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the amount of cholesterol to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 decreasing cholesterol [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activation and iths associated activation of AMPK lead to the induction of Insig-1, together with Insig-2, plays a key role on the control of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. Induction of Insig1 results in repression of SREBP-1 which results in the down regulation of lipogenic enzymes and decrease hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Decreasing hepatic triglyceride is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the hepatic triglyceride to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 decreasing hepatic triglyceride [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activation and iths associated activation of AMPK lead to the induction of Insig-1, together with Insig-2, plays a key role on the control of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. Induction of Insig1 results in repression of SREBP-1 which results in the down regulation of lipogenic enzymes and decrease hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Decreasing hepatic triglyceride is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the quantity of the hepatic triglyceride in lysosomal membranes to be lower. decreasing hepatic triglyceride Decreasing cholesterol is a subtype of decreasing lipid: A process that changes the amount of cholesterol to be lower. decreasing cholesterol NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 SREBP1 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78968 ISBN:0071769234 SREBP1 - inactive form (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 Binding of activated CAR to FOXO1, a transcription factor that binds to IRS in the promoter region of glucogenetic gemes suc as PERCK1and G6pase, and supression of PERCK1 and G6Pase leading to decreased glucogenesis. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 SREBP1 Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1 http://omim.org/entry/184756 SREBF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78968 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78968 A role played by the entity which positively regulates the formation of lipids. lipid synthesis positive regulator role A role played by the entity which positively regulates the formation of cholesterol. cholesterol synthesis positive regulator role Hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is a subtype of hyperfunction of fatty acid beta-oxidation: A process that performs an excessive mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance. ISBN:0071769234 hyperfunction of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activators promote fatty-acid beta oxidation by repressing the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (both ACC1 and ACC2). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. There are two ACC forms, alpha and beta, encoded by two different genes. ACC-alpha is highly enriched in lipogenic tissues. The enzyme is under long term control at the transcriptional and translational levels and under short term regulation by the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of targeted serine residues and by allosteric transformation by citrate or palmitoyl-CoA. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants divergent in the 5' sequence and encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 ACC (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60581 MeSH:C000588423 NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 ACC1 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/31 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107476 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60581 ISBN:0071769234 ACC1 - inactive form (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activators promote fatty-acid beta oxidation by repressing the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (both ACC1 and ACC2). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. A role played by the entity which positively regulates the formation of fatty acid. fatty acid synthesis positive regulator role ACACB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:32 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100705 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116719 ACC2 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/32 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100705 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100705 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116719 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116719 ISBN:0071769234 ACC2 - inactive form (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] ISBN:0071769234 CAR activators promote fatty-acid beta oxidation by repressing the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (both ACC1 and ACC2). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 8th ed. CAR - gluconeogenic inhibitor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] Negative regulation of ATP consuming is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP consuming. negative regulation of ATP consuming AMPK activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) to be higher. This process persists for a certain period or over a long period. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Ground glass appearance (sustained) . AMPK is sensitive to energy charge, which is activated by an increase in the ratio of AMP/ATP. PMID:25500869 PMID:25956158 AMPK activation (sustained) [Ground glass appearance] PMID:25500869 AMPK has been long known to mediate phenobarbital-induced CAR activation. However, the result from the mechanistic study of the AMPK-dependent activation of CAR leave much to be desired. Phenobarbital seems to increase AMP/ATP ratio and ptomote liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-mediated AMPK activation. PMID:25956158 The precise role of 5'AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target is controversial. Although it is well established that activation of this energy sensor inhibits the main anabolic processes that sustain cancer cell proliferation and growth, AMPK activation can confer on cancer cells the plasticity to survive under metabolic stress such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation, which are commonly observed in fast growing tumors. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:77976 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299694 PMID:21317932 ARK5 (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:77976 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/77976 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299694 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299694 PMID:21317932 In the presence of wild-type LKB1, NUAK1 directly interacts with and phosphorylates p53 in vitro and in vivo. The phosphorylation of p53 induced by LKB1 required the kinase activity of NUAK1 and phosphorylation of NUAK1 at Thr211 by LKB1 was essential for its kinase activity, which leads to the conclusion that LKB1 activates NUAK1 and regulates phosphorylation of p53 through the NUAK1 kinase, at least partially. LKB1/NUAK1 activation leads to cell cycle arrest at the G(1)/S border by inducing expression of p21/WAF1. NUAK1 can regulate cell proliferation and exert tumor suppression through direct interaction with p53. NUAK Family Kinase NUAK 9891 NUAK1 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 Myc (rat)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24577 Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis - genetic] Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (genetic). phospholipid homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis - genetic] Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type B. sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type B] Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B. sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type A/ B] A role played by the entity that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction competitively. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SBO_0000206 competitive inhibitor Leukocyte infiltration is a subtype of inflammatory cell inflow: A process that that moves the outside leukocyte cell to the inside. leukocyte infiltration Glutathione conjugation is a detoxication reaction. Four types of activation reaction have been recognized: direct-acting compounds, conjugates that are activated through cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, conjugates that are activated through redox cycling and lastly conjugates that release the original reactive parent compound. The glutathione S-transferases have three connections with the formation of biactivated conjugatesto make them more soluble for excretion. Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are another major set of phase II conjugation enzymes. They can be found in the cytosol as well as being microsomal membrane-bound. Cytosolic GSTs are encoded by at least 5 gene families (alpha, mu, pi, theta and zeta GST) whereas membrane-bound enzymes are encoded by single genes. Soluble GSTs are homo- or hetero-dimeric enzymes (approximately 25KDa subunits) which can act on a wide range of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. GSTs mediate conjugation using glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide synthesized from its precursor amino acids gamma-glutamate, cysteine and glycine. A generalized reaction isRX + GSH -> HX + GSRGlutathione conjugates are excreted in bile and converted to cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the intestine and kidneys. GSH is the major, low molecular weight, non-protein thiol synthesized de novo in mammalian cells. As well as taking part in conjugation reactions, GSH also has antioxidant ability and can metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nucleophilic GSH attacks the electrophilic substrate forming a thioether bond between the cysteine residue of GSH and the electrophile. The result is generally a less reactive and more water-soluble conjugate that can be easily excreted. In some cases, GSTs can activate compounds to reactive species such as certain haloalkanes and haloalkenes. Substrates for GSTs include epoxides, alkenes and compounds with electrophilic carbon, sulfur or nitrogen centres. There are two types of conjugation reaction with glutathione: displacement reactions where glutathione displaces an electron-withdrawing group and addition reactions where glutathione is added to activated double bond structures or strained ring systems. PMID:6339228 https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-156590 glutathione conjugation Glutathione conjugation is a detoxication reaction. Four types of activation reaction have been recognized: direct-acting compounds, conjugates that are activated through cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, conjugates that are activated through redox cycling and lastly conjugates that release the original reactive parent compound. The glutathione S-transferases have three connections with the formation of biactivated conjugatesto make them more soluble for excretion. PMID:11154735 Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are another major set of phase II conjugation enzymes. They can be found in the cytosol as well as being microsomal membrane-bound. Cytosolic GSTs are encoded by at least 5 gene families (alpha, mu, pi, theta and zeta GST) whereas membrane-bound enzymes are encoded by single genes. Soluble GSTs are homo- or hetero-dimeric enzymes (approximately 25KDa subunits) which can act on a wide range of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. GSTs mediate conjugation using glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide synthesized from its precursor amino acids gamma-glutamate, cysteine and glycine. A generalized reaction isRX + GSH -> HX + GSRGlutathione conjugates are excreted in bile and converted to cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the intestine and kidneys. GSH is the major, low molecular weight, non-protein thiol synthesized de novo in mammalian cells. As well as taking part in conjugation reactions, GSH also has antioxidant ability and can metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nucleophilic GSH attacks the electrophilic substrate forming a thioether bond between the cysteine residue of GSH and the electrophile. The result is generally a less reactive and more water-soluble conjugate that can be easily excreted. In some cases, GSTs can activate compounds to reactive species such as certain haloalkanes and haloalkenes. Substrates for GSTs include epoxides, alkenes and compounds with electrophilic carbon, sulfur or nitrogen centres. There are two types of conjugation reaction with glutathione: displacement reactions where glutathione displaces an electron-withdrawing group and addition reactions where glutathione is added to activated double bond structures or strained ring systems. Reactome: R-HSA-156590 In the imbalance model, the basic units are as follows: 1) a functioning process (supply) for biological defense and maintaining homeostasis; 2) a functional demand process (demand) as toxic activity; 3) balance/imbalance between toxic activity and defense processes; and 4) outcome from organelles, cells, or tissues to the organ exhibiting toxicity manifestations. This entity is a compound state that inculdes step 1 to 4. toxicological imbalance NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:10876156 PMID:27398911 CTSB- apoptosis inhibitor (human)[Phospholipidosis - tumor metasitasis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:10876156 Lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is targeted to lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate-independent pathway in rat hepatocytes: site-specific phosphorylation in oligosaccharides of the proregion. PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5288 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18705 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116720 PMID:9516481 PMID:9878262 Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Type 2 Gamma [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases have been shown to have critical roles in signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, oncogenic transformation, cell survival, cell migration, and intracellular protein trafficking. Pik3c2g [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5288 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5288 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18705 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18705 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116720 PMID:9516481 A novel class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase predominantly expressed in the liver and its enhanced expression during liver regeneration PMID:9878262 Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases have been shown to have critical roles in signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, oncogenic transformation, cell survival, cell migration, and intracellular protein trafficking. A role played by the oncogene that is altered forms of normal cellular genes. Many proto-oncogenes are homologous to viral oncogenes and involved in the control of cell proliferation or differentiation. Mutations, amplifications or rearrangements of proto-oncogenes lead to upregulated or deregulated cell growth and allow them to function as oncogenes. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011519 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/1496005 Normal cellular genes at a stage prior to carcinogenesis. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc. protooncogene role Normal cellular genes at a stage prior to carcinogenesis. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc. MesH: D011519 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 PMID:10876156 PMID:11016923 PMID:1637335 PMID:1837142 PMID:27398911 Ctsb (mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 PMID:10876156 Lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is targeted to lysosomes by the mannose 6-phosphate-independent pathway in rat hepatocytes: site-specific phosphorylation in oligosaccharides of the proregion. PMID:11016923 These observations suggest that the mechanism of insertion of cathepsin B on the plasma membrane and its cellular traffic can be dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at cell surface. In addition, this hypothesis is also supported by the perinuclear cathepsin B location in tumor cells, as also observed for the cellular distribution of heparan sulfate complexed to fibroblast growth factor. PMID:1637335 Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar. PMID:1837142 Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. brain PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. A role of the cytoplasmic proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. Chaperone proteins do not covalently bind to their targets and do not form part of the finished product. Heat-shock proteins are an important sub set of chaperones. Three major families are recognised, the chaperonins (groEL and hsp60), the hsp70 family and the hsp90 family. Outside these major families are other proteins with similar functions including nucleoplasmin, secB and T-cell receptor associated protein. chaperone role NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 PMID:1637335 PMID:1837142 PMID:27398911 Ctsb- apoptosis inhibitor (mouse)[Phospholipidosis - apoptosis inhibitor] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 PMID:1637335 Treatment of the double-chain form of cathepsin B from normal liver and tumours with the endoglycosidase peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase converted the 26 kDa form into 25 kDa in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that cathepsin B may exist as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Our results, in contrast with those reported earlier for mouse cathepsin B, indicate that human liver and tumour cathepsin B are similar. PMID:1837142 Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. brain PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 PMID:1540143 PMID:27398911 PMID:3458210 Ctsb- tumor cell metastasis factor (human)[Phospholipidosis - tumor metasitasis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 PMID:27398911 Ctsb- apoptosis inhibitor (mouse)[Phospholipidosis - tumor metasitasis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 PMID:27398911 Cathepsin-B-mediated cleavage of Disabled-2 regulates TGF-β-induced autophagy. CTSB-mediated degradation of Dab2 allows Beclin-1-Vps34 induction of autophagy, whereas sustained Dab2 expression prevents autophagy and promotes apoptosis by stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. In vivo studies suggest that Dab2-mediated regulation of autophagy modulates chemotherapeutic resistance and tumour metastasis. Recycling endosome dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete recycling endosomal function. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (severe). PMID:18216768 PMID:23625997 PMID:26574506 recycling endososomal dysfunction [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] Recycling endosome dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete recycling endosomal function. And the degree is severe. recycling endosome dysfunction This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11655 PMID:20018698 PMID:22070747 Alas1 (mouse) [Lipidosis] PMID:20018698 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11655 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11655 PMID:22070747 It has been shown that insulin blunts hepatocyte ALAS1 induction, by disrupting the interaction of FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) and PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α). Hyperfunction of phospholipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive heme biosynthesis. hyperfunction of heme biosynthesis NCBI-Human-GeneID:5095 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110821 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:687008 PMID:11461925 PMID:15464417 PMID:16918237 http://omim.org/entry/232000 Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Alpha Subunit [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Pcca [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5095 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5095 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110821 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/110821 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:687008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/687008 PMID:11461925 Fatal propionic acidemia in mice lacking propionyl-CoA carboxylase and its rescue by postnatal, liver-specific supplementation via a transgene. PMID:15464417 Propionic acidemia: mutation update and functional and structural effects of the variant alleles. Mutations in the PCCA or PCCB genes, encoding both subunits of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, result in propionic acidemia, a life-threatening inborn error of metabolism with autosomal recessive inheritance. For the PCCA gene, the main molecular effect of the expressed mutations is related to protein instability, except two mutations in the active site predictably affecting ATP binding. PMID:16918237 Identification of early proteomic markers for hepatic steatosis. PPARA lipid metabolism regulator (canonical)[Eosinophilic granular degeneration] This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 PMID:26006114 PMID:29718361 ADH1B(predicted)(human)[lipidosis] This gene encodes the mitochondrial enzyme which is catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme (iron-protoporphyrin) biosynthesis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 NCBI-Human-GeneID:125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/125 PMID:29718361 The protein levels of ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH4 were each decreased in the NASH groups, which was consistent with a decreased overall ADH activity. The protein level of ALDH2 was significantly increased in both NASH groups, while ALDH1A1 and ALDH1B1 were only decreased in NASH (fatty) samples. ALDH activity represented by oxidation of acetaldehyde was decreased in the NASH (fatty) group. Tumor tissue is a subtype of abnormal cellular tissue that consists of tumor cells . tumor tissue Hypofunction of eidocytic recycling from ER to mitochondrial membrane is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient endocytic recycling. hypofunction of endocytic recycling Hypofunction of eidocytic recycling from ER to mitochondrial membrane is a subtype of hypofunction of transport: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient endocytic recycling. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hypofunction of endocytic recycling [Phospholipidosis (severe) ] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11522 ADH1 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11522 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11522 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11522 Adh1 (mouse)[lipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11522 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11522 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5608 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26399 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114495 PMID:12784337 PMID:16951197 PMID:24619413 MAP2K6 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5608 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26399 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114495 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114495 PMID:12784337 Involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma.  PMID:16951197 Mechanism of action of sulforaphane: inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms contributing to the induction of antioxidant response element-mediated heme oxygenase-1 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. PMID:24619413 The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are involved in hepatocyte-mediated phenotypic switching in prostate cancer cells. Negative regulation of release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane. negative regulation of release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane Dissociation of FLCN:FNIP complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates the FLCN:FNIP complex. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:25775561 Dissociation of FLCN:FNIP complex [Phospholipidosis (severe)] Dissociation of FLCN:FNIP complex is a subtype of detaching: A process that disaggregates the FLCN:FNIP complex. Dissociation of FLCN:FNIP complex NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 PMID:20505730 PMID:31623280 CD95 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Fas cell surface death receptor [Hepatocarcinogenesis] FAS (canonical) [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246097 PMID:20505730 CD95/Fas promotes tumour growth: Loss of CD95 in mouse models of ovarian cancer and liver cancer reduces cancer incidence as well as the size of the tumours. The tumorigenic activity of CD95 is mediated by a pathway involving JNK and c-Jun. PMID:31623280 Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329679 PMID:24272703 PMID:28039480 Fnip2(mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329679 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/329679 PMID:24272703 A mutation in the canine gene encoding folliculin-interacting protein 2 (FNIP2) associated with a unique disruption in spinal cord myelination. PMID:28039480 Starvation evokes FLCN recruitment to lysosomes, and FNIP co-expression facilitates the FLCN accumulation at the lysosomal membrane through the formation of the FLCN complex. Degradation of FNIP2 leads to lysosomal dissociation of FLCN and subsequent lysosomal association of mTOR, which in turn promotes the proliferation of renal cancer cells. These results indicate that SCFβ-TRCP negatively regulates the FLCN complex by promoting FNIP degradation and provide molecular insight into the pathogenesis of BHD-associated renal cancer. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene are associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, which is characterized by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, lung cysts, and pneumothorax. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 PMID:17028174 PMID:26334087 PMID:29848618 folliculin [Phospholipidosis] FLCN(canonical)[Phospholipidosis] PMID:29848618 This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene are associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, which is characterized by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, lung cysts, and pneumothorax. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/201163 NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/303185 PMID:17028174 Folliculin encoded by the BHD gene interacts with a binding protein, FNIP1, and AMPK, and is involved in AMPK and mTOR signaling. PMID:26334087 Molecular Genetics and Clinical Features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrome NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 https://omim.org/entry/601231 MTOR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56718 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5890 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500679 PMID:12427746 PMID:15065660 Rad51b [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5890 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5890 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19363 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500679 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500679 PMID:12427746 Complex formation by the human Rad51B and Rad51C DNA repair proteins and their activities in vitro.  PMID:15065660 RAD51 localization and activation following DNA damage.  PMID:17593618 PMID:20075923 PMID:21039338 http://omim.org/entry/171050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C17966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_3000005243 Abc1b1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] A role played by the entity which regulates the metabolism. metabolic regulator role This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene are associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, which is characterized by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, lung cysts, and pneumothorax. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 PMID:17028174 PMID:26334087 folliculin [Hepatocarcinogenesis] FLCN [Hepatocarcinogenesis] This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene are associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, which is characterized by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, lung cysts, and pneumothorax. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/201163 NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/303185 PMID:17028174 Folliculin encoded by the BHD gene interacts with a binding protein, FNIP1, and AMPK, and is involved in AMPK and mTOR signaling. PMID:26334087 Molecular Genetics and Clinical Features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrome NCBI-Human-GeneID:960 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12505 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25406 Cd44 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:960 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/960 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12505 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12505 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25406 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25406 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 PMID:17028174 https://omim.org/entry/601231 MTOR (canonical) [phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56718 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680403 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680403 Hist1h2bcl1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680403 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680403 TOR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the TOR (Target of rapamycin) . TOR signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 PMID:22945289 PMID:23029477 ZNF385B [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151126 PMID:22945289 ZNF385B is characteristically expressed in germinal center B cells and involved in B-cell apoptosis. Ectopic expression of the longest transcript variant of ZNF385B, possessing four ZF domains, induced upregulation of PERP and FAS/CD95, a downstream target of p53, and activation of caspase, resulting in apoptosis induction. \ However, a ZNF385B deletion mutant with three ZF domains corresponding to shorter isoforms, did not induce upregulation; rather it inhibited apoptosis induced by CD20 cross-linking and BCR stimulation. The direct binding of ZNF385B with p53 has suggested the involvement of ZNF385B in B-cell apoptosis via modulation of p53 transactivation; our data indicate that ZNF385B characteristically expressed in GC B cells has both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activities depending on the type of isoform and should be a novel player in GC B-cell selection. PMID:23029477 ZNF385B and VEGFA are strongly differentially expressed in serous ovarian carcinomas and correlate with survival. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13681 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287436 Eif4a1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1973 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13681 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13681 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287436 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24508 Irf1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3659 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24508 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24508 Negative regulation of release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane [Phospholipidosis] PMID:10581169 PMID:24012673 PMID:26823754 http://omim.org/entry/616643 HRP-3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] hepatoma-derived growth factor, related protein 3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Enhances DNA synthesis and may play a role in cell proliferation. HDGFRP3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10581169 A new member of a hepatoma-derived growth factor gene family can translocate to the nucleus. PMID:24012673 Depletion of hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein-3 induces apoptotic sensitization of radioresistant A549 cells via reactive oxygen species-dependent p53 activation.  PMID:26823754 HRP-3 protects the hepatoma cells from glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis: Silence of HRP-3 prevented the de-phosphorylation of S6K1 induced by glucose deprivation, which was an essential molecular event for HCC cell survival in energy pressure. Glucose deprivation-induced HRP-3 up-regulation potentially plays a major role in protecting HCC cells against apoptosis caused by energy pressure. Enhances DNA synthesis and may play a role in cell proliferation. http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y3E1#function TOR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the TOR (Target of rapamycin) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis . TOR signaling (primitive)　[Phospholipidosis] The directed movement of tumor inhibitor from the lysosome. release of tumor inhibitor from lysosome NCBI-Human-GeneID:27244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294518 PMID:17525332 PMID:25259925 PMID:27118659 PMID:9926927 sestrin 1 SESN1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:27244 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140742 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294518 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 PMID:10524241 PMID:21242297 PMID:25645911 GDF15 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9518 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29455 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229615 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83614 PMID:10319586 PMID:22136659 PMID:23959540 Protein Inhibitor Of Activated STAT 3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Pias3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229615 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229615 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83614 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83614 PMID:10319586 Isolation and chromosomal assignment of a human gene encoding protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3). PMID:22136659 STAT3 activation in monocytes accelerates liver cancer progression. PMID:23959540 PIAS3 activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells independent of p53 status. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7364 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286989 PMID:25713207 PMID:26828111 Ugt2b7 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7364 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7364 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286989 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286989 PMID:25713207 Induction of human UGT2B7 gene expression by cytotoxic anticancer drugs in liver cancer HepG2 cells. UGT2B7 as a p53 target gene. The cytotoxic drug induced UGT2B7 activity in target liver cancer cells or possibly in normal liver cells may affect the therapeutic efficacy of coadministered cytotoxic drugs (e.g., epirubicin) and noncytotoxic drugs (e.g., morphine), which are UGT2B7 substrates. PMID:26828111 A large number of case-control studies have investigated this hypothesis and these studies identified numerous UGT polymorphisms in UGT1A and UGT2B genes as genetic risk factors for a wide variety of cancers, including bladder, breast, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, head and neck, liver, lung, prostate, and thyroid. The directed movement of tumor inhibitor from the lysosome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. release of tumor inhibitor from lysosome [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6426 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110809 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689890 PMID:24468535 PMID:26018840 SRSF1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6426 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6426 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110809 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/110809 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689890 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/689890 PMID:24468535 Mutual inhibition between YAP and SRSF1 maintains long non-coding RNA, Malat1-induced tumourigenesis in liver cancer. PMID:26018840 Splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor contributes to extracellular signala89regulated kinase activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1284 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12827 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:306628 PMID:25169943 http://omim.org/entry/120090 COL4A2 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1284 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1284 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12827 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12827 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:306628 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/306628 PMID:25169943 Notch3 overexpression promotes anoikis resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer via upregulation of COL4A2. ( A role played by the entity which negatively regulates the process of tumor cell proliferation. negative regulator of tumor cell proliferation NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361594 PMID:16171785 PMID:20429933 Aen (rat)[Cell death] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361594 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361594 PMID:16171785 Identification of a novel ionizing radiation-induced nuclease, AEN, and its functional characterization in apoptosis. PMID:20429933 ISG20L1 is a p53 family target gene that modulates genotoxic stress-induced autophagy. A role played by the entity which negatively regulates the process of cell proliferation. negative regulator of cell proliferation Forming adduct is a subtype of having extra parts: A process that changes to have connection or association with another entity. forming adduct Abnormal cell tissue is a subtype of cellular tissue that consists of abnormal cells and tissues. abnormal cell tissue The chemical reaction resulting in the breakdown of FNIP2, which is mediated by the proteasome. proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent FNIP2 catabolic process The chemical reaction resulting in the breakdown of FNIP2, which is mediated by the proteasome. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis proteasome-mediated FNIP2 degradation [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 HMGCS2 (predicted)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3158 NCBI-Human-GeneID:128346 Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 162 C1orf162 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:128346 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/128346 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 PMID:21502324 PMID:27816970 PMID:28888048 HMGCS2 transcription is heavily regulated by FOXA2, mTOR, PPARα, and FGF21. HMGCS2(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3158 PMID:21502324 Human HMGCS2 regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and FGF21 expression in HepG2 cell line. HMGCS2 expression is both sufficient and necessary to the control of fatty acid oxidation in these cells. Next, we examined the expression pattern of several PPARα target genes in this now "ketogenic" HepG2 cell line. FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) expression was specifically induced by HMGCS2 activity or by the inclusion of the oxidized form of ketone bodies (acetoacetate) in the culture medium PMID:27816970 HMGCS2 enhances invasion and metastasis via direct interaction with PPARα to activate Src signaling in colorectal cancer and oral cancer. PMID:28888048 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4, n-6), and glucose increased HMGCS2 mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 hepatoma cells. The effect of n-6 AA resulted significantly higher than that of n-3 PUFA, but when combined all these molecules were far less efficient. Insulin reduced HMGCS2 mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells, even when treated with PUFA and monosaccharides. While peroxysome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α) agonist WY14643 increased HMGCS2 expression, this treatment was unable to affect PUFA-mediated regulation of HMGCS2 expression. Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) inhibitor AS1842856 reduced HMGCS2 expression and suppressed induction promoted by fatty acids. Cells treatment with liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) agonist T0901317 reduced HMGCS2 mRNA, indicating a role for this transcription factor as suppressor of HMGCS2 gene. PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha ( (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha)) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:27816970 PPARalpha activation [Phospholipidosis] PMID:27816970 PMID:27816970 PMID:21102520 PMID:26578515 LRRC16B capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 3 CARMIL3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:21102520 dentifying LRRC16B as an oncofetal gene with transforming enhancing capability using a combined bioinformatics and experimental approach. PMID:26578515 Distinct roles for CARMIL isoforms in cell migration. Cell Migration and Invadopodia Formation Require a Membrane-binding Domain of CARMIL2. NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 Caspase-3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/836 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25402 Cyclin B2 and p53 control proper timing of centrosome separation. PMID:9539739 A centrosomal route for cancer genome instability. Cyclin B2 is now shown to control a pathway - involving the centrosomal kinases aurora A and Plk1 and the tumour suppressor p53 - the alteration of which causes defective centrosome separation, aneuploidy and tumour development.  PMID:24875738 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9133 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12442 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363088 PMID:17533373 PMID:20660152 PMID:24324638 PMID:24875738 PMID:9539739 PMID:9926943 cyclin B2 CCNB2 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9133 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9133 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12442 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12442 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363088 PMID:17533373 Cyclin B2 suppresses mitotic failure and DNA re-replication in human somatic cells knocked down for both cyclins B1 and B2. PMID:20660152 The roles of cyclin A2, B1, and B2 in early and late mitotic events. NCBI-Human-GeneID:900 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12450 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25405 PMID:12015958 PMID:22835824 Ccng1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:900 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/900 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12450 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12450 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25405 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25405 PMID:22835824 We found that cyclin G1 levels were increased in normal tissue compared with HCC tissue and vary over the course of the cell cycle, with equal distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm observed during normal serum support and accelerated release from the nucleus into the cytoplasm observed during serum starvation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229841 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362044 PMID:20021663 The CENPE gene encodes a large kinetochore-associated kinesin-like motor protein required for spindle microtubule capture and attachment at the kinetochore during cell division CENPE [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229841 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362044 PMID:20021663 Reduced expression of cenp-e in human hepatocellular carcinoma.  NCBI-Human-GeneID:1026 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12575 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114851 PMID:17239344 PMID:24092862 PMID:24626178 PMID:26238857 p21/waf1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Cdkn1a [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1026 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1026 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12575 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12575 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114851 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114851 PMID:17239344 p21waf1/Cip1 partially mediates apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PMID:24092862 p21 promotes sustained liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic cholestatic liver injury.  PMID:24626178 Gene polymorphisms of cellular senescence marker p21 and disease progression in non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease.  NCBI-Human-GeneID:387103 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66311 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689399 PMID:17610844 PMID:21695110 PMID:23917355 Cenpw [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:387103 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/387103 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66311 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66311 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/689399 PMID:17610844 Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a novel oncogene, cancer-upregulated gene 2 (CUG2). CUG2 is a novel tumor-associated gene that is commonly activated in various human cancers and exhibits high transforming activities; it possibly belongs to a transcription regulator family that is involved in tumor biogenesis. PMID:21695110 Premitotic assembly of human CENPs -T and -W switches centromeric chromatin to a mitotic state. The CENP-T/W complex assembles through a dynamic exchange mechanism in late S-phase and G2, is required for mitosis in each cell cycle and does not persist across cell generations, properties reciprocal to those measured for CENP-A. We propose that the CENP-A and H3-CENP-T/W nucleosome components of the centromere are specialized for centromeric and kinetochore activities, respectively. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 PMID:27816970 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha [Eosinophilic granular degeneration] PPAR alpha [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10404 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54381 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58952 carboxypeptidase Q [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Cpq [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10404 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10404 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54381 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54381 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58952 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 PMID:17827782 PMID:25649767 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] CYP3A5 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1577 PMID:17827782 Broad but distinct role of pregnane x receptor on the expression of individual cytochrome p450s in human hepatocytes. Introduction of the hPXR-siRNA adenoviral vector reduced the level of PXR mRNA. After infection with Ad hPXR-siRNA, the basal and ligand-activated CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA levels were decreased significantly in dose-dependent manners, whereas CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 mRNA levels were moderately influenced after infection with Ad hPXR-siRNA. These data suggest the distinct PXR influences on the regulation of these genes. PMID:25649767 CYP3A5 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating mTORC2/Akt Signaling. EIF1 (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Translation Factors and RNA transport. GO annotations related to this gene include poly(A) RNA binding and translation factor activity, RNA binding. An important paralog of this gene is EIF1B. NCBI-Human-GeneID:10209 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20918 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287703 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] EIF1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] EIF1 (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Translation Factors and RNA transport. GO annotations related to this gene include poly(A) RNA binding and translation factor activity, RNA binding. An important paralog of this gene is EIF1B. http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=EIF1&keywords=EIF1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10209 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10209 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20918 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20918 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287703 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287703 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. PMID:21502324 PMID:24140022 PMID:31442404 ketone anabolism ketone biosynthesis ketone formation ketone synthesis ketone biosynthetic process[Phospholipidosis] PMID:24140022 PMID:24140022 The key irreversible step in ketogenesis is synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA by HMGCS2. Conversely, the rate limiting step in ketolysis is conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA by OXCT1. HMGCS2 transcription is heavily regulated by FOXA2, mTOR, PPARα, and FGF21. ketogenic diets suppress fatty acid synthesis enzymes including SCD1. Instead, PPARα, a regulator of ketogenic genes, is strongly induced, as is one of its crucial downstream targets, FGF21, resulting in increased transcription of ketogenic enzymes, such as HMGCS2. Hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient anti-oxidative stress function. hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress NCBI-Human-GeneID:2817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14733 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58920 Glypican [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14733 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14733 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58920 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58920 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2719 PMID:18413366 PMID:23598528 PMID:24498024 PMID:8589713 GPC3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2719 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2719 PMID:18413366 Glypican-3-mediated oncogenesis involves the Insulin-like growth factor-signaling pathway.  PMID:24498024 Dysplastic nodules with glypican-3 positive immunostaining: a risk for early hepatocellular carcinoma. GPC3-positive DN, especially GPC3-positive HGDN, was really a late premalignant lesion of HCC. PMID:8589713 Mutations in GPC3, a glypican genecause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome.  Hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient anti-oxidative stress function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 PMID:10330231 PMID:27571925 PMID:28497199 PMID:30515391 PMID:30606233 PMID:30927048 Hmox1 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3162 PMID:27571925 Heme oxygenase-1 retards hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the microRNA pathway. PMID:30515391 S-Allyl Cysteine Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Injury and Apoptosis through Upregulation of Akt/Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HepG2 Cells. PMID:30606233 14-3-3ζ inhibits heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degradation and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation: involvement of STAT3 signaling. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8337 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365877 PMID:17914355 PMID:18001824 PMID:18001825 PMID:19203579 Hist2h2aa3 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8337 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8337 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365877 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/365877 PMID:17914355 Regulation of cell cycle progression and gene expression by H2A deubiquitination. PMID:18001824 RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins. PMID:18001825 RNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly. PMID:19203579 RNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins. We show that RNF168 interacts with ubiquitylated H2A, assembles at DSBs in an RNF8-dependent manner, and, by targeting H2A and H2AX, amplifies local concentration of lysine 63-linked ubiquitin conjugates to the threshold required for retention of 53BP1 and BRCA1. NCBI-Human-GeneID:23659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192654 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361401 PMID:21074554 PMID:30077006 http://omim.org/entry/609362 PLA2G15 is to date the first and only identified lysosomal phospholipase A. PLA2G15 (canonical) positively regulator of immune response[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23659 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:192654 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192654 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361401 PMID:21074554 Group XV phospholipase A2, a lysosomal phospholipase A2. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) , group XV phospholipase A2. LPLA2 is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages. A marked accumulation of glycerophospholipids and extensive lamellar inclusion bodies, a hallmark of cellular phospholipidosis, is observed in alveolar macrophages in LPLA2(-/-) mice. This defect can also be reproduced in macrophages that are exposed to cationic amphiphilic drugs such as amiodarone. In addition, older LPLA2(-/-) mice develop a phenotype similar to human autoimmune disease. PMID:30077006 An active focus of work on the role of PLA2G15 in disease has been in the areas of inflammation and host defense. Phospholipase A2s in general play multiple roles in host response to pulmonary infection and inflammation. They have been implicated in the production of eicosanoids, cytokines, and in direct bacteriocidal activities. PLA2G15 is to date the first and only identified lysosomal phospholipase A. PMID:30077006 NCBI-Human-GeneID:83729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16326 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83711 PMID:22935518 PMID:24280420 PMID:27939373 inhibin, beta E [Hepatocarcinogenesis] INHBE [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:83729 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16326 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83711 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83711 PMID:22935518 Inhibin beta E is upregulated by drug-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress as a transcriptional target gene of ATF4. PMID:24280420 Tetracyclines cause cell stress-dependent ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition. PMID:27939373 A subgroup of Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) characterized by fusion of the INHBE and GLI1 genes and activation of sonic hedgehog pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:51477 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:290651 Isyna1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:51477 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51477 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/71780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:290651 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/290651 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16412 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24511 PMID:14522949 PMID:21363926 http://omim.org/entry/135630 integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) [Hepatocarcinogenesis] ITGB1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16412 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16412 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24511 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24511 PMID:14522949 Beta-1 integrins regulate chondrocyte rotation, G1 progression, and cytokinesis. PMID:21363926 LPS-induced TLR4 signaling in human colorectal cancer cells increases beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion and liver metastasis: The results indicate that stimulation of the TLR4/MD2 complex by LPS activates PI3K/AKT signaling and promotes downstream beta1 integrin function, thereby increasing the adhesiveness and metastatic capacity of CRC cells. This gene encodes a nuclear protein with a JmjC domain. JmjC domain-containing proteins are predicted to function as protein hydroxylases or histone demethylases. This protein was first identified as a putative phosphatidylserine receptor involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells; however, subsequent studies have indicated that it does not directly function in the clearance of apoptotic cells, and questioned whether it is a true phosphatidylserine receptor. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23210 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360665 PMID:10811223 PMID:19574390 jumonji domain containing 6 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] JMJD6 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] This gene encodes a nuclear protein with a JmjC domain. JmjC domain-containing proteins are predicted to function as protein hydroxylases or histone demethylases. This protein was first identified as a putative phosphatidylserine receptor involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells; however, subsequent studies have indicated that it does not directly function in the clearance of apoptotic cells, and questioned whether it is a true phosphatidylserine receptor. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23210 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23210 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23210 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360665 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360665 PMID:10811223 A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. PMID:19574390 Jmjd6 catalyses lysyl-hydroxylation of U2AF65, a protein associated with RNA splicing. Energy supply is a subtype of providing process to perform a meta-function “to provide energy. energy supply NCBI-Human-GeneID:4605 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17865 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296344 http://omim.org/entry/601415 Mybl2 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4605 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4605 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17865 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17865 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296344 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296344 Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. positive regulation of cell death NCBI-Human-GeneID:55190 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58242 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680248 PMID:12105228 PMID:22730461 Nudt11 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55190 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55190 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58242 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58242 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680248 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tmitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. negative regulation of cell death NCBI-Human-GeneID:9159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18554 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29606 PMID:12782675  PMID:24556216 Pro-protein convertase gene expression in human breast cancer.  9185698  http://omim.org/entry/604872 Pcsk7 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9159 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18554 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29606 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29606 PMID:12782675  The secretory proprotein convertases furin, PC5, and PC7 activate VEGF-C to induce tumorigenesis. PMID:24556216 Evaluation of genome-wide loci of iron metabolism in hereditary hemochromatosis identifies PCSK7 as a host risk factor of liver cirrhosis.  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. negative regulation of potassium ion transport [Phospholipidosis] Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 PMID:15215180 PMID:15917997 PMID:22210111 PMID:22879933 PMID:8247041 ITGB3(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3690 PMID:15215180 The prediction from our hypothetical model is that when αVβ3 integrin is persistently ligated/activated, it will prevent macrophage differentiation into the foam cell phenotype. Conversely, blocking of the αVβ3 receptor may lead to up-regulation of scavenger receptor expression and increased foam cell formation. PMID:22210111 Affinity of talin-1 for the β3-integrin cytosolic domain is modulated by its phospholipid bilayer environment PMID:22879933 c-Abl is an upstream regulator of acid sphingomyelinase in apoptosis induced by inhibition of integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5. PMID:8247041 Calcium oscillation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase positively regulate integrin alpha(IIb)beta3-mediated outside-in signaling. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 PMID:18562499 PMID:18998093 https://omim.org/entry/600150 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-1296052 KCNMA1(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3778 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3778 Malfunctioning of insulin signaling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform insulin signaling [biological] appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phosphoipidosis. PMID:27800604 malfunctioning of insulin signaling [Phospholipidosis] malfunctioning of insulin signaling [Phospholipidosis] PMID:27800604 kcnma1 expression is downregulated in white adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet and in hypertrophied adipocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of kcnma1 expression or treatment with a BK channel blocker attenuated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in mature adipocytes. These results strongly indicate that KCNMA1 contributes to the regulation of insulin signalling in mature adipocytes. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305844 ribonuclease, RNase A family, 1-like 2 (pancreatic) Rnase1l2 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305844 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305844 insulin(canonical)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192269 PMID:25961912 PMID:8062391 Sub1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192269 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192269 PMID:25961912 PC4 promotes genome stability and DNA repair through binding of ssDNA at DNA damage sites. PMID:8062391 Purification, cloning, and characterization of a human coactivator, PC4, that mediates transcriptional activation of class II genes. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16531 PMID:27800604 https://omim.org/entry/600150 https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-1296052 Kcnma1(mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16531 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16531 PMID:27800604 KCNMA1, a pore-forming α-subunit of BK channels, regulates insulin signalling in mature adipocytes. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 PMID:15210113 PMID:19345188 PMID:25653024 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] TWIST1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85489 PMID:19345188 Twist-1 is a PPAR-delta-inducible, negative-feedback regulator of PGC-1-alpha in brown fat metabolism. PMID:25653024 STAT3 cooperates with Twist to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.  NCBI-Human-GeneID:7298 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29261 Thymidylate synthase catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate using 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene-THF) as a cofactor. This function maintains the dTMP (thymidine-5-prime monophosphate) pool critical for DNA replication and repair. The enzyme has been of interest as a target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. It is considered to be the primary site of action for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2-prime-deoxyuridine, and some folate analogs. Expression of this gene and that of a naturally occuring antisense transcript rTSalpha (GeneID:55556) vary inversely when cell-growth progresses from late-log to plateau phase. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7298 http://omim.org/entry/188350 thymidylate synthetase [Hepatocarcinogenesis] Tyms [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7298 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7298 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29261 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29261 NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359475 MMAA (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:166785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/166785 The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. protein ubiquitinylation protein ubiquitylation protein ubiquitination genetic information carrier role is a subtype of role dependent on transmitting genetic information process genetic information carrier role Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Glutathione depletion. positive regulation of glutathione biosynthetic process [Glutathione depletion] Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone. negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone Malfunctioning of cobalamin biosynthetic process is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform cobalamin biosynthetic process appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of cobalamin biosynthetic process Malfunctioning of cobalamin biosynthetic process is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform cobalamin biosynthetic process appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phosphoipidosis. malfunctioning of cobalamin biosynthetic process[Phospholipidosis] CAR - apotosis inhibitor (canonical)[Ground glass appearance] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9235 IL32 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9235 IL32 (human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 PMID:19528259 PMID:26241657 http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5683240 https://omim.org/entry/613714 NCR3LG1 (predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:374383 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/374383 PMID:19528259 The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans. PMID:26241657 NKP30-B7-H6 Interaction Aggravates Hepatocyte Damage through Up-Regulation of Interleukin-32 Expression in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 PMID:27325557 PKIB(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5570 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5570 PMID:27325557 PKIB promotes cell proliferation and the invasion-metastasis cascade through the PI3K/Akt pathway in NSCLC cells. A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein. protein modification by small protein conjugation NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58185 PMID:23758785 Rsad2(mouse)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58185 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58185 PMID:23758785 Rsad2 may act as a modulator of lipid droplet contents and lipid biosynthesis. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone [Mitochondrial disorder] A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet. adiposome formation lipid droplet formation A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. adiposome formation lipid droplet formation [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 PMID:29440144 PMID:30318967 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2(predicted)(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10417 PMID:29440144 SPON2-α4β1 integrin signaling activated RhoA and Rac1, increased F-actin reorganization, and promoted M1-like macrophage recruitment. F-Actin accumulation also activated the Hippo pathway by suppressing LATS1 phosphorylation, promoting YAP nuclear translocation, and initiating downstream gene expression. However, SPON2-α5β1 integrin signaling inactivated RhoA and prevented F-actin assembly, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration. PMID:30318967 Upregulation of Spondin-2 protein expression correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that HCC patients who showed high levels of cytoplasmic SPON2 protein had poorer survival. The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of phospholipidosis. macrophage migration [Phospholipidosis] PMID:29440144 PMID:29440144 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 PMID:24445216 PMID:29440144 PMID:30318967 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2(human) - tumor metastasis inhibitor[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10417 PMID:29440144 SPON2-α4β1 integrin signaling activated RhoA and Rac1, increased F-actin reorganization, and promoted M1-like macrophage recruitment. F-Actin accumulation also activated the Hippo pathway by suppressing LATS1 phosphorylation, promoting YAP nuclear translocation, and initiating downstream gene expression. However, SPON2-α5β1 integrin signaling inactivated RhoA and prevented F-actin assembly, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration. PMID:30318967 Upregulation of Spondin-2 protein expression correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that HCC patients who showed high levels of cytoplasmic SPON2 protein had poorer survival. A role played by the entity which negatively regulates the tumor metastasis. tumor metastasis inhibitor NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 PMID:29440144 https://omim.org/entry/605918 SPON2(human) - immune responsor[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10417 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10417 PMID:29440144 SPON2-α4β1 integrin signaling activated RhoA and Rac1, increased F-actin reorganization, and promoted M1-like macrophage recruitment. F-Actin accumulation also activated the Hippo pathway by suppressing LATS1 phosphorylation, promoting YAP nuclear translocation, and initiating downstream gene expression. However, SPON2-α5β1 integrin signaling inactivated RhoA and prevented F-actin assembly, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration. Hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II is a subtype of hyperfunction of drug metabolism: A process that performs an excessive drug metabolism phase II. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. hyperfunction of drug metabolism phase II [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 PMID:26427720 PMID:30885913 https://omim.org/entry/602385 SULT1C2(human)[Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6819 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6819 PMID:26427720 Transcriptional Regulation of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1C2 by Intermediates of the Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone [Mitochondrial disorder] Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tmitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c [Mitochondrial disorder] Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:21145849 PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 DNA damage [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 For instance APAP and troglitazone can induce mtDNA strand breaks which eventually lead to a reduction of mtDNA levels. Indeed, damaged mtDNA molecules harboring numerous strand breaks can be rapidly degraded by mitochondrial endonucleases. Table 1. PMID:23299992 NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. It is likely that this event triggers a vicious cycle since mitochondrial ROS are able to oxidatively damage nearby MRC enzymes and mtDNA TNF‐α is able to impair MRC activity, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and mtDNA damage. In addition to ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and lipid peroxidation products are able to damage mtDNA. PMID:29222479 Alcohol-mediated damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also impairs cellular energy metabolism via enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PMID:31623280 Just like in NASH, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidized mtDNA also contribute to the progression of HCC through influences on inflammation, cell death, and ER stress. Moreover, a diet rich in fructose is associated with increased oxidative mtDNA lesions in rat liver coupled with reduced mitochondrial repair capacity and rats consuming a diet high in fat and rich in fructose have increased hepatocyte damage, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation coupled with impaired mitochondrial respiration and activity. Any process that increases the rate or frequency of tumor cell death. positive regulation of tumor cell death Any process that increases the rate or frequency of tumor cell death. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. positive regulation of tumor cell death [Phospholipidosis] Negative regulation of heat generation is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat generation. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. down regulation of heat generation [Mitochondrial disorder] down-regulation of heat generation [Mitochondrial disorder] downregulation of heat generation [Mitochondrial disorder] inhibition of heat generation [Mitochondrial disorder] negative regulation of heat generation [Mitochondrial disorder] Negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the oxidative phosphorylation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:24746669 PMID:29222479 PMID:30250064 PMID:31649547 negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 PMID:23299992 Some lipid derivatives such as FAs can directly inhibit several enzymes involved in MRC and OXPHOS. PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). PMID:29222479 Chronic alcohol consumption alters mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the liver by suppressing the synthesis of respiratory complex proteins. PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:31649547 In general, damaged mitochondria accumulation can cause excessive ROS production, which will destroy mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid oxidative degradation and accelerating fatty acid accumulation. Malfunctioning of TCA cycle is a subtype of malfunctioning of metabolism: A process that cannot perform a tricarboxylic acid cycle appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 PMID:29335519 malfunctioning of TCA cycle [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. Here, we provide several lines of evidence indicating that induction of biosynthesis through hepatic anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways is energetically backed by elevated oxidative metabolism and hence contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation during NAFLD. First, in murine livers, elevation of fatty acid delivery not only induced oxidative metabolism, but also amplified anaplerosis/cataplerosis and caused a proportional rise in oxidative stress and inflammation. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Though all tissues support minor activities of anaplerosis and cataplerosis, these pathways are a major function of liver TCA cycle, where anaplerosis and cataplerosis are required for shuttling reducing equivalents (RE) and biosynthetic substrates related to ureagenesis, amino acid synthesis, lipogenesis, and most prominently, gluconeogenesis (GNG) (1) On the whole, the data indicate that increased flux through anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways not only contributes to dysregulation of downstream nutrients (e.g., glycemia and lipidemia), but also triggers oxidative metabolism and altered antioxidant capacity that contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (Figure 8B and Supplemental Table 2). PMID:29335519 Metabolic reprogramming by PCK1 promotes TCA cataplerosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver cancer cells and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Supporting this notion, PCK1 expression in SK-Hep-1 dramatically reduced cellular ATP level by 4 folds in cells cultured in low glucose medium, but not in normal medium (Fig. 4c). In addition, supplement of dimethyl-α-KG may also increase cellular ATP level and alleviate energy stress, as indicated by the decreased phosphorylation of AMPKα1 and ACC (Fig. 5f). Increasing acetyl CoA is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of acetyl CoA to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder]. PMID:23299992 increasing acetyl CoA [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Hepatic ketogenesis was also augmented in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD), thus suggesting that higher acetyl‐CoA generation by way of mtFAO is followed by efficient KB production. Increasing volume of mitochondria is a changing process to change the volume of the mitochondria to increase. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Lipidosis. increasing volume of mitochondria [lipidosis] Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of tumor cells. tumor cell death Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial proton is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial proton to be higher. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial proton ion Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial proton is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial proton to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial proton ion [Mitochondrial disorder] Negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. negative regulation of tumor cell proliferation [Phospholipidosis] Any process that enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis. oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling. Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling is a process that enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis. positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling. Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling is a process that enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling [Mitochondrial disorder] Energy supply is a subtype of providing process to perform a meta-function “to provide energy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). energy supply [Phospholipidosis(normal)] Increasing energy is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (normal condition). increasing energy [Phospholipidosis (normal)] Decreasing energy is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be smaller. decreasing energy Decreasing energy is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of energy to be smaller. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. decreasing energy [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 PMID:22102288 Ctsb (mouse)[Niemann-Pick disease - fibrosis] PMID:22102288 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13030 PMID:22102288 Cathepsin B Overexpression Due to Acid Sphingomyelinase Ablation Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Niemann-Pick Disease Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemanne-Pick disease. PMID:22102288 hepatic fibrosis [Niemann-Pick disease] PMID:22102288 Cathepsin B Overexpression Due to Acid Sphingomyelinase Ablation Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Niemann-Pick Disease NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 PMID:22102288 CTSB (human)Niemann-Pick disease - fibrosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1508 PMID:22102288 Cathepsin B Overexpression Due to Acid Sphingomyelinase Ablation Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Niemann-Pick Disease ceramide accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps ceramide in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. ceramide acumulation A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (excessive defense). PMID:1540143 PMID:3458210 extracellular matrix disassembly [Phospholipidosis] PMID:1540143 PMID:1540143 PMID:3458210 Cathepsin B: association with plasma membrane in metastatic tumors. Localization of hydrolytic enzymes in the plasma membrane of metastatic tumor cells could result in focal dissolution of the extracellular matrix and thereby invasion and metastasis. A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholesterol efflux hypofunction of cholesterol efflux from hepatoyte A process that performs a decreased or insufficient cholesterol export. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann-Pick disease. PMID:29249985 hypofunction of cholesterol efflux [Niemann-pick disease] PMID:29249985 PMID:29249985 Although tissues from mice or patients with NPA and NPB disease accumulate SM primarily in endolysosomes, cholesterol also increases as a secondary consequence (Huang and Feigenson, 1999; Radhakrishnan et al., 2000; Ridgway, 2000). While the underlying mechanism of cholesterol loading is not well understood, it is known that SM and cholesterol exhibit a high affinity for each other. Indeed, SM binds cholesterol with high affinity (Slotte, 1999; Ridgway, 2000), resulting in the sequestration and subsequent decrease in the efflux of cholesterol out of lysosomes, impairing the esterification of cholesterol by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase in the ER. These events are in line with findings in macrophages from ASMase−/− mice or in macrophages from wild type mice enriched with exogenous SM, which results in increased lysosomal cholesterol content because of decreased cholesterol efflux (Leventhal et al., 2001). Interestingly, it has been described that ASMase is not only active in lysosomes, but it exhibits a secretory form that acts on the plasma membrane to generate ceramide from SM hydrolysis in response to stress (Falcone et al., 2004; Charruyer et al., 2005). This event, in turn, reorganizes membrane lipid domains, called “rafts,” which trigger downstream signaling events. These observations have led to the suggestion that in addition to lysosomal dysfunction produced by SM accumulation, part of the pathogenesis of NPA and NPB is related to alterations in signaling pathways at the plasma membrane. Any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of a sphingoid base is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxy group of the sphingoid base is esterified to phosphorylcholine. Ceramide phosphocholine sphingomyelin [Niemann-Pick disease] A process that forms myelin-like layered structures This process is dependent on the course of phospholipidosis. The presence of phospholipid inclusions are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles seen under the electron microscope as dense cytoplasmic myelin-like bodies showing a concentric lamellar structure with a periodicity of 4-4.5 nm along with an amorphorous matrix within a single membrane-bound lysosomal space. Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies : interpretation and relevance in drug safety studies, Peter Greaves. 4th ed. Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/AP, 2012. lamellar body formation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] myelin figureformation in lysosome [Phospholipidosis] The presence of phospholipid inclusions are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles seen under the electron microscope as dense cytoplasmic myelin-like bodies showing a concentric lamellar structure with a periodicity of 4-4.5 nm along with an amorphorous matrix within a single membrane-bound lysosomal space. Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies : interpretation and relevance in drug safety studies, Peter Greaves. 4th ed. Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/AP, 2012. https://www.worldcat.org/title/histopathology-of-preclinical-toxicity-studies-interpretation-and-relevance-in-drug-safety-evaluation/oclc/778774101 NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 PMID:15784740 https://omim.org/entry/608034 https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5691507 ASPA relates to myelination in the CNS, but not observed in the liver. ASPA(human) [Phospholipidosis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:443 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/443 PMID:15784740 The gene encoding ASPA has been inactivated in the mouse model of CD, and here we show significant decreases in the synthesis of six classes of myelin-associated lipids, as well as reduced acetate levels, in the brains of these mice at the time of peak postnatal CNS myelination. There was an ≈79% reduction in free acetate levels in the brains of ASPA–/– mice but that the levels in kidney and liver were not reduced relative to controls. https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5691507 Aspartoacylase (ASPA) is a cytosolic zinc metalloenzyme highly expressed in brain white matter, skeletal muscle, kidney, adrenal glands, lung and liver. ASPA catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate (CH3COO-) and L-aspartate (L-Asp). NAA occurs in high concentration in brain and is thought to play a significant part in the maintenance of intact white matter. In other tissues it acts as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids. Defects in ASPA lead to Canavan disease (CAND; MIM:271900), a fatal neurological disorder of infants characterised by white matter vacuolisation and demyelination (Herga et al. 2006, Le Coq et al. 2006, Bitto et al. 2007). Removing ceramide by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of removing: A process that takes ceramide from a cell by Kupffer cells or macrophages . Removing ceramide by Kupffer cell or macrophage Hyperfunction of ceramide phagocytosis by Kupffer cell or macrophage is a subtype of hyperfunctioning: A process that performs an excessive ceramide phagocytosis by Kupffer cells or macrophages. hyperfunction of ceramide phagocytosis by Kupffer cell or macrophage Acid ceramidase inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the acid ceramidase to be lower. acid ceramidase inactivation Acid ceramidase inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the acid ceramidase to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. acid ceramidase inactivation [Phospholipidosis] Increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of foam cell, a type of macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles, in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(severe). increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell [Phospholipidosis(severe)] Phospholipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. And the degree is mild. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (mild). phospholipid homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis (mild) ] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of dysfunction of phosphosphingolipid degradation: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete sphingomyelin degradation. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Phospholipidosis-sphingomyelin disorder] The totality of all processes through which the sphingomyelin disorder is realized. sphingomyelin disorder (phospholipidosis)　 Lysosomal cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the lysosome moderately. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(moderate). lysosomal cholesterol storage (moderate)[Phospholipidosis] Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of phospholipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking asphingomyelin homeostastasis balance. This process is dependent on the genetic and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (sphingomyelin disorder. sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Phospholipidosis - sphingomyelin disorder] Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation [sphingomyelin disorder] Increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell is a subtype of increasing number of objects: A process that becomes larger in the number of foam cell, a type of macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles, in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. increasing number of macrophage derived foam cell [Phospholipidosis(sphingomyelin disorder )] Dysfunction of sphingomyelin degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient sphingomyelin degradation. This process can constitute the course of sphingomyelin disorder. hypofunction of sphingomyelin degradation [Phospholipidosis-sphingomyelin disorder] A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of the sphingomyelin metabolism. This process is dependent on the sphingomyelin disorder and can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis. sphingomyelin metabolism imbalance [Phospholipidosis ] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55089 SLC38A4 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55089 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55089 NCBI-Human-GeneID:597 BCL2A1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:597 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/597 NCBI-Human-GeneID:84675 TRIM55 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:84675 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84675 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 CYP1A1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1543 NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 PIM3 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/415116 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2674 GFRA1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2674 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29028 ATAD2 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29028 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29028 NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 C9orf72 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/203228 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 FEN1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2237 NCBI-Human-GeneID:348235 SKA2 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:348235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:25987 TSKU (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:25987 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25987 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6400 PMID: 28272341 SEL1L (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6400 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6400 PMID: 28272341 related course: ER stress. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 PMID:26571396 PMID:29335519 PCK1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5105 PMID:26571396 Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. PMID:29335519 Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. Supporting this notion, PCK1 expression in SK-Hep-1 dramatically reduced cellular ATP level by 4 folds in cells cultured in low glucose medium, but not in normal medium (Fig. 4c). NCBI-Human-GeneID:283131 NEAT1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:283131 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/283131 NCBI-Human-GeneID:27286 SRPX2 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:27286 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27286 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7112 TMPO (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7112 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6519 SLC3A1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6519 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6519 NCBI-Human-GeneID:83695 RHNO1 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:83695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83695 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23594 ORC6 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:23594 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23594 NCBI-Human-GeneID:113130 CDCA5 (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:113130 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113130 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29089 UBE2T (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29089 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29089 Liver cancer dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Liver cancer as a gene product. Gene profile:Human/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ PMID:25592151 liver cancer dependent molecule (human in vitro) PMID:25592151 Overall, we concluded that HULC functions as an oncogene in hepatoma cells, acting mechanistically by deregulating lipid metabolism through a signaling pathway involving miR-9, PPARA, and ACSL1 that is reinforced by a feed-forward pathway involving cholesterol and RXRA to drive HULC signaling. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 PTPRD (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5789 NCBI-Human-GeneID:49855 SCAPER (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:49855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/49855 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10243 PMID:31239782 GPHN (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10243 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10243 PMID:31239782 not reposted in liver. Our results show that gephyrin was reduced in LUAD and LUSC, and its low expression in LUSC patients indicated poor prognosis. Conversely, knockdown of gephyrin promoted LUSC cell growth. NCBI-Human-GeneID:123876 ACSM2A (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:123876 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/123876 NCBI-Human-GeneID:348158 ACSM2B (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:348158 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348158 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55304 SPTLC3 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55304 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55304 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1806 PMID:29358721 DPYD (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1806 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1806 PMID:29358721 In this study, we demonstrated that expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme, was dose-dependently downregulated by IFN-α in HCC tissues from nude mice. Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 PMID:25649430 NS5ATP9 PCLAF KIAA0101 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9768 PMID:25649430 NS5ATP9 Promotes Beclin 1-Dependent Starvation-Induced Autophagy of Hepatoblastoma Cells. Furthermore, NS5ATP9-mediated autophagy is required for promotion of tumour cell growth, and this effect could be inhibited with 3-methyladenine, chloroquine or by Beclin 1-silencing. NCBI-Human-GeneID:29923 PMID:25796501 HIG2 HILPDA (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29923 PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that PVT1 may effect IRE/IRP regulatory system and cellular iron uptake by regulating miR-150/HIG2 axis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:55109 PMID:25796501 PMID:30710550 AGGF1 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55109 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55109 PMID:25796501 AGGF1 expression was significantly correlated with tumoral VEGF expression and CD34-positive microvessel density. Taken together, increased AGGF1 expression is associated with tumor angiogenesis and serves as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DFS in HCC. PMID:30710550 Together, present study revealed OR3A4 as a novel prognostic target for HCC, which regulated tumor progression and angiogenesis through AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:79789 CLMN (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79789 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79789 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6235 RPS29 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3576 PMID:29679563 PMID:30523154 IL-8 CXCL8 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3576 PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 ZNF385B (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151126 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 NOXA PMAIP1 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5366 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79799 UGT2A3 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:79799 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79799 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 PMID:27093553 CYP1A2 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1544 PMID:27093553 Collectively, CYP1A2 metabolizes E2 to generate the potent anti-tumor agent 2-ME in HCC. The reduction of CYP1A2 significantly disrupts this metabolic pathway, contributing the progression and growth of HCC and the gender disparity of this malignancy. NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 PMID:28060737 PMID:28584306 UHRF1 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29128 PMID:28060737 Furthermore, inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression were observed in vitro and in vivo after UHRF1 knockdown, moreover, G2/M arrest was detected in HCC cells. PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this study, we observed that hypoxia-induced downregulation of UHRF1 contributes to the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:135932 TMEM139 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:135932 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/135932 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22996 TTC39A (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:22996 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22996 NCBI-Human-GeneID:441027 TMEM150C (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:441027 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/441027 Lipid metabolism imbalance is a subtype of imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a homeostastasis balance of lipid metabolism. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Alcoholic fatty liver. lipid metabolism imbalance (severe) [Alcoholic fatty liver] The deree level is a subtype of qualitative value. The extent or measure of the condition/action. degree level Lipid homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a lipid homeostastasis balance. The degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Alcoholic fatty liver. lipid homeostasis imbalance (severe) [Alcoholic fatty liver] Lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (severe) is a subtype of lipid strorage in hepatocyte: A process that keeps lipids in hepatocytes. And the degree is severe. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Alcoholic fatty liver. lipid storage in hepatocyte (severe) [Lipidosis] lipid accumulation in hepatocyte (severe) [Alcoholic fatty liver] An attribute of the finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something. toxicity (attribute) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein-containing complex assembly. down regulation of protein-containing complex assembly down-regulation of protein-containing complex assembly downregulation of protein-containing complex assembly inhibition of protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly. negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly. negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly. negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly. negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25181692 PMID:30894684 PMID:31623280 tumorigenesis [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells TAMs produce IL6, which promotes expansion of these CSCs and tumorigenesis. Levels of IL6 in human HCC samples correlate with tumor stage and markers of CSCs. We have identified that STAT3 signaling in HCC cells following TAM interaction is critical to increased CSC expansion and increased tumor growth. PMID:30894684 Our data demonstrated that increased mitochondrial fission induced release of mtDNA into the cytosol in HCC cells, which is commonly recognized as cytosolic mtDNA stress, suggesting a potentially critical role of mitochondrial fission-regulated mtDNA hemostasis in hepatocarcinogenesis. CCL2 is a multifunctional factor involved in various aspects of liver disease pathogenesis, including cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that CCL2 promotes the accumulation and polarization of macrophages by CCR2 receptor signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that CCL2 was a critical mediator to link the cytosolic mtDNA stress in HCC cells and TAM infiltration. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11475 PMID:29222479 ACTA2(mouse) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11475 PMID:29222479 Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:891 PMID:24746669 CCNB1 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/891 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12842 PMID:29222479 COL1A1 (mouse) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12842 PMID:29222479 In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 PMID:29222479 PMID:29956733 GDF15(mouse)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23886 PMID:29222479 Treatment with alcohol also increased the levels of secreted GDF15 in supernatants of cultured hepatocytes. We next investigated the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on GDF15 expression in hepatocytes. Inhibition of the mitochondrial OXPHOS complex using oligomycin or rotenone significantly increased Gdf15 expression and GDF15 secretion by cultured hepatocytes. Hepatic Gdf15 expression and serum levels of GDF15 were remarkably increased in alcohol-fed mice. Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. As shown in Fig. 3c, H&E staining and Oil Red O staining showed that hepatic fat accumulation and immune cell infiltration were increased in alcohol-fed GDF15 KO mice compared to controls (Fig. 3c). In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. PMID:29222479 GDF15 - inactive form (mouse)[mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Treatment with alcohol also increased the levels of secreted GDF15 in supernatants of cultured hepatocytes. We next investigated the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on GDF15 expression in hepatocytes. Inhibition of the mitochondrial OXPHOS complex using oligomycin or rotenone significantly increased Gdf15 expression and GDF15 secretion by cultured hepatocytes. Hepatic Gdf15 expression and serum levels of GDF15 were remarkably increased in alcohol-fed mice (Fig. 1j–l). Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. As shown in Fig. 3c, H&E staining and Oil Red O staining showed that hepatic fat accumulation and immune cell infiltration were increased in alcohol-fed GDF15 KO mice compared to controls (Fig. 3c). In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 IL-6 (mouse)[ER stress] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 Negative regulation of respiratory complex proteins synthesis PMID:23299992 Finally, higher FOXO1 activity and oxidative stress could be involved, by way of impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Reduced PGC1α activity could also be secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, as previously mentioned (Fig. 4). PMID:29222479 Chronic alcohol consumption alters mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the liver by suppressing the synthesis of respiratory complex proteins. PMID:31623280 Moreover, in vitro treatment of liver cells with saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in NASH, including decreasing cellular ATP content and mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit expression, coupled with increased oxidative stress. Mitochondrial damage dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Mitochondrial damage as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse mitochondrial damage dependent molecule (mouse) NCBI-Human-GeneID:891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:268697 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25203 CCNB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:268697 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/268697 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25203 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25203 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1277 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12842 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29393 COL1A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1277 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1277 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12842 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29393 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29393 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 CYP2E1 (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25086 PMID:23299992 A second mechanism is ROS generation due to CYP2E1 overexpression and reduced levels of mtGSH. Whereas CYP2E1 induction could be secondary to higher levels of glucagon, FAs and KBs, reduced mtGSH could result from higher mitochondrial levels of cholesterol. PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:30898010 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 JNK (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116554 PMID:23299992 Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. PMID:29222479 Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). PMID:30898010 In addition, there is more pronounced WAT remodeling with more adipose tissue-associated macrophages infiltration, more M1 macrophage polarization and thus an elevated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, hyperactivation of MAPK/JNK leads to insulin insensitivity, which can be inhibited by knocking out Mapk8/Jnk1 in fundc1 KO mice. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial-derived ROS activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Phosphorylated JNK translocates to the mitochondria, where it binds to scaffold proteins inhibiting the mitochondrial respiratory chain and further increasing ROS production. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. PMID:31649547 They have also demonstrated that impaired mitophagy can promote macrophage infiltration to activate MAPK signal pathway and inflammatory response to impair mitochondrial quality control, subsequently causing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114114 DRP1 (mol) DNM1L (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10059 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74006 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114114 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114114 PMID:30894684, Hepatocarcinoma cell NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 DRP1(human)[mitochondrial disorder] DNM1L(human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10059 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 PMID:30894684 DRP1(human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] DNM1L(human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10059 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10059 PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. PMID:30250064 NEAT1 (predicted) - inactive form (human) [mitochondrial damage] PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 PMID:30894684 PMID:31623280 TLR9(human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54106 PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs) activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. After binding to TLR9, mitochondrial DAMPs trigger numerous downstream pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interferon regulatory factor-dependent type 1 to promote inflammation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 PMID:30894684 TLR9(human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:54106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54106 PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. A protein complex consisting of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner. cyclin B1-CDK1 complex A protein complex consisting of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097125 cyclin B1-CDK1 complex (human) [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 cyclin B1-CDK1 complex - inactive form (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. not reported in the liver. cyclin B1-CDK1 complex inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the cyclin B1-CDK1 complex to be lower. cyclin B1-CDK1 complex inactivation cyclin B1-CDK1 complex inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the cyclin B1-CDK1 complex to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 cyclin B1-CDK1 complex inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. ACTA2 production is a subtype of Actin production: A process that makes existent of ACTA2 due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 ACTA2 production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PID:30894684 CCL2 production [mitochondrial disorder] PID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Process of binding by which free radicals interact with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). binding to DNA by free radicals COL1A1 production is a subtype of collagen production: A process that makes existent of a ollagen due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 COL1A1 production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. Negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition is a subtype of negative regulation of cell cycle: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). GDF15 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the GDF15 (Growth differentiation factor 15) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 GDF15 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. As shown in Fig. 3c, H&E staining and Oil Red O staining showed that hepatic fat accumulation and immune cell infiltration were increased in alcohol-fed GDF15 KO mice compared to controls (Fig. 3c). In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). GDF15 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the GDF15 (Growth differentiation factor 15) to be lower. GDF15 inactivation JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:30898010 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 JNK signaling (primitive) [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. PMID:29222479 Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). PMID:30898010 In addition, there is more pronounced WAT remodeling with more adipose tissue-associated macrophages infiltration, more M1 macrophage polarization and thus an elevated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, hyperactivation of MAPK/JNK leads to insulin insensitivity, which can be inhibited by knocking out Mapk8/Jnk1 in fundc1 KO mice. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial-derived ROS activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Phosphorylated JNK translocates to the mitochondria, where it binds to scaffold proteins inhibiting the mitochondrial respiratory chain and further increasing ROS production. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. PMID:31649547 They have also demonstrated that impaired mitophagy can promote macrophage infiltration to activate MAPK signal pathway and inflammatory response to impair mitochondrial quality control, subsequently causing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. NEAT1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NEAT1 (nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30250064 NEAT1 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consis- tent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. NfkB signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 PMID:30894684 PMID:31623280 NfkB signaling (primitive) [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. PMID:31623280 After binding to TLR9, mitochondrial DAMPs trigger numerous downstream pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interferon regulatory factor-dependent type 1 to promote inflammation. p38 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the p38 (a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 p38 signaling (primitive) [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). TLR9 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30894684 PMID:31623280 TLR9 signaling [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs) activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. After binding to TLR9, mitochondrial DAMPs trigger numerous downstream pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interferon regulatory factor-dependent type 1 to promote inflammation. The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 tumor necrosis factor production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. TNF‐α is able to impair MRC activity, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and mtDNA damage. PMID:25339807 TNF-α induces mitochondrial perturbations such as swelling with a lighter matrix and abnormal morphological alterations in the membrane. PMID:29222479 Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. A moving process of alcohol from the outside to the inside of a body. This entity is a specific course dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:29222479 alcohol intake [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 NO and other RNS are increased in response to chronic alcohol consumption through induction of iNOS. PMID:29222479 Chronic alcohol consumption alters mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the liver by suppressing the synthesis of respiratory complex proteins. Alcohol-mediated damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also impairs cellular energy metabolism via enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). GDF15 is essential for the regulation of alcohol-mediated liver injury and steatosis. The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:31623280 interleukin-6 production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Process of binding by which radicals interact with mtDNA (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 binding to mtDNA by radicals [mitochondrial disorder]] PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. Increasing free radical is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of free radicals to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 increasing free radical [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. The process that results in the movement of mitochondriall DNA from the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30894684 release of DNA from mitochondria [mitochondria disorder] PMID:30894684 PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Decreasing mtDNA level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glycogen level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:21145849 PMID:25339807 PMID:30250064 decreasing mtDNA level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. Both tamoxifen and tacrine reduce mtDNA synthesis by interacting with the mitochondrial topoisomerases. Fourthly, drugs can impair mitochondrial FAO and induce microvesicular steatosis by reducing mtDNA levels (Table 1). Indeed, profound mtDNA depletion induces MRC impairment and secondary inhibition of FAO. This has been shown for the antiviral fialuridine (FIAU), AZT, d4T, and ddI, which all inhibit the mtDNA polymerase γ. PMID:25339807 MtDNA depletion in hepatocytes impairs mitochondrial function and causes hepatic steatosis and other liver injury. Reduced levels of mtDNA have also been reported in patients with NASH that seem to be responsible for the impairment of mitochondrial function and development and progression of liver steatosis and other liver injuries. Reduced expression of mtDNA-encoded polypeptides has been reported in patients with NASH, further supporting a role for mtDNA depletion in mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:30250064 not reported in the liver. Strikingly, NEAT1-depleted single cell clones showed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Fig. 7a), reduced mitochondrial respiration (by detection of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR); Fig. 7b) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Fig. 7c), reduced OCR and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) rate (Fig. 7d), suggesting that the aberrant NEAT1 expression could cause mitochondrial dysfunction. The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:28789970 PMID:30894684 mitochondria fission [Mitochondrial disorder] The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:11038192 PMID:28789970 Fission permits distribution of mitochondria throughout a cell (e.g., transport down axons or to permit allocation prior to cell division), and facilitates apoptosis via release of cytochrome C under some circumstances (Mishra and Chan 2014). High-level exposures may result in increased fission, which blocks efficient ATP generation and limits rates of functional complementation, in addition to potentially leading to apoptosis. PMID:30894684 In the present study, our data demonstrated that increased mitochondrial fission induced release of mtDNA into the cytosol in HCC cells, which is commonly recognized as cytosolic mtDNA stress, suggesting a potentially critical role of mitochondrial fission-regulated mtDNA hemostasis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mitochondrial DNA. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 mitochondrial DNA catabolic process [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:28789970 release of cytochrome c from mitochondria [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Moreover, saturated FAs are able to activate c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, thus inducing mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. PMID:25339807 Mitochondrial dysfunction results in the release of several proapoptotic proteins into the cytosol, including cytochrome c. Cardiolipin has been shown to be involved in several steps of the intrinsic pathway of the apoptotic process, including mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Another consequence of cytochrome c release from mitochondria is that it interferes with electron transport through ETC, resulting in ROS formation and triggering a new vicious cycle, which will worsen the disturbance. PMID:28789970 Fission permits distribution of mitochondria throughout a cell (e.g., transport down axons or to permit allocation prior to cell division), and facilitates apoptosis via release of cytochrome C under some circumstances (Mishra and Chan 2014). Energy metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of Metabolic dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete energy metabolic function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:24746669 PMID:29222479 PMID:29335519 PMID:31623280 metabolic dysfunction of precursor metabolites and energy generation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Experimental investigations also pointed to a progressive reduction of MRC activity during NAFLD, which could impair energy output and aggravate ROS overproduction by the damaged MRC. PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). PMID:29222479 Alcohol-mediated damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also impairs cellular energy metabolism via enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PMID:29335519 Metabolic reprogramming by PCK1 promotes TCA cataplerosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver cancer cells and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID:31623280 Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 Negative regulation of respiratory complex IV proteins synthesis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Additionally, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) reduces mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity and depletes mtDNA in the liver. The orderly movement of a monocyte from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 monocyte migration [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. Increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. increasing uptake amount of mitochondrial calcium ion [Mitochondrial disorder] The orderly movement of a neutrophil from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 neutrophil migration [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 cytokine production involved in inflammatory response [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. PMID:29222479 GDF15 may regulate the hepatic immune microenvironment by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production from liver-resident macrophages. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression is a subtype of gene expression: The process in which a gene sequence is converted into a mature inflammatory cytokine gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. inflammatory cytokine gene expression [mitochondrial disorder] Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 Inflammatory response [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Figure 8 Histological data support a role for oxidative metabolism in NAFLD in humans. PMID:29222479 Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. PMID:31623280 Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. PMID:31649547 lipotoxicity and inflammation can interfere with insulin signaling pathway to cause hepatic insulin resistance; Cellular damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 cellular damage [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm upon hematoxylin-eosin staining, reflecting abundant mitochondria. Thus, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction promotes cellular damage and is linked to liver diseases. PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of TAMs resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30894684 Tumor-associated macrophage activation[Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:30894684 Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. The orderly movement of a TAM macrophage from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30894684 tumor-associated macrophage migration [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. The orderly movement of a TAM macrophage from one site to another. TAM recruitment tumor-associated macrophage migration Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of TAMs resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25181692 PMID:30894684 PMID:31781608 Tumor-associated macrophage activation@hepatocarcinogenesis PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. We have identified that STAT3 signaling in HCC cells following TAM interaction is critical to increased CSC expansion and increased tumor growth. PMID:30894684 Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Previous studies have shown that CCL2 promotes the accumulation and polarization of macrophages by CCR2 receptor signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that CCL2 was a critical mediator to link the cytosolic mtDNA stress in HCC cells and TAM infiltration. PMID:31781608 On the one hand, intratumoral interleukins, such as IL-1β and IL-6, are correlated with the number of proinflammatory tumor-associated macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) activation is a subtype of macrophage activation: A change in morphology and behavior of TAMs resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. Tumor-associated macrophage polarization Tumor-associated macrophage activation Lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 lipoperoxidation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Other mechanisms leading to impaired MRC activity could include higher levels of different lipid intermediates including free FAs, increased generation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4‐HNE, and reduced adiponectin action. In addition to ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and lipid peroxidation products are able to damage mtDNA. Several MRC complexes including COX are sensitive to ROS and RNS. In addition, COX can be inhibited by low levels of NO and inactivated by 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation. PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. PMID:31623280 The imbalance of respiratory complex activity during the development of NAFLD and its progression to NASH leads to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, mitochondria structural abnormalities, and lipid peroxidation. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:29222479 PMID:31623280 hepatic fibrosis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. PMID:29222479 Liver-infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils were also increased in the GDF15 KO mice during liver fibrogenesis. These changes in hepatic immune cells were associated with increased tissue inflammation and fibrosis. Recombinant GDF15 attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing the hepatic inflammatory response. In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. The totality of all processes through which hepatocarcinogenesis is realized. under construction hepatocarcinogenesis [toxic course] Liver malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform liver function correctly or not functioning at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:26571396 PMID:29222479 liver malfunction [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 MtDNA depletion in hepatocytes impairs mitochondrial function and causes hepatic steatosis and other liver injury. PMID:26571396 During nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), mitochondria also produce ROS that damage hepatocytes, trigger inflammation, and contribute to insulin resistance. Figure 8 Histological data support a role for oxidative metabolism in NAFLD in humans. PMID:29222479 Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm upon hematoxylin-eosin staining, reflecting abundant mitochondria. Thus, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction promotes cellular damage and is linked to liver diseases. Scleroprotein production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of scleroprotein due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. Scleroprotein production Collagen production is a subtype of scleroprotein production: A process that makes existent of collagen due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. Collagen production COL1A1 production is a subtype of collagen production: A process that makes existent of a ollagen due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. COL1A1 production cytoskeletal protein production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of cytoskeletal protein due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. cytoskeletal protein production Actin production is a subtype of cytoskeletal protein production: A process that makes existent of actin due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. actin production ACTA2 production is a subtype of Actin production: A process that makes existent of ACTA2 due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. ACTA2 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. CCL2 production chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30894684 CCL2 production [Hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. NCBI-Human-GeneID:59 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11475 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81633 ACTA2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:59 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11475 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81633 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81633 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 PMID:30894684 CCL2(human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6347 PMID:30894684 Previous studies have shown that CCL2 promotes the accumulation and polarization of macrophages by CCR2 receptor signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that CCL2 was a critical mediator to link the cytosolic mtDNA stress in HCC cells and TAM infiltration. PMID:29222479 p38(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Furthermore, NF-kB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, which are closely associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, were inhibited by treatment with rGDF15 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Fig. 6). Mitochondrial damage dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Mitochondrial damage as a gene product. Gene profile:caonical that described in textbooks or articles. mitochondrial damage dependent molecule (canonical) The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0018885 carbon tetrachloride metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0018885 carbon tetrachloride metabolic process [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Moreover, the radicals produced by cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated CCl4 metabolism bind to mtDNA directly and also promote lipid peroxidation, which results in degradation of mtDNA. A role played by the entity which receives DNA and transmits operand(s). DNA sensor NEAT1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NEAT1 (nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1) to be lower. NEAT1 inactivation NfkB signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transduced with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28646551 PMID:29358721 PMID:30523154 PMID:30894684 PMID:31781608 NfkB signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28646551 Consequently, PROX1 activated nuclear factor κB signaling and selectively promoted expression of the proangiogenic interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) by epigenetically stimulating the IL‐8 promoter. PMID:29358721 Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Moreover, we also confirmed that the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 signaling by which DPYD regulates EMT and facilitates HCC progression. PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. PMID:31781608 It exerts an antiapoptotic effect via the Notch-1/NF-κB pathway and interacts with the genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis). TLR9 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30894684 TLR9 signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30894684 Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. TLR9 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of TLR signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 signaling (primitive) TLR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor. TLR signaling (primitive) An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. (by GO) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0038066 p38 cascade p38 signal transduction pathway p38 signaling cascade p38 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the p38 (a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase). p38 signaling (primitive) The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-6 production energy metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of Metabolic dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete energy metabolic function. metabolic dysfunction of precursor metabolites and energy generation The aggregation of collagen in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. collagen deposition The aggregation of collagen in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29222479 collagen deposition [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 In addition, collagen deposition was significantly increased in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, Tnf-α and fibrotic mediators such as type 1 collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2) were upregulated in the livers of GDF15 KO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 4d). These data demonstrate that GDF15 deficiency induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the CCl4-induced model of liver fibrosis. Process of binding by which radicals interact with mtDNA (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid). binding to mtDNA by radicals The process that results in the movement of mitochondriall DNA from the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30894684 release of DNA from mitochondria [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30894684 mtDNA is one major type of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can activate the DNA sensor TLR9 signaling to trigger the inflammatory responses. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Decreasing mtDNA level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of mtDNA level to be lower. decreasing mtDNA level The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30894684 mitochondrial fission [hepatocarcinogenesis] The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:11038192 PMID:30894684 In the present study, our data demonstrated that increased mitochondrial fission induced release of mtDNA into the cytosol in HCC cells, which is commonly recognized as cytosolic mtDNA stress, suggesting a potentially critical role of mitochondrial fission-regulated mtDNA hemostasis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. mitochondrial disorder dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of mitochondrial disorder. mitochondria disorder dependent chemical compound The orderly movement of a monocyte from one site to another. monocyte migration A role played by the entity which negative regulates the respiratory chain. respiratory chain inhibitor role The orderly movement of a neutrophil from one site to another. neutrophil migration PMID:29222479 CCL4 [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29222479 Additionally, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) reduces mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity and depletes mtDNA in the liver. A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron. free radical radicals [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID: PMID:25181692 STAT3(human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6774 PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells TAMs produce IL6, which promotes expansion of these CSCs and tumorigenesis. Levels of IL6 in human HCC samples correlate with tumor stage and markers of CSCs. We have identified that STAT3 signaling in HCC cells following TAM interaction is critical to increased CSC expansion and increased tumor growth. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 PMID:25181692 PMID:31623280 IL-6(human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. An attribute of the finding of bodily injury due to the poisonous effects of drugs. drug toxicity An attribute of the finding of liver injury due to the poisonous effects of drugs. drug liver toxicity toxicity value From Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset. DILIrank consists of 1,036 FDA-approved drugs that are divided into four classes according to their potential for causing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Most-DILI-Concern IL6 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to Interleukin 6. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25181692 PMID:31623280 IL6 signaling [Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. STAT3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the STAT3 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25181692 STAT3 activation[Mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23334697 PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells STAT3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the STAT3 to be higher. STAT3 activation PMID:23334697 IL-6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL-6. IL-6 signaling (primitive) reactive aldehyde mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit C19H35N C1CCC(CC1)C(CC1CCCCN1)C1CCCCC1 DrugBank:DB01074 PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Perhexiline perhexiline [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Acetaminophen Wikipedia:Paracetamol N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide paracetamol [mitochondrial disorder] APAP Acetaminophen [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 For instance APAP and troglitazone can induce mtDNA strand breaks which eventually lead to a reduction of mtDNA levels. Indeed, damaged mtDNA molecules harboring numerous strand breaks can be rapidly degraded by mitochondrial endonucleases. Table 1. ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 amiodarone [mitochondrial disorder]] ISBN:0071769234 Drug-induced steatosis is mainly caused by compounds such as amiodarone, tamoxifen, which accumulate in mitochondria and inhibit β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Alpidem alpidem [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Disulfiram disulfiram [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 PMID:24003057 tamoxifen [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Tetracycline tetracycline [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. A chromane that has formula C24H27NO5S. Direct competition of troglitazone metabolites with conjugated bilirubin at the level of MRP2 could result in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ATC:A10BG01 PMID:11717175 PMID:21145849 troglitazone [mitochondrial disorder] ISBN:0071769234 ISBN:0123878179 Direct competition of troglitazone metabolites with conjugated bilirubin at the level of MRP2 could result in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. PMID:21480339 Rifampicin, bosentan, and troglitazone directly inhibit bile salt export pump (BSEP). ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 Table 1. For instance APAP and troglitazone can induce mtDNA strand breaks which eventually lead to a reduction of mtDNA levels. Indeed, damaged mtDNA molecules harboring numerous strand breaks can be rapidly degraded by mitochondrial endonucleases. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Nilutamide nilutamide [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Buprenorphine buprenorphine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 increasing demand for response to ER stress [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. cardiolipin peroxidation is a subtype of phospholipid oxidation: The degradation of cardiolipin caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 cardiolipin peroxidation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Cardiolipin peroxidation has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological conditions, including NAFLD. Indeed, in mitochondria lacking CL, a respiratory supercomplex formed by complex III and IV is destabilized. Similarly, dimeric organization of ADP/ATP carrier and other ADP/ATP carrier-containing supercomplexes are destabilized in CL-deficient mitochondria. These results suggest that the observed dysfunction of complex I in hepatic mitochondria from CDD animals could be attributed, at least in part, to ROS-induced cardiolipin alterations. Cardiolipin has been shown to be involved in several steps of the intrinsic pathway of the apoptotic process, including mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In addition, CL oxidation seems to promote the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, probably interacting with Bcl2 family proteins, such as Bax and Bid. Thus, oxidized CL may have a critical role in several steps of the apoptotic process such as: the translocation of t-Bid to mitochondria with subsequent oligomerization of Bax and Bak leading to membrane permeabilization; cytochrome c dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane; and activation of MPTP, followed by the release of this hemoprotein from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol (Figure ​1). A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 PMID:31623280 necrosis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. If MPTP opening is transient, the cell can recover; while in conditions of prolonged MPTP opening and ATP depletion, irreversible damage and cell death occur, predominantly through necrosis. PMID:31623280 Reduced mitophagy results in the accumulation of severely damaged mitochondria, leading to cell necrosis releasing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can promote liver inflammation and NASH development. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Cellular membrane lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipoperoxidation: A process that the degradation of lipids of cellular membrane caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 cellular membrane lipoperoxidation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 hepatic stellate cell activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Oxidative stress may cause damage at cellular level, such as membrane lipid peroxidation, cell degeneration and necrosis, cell death by apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, liver stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. mitochondrial membrane morphology changes is a subtype of mitochondria morphology changes: A process that changes the morphology of the mitochondrial membrane. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. mitochondrial membrane morphology changes [mitochondrial disorder] The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 IL-1beta production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Insulin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the circulating insulin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 Insulin resistance (process) [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Recent studies also show that MAMs are important for hepatic insulin signaling, nutrient sensing, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites could exacerbate hepatic lipid accumulation and miscommunication between organelles appears to be related to the pathology of hepatic metabolic diseases. PMID:31649547 lipotoxicity and inflammation can interfere with insulin signaling pathway to cause hepatic insulin resistance; In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction gives rise to hepatic fatty acid accumulation, which ultimately impairs insulin signal pathway and causes hepatic insulin resistance. Calcium ion homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a calcium ion homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Calcium ion homeostasis imbalance [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS and oxidative stress can disrupt ER function leading to inappropriate release of calcium in liver parenchymal cells. Hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion in ER is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient sequestering of calcium ion in ER. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder.. PMID:31623280 Hypofunction of sequestering of calcium ion in ER [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS and oxidative stress can disrupt ER function leading to inappropriate release of calcium in liver parenchymal cells. Moreover, oxidative stress and ROS lead to the release of calcium by the endoplasmic reticulum, further increasing mitochondria ROS production and potentiating proapoptotic pathways. mitochondria morphology changes is a subtype of changing shape: A process that changes the morphology of the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 PMID:31623280 mitochondria morphology change [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 In the present study we showed that mutations in TARDBP and C9ORF72 genes, associated to defects in RNA metabolism in ALS and FTD neurodegenerative diseases, affect mitochondria functionality by altering several morphological and bioenergetics parameters in a gene-specific manner. These results suggest that an altered balance of fission and fusion processes may account for the mitochondria morphology changes observed in mTDP-43 and mC9ORF72 fibroblasts. not reported in the liver. PMID:31623280 The imbalance of respiratory complex activity during the development of NAFLD and its progression to NASH leads to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, mitochondria structural abnormalities, and lipid peroxidation. Consistent with this, high glucose induces mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP depletion in several rodent and human cell models. More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Any process that results in a change in state of redox. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:30232152 PMID:31623280 redox changes [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:30232152 not reported in the liver. Exogenous H2O2 activates AMPK indirectly in myotubes by decreasing the ATP/ADP ratio. We conclude that AMPK activity in response to redox changes is not due to direct action on AMPK itself, but is a secondary consequence of redox effects on other processes, such as mitochondrial ATP production. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial-derived ROS also activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) secondary to redox changes and mitochondrial ATP production. Thus, accumulating evidences suggest that cholesterol overload in mitochondria induces redox imbalances leading to oxidative stress and cell death associated with steatohepatitis. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Salicylic_acid salicylic acid [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. ATC:D11AX18 ATC:M01AB05 ATC:M02AA15 ATC:S01BC03 PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Diclofenac diclofenac [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 nimesulide [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 PMID:25339807 BAK1(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116502 PMID:25339807 In addition, CL oxidation seems to promote the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, probably interacting with Bcl2 family proteins, such as Bax and Bid. Thus, oxidized CL may have a critical role in several steps of the apoptotic process such as: the translocation of t-Bid to mitochondria with subsequent oligomerization of Bax and Bak leading to membrane permeabilization; cytochrome c dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane; and activation of MPTP, followed by the release of this hemoprotein from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol (Figure ​1). NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 PMID:25339807 BAX(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/581 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12028 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12028 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24887 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24887 PMID:25339807 In addition, CL oxidation seems to promote the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, probably interacting with Bcl2 family proteins, such as Bax and Bid. Thus, oxidized CL may have a critical role in several steps of the apoptotic process such as: the translocation of t-Bid to mitochondria with subsequent oligomerization of Bax and Bak leading to membrane permeabilization; cytochrome c dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane; and activation of MPTP, followed by the release of this hemoprotein from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol (Figure ​1). NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 PMID:25339807 BID(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:637 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12122 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12122 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64625 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64625 PMID:25339807 In addition, CL oxidation seems to promote the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, probably interacting with Bcl2 family proteins, such as Bax and Bid. Thus, oxidized CL may have a critical role in several steps of the apoptotic process such as: the translocation of t-Bid to mitochondria with subsequent oligomerization of Bax and Bak leading to membrane permeabilization; cytochrome c dissociation from the inner mitochondrial membrane; and activation of MPTP, followed by the release of this hemoprotein from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol (Figure ​1). ISBN:0071769234 PMID:21145849 valproic acid [mitochondrial disorder] ISBN:0071769234 Types of hepatobiliary injury: Fatty liver: Amiodarone, CCl4, ethanol, fialuridine, tamoxifen, valproic acid. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition PMID:21145849 Table 1. Any process that activates or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 nagative regulation of mitophagy [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Damaged mitochondria are usually eliminated by autophagy/mitophagy which is attenuated by lipid accumulation. Prevention of autophagy further leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria that can release inflammatory DAMPs and cytochrome C to promote cell death, and/or exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Reduced mitophagy results in the accumulation of severely damaged mitochondria, leading to cell necrosis releasing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can promote liver inflammation and NASH development. PMID:31649547 Wu et al. (2019) have found that impaired mitophagy can accelerate macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue in high-fat diet–fed mice with FUNDC1 knockout. They have also demonstrated that impaired mitophagy can promote macrophage infiltration to activate MAPK signal pathway and inflammatory response to impair mitochondrial quality control, subsequently causing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete beta oxidation of a fatty acid in the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 However, several hormonal and metabolic adaptations are set up in order to restrain hepatic fat accumulation, such as increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO). Furthermore, enhanced mtFAO without concomitant up‐regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction within different MRC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Amineptine amineptine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 ibuprofen [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Panadiplon panadiplon [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Pirprofen pirprofen [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Tacrine tacrine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. Hyperfunction of CYP2E1 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of cytochrome 450 gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of CYP2E1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 hyperfunction of CYP2E1 gene expression [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 A second mechanism is ROS generation due to CYP2E1 overexpression and reduced levels of mtGSH. Whereas CYP2E1 induction could be secondary to higher levels of glucagon, FAs and KBs, reduced mtGSH could result from higher mitochondrial levels of cholesterol. Hyperfunction of glucose biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive glucose biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. hyperfunction of gluconeogenesis [mitochondrial disorder] Increasing damaged mitochondria is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of damaged mitochondria to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 Increasing damaged mitochondria [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Prevention of autophagy further leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria that can release inflammatory DAMPs and cytochrome C to promote cell death, and/or exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Reduced mitophagy results in the accumulation of severely damaged mitochondria, leading to cell necrosis releasing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can promote liver inflammation and NASH development. PMID:31649547 Recent study has found that hepatic fatty acid accumulation can cause damaged mitochondria accumulation, which can impair mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fatty acid oxidative degradation. Accumulating evidence has shown that defective hepatic mitochondrial respiration characterized by damaged mitochondria accumulation can impair mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which sequentially causes various adverse consequences, such as excessive ROS, reduced ATP production, and hepatic fatty acid accumulation. In general, damaged mitochondria accumulation can cause excessive ROS production, which will destroy mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate oxidation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid oxidative degradation and accelerating fatty acid accumulation. Increasing CPT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CPT1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 increasing CPT1 level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 For instance, LCFA‐mediated PPARα activation increases the expression of the mitochondrial enzymes CPT1 and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Increased mtFAO capacity in ob/ob liver was associated with enhanced CPT activity and/or CPT1 expression, and higher expression of other mtFAO enzymes. Hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient anti-oxidative stress function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 hypofunction of anti-oxidative stress[mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Reduced ROS detoxification could also favor oxidative stress. Indeed, several studies showed lower GSH levels in NAFLD, including within the mitochondria. Decreased expression and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SODs could also occur, in particular at the mitochondrial level. The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 Reactome:R-HSA-70263 glucose biosynthesis glucose biosynthetic process gluconeogenesis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 Though all tissues support minor activities of anaplerosis and cataplerosis, these pathways are a major function of liver TCA cycle, where anaplerosis and cataplerosis are required for shuttling reducing equivalents (RE) and biosynthetic substrates related to ureagenesis, amino acid synthesis, lipogenesis, and most prominently, gluconeogenesis (GNG) (1) On the whole, the data indicate that increased flux through anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways not only contributes to dysregulation of downstream nutrients (e.g., glycemia and lipidemia), but also triggers oxidative metabolism and altered antioxidant capacity that contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (Figure 8B and Supplemental Table 2). Reactome:R-HSA-70263 Gluconeogenesis, Homo sapiens The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 PMID:31623280 lipogenesis lipid biosynthetic process [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 Though all tissues support minor activities of anaplerosis and cataplerosis, these pathways are a major function of liver TCA cycle, where anaplerosis and cataplerosis are required for shuttling reducing equivalents (RE) and biosynthetic substrates related to ureagenesis, amino acid synthesis, lipogenesis, and most prominently, gluconeogenesis (GNG) (1) On the whole, the data indicate that increased flux through anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways not only contributes to dysregulation of downstream nutrients (e.g., glycemia and lipidemia), but also triggers oxidative metabolism and altered antioxidant capacity that contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (Figure 8B and Supplemental Table 2). PMID:31623280 In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:26571396 PMID:31623280 increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Furthermore, high glucose levels promote ROS overproduction within hepatocytes, thus favoring oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Reduced ROS detoxification could also favor oxidative stress. Indeed, several studies showed lower GSH levels in NAFLD, including within the mitochondria. Decreased expression and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SODs could also occur, in particular at the mitochondrial level. PMID:25339807 MPTP is defined as the sudden increase of mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to low molecular weight solutes (1.5 kDa) in response to many stimuli, including high levels of Ca2+ and oxidant stress. PMID:26571396 Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Figure 8 Histological data support a role for oxidative metabolism in NAFLD in humans. PMID:31623280 Just like in NASH, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidized mtDNA also contribute to the progression of HCC through influences on inflammation, cell death, and ER stress. Mitochondrial ROS and oxidative stress can disrupt ER function leading to inappropriate release of calcium in liver parenchymal cells. Moreover, in vitro treatment of liver cells with saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in NASH, including decreasing cellular ATP content and mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit expression, coupled with increased oxidative stress. In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. Thus, accumulating evidences suggest that cholesterol overload in mitochondria induces redox imbalances leading to oxidative stress and cell death associated with steatohepatitis. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. ketone body biosynthetic process is a subtype of generating: A process that synthesizes ketone body resulting in having output (s). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 ketogenesis ketone body biosynthetic process [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 During fasting, acetyl‐CoA moieties are mainly used to generate KB by way of ketogenesis. Hepatic ketogenesis was also augmented in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD),80 thus suggesting that higher acetyl‐CoA generation by way of mtFAO is followed by efficient KB production. Negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 Negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. The CyclinB1/Cdk1-mediated CI subunit phosphorylation enhances CI activity, whereas deficiency of such phosphorylation in each of the relevant CI subunits results in impairment of CI function. The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 cell cycle arrest [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). Increasing HMGB1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HMGB1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing HMGB1 level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. TLR4 signaling is a subtype of TLR signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 TLR4 signaling [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. Malfunctioning of insulin signaling is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform insulin signaling [biological] appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 Malfunctioning of insulin signaling [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Recent studies also show that MAMs are important for hepatic insulin signaling, nutrient sensing, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites could exacerbate hepatic lipid accumulation and miscommunication between organelles appears to be related to the pathology of hepatic metabolic diseases. PMID:31649547 lipotoxicity and inflammation can interfere with insulin signaling pathway to cause hepatic insulin resistance; As a result, fatty acids especially diacylglycerol and ceramide may excessively accumulate in liver tissue. Previous report has shown that diacylglycerol can activate PKC to impair insulin signal pathway. Moreover, ceramide also activates PKC to suppress protein kinase AKT and further inhibits insulin signal pathway. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction gives rise to hepatic fatty acid accumulation, which ultimately impairs insulin signal pathway and causes hepatic insulin resistance. Inflammasome activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the inflammasome to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Reactome: R-HSA-844456.2 inflammasome activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 After binding to TLR9, mitochondrial DAMPs trigger numerous downstream pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interferon regulatory factor-dependent type 1 to promote inflammation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 TNFΑ (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 HIF1A activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the HIF1A (hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 HIF1A activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 TNF‐α is able to impair MRC activity, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and mtDNA damage. PMID:25339807 TNF-α may also alter electron transport chain (ETC) by inducing hypoxia-inducible factor -1α and mtDNA damage. iNOS production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of iNOS ( inducible nitric oxide synthase) due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 inducible nitric oxide synthase production [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. PMID:25339807 NO and other RNS are increased in response to chronic alcohol consumption through induction of iNOS. HOR O[*] alcohol [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 PMID:23299992 IL-6(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24498 PMID:23299992 Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Didanosine ddI didanosine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Zidovudine AZT zidovudine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Stavudine stavudine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. PMID:21145849 Wikipedia:Fialuridine FIAU fialuridine [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:21145849 Table 1. Hypofunction of PPARGC1A gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient PPARGC1A gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:31623280 Hypofunction of PPARGC1A gene expression [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Finally, higher FOXO1 activity and oxidative stress could be involved, by way of impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Interestingly, oxidative stress and inflammation are able to reduce PGC1α expression. PMID:31623280 Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with a reduction of PGC-1α, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), or PPARs in fatty livers. Increasing IL-6 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of IL-6 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25181692 PMID:28584306 Increasing IL-6 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. PMID:28584306 Epigenetic changes caused by UHRF1 deficiency triggered the upregulation of CXCR4, thereby activating AKT and JNK to increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:12748687 PMID:15511635 PMID:1596892 PMID:18245951 PMID:20101231 PMID:21724974 PMID:22576474 PMID:22584684 PMID:2335008 PMID:23626729 PMID:25607821 PMID:26017875 PMID:28159835 PMID:28932315 PMID:30704071 PMID:30710550 PMID:30894684 PMID:31239782 PMID:31439937 PMID:31507621 PMID:9884324 tumorigenesis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:12748687 There was some evidence of carcinogenicity for male and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane, as indicated by increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms, primarily adenomas. PMID:15511635 In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. PMID:1596892 One of the most highly characterized lesions associated with carcinogenesis is the activation of the ras genes by point mutation. This is the first demonstration of N-ras mutations in mouse liver tumors, establishing a role for the N-ras gene in mouse liver carcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. Recent evidence has also implicated a role for cytoplasmic cyclin A accumulation in oncogenesis and cellular transformation. Consistent with this notion, it has been shown that targeting of cyclin A to the ER in normal rat fibroblasts leads to several hallmarks of cancer, including polyploidy, abnormal centrosome duplication, and genomic instability. PMID:20101231 Enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in Pim-3 transgenic mice PMID:21724974 Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays showed that styrene caused lung cancers in several strains of mice and mammary cancers in rats and styrene-7,8-oxide caused tumours of the forestomach in rats and mice and of the liver in mice. PMID:22576474 Exogenous Overexpression of KIAA0101 tv1 Induced NIH3T3 Cells Transformation In Vitro and In Vivo. These results suggest that KIAA0101 tv1 has oncogenic potential. PMID:22584684 Table 1 PMID:2335008 Carcinogenicity of naturally occurring 1-hydroxyanthraquinone in rats: induction of large bowel, liver and stomach neoplasms. PMID:23626729 Yamamoto et al. have successfully demonstrated using CAR-deficient mice that CAR is an essential factor for PB-induced liver tumor formation following the initiation with diethylnitrosamine. PMID:25607821 In addition, Sptlc3 mRNA expression in STAM-F mice was higher than that in db/db mice that received HFD and in B6N mice fed a choline‑deficient L-amino acid (CDAA)-defined diet. Hepatic expression of the Sptlc3 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PMID:26017875 Phosphorylation of β-catenin and abnormalities in function of the E-cadherin-catenin unit lead to loss of intercellular junctions, progression in liver fibrosis, and development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMID:28159835 Since STAT3 activity also plays a role in liver disease progression and HCC development, this may contribute to the protumourigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. PMID:28932315 Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). 2-AAF exhibits its carcinogenic effect through the formation of DNA adducts, over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:30710550 Together, present study revealed OR3A4 as a novel prognostic target for HCC, which regulated tumor progression and angiogenesis through AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. PMID:30894684 Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission induced the cytosolic mtDNA stress to enhance the CCL2 secretion from HCC cells by TLR9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus promoted the TAM recruitment and polarization. PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin suppresses lung squamous cell carcinoma development by reducing mTOR pathway activation PMID:31439937 Alcoholic cirrhosis is the second most common risk factor for HCC in the USA and Europe. The main form of aflatoxin involved in liver carcinogenesis is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by Aspergillus sp. AFB1 predominantly causes mutations at codon 249 in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene (AGG to AGT), resulting in substitution of arginine for serine (R249S), which is rarely observed in cancers other than HCC. Aristolochic acid (AA) is a highly mutagenic compound found in plants known as Aristolichia or Asarum (Chinese wild ginger) which grow worldwide. A dose-response relationship has also been shown in Taiwan between AA exposure and risk of HCC. In most instances, and particularly in high-resource countries, HCC develops as a sequel to protracted chronic hepatitis, occurring after patients develop liver cirrhosis from HBV or HCV infection. PMID:31507621 HBV-induced immune imbalance leads to the development of HCC as described above. PMID:9884324 In lab animals, GEM causes peroxisome proliferation, an effect that has been associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. In humans, hepatobiliary disorders, but not carcinogenesis, have been associated with GEM therapy. Increasing production amount of reactive aldehyde is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive aldehyde to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 increasing production amount of reactive aldehyde [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Several MRC complexes including COX are sensitive to ROS and RNS. In addition, COX can be inhibited by low levels of NO and inactivated by 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation. PMID:25339807 These compounds may undergo fragmentation to produce several reactive intermediates, among them, malondialdehyde and the most reactive 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. These two by-products of lipid peroxidation have been shown to interact with and inactivate ETC components, including cytochrome c oxidase, by forming adducts with this enzyme[, contributing to triggering mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH. The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29679563 PMID:30523154 CXCL8 production chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 production [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30523154 In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. Snail1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the Snail1 (snail family transcriptional repressor 1) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 PMID:29358721 Snail1 signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. Snail siRNA markedly attenuated the upregulation of CD133 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Snail siRNA significantly suppressed an increase in both SP fraction and the size of spheres formed. Consistent with these reports, the transient knockdown of Snail efficiently modulated not only the expression of CD133 but also the expansion of the population of cancer stem-like cells caused by UHRF1 deficiency. PMID:29358721 Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Moreover, we also confirmed that the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 signaling by which DPYD regulates EMT and facilitates HCC progression. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22576474 PMID:23284992 PMID:25797246 PMID:28493839 PMID:29270806 PMID:29335519 PMID:30700007 PMID:30947731 PMID:31781608 negative regulation of apoptotic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. PMID:23284992 Further study revealed that the enhanced Noxa caused by Celastrol was the key factor for the synergy, since small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Noxa expression in HCC cells resulted in decreased apoptosis and attenuated anti-proliferative effects of the combination. PMID:25797246 Importantly, the down-regulation of NOXA expression via siRNA silencing substantially attenuated apoptosis of liver cancer cells. In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of PDGF-BB in hepatic satellite cells activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells and enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis. PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. PMID:29335519 Expression of catalytic inactive PCK1(C288S) mutant reduced, but not completely inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.  This is consistent with a partial inhibition of cell apoptosis by the PCK1(C288S) mutant when compared with the wild type PCK1 (Fig. 3b, c). PMID:30700007 Increased cell survival mediated by repression of apoptosis is also a consequence of activated YAP/TAZ. PMID:30947731 Cx32 exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-tumor effects via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cx32 facilitated HCC progression by blocking chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo via interacting with Src and thus promoting the phosphorylation of EGFR, subsequently activating the EGFR signaling pathway. PMID:31781608 It exerts an antiapoptotic effect via the Notch-1/NF-κB pathway and interacts with the genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis). Iron accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps iron in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Iron accumulation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. Increasing ACSL1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ACSL1 level to be higher. Increasing ACSL1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:2180 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25288 ACSL1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2180 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2180 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25288 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25288 Increasing ACSL1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ACSL1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30008815 Increasing ACSL1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30008815 Among the five family isoforms, ACSL1 and ACSL4 are able to promote ungoverned cell growth, facilitate tumor invasion and evade programmed cell death, while ACSL3 may have relatively complex functions in different types of cancer. Upregulation of ACSL1 was found in multiple types of cancer, including colon, breast and liver cancer, and myeloma, while downregulation was found in lung squamous cell carcinoma. However, liver cancer overexpressed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) known as highly upregulated in liver cancer. This lncRNA could dampen miR-9 and relieve its suppression of PPARα expression and consequently turn on ACSL1 transcription. As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2180 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25288 PMID:30008815 ACSL1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2180 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2180 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25288 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25288 PMID:30008815 Among the five family isoforms, ACSL1 and ACSL4 are able to promote ungoverned cell growth, facilitate tumor invasion and evade programmed cell death, while ACSL3 may have relatively complex functions in different types of cancer. Upregulation of ACSL1 was found in multiple types of cancer, including colon, breast and liver cancer, and myeloma, while downregulation was found in lung squamous cell carcinoma. HNF4A inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30008815 HNF4A inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30008815 As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 PMID:23284992 PMID:25797246 PMID:28060737 PMID:28493839 PMID:2919404 PMID:30309512 PMID:30690589 PMID:30704071 PMID:31239782 PMID:8106389 positive regulation of cell division [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 Enhanced hepatocyte proliferation by Pim-3 overexpression The Pim-3 transgene can enhance the proliferation of hepatocytes through G-C-to-A-T transition mutations, thereby accelerating HCC development. PMID:23284992 Further study revealed that the enhanced Noxa caused by Celastrol was the key factor for the synergy, since small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Noxa expression in HCC cells resulted in decreased apoptosis and attenuated anti-proliferative effects of the combination. PMID:25797246 Silencing of NOXA significantly attenuates MLN4924+CQ apoptotic induction and liver-cancer-cell proliferation inhibition PMID:28060737 In conclusion, elevated UHRF1 expression contributes to poor prognosis by promoting cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC. PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of PDGF-BB in hepatic satellite cells activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells and enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis. PMID:2919404 Our results suggest that the high sensitivity of young rats to VC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis can reasonably be explained by enhanced DNA-alkylation and by increased cellular proliferation at an early age. PMID:30309512 ICBP90 mediates Notch signaling to facilitate human hepatocellular carcinoma growth. DAPT caused inhibition of the activation of the Notch signaling pathway, followed by preventing the cells at the G0/G1 phases to enter S and G2/M phases. PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin overexpression suppressed LUSC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression, and decreased the expression of cell-cycle related proteins such as cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and proliferation-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). PMID:8106389 These results establish that fumonisin B1 is mitogenic via accumulation of sphingoid bases rather than inhibition of complex sphingolipid biosynthesis per se. Because mitogens can often affect cell transformation, this provides a plausible molecular mechanism to explain the carcinogenicity of fumonisins. A moving process of a tumor cell from the outside to the inside of other organ. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:17428255 PMID:28036048 PMID:28060737 PMID:28410205 PMID:28584306 PMID:29358721 PMID:29679563 PMID:30205391 PMID:30523154 tumor cell invasion [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. It has been suggested that inactivation of one of these two genes, TSLC1 and DAL‐1, might disrupt cell adhesion and links between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, resulting in gain of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. PMID:28036048 The Notch signaling pathway is emerging more and more as a major player in cancer biology, including in hepatocellular carcinoma, where persistent Notch activation may lead to HCC proliferation, invasion, and resistance to conventional cancer therapy. PMID:28060737 Furthermore, inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression were observed in vitro and in vivo after UHRF1 knockdown, moreover, G2/M arrest was detected in HCC cells. PMID:28410205 Furthermore, both cell migration and invasion were enhanced by KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells. PMID:28584306 By negatively modulating UHRF1 expression, we further showed that UHRF1 deficiency in itself is sufficient to increase the migratory and invasive properties of cells via inducing EMT, increasing the tumorigenic capacity of cells and leading to the expansion of cancer stem-like cells. PMID:29358721 Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30205391 PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. PMID:30523154 Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. Increasing ACSL4 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ACSL4 level to be higher. Increasing ACSL4 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:2182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50790 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:113976 ACSL4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2182 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50790 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50790 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:113976 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113976 Increasing ACSL4 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ACSL4 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30008815 Increasing ACSL4 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30008815 Among the five family isoforms, ACSL1 and ACSL4 are able to promote ungoverned cell growth, facilitate tumor invasion and evade programmed cell death, while ACSL3 may have relatively complex functions in different types of cancer. ACSL4 has been shown to be overexpressed in multiple cancer types, including colon, breast, liver and prostate cancer, while another study has shown its downregulation in gastric cancer. As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50790 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:113976 PMID:30008815 ACSL4 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2182 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50790 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50790 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:113976 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113976 PMID:30008815 Among the five family isoforms, ACSL1 and ACSL4 are able to promote ungoverned cell growth, facilitate tumor invasion and evade programmed cell death, while ACSL3 may have relatively complex functions in different types of cancer. Increasing COX-2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of COX-2 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30008815 Increasing COX-2 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30008815 Furthermore, ACSL4 could also upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and synergize with the latter to activate AA metabolism and cancer cell invasion. Inducible expression of ACSL4 or COX-2 dampened AA accumulation and consequently rescued cell death. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arachidonic acid metabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30008815 positive regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30008815 Furthermore, ACSL4 could also upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and synergize with the latter to activate AA metabolism and cancer cell invasion. However, in cancer cells, the pro-apoptotic activities of unesterified AA could be neutralized by ACSL4 (which activates AA for esterification into TAG) and COX-2 (which facilitates AA to convert to prostaglandin). Inducible expression of ACSL4 or COX-2 dampened AA accumulation and consequently rescued cell death. Increasing AGGF1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of AGGF1 level to be higher. Increasing AGGF1 level Increasing AGGF1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of AGGF1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 PMID:29340079 PMID:30710550 Increasing AGGF1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 AGGF1 expression was significantly correlated with tumoral VEGF expression and CD34-positive microvessel density. Taken together, increased AGGF1 expression is associated with tumor angiogenesis and serves as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DFS in HCC. PMID:29340079 The high expression of AGGF1 expression in HCC tissue was well associated with the increased expression of VEGF and the high microvessel density (MVD). This phenomenon provided clues that the angiogenesis in HCC tissue was influenced by AGGF1 and it was a local process. PMID:30710550 Western blotting and spearman's correlation curve verified the effect of OR3A4 on AGGF1 level and their positive association. Increasing VEGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of VEGF level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 PMID:29340079 PMID:29679563 Increasing VEGF level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 AGGF1 expression was significantly correlated with tumoral VEGF expression and CD34-positive microvessel density. PMID:29340079 The high expression of AGGF1 expression in HCC tissue was well associated with the increased expression of VEGF and the high microvessel density (MVD). This phenomenon provided clues that the angiogenesis in HCC tissue was influenced by AGGF1 and it was a local process. PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. AGGF1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by AGGF1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30710550 AGGF1 signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30710550 Together, present study revealed OR3A4 as a novel prognostic target for HCC, which regulated tumor progression and angiogenesis through AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms. This olfactory receptor gene is transcribed and contains an intact ORF, but it is predicted to be a pseudogene due to a poorly conserved 7-transmembrane domain structure. NCBI-Human-GeneID:390756 PMID:30710550 olfactory receptor family 3 subfamily A member 4 pseudogene OR3A4 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:390756 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/390756 PMID:30710550 LncRNA OR3A4 participates in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma through modulating AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31649547 negative regulation of AKT signaling [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31649547 Moreover, ceramide also activates PKC to suppress protein kinase AKT and further inhibits insulin signal pathway. AKT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:28584306 PMID:28706416 PMID:29679563 PMID:30710550 PMID:31781608 PMID:30690589 AKT signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of PDGF-BB in hepatic satellite cells activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells and enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis. PMID:28584306 Epigenetic changes caused by UHRF1 deficiency triggered the upregulation of CXCR4, thereby activating AKT and JNK to increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. PMID:28706416 The activation of metalloprotease by the HH pathway through focal adhesion kinase/AKT signalling has been confirmed also by other studies on liver cancer. PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30710550 LncRNA OR3A4 participates in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma through modulating AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. PMID:31781608 In addition to the Wnt pathway, activated c-Src, STAT3, Akt, and Notch1 were also identified as mediators of EMT induced by HBV. PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. GSK3beta signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by GSK3beta. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29679563 GSK3beta signal (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. TOR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the TOR (Target of rapamycin) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:30710550 PMID:31239782 TOR signaling (primitive)　[hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 Since HIF1α translation is dependent on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, targeted inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR activity (e.g. Bufalin) effectively suppressed HIF1α expression in HCC cells. PMID:30710550 LncRNA OR3A4 participates in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma through modulating AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. Together, present study revealed OR3A4 as a novel prognostic target for HCC, which regulated tumor progression and angiogenesis through AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin suppresses lung squamous cell carcinoma development by reducing mTOR pathway activation p38 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the p38 (a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29358721 PMID:30690589 p38 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29358721 Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Moreover, we also confirmed that the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 signaling by which DPYD regulates EMT and facilitates HCC progression. PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. Metalloprotease activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the metalloprotease to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28706416 Metalloprotease activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28706416 Wang et al demonstrated that BRD4 is able to promote HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and that BRD4 activity is mediated by HH signalling through the metalloproteases MMP - 2 and MMP - 9. The activation of metalloprotease by the HH pathway through focal adhesion kinase/AKT signalling has been confirmed also by other studies on liver cancer. Metalloprotease activation is not the only known downstream effector of HH pathway-induced progression in HCC. A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:26017875 PMID:28060737 PMID:28493839 PMID:28584306 PMID:28706416 PMID:29358721 PMID:29787164 PMID:30008815 PMID:31781608 epithelial to mesenchymal transition [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:26017875 A decrease in E-cadherin level results in release of β-catenin from its associations and facilitates EMT, while the restored presence of E-cadherin re-establishes the altered cell phenotype. PMID:28060737 Furthermore, inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression were observed in vitro and in vivo after UHRF1 knockdown, moreover, G2/M arrest was detected in HCC cells. PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. PMID:28584306 By negatively modulating UHRF1 expression, we further showed that UHRF1 deficiency in itself is sufficient to increase the migratory and invasive properties of cells via inducing EMT, increasing the tumorigenic capacity of cells and leading to the expansion of cancer stem-like cells. Tumor malignancy is characterized by invasiveness and metastasis, which occur through EMT. In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. PMID:28706416 In vitro and in vivo inhibition models of the HH pathway confirm that HH is essential in maintaining tumour growth, metastasis and a mesenchymal phenotype. PMID:29358721 Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Our data evidenced that DPYD activity is highly elevated in human HCCs, where it promotes metastasis through a mechanism that involves EMT. Moreover, we also confirmed that the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 signaling by which DPYD regulates EMT and facilitates HCC progression. PMID:29787164 In summary, loss of E-cadherin in the liver leads to sclerosing cholangitis and promotes tumorigenesis. Its tumor-promoting function seemed to be caused by gain of stem cell properties as well as induction of EMT. In addition, invasion capacity was significantly increased by E-cadherin knockdown, suggesting that loss of E-cadherin can be a causal factor of EMT and invasive phenotype of HCC. PMID:30008815 As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. PMID:31781608 In HBx-infected hepatoma cells, TGF-β proved to upregulate CD133 expression and induce cancer stemness and EMT. On the other hand, hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α) proved to enhance the EMT of HCC cells; its expression correlates with IL-1β-related inflammation intensity. Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hypoxia-related EMT is also linked with the aberrant hedgehog pathway which plays an important role in maintaining the stem cell capacity of tumor cells. Hypoxia could also promote the EMT of HCC cells via Twist1 upregulation. A series of molecular signals mediated by APC (Activated protein C). APC signal transduction pathway APC signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by APC. APC signaling (primitive) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of APC signaling, a series of reactions mediated by APC. negative regulation of APC signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of APC signaling, a series of reactions mediated by APC. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 negative regulation of APC signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EPCR signaling, a series of reactions mediated by EPCR. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 negative regulation of EPCR signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. ATF4 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) to be lower. ATF4 inactivation ATF4 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:23284992 ATF4 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:23284992 As shown in Fig. 6F, while Celastrol increased Noxa mRNA level to 2.76-fold of control group, knockdown of ATF4 resulted in significant inhibition of Noxa mRNA with 1.22-fold of control group (ATF4 siRNA+Celastrol vs. control siRNA+Celastrol: p<0.05), suggesting that Celastrol-increased Noxa mRNA was ATF4-dependent. NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 PMID:23284992 ATF4 - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/468 PMID:23284992 As shown in Fig. 6F, while Celastrol increased Noxa mRNA level to 2.76-fold of control group, knockdown of ATF4 resulted in significant inhibition of Noxa mRNA with 1.22-fold of control group (ATF4 siRNA+Celastrol vs. control siRNA+Celastrol: p<0.05), suggesting that Celastrol-increased Noxa mRNA was ATF4-dependent. PMAIP1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PMAIP1 (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:23284992 PMID:25797246 PMAIP1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:23284992 Further study revealed that the enhanced Noxa caused by Celastrol was the key factor for the synergy, since small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Noxa expression in HCC cells resulted in decreased apoptosis and attenuated anti-proliferative effects of the combination. Then HepG2 cells transfecting Noxa siRNA were treated with 10 µM ABT-737, 1.25 µM Celastrol or the combination for another 48 h. Fig. 4B showed that Noxa-specific siRNA significantly reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP by ABT-737 in combination with Celastrol. PMID:25797246 Importantly, the down-regulation of NOXA expression via siRNA silencing substantially attenuated apoptosis of liver cancer cells. Silencing of NOXA significantly attenuates MLN4924+CQ apoptotic induction and liver-cancer-cell proliferation inhibition. The elimination of DNA damage or blockage of ROS production significantly reduced the expression of NOXA, and thereby attenuated apoptosis and reduced growth inhibition of liver cancer cells. ATF6 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). ATF6 generally plays a endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor role. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 ATF6 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 ATF6(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304962 Grp78 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Grp78. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 Grp78 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. Negative regulation of ATP transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ATP into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Negative regulation of ATP transpot Negative regulation of ATP transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ATP into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 Negative regulation of ATP transport [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Similarly, dimeric organization of ADP/ATP carrier and other ADP/ATP carrier-containing supercomplexes are destabilized in CL-deficient mitochondria. Increasing BCL-2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of BCL-2 level to be higher. Increasing BCL-2 level Increasing BCL-2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of BCL-2 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29679563 Increasing BCL-2 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. C9ORF72 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the C9ORF72 (C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit) to be lower. C9ORF72 inactivation C9ORF72 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the C9ORF72 (C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 C9ORF72 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found evidence of autophagy/mitophagy in dynamic equilibrium with the biogenesis of novel mitochondria, particularly in mutant C9ORF72 fibroblasts where an increase of mitochondrial DNA content and mass, and of PGC1-α protein was observed. The autophagic process is also partially activated in mC9ORF72 as evidenced by electron microscopy data and p62 protein down-regulation. We observed a significant depolarization of mitochondria in mTDP-43 fibroblasts, where the median MMP value was approximately 80 % compared to control group, whereas in mC9ORF72 fibroblasts the median MMP value significantly increased to 129 %, indicating hyperpolarized mitochondria (Fig. 2a). We found a consistent and significant increase of mitochondrial ROS along with a parallel increase of total cellular ROS levels specifically in mC9ORF72 cells compared to both healthy control and mTDP-43 fibroblasts (Fig. 2e-​-ff). NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 PMID:27151080 C9orf72_inactivated (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/203228 PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. In the present study we showed that mutations in TARDBP and C9ORF72 genes, associated to defects in RNA metabolism in ALS and FTD neurodegenerative diseases, affect mitochondria functionality by altering several morphological and bioenergetics parameters in a gene-specific manner. Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 positive regulation of autophagy [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found evidence of autophagy/mitophagy in dynamic equilibrium with the biogenesis of novel mitochondria, particularly in mutant C9ORF72 fibroblasts where an increase of mitochondrial DNA content and mass, and of PGC1-α protein was observed. The autophagic process is also partially activated in mC9ORF72 as evidenced by electron microscopy data and p62 protein down-regulation. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 positive regulation of mitophagy [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found evidence of autophagy/mitophagy in dynamic equilibrium with the biogenesis of novel mitochondria, particularly in mutant C9ORF72 fibroblasts where an increase of mitochondrial DNA content and mass, and of PGC1-α protein was observed. These results, together with electronic microscopy data showing few autophagic/mitophagic vacuoles in both mutant fibroblast groups (Fig. 1d), suggest an early activation of the autophagic process. Dysregulation of mitochondrion organization is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of mitochondrion organization appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 Dysregulation of mitochondrion organization PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. These results suggest that an altered balance of fission and fusion processes may account for the mitochondria morphology changes observed in mTDP-43 and mC9ORF72 fibroblasts. Increasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of increasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:27151080 Increasing mitochondrial membrane potential [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We observed a significant depolarization of mitochondria in mTDP-43 fibroblasts, where the median MMP value was approximately 80 % compared to control group, whereas in mC9ORF72 fibroblasts the median MMP value significantly increased to 129 %, indicating hyperpolarized mitochondria (Fig. 2a). The increased oxygen consumption rate may reflect an efficient and tightly coupled ETC activity in mC9ORF72 fibroblasts, thus accounting for the observed higher ATP content, while the increased MMP may favour electron slippage and trigger ROS production as sustained by our experimental data. CAR activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CAR (constitutive active/androstane receptor) to be higher. CAR activation CAR activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the CAR (constitutive active/androstane receptor) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:23626729 CAR activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:23626729 Yamamoto et al. have successfully demonstrated using CAR-deficient mice that CAR is an essential factor for PB-induced liver tumor formation following the initiation with diethylnitrosamine. While TCPOBOP directly binds and activates mouse CAR, PB indirectly activates CAR through an unidentified cellular signaling pathway. PMID:19463055 PMID:22008536 PMID:22584684 PMID:23626729 PMID:28932315 PMID:29270806 PMID:30141584 phenobarbital [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19463055 Moreover, epidemiological studies with phenobarbital demonstrate that such compounds do not increase the risk of liver tumors in humans. PMID:22008536 Genes encoding DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family proteins, in particular GADD45g (GADD45 gamma) were down-regulated by treatment with either PB or CF for 4 and 13 weeks. PMID:22584684 Table 1 PMID:23626729 Yamamoto et al. have successfully demonstrated using CAR-deficient mice that CAR is an essential factor for PB-induced liver tumor formation following the initiation with diethylnitrosamine. PMID:28932315 Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. PMID:30141584 Hypomethylation of the c-myc promoter region induced by phenobarbital in rat liver. Over-expression of Dnmt1 was observed in protein extracts isolated from the livers of rats exposed to the single dose of PB. C16H8Cl4N2O2 C1=CC(=CC=C1OC2=C(C=C(C=N2)Cl)Cl)OC3=C(C=C(C=N3)Cl)Cl CAS:76150-91-9 PMID:23626729 PMID:25979168 PubChem CID:5382 TCPOBOP 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:23626729 In addition, CAR has been reported to promote hepatocarcinogenesis in response to xenobiotics in mice through inducing cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis without DNA lesions. While TCPOBOP directly binds and activates mouse CAR, PB indirectly activates CAR through an unidentified cellular signaling pathway. PMID:25979168 For example, 1,4-Bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) activates mouse but not human CAR, and pharmacological concentrations of androstanol repress mouse but not human CAR. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 PMID:23626729 Constitutive Androstane Receptor NR1I3 CAR - activation state (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12355 PMID:23626729 Yamamoto et al. have successfully demonstrated using CAR-deficient mice that CAR is an essential factor for PB-induced liver tumor formation following the initiation with diethylnitrosamine. While TCPOBOP directly binds and activates mouse CAR, PB indirectly activates CAR through an unidentified cellular signaling pathway. CCL2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by CCL2. CCL2 signaling (primitive) CCL2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by CCL2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30894684 CCL2 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30894684 Previous studies have shown that CCL2 promotes the accumulation and polarization of macrophages by CCR2 receptor signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that CCL2 was a critical mediator to link the cytosolic mtDNA stress in HCC cells and TAM infiltration. Hepatic cirrhosis is a subtype of changing hardness: A process that changes the hardness of the liver to become hard due to the replacement of normal liver tissue to scar tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:15511635 PMID:26017875 PMID:31439937 hepatic cirrhosis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:15511635 In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. Cirrhosis was induced with CCl4 injected intraperitoneally (0.15 ml/100 g body weight) twice a week for 9 weeks. PMID:26017875 Phosphorylation of β-catenin and abnormalities in function of the E-cadherin-catenin unit lead to loss of intercellular junctions, progression in liver fibrosis, and development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMID:31439937 Alcoholic cirrhosis is the second most common risk factor for HCC in the USA and Europe. In most instances, and particularly in high-resource countries, HCC develops as a sequel to protracted chronic hepatitis, occurring after patients develop liver cirrhosis from HBV or HCV infection. PMID:15511635 CCL4 [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:15511635 Interestingly, MTAP gene expression was also impaired in the liver of CCl4-cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic patients. Cirrhosis was induced with CCl4 injected intraperitoneally (0.15 ml/100 g body weight) twice a week for 9 weeks. Hepatocarcinogenesis dependent chemical compound is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This entity (drug) can participate in the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. hepatocarcinogenesis dependent chemical compound Increasing CCND1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CCND1 level to be higher. Increasing CCND1 level Increasing CCND1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CCND1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31239782 Increasing CCND1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Moreover, gephyrin reduced mTOR pathway activation to inhibit cyclin D1 and CDK2 translation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 PMID:31239782 CCND1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/595 PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Moreover, gephyrin reduced mTOR pathway activation to inhibit cyclin D1 and CDK2 translation. Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 PMID:28060737 PMID:30309512 PMID:31239782 positive regulation of cell cycle [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 Pim-3-transgenic mouse-derived hepatocytes exhibited accelerated cell cycle progression. PMID:28060737 Furthermore, inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression were observed in vitro and in vivo after UHRF1 knockdown, moreover, G2/M arrest was detected in HCC cells. PMID:30309512 ICBP90 mediates Notch signaling to facilitate human hepatocellular carcinoma growth. DAPT caused inhibition of the activation of the Notch signaling pathway, followed by preventing the cells at the G0/G1 phases to enter S and G2/M phases. PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin overexpression suppressed LUSC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression, and decreased the expression of cell-cycle related proteins such as cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and proliferation-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). CDK1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the CDK1 (cyclin dependent kinase 1) to be lower. CDK1 inactivation CDK1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the CDK1 (cyclin dependent kinase 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 CDK1 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 PMID:24746669 CDK1 - inactive form (predicted) (human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/983 PMID:24746669 As expected, in vivo phosphorylation of each subunit at G2/M phase was inhibited in cells transfected with Cdk1 siRNA (Figure 4C, lane 3), which arrested cells at the G2/M phase (Figure S5). Increasing CDK2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CDK2 level to be higher. Increasing CDK2 level Increasing CDK2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CDK2 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31239782 Increasing CDK2 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Moreover, gephyrin reduced mTOR pathway activation to inhibit cyclin D1 and CDK2 translation. IMR:0010671 PMID:31239782 Cdk2 Cell division protein kinase 2 Cell division protein kinase 2 (EC 2.7.1.-)(p33 protein kinase)(CDK2) cyclin-dependent kinase 2 p33 protein kinase CDK2 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Moreover, gephyrin reduced mTOR pathway activation to inhibit cyclin D1 and CDK2 translation. CDT1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the CDT1 (chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1) to be lower. CDT1 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67177 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292071 CDT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81620 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67177 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67177 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/292071 CDT1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the CDT1 (chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25797246 CDT1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25797246 In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 PMID:25797246 CDT1 - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81620 PMID:25797246 In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. Removing damaged DNA stress is a subtype of removing damaged object: A process that takes a damaged DNA from an organism or tissue. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25797246 Removing damaged DNA stress [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25797246 The elimination of DNA damage or blockage of ROS production significantly reduced the expression of NOXA, and thereby attenuated apoptosis and reduced growth inhibition of liver cancer cells. In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. Increasing COX-2 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of COX-2 level to be higher. Increasing COX-2 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:5743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19225 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29527 PMID:30008815 cyclooxygenase 2 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 COX-2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5743 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19225 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19225 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29527 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29527 PMID:30008815 Furthermore, ACSL4 could also upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and synergize with the latter to activate AA metabolism and cancer cell invasion. Inducible expression of ACSL4 or COX-2 dampened AA accumulation and consequently rescued cell death. Increasing CPT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CPT1 level to be higher. increasing CPT1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12894 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25757 PMID:23299992 CPT1(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1374 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12894 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12894 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25757 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25757 PMID:23299992 For instance, LCFA‐mediated PPARα activation increases the expression of the mitochondrial enzymes CPT1 and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Increased mtFAO capacity in ob/ob liver was associated with enhanced CPT activity and/or CPT1 expression, and higher expression of other mtFAO enzymes. Decreasing CXCL8 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CXCL8 level to be lower. Decreasing CXCL8 level Decreasing CXCL8 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CXCL8 level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28646235 Decreasing CXCL8 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28646235 Over Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA PANDA Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Senescence Associated Inflammatory Factor IL8. Importantly, this aberrant function was attributed to its inhibitory action on cell senescence by suppressing senescence associated inflammatory chemokine IL8. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28646235 negative regulation of cellular senescence [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28646235 Over Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA PANDA Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Senescence Associated Inflammatory Factor IL8. Importantly, this aberrant function was attributed to its inhibitory action on cell senescence by suppressing senescence associated inflammatory chemokine IL8. The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. CXCL8 production chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 production The spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [def-source: NCI] This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:17428255 PMID:28060737 PMID:28410205 PMID:28493839 PMID:28584306 PMID:29358721 PMID:29679563 PMID:30205391 PMID:30523154 PMID:31781608 metastasis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. It has been suggested that inactivation of one of these two genes, TSLC1 and DAL‐1, might disrupt cell adhesion and links between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, resulting in gain of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. PMID:28060737 In conclusion, elevated UHRF1 expression contributes to poor prognosis by promoting cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC. PMID:28410205 Furthermore, both cell migration and invasion were enhanced by KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells. PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of PDGF-BB in hepatic satellite cells activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells and enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis. PMID:28584306 By negatively modulating UHRF1 expression, we further showed that UHRF1 deficiency in itself is sufficient to increase the migratory and invasive properties of cells via inducing EMT, increasing the tumorigenic capacity of cells and leading to the expansion of cancer stem-like cells. PMID:29358721 Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our data evidenced that DPYD activity is highly elevated in human HCCs, where it promotes metastasis through a mechanism that involves EMT. PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30205391 PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. PMID:30523154 Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. PMID:31781608 In mouse models, it was demonstrated that proinflammatory IL-1β promoted HCC metastasis and induced poor prognosis. CXCR3 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by CXCR3. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 CXCR3 signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. CXCR3 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by CXCR3. CXCR3 signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 PMID:28240761 CXCR3(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84475 PMID:28240761 The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. The movement of an endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) within or between different tissues and organs of the body. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 endothelial progenitor cell mobilization [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. A series of molecular signals mediated by CXCR3 (CXC chemokine receptor 3). CXCR3 signal transduction pathway Increasing CXCR4 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CXCR4 level to be higher. Increasing CXCR4 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:7852 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12767 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60628 CXCR4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7852 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12767 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12767 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60628 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60628 Increasing CXCR4 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CXCR4 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 Increasing CXCR4 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Epigenetic changes caused by UHRF1 deficiency triggered the upregulation of CXCR4, thereby activating AKT and JNK to increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7852 PMID:28584306 CXCR4 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7852 PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JNK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JNK (a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) ). This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 PMID:30523154 JNK signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Epigenetic changes caused by UHRF1 deficiency triggered the upregulation of CXCR4, thereby activating AKT and JNK to increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. Decreasing CYP1A2 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CYP1A2 level to be lower. Decreasing CYP1A2 level Decreasing CYP1A2 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of CYP1A2 level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:27093553 Decreasing CYP1A2 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:27093553 Collectively, CYP1A2 metabolizes E2 to generate the potent anti-tumor agent 2-ME in HCC. The reduction of CYP1A2 significantly disrupts this metabolic pathway, contributing the progression and growth of HCC and the gender disparity of this malignancy. Hypofunction of 17β-Estradiol metabolic process is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient 17β-Estradiol metabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:27093553 Hypofunction of 17β-Estradiol metabolic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:27093553 Collectively, CYP1A2 metabolizes E2 to generate the potent anti-tumor agent 2-ME in HCC. The reduction of CYP1A2 significantly disrupts this metabolic pathway, contributing the progression and growth of HCC and the gender disparity of this malignancy. Hyperfunction of CYP2E1 gene expression is a subtype of hyperfunction of cytochrome 450 gene expression: A process that performs an excesssive gene expression of CYP2E1. Hyperfunction of CYP2E1 gene expression A series of molecular signals mediated by Cx (Connexin). Connexin signal transduction pathway Connexin signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by connexin. connexin signaling (primitive) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of connexin signaling, a series of reactions mediated by connexin. negative regulation of connexin signaling The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:2919404 DNA alkylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:2919404 Our results suggest that the high sensitivity of young rats to VC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis can reasonably be explained by enhanced DNA-alkylation and by increased cellular proliferation at an early age. A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group. C2H3Cl ClC=C CAS:75-01-4 PMID:21160980 Wikipedia:Chloroethene Vinyl chloride クロロエチレン 塩化ビニル chloroethene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. Removing damaged DNA stress is a subtype of removing damaged object: A process that takes a damaged DNA from an organism or tissue. Removing damaged DNA stress The process of a structure formation, in n which a chemical is attatched to a segement of DNA. formation of DNA adducts The process of a structure formation, in n which a chemical is attatched to a segement of DNA. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. PMID:10626230 PMID:11393581 PMID:15206902 PMID:21170807 PMID:28932315 PMID:9855003 formation of DNA adducts [hepatocarcinogenesis] In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. Wikipedia: DNA adduct PMID:10626230 The results are discussed in relation to published studies on the accumulation and persistence of etheno bases in the liver during and after exposure to vinyl chloride and on mutation spectra in the ras and p53 genes in liver tumours induced by vinyl chloride. PMID:11393581 Most important, cyproterone acetate was found to induce formation of DNA adducts in primary cultures of human hepatocytes indicating that human liver cells have the capacity to activate cyproterone acetate to genotoxic intermediates. PMID:15206902 These results indicate that riddelliine is a genotoxic carcinogen in rat liver and that the types of mutations induced by riddelliine are consistent with riddelliine adducts involving G:C base pairs. PMID:21170807 Overall, these results suggested that comfrey and riddelliine produced similar types of DNA adducts and mutational spectra, and that PA in comfrey are probably responsible for mutation induction and tumor initiation in rat liver. PMID:28932315 2-AAF exhibits its carcinogenic effect through the formation of DNA adducts, over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. MDA appears to be the most mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation, but 4-HNE is most toxic. PMID:9855003 Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is mutagenic and carcinogenic and the major adduct formed by reaction with DNA, a highly fluorescent pyrimidopurinone (M1-dG), has been detected in healthy human liver and leukocyte DNA. PMID:28932315 PMID:9855003 MDA malondialdehyde [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28932315 MDA appears to be the most mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation, but 4-HNE is most toxic. PMID:9855003 Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is mutagenic and carcinogenic and the major adduct formed by reaction with DNA, a highly fluorescent pyrimidopurinone (M1-dG), has been detected in healthy human liver and leukocyte DNA. C18H23NO6 [H][C@@]12[C@H]3CCN1CC=C2COC(=O)[C@@](O)(CO)C(=C)C\C(=C\C)C(=O)O3 A macrolide that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionan bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18 as well as two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16. CAS:23246-96-0 PMID:15206902 PMID:21170807 (15Z)-12,18-dihydroxy-13,19-didehydrosenecionan-11,16-dione riddelliine [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:15206902 These results indicate that riddelliine is a genotoxic carcinogen in rat liver and that the types of mutations induced by riddelliine are consistent with riddelliine adducts involving G:C base pairs. PMID:21170807 Overall, these results suggested that comfrey and riddelliine produced similar types of DNA adducts and mutational spectra, and that PA in comfrey are probably responsible for mutation induction and tumor initiation in rat liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. C24H29ClO4 [H][C@@]12C[C@]1([H])[C@@]1(C)C(=CC2=O)C(Cl)=C[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@](OC(C)=O)(C(C)=O)[C@@]3(C)CC[C@]12[H] CAS:427-51-0 PMID:11393581 PMID:29270806 Wikipedia:Cyproterone_Acetate 6-chloro-3,20-dioxo-1beta,2beta-dihydro-3'H-cyclopropa[1,2]pregna-4,6-dien-17-yl acetate CPA cyproterone acetate [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11393581 Most important, cyproterone acetate was found to induce formation of DNA adducts in primary cultures of human hepatocytes indicating that human liver cells have the capacity to activate cyproterone acetate to genotoxic intermediates. PMID:29270806 Mesenchyme-derived factors enhance preneoplastic growth by non-genotoxic carcinogens in rat liver. MC from CPA-treated animals showed enhanced expression and secretion of HGF, which strongly raised DNA replication of HC and HCPREN. Drug-, radiation-induced, or spontaneous injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions that interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations that disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA repair); extensive damage can induce apoptosis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28932315 PMID:30704071 DNA damage [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28932315 2-AAF exhibits its carcinogenic effect through the formation of DNA adducts, over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. Proto-oncogene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Proto-oncogene randomly and permanently. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10626230 PMID:1596892 PMID:21160980 PMID:31439937 proto-oncogene mutation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10626230 The results are discussed in relation to published studies on the accumulation and persistence of etheno bases in the liver during and after exposure to vinyl chloride and on mutation spectra in the ras and p53 genes in liver tumours induced by vinyl chloride. PMID:1596892 Our results demonstrate that the predominant mutation caused by DMBA in mouse liver tumors is a G to C transversion in Ki-ras codon 13 (DMBA is also known to form guanosine adducts), illustrating the influence of both chemical- and tissue-specific factors in determining the type of ras gene mutations in a tumor. 4-Aminoazobenzene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene also caused the Ki-ras codon 13 mutation. In addition, we found that N-nitrosodiethylamine, 4-aminoazobenzene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene all caused G to T transversions in the N-ras gene (codons 12 or 13). This is the first demonstration of N-ras mutations in mouse liver tumors, establishing a role for the N-ras gene in mouse liver carcinogenesis. In addition, four DMBA-induced tumors had an A to T transversion in Ha-ras codon 61. One of the most highly characterized lesions associated with carcinogenesis is the activation of the ras genes by point mutation. PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. PMID:31439937 Mutations in the TERT promoter (occurring in 44–65% of patients with HCC and regulating transcription of the catalytic subunit of telomerase), CTNNB1 (27–40%, encoding β-catenin, a proto-oncogene in the WNT signalling pathway) and TP53 (21–31%, the master cell cycle regulator) are the most common. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. Tumor suppressor gene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Tumor suppressor gene randomly and permanently. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10626230 PMID:19590965 PMID:21160980 PMID:24078988 PMID:31439937 tumor suppressor gene mutation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10626230 The results are discussed in relation to published studies on the accumulation and persistence of etheno bases in the liver during and after exposure to vinyl chloride and on mutation spectra in the ras and p53 genes in liver tumours induced by vinyl chloride. PMID:19590965 An arginine to serine (G to T) mutation at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (R249S; 249ser mutation) is specific for exposure to aflatoxin and is detected in as many as 64% of patients with HCC. PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. The p53 mutation pattern in HCC in workers exposed to VC includes point mutations in codons 175, 245, 248, 273 and 282 but it is still unclear whether these genetic changes are directly associated with exposure to VC. However, another study concluded that in humans, A:T base pair mutations in p53 induced by VC represent a specific mutational “signature”. PMID:24078988 In the liver, p450 enzymes metabolize aflatoxin into an aflatoxin-8,9-exo-epoxide and, to a lesser extent, an aflatoxin- 8,9-endo-epoxide. The exo-epoxide is highly reactive and can form derivatives with DNA, RNA and proteins, and can react with the p53 tumor suppressor gene. PMID:31439937 AFB1 predominantly causes mutations at codon 249 in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene (AGG to AGT), resulting in substitution of arginine for serine (R249S), which is rarely observed in cancers other than HCC. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. Negative regulation of DNA repair is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31439937 PMID:31781608 negative regulation of DNA repair [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31439937 In addition, nuclear excision repair, which is normally responsible for removing AFB1-DNA adducts, is inhibited by HBV oncogenic protein. PMID:31781608 HOTAIR inhibits the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, MSH2 and MSH6 and, as result, enhances the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of HCC cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:100124700 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100503872 HOTAIR (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:100124700 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100124700 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100503872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100503872 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 PMID:31781608 MSH2 - inactive form (canonical)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81709 PMID:31781608 HOTAIR inhibits the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, MSH2 and MSH6 and, as result, enhances the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of HCC cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 PMID:31781608 MSH6 - inactive form (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360342 PMID:31781608 HOTAIR inhibits the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, MSH2 and MSH6 and, as result, enhances the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of HCC cells. Any process that results in induction of genomic instability. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 PMID:31781608 induction of genomic instability [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. Consistent with this notion, it has been shown that targeting of cyclin A to the ER in normal rat fibroblasts leads to several hallmarks of cancer, including polyploidy, abnormal centrosome duplication, and genomic instability. PMID:31781608 HOTAIR inhibits the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, MSH2 and MSH6 and, as result, enhances the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of HCC cells. The parent of the class of 2-acetamidofluorenes, being an ortho-fused polycyclic arene that consists of 9H-fluorene bearing an acetamido substituent at position 2. It is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene. C15H13NO C(=O)(NC=1C=C2C(C=3C(C2)=CC=CC3)=CC1)C CAS:53-96-3 PMID:22584684 PMID:28932315 Wikipedia:2-Acetylaminofluorene N-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)acetamide 2-AAF 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-acetamidofluorene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 Table 1 PMID:28932315 Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). 2-AAF exhibits its carcinogenic effect through the formation of DNA adducts, over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. Hyperfunction of DNA biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive DNA biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:8106389 Hyperfunction of DNA biosynthesis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:8106389 Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1. A molecular mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with Fusarium moniliforme. Hyperfunction of DNA biosynthesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive DNA biosynthesis. Hyperfunction of DNA biosynthesis A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol. C34H59NO15 CCCC[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](C[C@H](C[C@@H](CCCC[C@H](C[C@@H]([C@H](C)N)O)O)O)C)OC(C[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)=O)OC(=O)C[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)O)C CAS:116355-83-0 PMID:11359698 PMID:8106389 (2R,2'R)-2,2'-{[(5R,6R,7S,9S,11R,16R,18S,19S)-19-amino-11,16,18-trihydroxy-5,9-dimethylicosane-6,7-diyl]bis[oxy(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl)]}dibutanedioic acid fumonisin B1 [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11359698 The toxicity induced by FB1 in the liver appears to play an important role during the cancer initiation, and the induction of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation could be important initial events. The disruption of the phospholipid and n-6 fatty acid metabolic pathway, producing changes in the level of C20:4ω6, appears to be critical with respect to cancer promotion, especially at low dietary levels of FB1, where cancer promotion is effected in the absence of apoptosis and the disruption of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. A recent study employing Northern blot (mRNA) analysis showed increased hepatic expression of HGF, TGF-α, and espe- cially TGF-β1 and c-myc during short-term feeding of FB1. Increased expression of c-myc oncogene and TGF-β1 may cooperate in the promotion of liver tumors during feeding FB1, possibly by providing an environment that selects for the growth of TGF-β1-resistant transformed liver cells PMID:8106389 Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1. A molecular mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with Fusarium moniliforme. Consumption of grains contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) causes liver cancer in rats and has been correlated with esophageal cancer in humans. The causative agents are believed to be a family of compounds known as fumonisins, which bear remarkable structural resemblances to sphingosine and sphinganine, the long-chain (sphingoid) base backbones of sphingolipids. The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29270806 PMID:30166860 DNA replication [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29270806 MC from CPA-treated animals showed enhanced expression and secretion of HGF, which strongly raised DNA replication of HC and HCPREN. PMID:30166860 In addition, consistent with the results of GSEA, HMGB3 knockdown also inhibited the expression of cell cycle and DNA replication related genes Cyclin B1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), indicating that HMGB3 might promote the proliferation of HCC cells by regulating cell cycle and DNA replication pathway (Figure ​(Figure4D4D-F). Tumor cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of tumor cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a tumor cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:17428255 PMID:25649430 PMID:27093553 PMID:28036048 PMID:28706416 PMID:29335519 PMID:30205391 Tumor cell proliferation [Hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. PMID:25649430 Furthermore, NS5ATP9-mediated autophagy is required for promotion of tumour cell growth, and this effect could be inhibited with 3-methyladenine, chloroquine or by Beclin 1-silencing. Thus, the mechanism for NS5ATP9-promoted autophagy is Beclin 1-dependent in the condition of starvation, and for hepatoblastoma cell growth is also Beclin 1-dependent. PMID:27093553 Collectively, CYP1A2 metabolizes E2 to generate the potent anti-tumor agent 2-ME in HCC. The reduction of CYP1A2 significantly disrupts this metabolic pathway, contributing the progression and growth of HCC and the gender disparity of this malignancy. PMID:28036048 The Notch signaling pathway is emerging more and more as a major player in cancer biology, including in hepatocellular carcinoma, where persistent Notch activation may lead to HCC proliferation, invasion, and resistance to conventional cancer therapy. PMID:28706416 The HH pathway can induce glycolytic activity in myofibroblasts of liver stroma, the so-called “reverse Warburg” effect, and the products of glycolytic stromal cells stimulate the proliferation of malignant liver cells. PMID:29335519 Next, we knocked down of PCK1 in HepG2 cells and found that depletion of PCK1 significantly increased cell proliferation (Supplementary Fig. S2b, c). Expression of catalytic inactive PCK1(C288S) mutant reduced, but not completely inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.  PMID:30205391 PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 FEN1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2237 Increasing DNMT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of DNMT1 level to be higher. Increasing DNMT1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:1786 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84350 DNA methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1786 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1786 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13433 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84350 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84350 Increasing DNMT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of DNMT1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30141584 Increasing DNMT1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30141584 Over-expression of Dnmt1 was observed in protein extracts isolated from the livers of rats exposed to the single dose of PB. The oppose relationship between Dnmt1 activity and methylation status of c-myc gene was demonstrated. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84350 PMID:30141584 DNA methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84350 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84350 PMID:30141584 Over-expression of Dnmt1 was observed in protein extracts isolated from the livers of rats exposed to the single dose of PB. The oppose relationship between Dnmt1 activity and methylation status of c-myc gene was demonstrated. Increasing DPYD level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of DPYD level to be higher. Increasing DPYD level Increasing DPYD level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of DPYD level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29358721 Increasing DPYD level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29358721 In this study, we demonstrated that expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme, was dose-dependently downregulated by IFN-α in HCC tissues from nude mice. Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. EGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by EGFR. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:30947731 EGFR signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. PMID:30947731 Cx32 exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-tumor effects via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cx32 facilitated HCC progression by blocking chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo via interacting with Src and thus promoting the phosphorylation of EGFR, subsequently activating the EGFR signaling pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 PMID:28493839 The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. Binding of the protein to a ligand induces receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation and leads to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016] EGFR(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13649 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24329 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24329 PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 PMID:30947731 EGFR(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1956 PMID:30947731 Cx32 exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-tumor effects via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. sorafenib resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to sorafenib to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 sorafenib resistance (process) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. A series of molecular signals mediated by EPCR (Endothelial protein C receptor). EPCR signal transduction pathway EPCR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by EPCR. EPCR signaling (primitive) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EPCR signaling, a series of reactions mediated by EPCR. negative regulation of EPCR signaling NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362248 PMID:30690589 PROCR (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362248 PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. A series of molecular signals mediated by ERK (extracellular receptor kinase). ERK signal transduction pathway ERK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by ERK. ERK signaling (primitive) ERK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by ERK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:19440492 ERK signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19440492 The extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) pathway has been extensively characterized, is the most understood of the MAPK pathways, and is a key pathway of carcinogenesis. Perfluoroalkanoates, [e.g., perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)], are known peroxisome proliferators that induce hepatomegaly and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents, and are classic non-genotoxic carcinogens that inhibit in vitro gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Inhibition of GJIC, in vitro, by PFOA depended on the activation of both ERK and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) in the dysregulation of GJIC in an oxidative-dependent mechanism. A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid. C8HF15O2 OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F CAS:335-67-1 Wikipedia:Perfluorooctanoic_acid PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoate pentadecafluorooctanoic acid Negative regulation of gap-junctional intercellular communication is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap-junctional intercellular communication. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:12717835 PMID:19440492 negative regulation of GJIC negative regulation of gap-junctional intercellular communication [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:12717835 The results indicated that carcinogenesis and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma related with the abnormal expression of cx genes and disorder of its signal transduction pathway, such as decrease of (Ca(2+))i, post-translation phosphorylation on tyrosine of Cx proteins which led to a dramatic disruption of GJIC. PMID:19440492 Perfluoroalkanoates, [e.g., perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)], are known peroxisome proliferators that induce hepatomegaly and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents, and are classic non-genotoxic carcinogens that inhibit in vitro gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Inhibition of GJIC, in vitro, by PFOA depended on the activation of both ERK and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) in the dysregulation of GJIC in an oxidative-dependent mechanism. Grp78 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Grp78. Grp78 signal (primitive) A series of molecular signals mediated by Grp78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78). Grp78 signal transduction pathway Increasing demand for response to ER stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30704071 PMID:31623280 increasing demand for response to ER stress [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:31623280 Among these, mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to cancer progression through increased ROS production, impaired mitochondrial respiration, ER stress, and alteration of nutrient metabolism. Inflammatory response is a subtype of changing material: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30704071 PMID:31439937 inflammatory response [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:31439937 In most instances, and particularly in high-resource countries, HCC develops as a sequel to protracted chronic hepatitis, occurring after patients develop liver cirrhosis from HBV or HCV infection. Increasing demand for response to oxidative stress is a subtype of increasing the demand for response to stress: A process that changes the functional demand for the response to the oxidative stress to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:11359698 PMID:30704071 PMID:31623280 increasing demand for response to oxidative stress [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11359698 The toxicity induced by FB1 in the liver appears to play an important role during the cancer initiation, and the induction of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation could be important initial events. PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. A series of molecular signals mediated by FAK (focal adhesion kinase). FAK signal transduction pathway FAK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FAK. FAK signaling (primitive) FAK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FAK. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28706416 FAK signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28706416 The activation of metalloprotease by the HH pathway through focal adhesion kinase/AKT signalling has been confirmed also by other studies on liver cancer. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25614 PMID:28706416 FAK PTK2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14083 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25614 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25614 PMID:28706416 The activation of metalloprotease by the HH pathway through focal adhesion kinase/AKT signalling has been confirmed also by other studies on liver cancer. FAS signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FAS. FAS signaling (primitive) FAS signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FAS. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 FAS signaling [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. Increasing FGF21 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of FGF21 level to be higher. increasing FGF21 level Increasing FGF21 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of FGF21 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 increasing FGF21 level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170580 PMID:23299992 FGF21(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56636 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170580 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170580 PMID:23299992 mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). A series of molecular signals mediated by FGF2. FGF2 signal transduction pathway FGF2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FGF2. FGF2 signal (primitive) FGF2 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by FGF2. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 FGF2 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 In human samples with HCV-related HCC, EMT was found to be driven by the Wnt-β catenin pathway, which is probably modulated by some viral proteins, such as NS5A, or occurs as a result of bFGF activation. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 PMID:31781608 BFGF FGF2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54250 PMID:31781608 In human samples with HCV-related HCC, EMT was found to be driven by the Wnt-β catenin pathway, which is probably modulated by some viral proteins, such as NS5A, or occurs as a result of bFGF activation. WNT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by WNT. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:26017875 PMID:28493839 PMID:29361730 PMID:29786110 PMID:31781608 WNT signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:26017875 HCV also affects in a twofold way expression of E-cadherin, indirectly by modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and directly with mediation of HCV core protein. C protein diminishes expression of E-cadherin at the transcriptional level, through methylation of CpG islands in the promoter of the CDH1 gene. PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. PMID:29361730 In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the Wnt signaling pathway is frequently activated and it is associated with an aggressive HCC phenotype. Frizzled (FZD) receptors, a family member of GPCRs, are known to mediate Wnt signaling. For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. PMID:29786110 By contrast, the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade is aberrantly activated in human HCC due to gain-of-function mutations in the CTNNB1 gene and loss-of-function mutations in the APC and AXIN1 genes. PMID:31781608 The CSCs may activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and induce chemo/radiotherapy resistance, disease relapse, and metastasis and are also responsible for tumor heterogeneity. Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. FOXO1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) to be higher. FOXO1 activation FOXO1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 FOXO1 activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Finally, higher FOXO1 activity and oxidative stress could be involved, by way of impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Reduced PGC1α activity could also be secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, as previously mentioned (Fig. 4). Interestingly, oxidative stress and inflammation are able to reduce PGC1α expression. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 PMID:23299992 FOXO1 - activation state (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84482 PMID:23299992 Finally, higher FOXO1 activity and oxidative stress could be involved, by way of impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Reduced PGC1α activity could also be secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, as previously mentioned (Fig. 4). Hypofunction of heme biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient heme biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 Hypofunction of heme biosynthesis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Finally, higher FOXO1 activity and oxidative stress could be involved, by way of impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Reduced PGC1α activity could also be secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, as previously mentioned (Fig. 4). frizzled class receptor FZD G protein-coupled receptors GPCR Decreasing GADD45G level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GADD45G level to be lower. Decreasing GADD45G level NCBI-Human-GeneID:10912 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23882 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291005 GADD45G (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10912 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10912 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23882 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23882 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291005 Decreasing GADD45G level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GADD45G level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22008536 Decreasing GADD45G level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22008536 Genes encoding DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family proteins, in particular GADD45g (GADD45 gamma) were down-regulated by treatment with either PB or CF for 4 and 13 weeks. Since GADD45 functions as a chemical and radiation stress sensor by interacting with cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, the decrease in the gene expression of GADD45g mRNA observed in this study, may be associated with nongenotoxic chemical-induced tumor promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis rather than liver hypertrophy. Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used in the therapy of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia. Clofibrate therapy is associated with mild and transient serum aminotransferase elevations and with rare instances of acute liver injury. PMID:22008536 PMID:9209711 clofibrate [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22008536 Genes encoding DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family proteins, in particular GADD45g (GADD45 gamma) were down-regulated by treatment with either PB or CF for 4 and 13 weeks. PMID:9209711 For example, PP such as clofibrate and gemfibrozil, are highly effective lipid and cholesterol lowering drugs in humans but do not cause peroxisome proliferation and there is no evidence for increased liver cancers in patients receiving these drugs. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291005 PMID:22008536 GADD45G (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291005 PMID:22008536 Genes encoding DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family proteins, in particular GADD45g (GADD45 gamma) were down-regulated by treatment with either PB or CF for 4 and 13 weeks. Since GADD45 functions as a chemical and radiation stress sensor by interacting with cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, the decrease in the gene expression of GADD45g mRNA observed in this study, may be associated with nongenotoxic chemical-induced tumor promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis rather than liver hypertrophy. Increasing GDF15 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GDF15 level to be higher. Increasing GDF15 level Increasing GDF15 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GDF15 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29270806 Increasing GDF15 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. These observations provide indirect but compelling evidence that the elevated HBEGF levels in SN/MC-PB may mediate the pro-survival effects of PB in HC (Fig. 8). NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 PMID:29270806 GDF15(rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29455 PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. Negative regulation of gap-junctional intercellular communication is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap-junctional intercellular communication. negative regulation of GJIC negative regulation of gap-junctional intercellular communication Decreasing GPHN level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GPHN level to be lower. Decreasing GPHN level Decreasing GPHN level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of GPHN level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31239782 Decreasing GPHN level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Our results show that gephyrin was reduced in LUAD and LUSC, and its low expression in LUSC patients indicated poor prognosis. Conversely, knockdown of gephyrin promoted LUSC cell growth. Gephyrin suppresses lung squamous cell carcinoma development by reducing mTOR pathway activation A series of molecular signals mediated by GSK3beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta). GSK3beta signal transduction pathway GSK3beta signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by GSK3beta. GSK3beta signal (primitive) beta-catenin signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by beta-catenin. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:26017875 PMID:28493839 PMID:29679563 PMID:29786110 PMID:30008815 PMID:31781608 beta-catenin signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:26017875 Phosphorylation of β-catenin and abnormalities in function of the E-cadherin-catenin unit lead to loss of intercellular junctions, progression in liver fibrosis, and development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A decrease in E-cadherin level results in release of β-catenin from its associations and facilitates EMT, while the restored presence of E-cadherin re-establishes the altered cell phenotype. HCV also affects in a twofold way expression of E-cadherin, indirectly by modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and directly with mediation of HCV core protein. C protein diminishes expression of E-cadherin at the transcriptional level, through methylation of CpG islands in the promoter of the CDH1 gene. PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:29786110 By contrast, the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade is aberrantly activated in human HCC due to gain-of-function mutations in the CTNNB1 gene and loss-of-function mutations in the APC and AXIN1 genes. β-catenin plays key roles in multiple processes of chronic inflammation-related liver pathophysiology, including hepatocyte proliferation, stellate-cell activation, liver fibrosis and liver tumorigenesis. PMID:30008815 As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. PMID:31781608 Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 PMID:28240761 BIP [ER stress] HEL-S-89n [ER stress] HSPA5 [ER stress] Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5 [ER stress] MIF2 [ER stress] GRP78 (canonical)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25617 PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. cisplatin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to cisplatin to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 cisplatin resistance [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. Increasing HBEGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HBEGF level to be higher. Increasing HBEGF level NCBI-Human-GeneID:1839 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15200 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25433 HBEGF (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1839 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1839 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15200 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25433 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25433 Increasing HBEGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HBEGF level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29270806 Increasing HBEGF level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. These observations provide indirect but compelling evidence that the elevated HBEGF levels in SN/MC-PB may mediate the pro-survival effects of PB in HC (Fig. 8). NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25433 PMID:29270806 HBEGF (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25433 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25433 PMID:29270806 MC from PB-treated rats produced and secreted enhanced levels of HBEGF and GDF15, factors found to suppress apoptosis and/or induce DNA synthesis in cultured HC and HCPREN. HBV infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes HBV present in the liver to increase the number. HBV infection HBV infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes HBV present in the liver to increase the number. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30704071 PMID:31439937 PMID:31507621 PMID:31781608 HBV infection [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30704071 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by HBV infection has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis and disease progression with chronic inflammation via enhanced inflammation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and hepatocyte proliferation. PMID:31439937 For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. Chronic HBV and HCV infection are the most important causes of HCC and account for 80% of HCC cases globally. In most instances, and particularly in high-resource countries, HCC develops as a sequel to protracted chronic hepatitis, occurring after patients develop liver cirrhosis from HBV or HCV infection. Hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration from chronic HBV infection also increase the probability of the AFB1-induced TP53 mutations. In addition, nuclear excision repair, which is normally responsible for removing AFB1-DNA adducts, is inhibited by HBV oncogenic protein. PMID:31507621 HBV-induced immune imbalance leads to the development of HCC as described above. Persistent presence of HBV led to elevated TGF-β which suppressed miR-34a expression and enhanced CCL22 expression, thus recruiting Tregs in the liver tissue. The increased Tregs not only suppressed HBV antigen-specific immune responses, but also suppressed HCC tumor antigen-specific immune responses. PMID:31781608 In HBx-infected hepatoma cells, TGF-β proved to upregulate CD133 expression and induce cancer stemness and EMT. In addition to the Wnt pathway, activated c-Src, STAT3, Akt, and Notch1 were also identified as mediators of EMT induced by HBV. Notch signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Notch. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28036048 PMID:30309512 PMID:31781608 Notch signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28036048 The Notch signaling pathway is emerging more and more as a major player in cancer biology, including in hepatocellular carcinoma, where persistent Notch activation may lead to HCC proliferation, invasion, and resistance to conventional cancer therapy. Tbale 1 PMID:30309512 ICBP90 mediates Notch signaling to facilitate human hepatocellular carcinoma growth. DAPT caused inhibition of the activation of the Notch signaling pathway, followed by preventing the cells at the G0/G1 phases to enter S and G2/M phases. On the contrary, Jagged-1, a Notch ligand, facilitated ICBP90 production. Our novel findings strongly indicate that inactivation of the Notch signaling pathway impedes hepatocellular carcinoma progress via reduction of ICBP90. PMID:31781608 It exerts an antiapoptotic effect via the Notch-1/NF-κB pathway and interacts with the genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis). In addition to the Wnt pathway, activated c-Src, STAT3, Akt, and Notch1 were also identified as mediators of EMT induced by HBV. STAT3 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25181692 PMID:28584306 STAT3 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. We have identified that STAT3 signaling in HCC cells following TAM interaction is critical to increased CSC expansion and increased tumor growth. PMID:28584306 In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal transmitted by the TGF beta receptor (transforming growth factor beta receptor) on the surface of a cell, starting with a ligand binding to a TGFR. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:11359698 PMID:30690589 PMID:31507621 PMID:31781608 TGF beta receptor signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11359698 A recent study employing Northern blot (mRNA) analysis showed increased hepatic expression of HGF, TGF-α, and especially TGF-β1 and c-myc during short-term feeding of FB1. Increased expression of c-myc oncogene and TGF-β1 may cooperate in the promotion of liver tumors during feeding FB1, possibly by providing an environment that selects for the growth of TGF-β1-resistant transformed liver cells. PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for 28 days induces epigenetic gene modification of Ldlrad4 in liver cells, which triggers the disruptive activation of TGF-β signaling for cancer development. PMID:31507621 Persistent presence of HBV led to elevated TGF-β which suppressed miR-34a expression and enhanced CCL22 expression, thus recruiting Tregs in the liver tissue. PMID:31781608 In HBx-infected hepatoma cells, TGF-β proved to upregulate CD133 expression and induce cancer stemness and EMT. c-Src signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by c-Src. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 c-Src signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 In addition to the Wnt pathway, activated c-Src, STAT3, Akt, and Notch1 were also identified as mediators of EMT induced by HBV. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene randomly and permanently. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31439937 telomerase reverse transcriptase gene mutation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31439937 Mutations in the TERT promoter (occurring in 44–65% of patients with HCC and regulating transcription of the catalytic subunit of telomerase), CTNNB1 (27–40%, encoding β-catenin, a proto-oncogene in the WNT signalling pathway) and TP53 (21–31%, the master cell cycle regulator) are the most common. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22584684 PMID:31439937 necrosis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 MP HCl is an hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogen that promotes cancer by inducing necrosis/regeneration. Table 2 PMID:31439937 Hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration from chronic HBV infection also increase the probability of the AFB1-induced TP53 mutations. Dysregulation of immune balance is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of immune balance appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31507621 immune imbalance dysregulation of immune balance [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31507621 HBV-induced immune imbalance leads to the development of HCC as described above. Hepatocyte regeneration is a subtype of changing material: The regrowth of lost or destroyed hepatocytes. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22584684 PMID:31439937 hepatocyte regeneration [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 MP HCl is an hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogen that promotes cancer by inducing necrosis/regeneration. PMID:31439937 Hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration from chronic HBV infection also increase the probability of the AFB1-induced TP53 mutations. HCV infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes HCV present in the liver to increase the number. HCV infection HCV infection is a subtype of pathogen colonization: A process that makes HCV present in the liver to increase the number. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18188449 PMID:26017875 PMID:28159835 PMID:29361730 PMID:31439937 PMID:31781608 HCV infection [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18188449 PPARα activation is essential for HCV core protein–induced hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. PMID:26017875 HCV also affects in a twofold way expression of E-cadherin, indirectly by modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and directly with mediation of HCV core protein. C protein diminishes expression of E-cadherin at the transcriptional level, through methylation of CpG islands in the promoter of the CDH1 gene. PMID:28159835 Our data demonstrate HCV-induced upregulation of miR-135a-5p expression is a cause of PTPRD silencing (figure 3D) and that high miR-135a-5p levels in liver tissues significantly (p=0.04, one-tailed Spearman's correlation test) correlate with low PTPRD levels and vice versa. We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. PMID:31439937 Chronic HBV and HCV infection are the most important causes of HCC and account for 80% of HCC cases globally. In most instances, and particularly in high-resource countries, HCC develops as a sequel to protracted chronic hepatitis, occurring after patients develop liver cirrhosis from HBV or HCV infection. PMID:31781608 In human samples with HCV-related HCC, EMT was found to be driven by the Wnt-β catenin pathway, which is probably modulated by some viral proteins, such as NS5A, or occurs as a result of bFGF activation. Increasing MIR135A level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of MIR135A level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28159835 Increasing MIR135A level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28159835 Our data demonstrate HCV-induced upregulation of miR-135a-5p expression is a cause of PTPRD silencing (figure 3D) and that high miR-135a-5p levels in liver tissues significantly (p=0.04, one-tailed Spearman's correlation test) correlate with low PTPRD levels and vice versa. We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. PPARalpha activation is a subtype of activating nuclear receptor: A process that changes the activity of the activating PPAR alpha ( (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha)) with a nuclear receptor role to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. Reactome The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); PMID:18188449 PPARalpha activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18188449 However, long-term treatment of these mice with clofibrate, a PPARalpha activator, induced HCC with mitochondrial abnormalities and hepatic steatosis. Thus, our results indicate that persistent activation of PPARalpha is essential for the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and HCC induced by HCV infection. HGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by HGFR. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 HGFR signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was recently shown, in HCC lines, to regulate the HGF signal; SOCS1 inhibited the HGF-induced MET-mediated cell growth/proliferation, the invasion of the extracellular matrix, and the dissemination of tumor cells. The HGF/MET axis promotes angiogenesis via interaction with proangiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and reverse correlation with thrombospondin-1. Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. HGFR signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by HGFR. HGFR signal (primitive) Increasing HGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HGF level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29270806 Increasing HGF level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29270806 Mesenchyme-derived factors enhance preneoplastic growth by non-genotoxic carcinogens in rat liver. MC from CPA-treated animals showed enhanced expression and secretion of HGF, which strongly raised DNA replication of HC and HCPREN. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3082 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 PMID:31781608 HGF (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3082 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3082 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15234 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24446 PMID:31781608 The HGF/MET axis promotes angiogenesis via interaction with proangiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and reverse correlation with thrombospondin-1. Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4233 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24553 PMID:31781608 HGFR MET (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4233 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4233 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17295 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24553 PMID:31781608 The HGF/MET axis promotes angiogenesis via interaction with proangiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and reverse correlation with thrombospondin-1. Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. neovascularization is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that constructs an alternate blood vessels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 PMID:25796501 PMID:28240761 PMID:29340079 PMID:29679563 PMID:30710550 PMID:31781608 neovascularization [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 The enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in Pim-3 transgenic mice may mirror the fact that neovascularization, an essential process for hepatocarcinogenesis, was augmented in Pim-3 transgenic mice compared with that observed for WT mice, as demonstrated by increases in CD31-positive areas in the liver (Figures 5f and g). PMID:25796501 Taken together, increased AGGF1 expression is associated with tumor angiogenesis and serves as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DFS in HCC. PMID:28240761 The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. PMID:29340079 The high expression of AGGF1 expression in HCC tissue was well associated with the increased expression of VEGF and the high microvessel density (MVD). This phenomenon provided clues that the angiogenesis in HCC tissue was influenced by AGGF1 and it was a local process. PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. PMID:30710550 Together, present study revealed OR3A4 as a novel prognostic target for HCC, which regulated tumor progression and angiogenesis through AGGF1/akt/mTOR pathway. PMID:31781608 The HGF/MET axis promotes angiogenesis via interaction with proangiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and reverse correlation with thrombospondin-1. Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3082 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 HGF (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3082 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3082 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15234 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24446 Increasing HGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HGF level to be higher. Increasing HGF level NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 PMID:29270806 HGF (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24446 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24446 PMID:29270806 MC from CPA-treated animals showed enhanced expression and secretion of HGF, which strongly raised DNA replication of HC and HCPREN. HHIP inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the HHIP (hedgehog interacting protein) to be lower. HHIP inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15245 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291936 hedgehog interacting protein HHIP (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64399 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15245 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15245 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291936 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291936 HHIP inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the HHIP (hedgehog interacting protein) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29507645 HHIP inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29507645 These data suggest that the trimeric UHRF1 repression complex might play a crucial role in deep silencing of the TSGs HHIP, IGFBP3, and SFRP1 in HB via combined epigenetic mechanisms, comprising repressive histone modification and DNA methylation. In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 PMID:29507645 hedgehog interacting protein [hepatocarcinogenesis] HHIP - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64399 PMID:29507645 In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. PMID:29507645 trimeric UHRF1 repression complex (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29507645 The complex comprises three subunits, namely DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), and E3 ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1). We found the complex to be located on the promoter regions of the pivotal HB-associated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) HHIP, IGFBP3, and SFRP1 in HB cells, thereby leading to strong repression through DNA methylation and histone modifications. HIF1A activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the HIF1A (hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) to be higher. HIF1A activation NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 HIF1A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29560 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 HIF1A - activation state (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29560 PMID:23299992 TNF‐α is able to impair MRC activity, possibly by inducing hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and mtDNA damage. PMID:25339807 TNF-α may also alter electron transport chain (ETC) by inducing hypoxia-inducible factor -1α and mtDNA damage. Increasing HILPDA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HILPDA level to be higher. Increasing HILPDA level Increasing HILPDA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HILPDA level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 HIG2 Increasing HILPDA level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. Compare with shRNA scramble group, the iron uptake level was markedly inhibited in PVT1 shRNA group, which was elevated when miR-150 inhibitors were co-transfected with PVT1 shRNA vectors. Taken together, these results suggest that PVT1 may effect IRE/IRP regulatory system and cellular iron uptake by regulating miR-150/HIG2 axis. Increasing iron uptake level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the iron uptake level to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 Increasing iron uptake level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 Compare with shRNA scramble group, the iron uptake level was markedly inhibited in PVT1 shRNA group, which was elevated when miR-150 inhibitors were co-transfected with PVT1 shRNA vectors. Taken together, these results suggest that PVT1 may effect IRE/IRP regulatory system and cellular iron uptake by regulating miR-150/HIG2 axis. Increasing HMGB1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HMGB1 level to be higher. Increasing HMGB1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:3146 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 PMID:31623280 HMGB1 (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3146 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3146 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15289 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15289 PMID:31623280 Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. HNF4A inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) to be lower. HNF4A inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 HNF4A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25735 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 PMID:30008815 HNF4A - inactive form (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25735 PMID:30008815 As HNF-4α is inversely associated with EMT and β-catenin signaling activity in liver and colon carcinogenesis, the ACSL-mediated modulation of HNF-4α activity could thus promote cell invasion and migration. NCBI-Human-GeneID:728655 hepatocellular carcinoma up-regulated long non-coding RNA HULC NCBI-Human-GeneID:728655 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/728655 Increasing HULC level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HULC level to be higher. Increasing HULC level Increasing HULC level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of HULC level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25592151 PMID:30008815 Increasing HULC level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25592151 Overall, we concluded that HULC functions as an oncogene in hepatoma cells, acting mechanistically by deregulating lipid metabolism through a signaling pathway involving miR-9, PPARA, and ACSL1 that is reinforced by a feed-forward pathway involving cholesterol and RXRA to drive HULC signaling. PMID:30008815 However, liver cancer overexpressed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) known as highly upregulated in liver cancer. This lncRNA could dampen miR-9 and relieve its suppression of PPARα expression and consequently turn on ACSL1 transcription. NCBI-Human-GeneID:728655 PMID:25592151 PMID:30008815 hepatocellular carcinoma up-regulated long non-coding RNA HULC (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:728655 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/728655 PMID:25592151 Overall, we concluded that HULC functions as an oncogene in hepatoma cells, acting mechanistically by deregulating lipid metabolism through a signaling pathway involving miR-9, PPARA, and ACSL1 that is reinforced by a feed-forward pathway involving cholesterol and RXRA to drive HULC signaling. PMID:30008815 However, liver cancer overexpressed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) known as highly upregulated in liver cancer. This lncRNA could dampen miR-9 and relieve its suppression of PPARα expression and consequently turn on ACSL1 transcription. Increasing PPARA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PPARA level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25592151 PMID:30008815 Increasing PPARA level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25592151 Overall, we concluded that HULC functions as an oncogene in hepatoma cells, acting mechanistically by deregulating lipid metabolism through a signaling pathway involving miR-9, PPARA, and ACSL1 that is reinforced by a feed-forward pathway involving cholesterol and RXRA to drive HULC signaling. PMID:30008815 However, liver cancer overexpressed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) known as highly upregulated in liver cancer. This lncRNA could dampen miR-9 and relieve its suppression of PPARα expression and consequently turn on ACSL1 transcription. A series of molecular signals mediated by Hedgehog (HH). Hedgehog signal transduction pathway Hedgehog signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling (primitive) Hedgehog signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Hedgehog. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28706416 PMID:31781608 Hedgehog signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28706416 Mdr2-deficient mice were the optimal model to study the evolution of HCC in vivo in fibrotic livers. Mice showed progressively increasing levels of SHH, IHH, and Gli2, concomitant, in early phases, with an elevation of liver enzymes. Alcohol exposure induces the over-activation of HH signalling through the elevation of HH ligands and HH target genes in animal models and human tissues. The HH pathway can induce glycolytic activity in myofibroblasts of liver stroma, the so-called “reverse Warburg” effect, and the products of glycolytic stromal cells stimulate the proliferation of malignant liver cells. HH activation sustains the sub-population of immature liver epithelial cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and HCC, and HH itself is a mediator of the alcohol-derived malignant transformation of liver cells. In vitro and in vivo inhibition models of the HH pathway confirm that HH is essential in maintaining tumour growth, metastasis and a mesenchymal phenotype. Metalloprotease activation is not the only known downstream effector of HH pathway-induced progression in HCC. Wang et al demonstrated that BRD4 is able to promote HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and that BRD4 activity is mediated by HH signalling through the metalloproteases MMP - 2 and MMP - 9. The activation of metalloprotease by the HH pathway through focal adhesion kinase/AKT signalling has been confirmed also by other studies on liver cancer. PMID:31781608 Hypoxia-related EMT is also linked with the aberrant hedgehog pathway which plays an important role in maintaining the stem cell capacity of tumor cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3549 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84399 PMID:28706416 HHG-2 Indian hedgehog IHH (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3549 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3549 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16147 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84399 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84399 PMID:28706416 Mdr2-deficient mice were the optimal model to study the evolution of HCC in vivo in fibrotic livers. Mice showed progressively increasing levels of SHH, IHH, and Gli2, concomitant, in early phases, with an elevation of liver enzymes. The HH pathway is activated by ligands. In humans, three ligands have been identified: Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Indian hedgehog (IHH) and Desert hedgehog, of which SHH is the most studied. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6469 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20423 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29499 PMID:28706416 HHG-1 Sonic hedgehog SHH (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6469 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6469 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20423 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20423 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29499 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29499 PMID:28706416 Mdr2-deficient mice were the optimal model to study the evolution of HCC in vivo in fibrotic livers. Mice showed progressively increasing levels of SHH, IHH, and Gli2, concomitant, in early phases, with an elevation of liver enzymes. The HH pathway is activated by ligands. In humans, three ligands have been identified: Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Indian hedgehog (IHH) and Desert hedgehog, of which SHH is the most studied. A changing process in which cells become to have neoplastic quality. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 PMID:22576474 neoplastic cell transformation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. Recent evidence has also implicated a role for cytoplasmic cyclin A accumulation in oncogenesis and cellular transformation. PMID:22576474 Exogenous Overexpression of KIAA0101 tv1 Induced NIH3T3 Cells Transformation In Vitro and In Vivo. These results suggest that KIAA0101 tv1 has oncogenic potential. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28706416 glycolytic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28706416 The HH pathway can induce glycolytic activity in myofibroblasts of liver stroma, the so-called “reverse Warburg” effect, and the products of glycolytic stromal cells stimulate the proliferation of malignant liver cells. A series of molecular signals mediated by Hippo (Mst1 and Mst2 in mammals). Hippo signal transduction pathway Hippo signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Hippo. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30700007 Hippo signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30700007 The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. Hippo signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Hippo. Hippo signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15235 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24566 PMID:30700007 MST1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4485 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15235 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24566 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24566 PMID:30700007 The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56274 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65189 PMID:30700007 MST2 STK3 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6788 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56274 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56274 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65189 PMID:30700007 The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. YAP signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by YAP. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:30700007 YAP signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. PMID:30700007 YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in multiple facets of carcinogenesis, including promotion of cellular proliferation, induction of tissue invasion of tumor cells, and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Increased cell survival mediated by repression of apoptosis is also a consequence of activated YAP/TAZ. The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. UHRF1 production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a UHRF1 protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. UHRF1 production IFN alpha inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IFN alpha (interferon alpha) to be lower. IFN alpha inactivation IFN alpha inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IFN alpha (interferon alpha) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29358721 IFN alpha inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29358721 In this study, we demonstrated that expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme, was dose-dependently downregulated by IFN-α in HCC tissues from nude mice. IGFBP3 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3) to be lower. IGFBP3 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16009 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24484 insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 IGFBP3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3486 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16009 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24484 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24484 IGFBP3 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29507645 IGFBP3 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29507645 These data suggest that the trimeric UHRF1 repression complex might play a crucial role in deep silencing of the TSGs HHIP, IGFBP3, and SFRP1 in HB via combined epigenetic mechanisms, comprising repressive histone modification and DNA methylation. In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 PMID:29507645 insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 IGFBP3 - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3486 PMID:29507645 In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 PMID:31623280 IL-1B(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. IL-6 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IL-6 (interleukin 6) to be lower. IL-6 inactivation IL-6 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the IL-6 (interleukin 6) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29227529 IL-6 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29227529 In conclusion, IL-6 could induce autophagy by expressing NS5ATP9, while NS5ATP9 upregulated IL-6 levels in turn, which further induced autophagy. Conversely, autophagy decreased after IL-6 was silenced or neutralized with monoclonal antibody against human IL-6. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:3569 PMID:29227529 IL-6 - inactive form (human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 PMID:29227529 In conclusion, IL-6 could induce autophagy by expressing NS5ATP9, while NS5ATP9 upregulated IL-6 levels in turn, which further induced autophagy. Conversely, autophagy decreased after IL-6 was silenced or neutralized with monoclonal antibody against human IL-6. KIAA0101 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the KIAA0101 (PCLAF, PCNA clamp associated factor) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29227529 KIAA0101 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29227529 In conclusion, IL-6 could induce autophagy by expressing NS5ATP9, while NS5ATP9 upregulated IL-6 levels in turn, which further induced autophagy. Further studies indicated that the induction of autophagy by IL-6 could be attenuated by silencing NS5ATP9. Increasing IL-6 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of IL-6 level to be higher. Increasing IL-6 level NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:3569 IL-6(human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 JAK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JAK (Janus kinase) . This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 JAK signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. IL1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 IL1 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 On the one hand, intratumoral interleukins, such as IL-1β and IL-6, are correlated with the number of proinflammatory tumor-associated macrophages. In mouse models, it was demonstrated that proinflammatory IL-1β promoted HCC metastasis and induced poor prognosis. IL1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine IL1. IL1 signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 PMID:31781608 IL-1B(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 PMID:31781608 In mouse models, it was demonstrated that proinflammatory IL-1β promoted HCC metastasis and induced poor prognosis. IL-6 signaling is a subtype of signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to Interleukin 6. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25181692 PMID:31623280 PMID:31781608 IL-6 signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. PMID:31623280 Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and lipid peroxidation also trigger proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which are critical mediators of inflammation in NASH. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. PMID:31781608 On the one hand, intratumoral interleukins, such as IL-1β and IL-6, are correlated with the number of proinflammatory tumor-associated macrophages. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 PMID:25181692 PMID:31623280 IL-6(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3569 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16193 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24498 PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. Iron accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps iron in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31623280 Iron accumulation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. A series of molecular signals mediated by IP-10 (Interferon Gamma Induced Protein 10kDa). IP-10 signal transduction pathway IP-10 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by IP-10. IP-10 signaling (primitive) IP-10 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by IP-10. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 IP-10 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15945 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:3627 PMID:28240761 IP-10 CXCL10 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3627 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15945 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15945 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:3627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/245920 PMID:28240761 The results showed that post-transplant enhanced IP-10/CXCR3 signaling in small-for-size liver grafts directly induced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, differentiation and neovessel formation, which further promotes tumor growth. A series of molecular signals mediated by JAK (Janus kinase). JAK signal transduction pathway JAK signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the JAK (Janus kinase) . JAK signaling (primitive) Increasing JUN level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of JUN level to be higher. Increasing JUN level Increasing JUN level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of JUN level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10774822 Increasing JUN level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16476 PMID:10774822 JUN(mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16476 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16476 PMID:10774822 environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. The process of removing one or more methyl groups from JUN gene promoter. JUN gene promoter demethylation The process of removing one or more methyl groups from proto-oncogene promoter. proto-oncogene promoter demethylation The process of removing one or more methyl groups from JUN gene promoter. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10774822 JUN gene promoter demethylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. We have previously reported that TCE decreased methylation of the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the level of their mRNAs. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis. C2H2Cl2O2 OC(=O)C(Cl)Cl CAS:79-43-6 PMID:10774822 Wikipedia:Dichloroacetic_acid dichloroacetic acid [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2. C2HCl3 ClC=C(Cl)Cl CAS:79-01-6 PMID:10774822 Wikipedia:Trichloroethylene 1,1,2-trichloroethene trichloroethylene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine. C2HCl3O2 OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl CAS:76-03-9 PMID:10774822 trichloroacetic acid [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. KIAA0101 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the KIAA0101 (PCLAF, PCNA clamp associated factor) to be lower. KIAA0101 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 PMID:29227529 NS5ATP9 PCLAF KIAA0101 - inactive form (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9768 PMID:29227529 In conclusion, IL-6 could induce autophagy by expressing NS5ATP9, while NS5ATP9 upregulated IL-6 levels in turn, which further induced autophagy. Further studies indicated that the induction of autophagy by IL-6 could be attenuated by silencing NS5ATP9. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29227529 negative regulation of autophagy [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29227529 Autophagy is one of the important regulators of the replication of hepatitis C virus and the survival of tumors. In conclusion, IL-6 could induce autophagy by expressing NS5ATP9, while NS5ATP9 upregulated IL-6 levels in turn, which further induced autophagy. Further studies indicated that the induction of autophagy by IL-6 could be attenuated by silencing NS5ATP9. Increasing KIAA0101 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of KIAA0101 level to be higher. Increasing KIAA0101 level Increasing KIAA0101 tv1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of KIAA0101 tv1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22576474 PMID:28410205 Increasing KIAA0101 tv1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. Exogenous Overexpression of KIAA0101 tv1 Induced NIH3T3 Cells Transformation In Vitro and In Vivo. These results suggest that KIAA0101 tv1 has oncogenic potential. PMID:28410205 Furthermore, both cell migration and invasion were enhanced by KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells. However, KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression dramatically increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M and S phases to 1.4-fold (P<0.001). Furthermore, KIAA0101 tv2 overexpression significantly decreased the percentage of HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells in G2/M and S phases (P<0.001), similar to shKIAA0101 tv1 in HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells. NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 PMID:22576474 PMID:28410205 KIAA0101 transcript variant 1 KIAA0101 tv1 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9768 PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. Exogenous Overexpression of KIAA0101 tv1 Induced NIH3T3 Cells Transformation In Vitro and In Vivo. These results suggest that KIAA0101 tv1 has oncogenic potential. PMID:28410205 Furthermore, both cell migration and invasion were enhanced by KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells. However, KIAA0101 tv1 overexpression dramatically increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M and S phases to 1.4-fold (P<0.001). Furthermore, KIAA0101 tv2 overexpression significantly decreased the percentage of HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells in G2/M and S phases (P<0.001), similar to shKIAA0101 tv1 in HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells. Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22576474 negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. Decreasing LDLRAD4 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of LDLRAD4 level to be lower. Decreasing LDLRAD4 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:753 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52662 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679578 LDLRAD4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:753 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/753 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52662 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/52662 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679578 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/679578 Decreasing LDLRAD4 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of LDLRAD4 level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 Decreasing LDLRAD4 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Among them, 4 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia, were confirmed to be hypermethylated specific to CCl4 by methylation-specific PCR analysis on day 28. Furthermore, transcript downregulation of all of these genes was confirmed in many nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens by real-time RT-PCR analysis at all time points examined. Therefore, our results may suggest that treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for 28 days induces epigenetic gene modification of Ldlrad4 in liver cells, which triggers the disruptive activation of TGF-β signaling for cancer development. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679578 PMID:30690589 LDLRAD4 (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679578 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/679578 PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for 28 days induces epigenetic gene modification of Ldlrad4 in liver cells, which triggers the disruptive activation of TGF-β signaling for cancer development. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to LDLRAD4 gene promoter. LDLRAD4 gene promoter methylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to LDLRAD4 gene promoter. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 LDLRAD4 gene promoter methylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Among 52 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia were confirmed to show promoter-region hypermethylation by methylation-specific quantitative PCR analysis on day 28. Among them, 4 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia, were confirmed to be hypermethylated specific to CCl4 by methylation-specific PCR analysis on day 28. Increasing MIR135A level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of MIR135A level to be higher. Increasing MIR135A level 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406925 PMID:25796501 MIR135A1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:406925 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406925 PMID:25796501 Our data demonstrate HCV-induced upregulation of miR-135a-5p expression is a cause of PTPRD silencing (figure 3D) and that high miR-135a-5p levels in liver tissues significantly (p=0.04, one-tailed Spearman's correlation test) correlate with low PTPRD levels and vice versa. We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406926 PMID:28159835 MIR135A2 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:406926 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406926 PMID:28159835 Our data demonstrate HCV-induced upregulation of miR-135a-5p expression is a cause of PTPRD silencing (figure 3D) and that high miR-135a-5p levels in liver tissues significantly (p=0.04, one-tailed Spearman's correlation test) correlate with low PTPRD levels and vice versa. We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. PTPRD inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25831062 PMID:28159835 PTPRD inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25831062 PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently inactivated through deletions or epigenetic mechanisms in several cancers with importance for global health. We found promoter hypermethylation in 22.2% of the paired HCC samples and restored PTPRD expression by 5-AzaC and/or TSA treatments. PMID:28159835 We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. A series of molecular signals mediated by MMP7 (matrix metallopeptidase 7). MMP7 signal transduction pathway MMP7 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by MMP7. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29679563 MMP7 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29679563 We showed that CXCL8 secreted by tumor cells at the invasion front were able to promote migration through angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA and invasion via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MMP7 pathway by upregulating BCL-2 confirming the key role of CXCL8 during tumor progression. MMP7 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by MMP7. MMP7 signal (primitive) Increasing MYC level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of MYC level to be higher. Increasing MYC level Increasing MYC level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of MYC level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10774822 PMID:11359698 PMID:30141584 Increasing MYC level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. PMID:11359698 A recent study employing Northern blot (mRNA) analysis showed increased hepatic expression of HGF, TGF-α, and especially TGF-β1 and c-myc during short-term feeding of FB1. Increased expression of c-myc oncogene and TGF-β1 may cooperate in the promotion of liver tumors during feeding FB1, possibly by providing an environment that selects for the growth of TGF-β1-resistant transformed liver cells. PMID:30141584 The study showed that phenobarbital stimulated persistent changes in DNA methylation, i.e. loss of methylation in the promoter region of the c-myc gene and up-regulated its mRNA level. Given the ability of c-myc gene to collaborate in the regulation of key cancer-related processes, i.e. cell proliferation and apoptosis, its deregulated expression (overexpression) by epigenetic events, can play crucial role for PB toxicity, including its carcinogenic activity. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 PMID:10774822 c-Myc Myc(mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17869 PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 PMID:30141584 Myc(rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24577 PMID:30141584 Hypomethylation of the c-myc promoter region induced by phenobarbital in rat liver The study showed that phenobarbital stimulated persistent changes in DNA methylation, i.e. loss of methylation in the promoter region of the c-myc gene and up-regulated its mRNA level. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 c-Myc Myc (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24577 The process of removing one or more methyl groups from MYC gene promoter. MYC gene promoter demethylation The process of removing one or more methyl groups from MYC gene promoter. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:10774822 PMID:30141584 MYC gene promoter demethylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:10774822 Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are environmental contaminants that are carcinogenic in mouse liver. In conclusion, DCA, TCA, and TCE decreased the methylation in the promoter regions for the c-jun and c-myc genes and increased the expression of their mRNA and proteins. PMID:30141584 Hypomethylation of the c-myc promoter region induced by phenobarbital in rat liver The study showed that phenobarbital stimulated persistent changes in DNA methylation, i.e. loss of methylation in the promoter region of the c-myc gene and up-regulated its mRNA level. Given the ability of c-myc gene to collaborate in the regulation of key cancer-related processes, i.e. cell proliferation and apoptosis, its deregulated expression (overexpression) by epigenetic events, can play crucial role for PB toxicity, including its carcinogenic activity. A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. C4H10N2O CCN(CC)N=O CAS:55-18-5 PMID:1596892 PMID:28932315 N-ethyl-N-nitrosoethanamine DEN Diethylnitrosamine N-nitrosodiethylamine [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:1596892 In addition, we found that N-nitrosodiethylamine, 4-aminoazobenzene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene all caused G to T transversions in the N-ras gene (codons 12 or 13). PMID:28932315 Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). C15H13NO2 CC(=O)N(O)c1ccc-2c(Cc3ccccc-23)c1 CAS:53-95-2 PMID:1596892 N-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-hydroxyacetamide N-OH-AAF N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:1596892 4-Aminoazobenzene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene also caused the Ki-ras codon 13 mutation. In addition, we found that N-nitrosodiethylamine, 4-aminoazobenzene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene all caused G to T transversions in the N-ras gene (codons 12 or 13). NDUFA12 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFA12 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A12) to be lower. NDUFA12 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66414 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299739 NDUFA12 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55967 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66414 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66414 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299739 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299739 NDUFB6 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFB6 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6) to be lower. NDUFB6 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230075 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297990 NDUFB6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4712 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230075 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/230075 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297990 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297990 NDUFS2 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFS2 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2) to be lower. NDUFS2 inactivaiton NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226646 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289218 NDUFS2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4720 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226646 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226646 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289218 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289218 NDUFV1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFV1 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1) to be lower. NDUFV1 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17995 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293655 NDUFV1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4723 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17995 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17995 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293655 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293655 NDUFV3 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFV3 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V3) to be lower. NDUFV3 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78330 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64539 NDUFV3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4731 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:78330 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78330 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64539 Increasing production quantity of NO is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of nitric oxide (NO) to be higher. Increasing production quantity of NO Increasing production quantity of NO is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of nitric oxide (NO) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 Increasing production quantity of NO [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. PMID:25339807 NO may affect mitochondrial respiratory chain function by reacting with cytochrome c oxidase, thus interrupting electron transfer to oxygen. Increasing production quantity of RNS is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 increasing production quantity of RNS [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 NAFLD has been associated with higher hepatic expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), mainly as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) overproduction by the Kupffer cells. NO can readily react with the superoxide anion, thus generating the RNS peroxynitrite, which has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and genome. NRF2 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NRF2 (nuclear factor 2) to be lower. NRF2 inactivation NRF2 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NRF2 (nuclear factor 2) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 NRF2 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 H2O2 produced by mitochondria induces antioxidant enzyme expression through AMPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), and consistently, NRF2 knockout mice on a high-fat diet develop more severe NASH associated with decreased antioxidant response, reduced β-oxidation genes, and increased lipogenic genes. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 PMID:31623280 NRF2 - inactive form (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 PMID:31623280 H2O2 produced by mitochondria induces antioxidant enzyme expression through AMPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), and consistently, NRF2 knockout mice on a high-fat diet develop more severe NASH associated with decreased antioxidant response, reduced β-oxidation genes, and increased lipogenic genes. Negative regulation of antioxidant enzyme activation is a subtype of Negative regulation of enzyme activation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antioxidant enzyme activation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:31623280 negative regulation of antioxidant enzyme activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Reduced ROS detoxification could also favor oxidative stress. Indeed, several studies showed lower GSH levels in NAFLD, including within the mitochondria. Decreased expression and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SODs could also occur, in particular at the mitochondrial level. PMID:31623280 H2O2 produced by mitochondria induces antioxidant enzyme expression through AMPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), and consistently, NRF2 knockout mice on a high-fat diet develop more severe NASH associated with decreased antioxidant response, reduced β-oxidation genes, and increased lipogenic genes. Hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient lipid biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 H2O2 produced by mitochondria induces antioxidant enzyme expression through AMPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor 2 (NRF2), and consistently, NRF2 knockout mice on a high-fat diet develop more severe NASH associated with decreased antioxidant response, reduced β-oxidation genes, and increased lipogenic genes. Notch signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Notch. Notch signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18128 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25496 PMID:28036048 Notch-1 Notch1 Notch 1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4851 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18128 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18128 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25496 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25496 PMID:28036048 Table 1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4853 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18129 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29492 PMID:28036048 Notch-2 Notch2 Notch 2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4853 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4853 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18129 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18129 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29492 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29492 PMID:28036048 Table 1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4854 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18131 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56761 PMID:28036048 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 precursor Notch-3 Notch3 Notch 3 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4854 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4854 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18131 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18131 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56761 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56761 PMID:28036048 Table 1 UHRF1 production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of a UHRF1 protein due to biosynthesis or secretion resulting in an increase in its levels. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28060737 PMID:30309512 UHRF1 production [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28060737 In conclusion, elevated UHRF1 expression contributes to poor prognosis by promoting cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC. Therefore, we consider that UHRF1 may prompt EMT process in HCC. Furthermore, inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression were observed in vitro and in vivo after UHRF1 knockdown, moreover, G2/M arrest was detected in HCC cells. PMID:30309512 On the contrary, Jagged-1, a Notch ligand, facilitated ICBP90 production. Our novel findings strongly indicate that inactivation of the Notch signaling pathway impedes hepatocellular carcinoma progress via reduction of ICBP90. ORC1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the ORC1 (origin recognition complex subunit 1) to be lower. ORC1 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18392 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313479 ORC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4998 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18392 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18392 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313479 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313479 ORC1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the ORC1 (origin recognition complex subunit 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25797246 ORC1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25797246 In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 PMID:25797246 ORC1 - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4998 PMID:25797246 In this study, we found that the combination of CQ with MLN4924 provoked enhanced DNA damage when compared to MLN4924 alone whereas the attenuation of DNA damage stress via simultaneous silencing of CDT1 and ORC1 significantly reduced NOXA expression and apoptotic induction upon MLN+CQ treatment. NCBI-Human-GeneID:101154753 P21 associated ncRNA DNA damage activated PANDA NCBI-Human-GeneID:101154753 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/101154753 Increasing PANDA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PANDA level to be higher. Increasing PANDA level Increasing PANDA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PANDA level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28646235 Increasing PANDA level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28646235 Over Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA PANDA Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Senescence Associated Inflammatory Factor IL8. Importantly, this aberrant function was attributed to its inhibitory action on cell senescence by suppressing senescence associated inflammatory chemokine IL8. NCBI-Human-GeneID:101154753 PMID:28646235 P21 associated ncRNA DNA damage activated PANDA (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:101154753 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/101154753 PMID:28646235 Over Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA PANDA Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Senescence Associated Inflammatory Factor IL8. Importantly, this aberrant function was attributed to its inhibitory action on cell senescence by suppressing senescence associated inflammatory chemokine IL8. PCK1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) to be lower. PCK1 inactivation PCK1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29335519 PCK1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29335519 Next, we knocked down of PCK1 in HepG2 cells and found that depletion of PCK1 significantly increased cell proliferation (Supplementary Fig. S2b, c). Expression of catalytic inactive PCK1(C288S) mutant reduced, but not completely inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.  NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 PMID:29335519 PCK1 - inactive form (human) [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5105 PMID:29335519 Next, we knocked down of PCK1 in HepG2 cells and found that depletion of PCK1 significantly increased cell proliferation (Supplementary Fig. S2b, c). PCK1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) to be higher. PCK1 activation PCK1 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 PMID:29335519 PCK1 activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. PMID:29335519 Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. Supporting this notion, PCK1 expression in SK-Hep-1 dramatically reduced cellular ATP level by 4 folds in cells cultured in low glucose medium, but not in normal medium (Fig. 4c). Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29335519 negative regulation of gluconeogenesis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29335519 Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. Increasing PCNA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PCNA level to be higher. Increasing PCNA level NCBI-Human-GeneID:5111 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18538 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25737 PCNA (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5111 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5111 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18538 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18538 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25737 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25737 Increasing PCNA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PCNA level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31239782 Increasing PCNA level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin overexpression suppressed LUSC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression, and decreased the expression of cell-cycle related proteins such as cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and proliferation-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). NCBI-Human-GeneID:5111 PMID:31239782 PCNA (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5111 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5111 PMID:31239782 not reported in the liver. Gephyrin overexpression suppressed LUSC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression, and decreased the expression of cell-cycle related proteins such as cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), and proliferation-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). PHB inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PHB (prohibitin) to be lower. PHB inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18673 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25344 PHB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5245 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18673 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25344 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25344 PHB inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PHB (prohibitin) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30523154 PHB inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 PMID:30523154 PHB - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5245 PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. A series of molecular signals mediated by PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase). PI3K signal transduction pathway PI3K signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by PI3K. PI3K signaling (primitive) PI3K signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by PI3K. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PI3K signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. PIM3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PIM3 (Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) to be higher. PIM3 activation PIM3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PIM3 (Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 PIM3 activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 These observations indicate that the DEN challenge enhanced liver damage in Pim-3 transgenic mice, compared with that observed for WT mice, despite increased hepatocyte proliferation. Lipid droplet accumulation was more evident in Pim-3 transgenic mice than in WT mice, until 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 4a). Dysplastic cells were observed and lobules were distorted in livers of Pim-3 transgenic mice, but not of WT mice, 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 5a). The enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in Pim-3 transgenic mice may mirror the fact that neovascularization, an essential process for hepatocarcinogenesis, was augmented in Pim-3 transgenic mice compared with that observed for WT mice, as demonstrated by increases in CD31-positive areas in the liver (Figures 5f and g). Pim-3-transgenic mouse-derived hepatocytes exhibited accelerated cell cycle progression. NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 PMID:20101231 PIM3 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/415116 PMID:20101231 These observations indicate that the DEN challenge enhanced liver damage in Pim-3 transgenic mice, compared with that observed for WT mice, despite increased hepatocyte proliferation. Lipid droplet accumulation was more evident in Pim-3 transgenic mice than in WT mice, until 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 4a). Dysplastic cells were observed and lobules were distorted in livers of Pim-3 transgenic mice, but not of WT mice, 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 5a). The enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in Pim-3 transgenic mice may mirror the fact that neovascularization, an essential process for hepatocarcinogenesis, was augmented in Pim-3 transgenic mice compared with that observed for WT mice, as demonstrated by increases in CD31-positive areas in the liver (Figures 5f and g). Pim-3-transgenic mouse-derived hepatocytes exhibited accelerated cell cycle progression. Changing abnormal cellular structure is a subtype of changing structure: A process that changes the structure of the cell abnormally. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 changing abnormal cellular structure [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 Dysplastic cells were observed and lobules were distorted in livers of Pim-3 transgenic mice, but not of WT mice, 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 5a). At 10 months after the injection, nodules consisting of highly dysplastic malignant cells were observed in liver of Pim-3 transgenic mice and to a lesser extent in WT mice (Figure 5a). Liver malfunction is a subtype of organ malfunction: A process that does not perform liver function correctly or not functioning at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 PMID:28159835 liver malfunction [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 These observations indicate that the DEN challenge enhanced liver damage in Pim-3 transgenic mice, compared with that observed for WT mice, despite increased hepatocyte proliferation. Hepatocellular carcinoma usually arises in conditions that can cause liver cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis B and C viral infection, chronic alcohol consumption and intake of food contaminated with aflatoxin-B1 (Zheng et al., 2007). These conditions generally provoke continuous rounds of hepatocyte damage in the setting of chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, and eventually activate resident or inflammatory non-parenchymal cells to produce growth factors and cytokines (Otani et al., 2005). PMID:28159835 Since STAT3 activity also plays a role in liver disease progression and HCC development, this may contribute to the protumourigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. Lipid storage in liver is a subtype of lipid storage: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids in the liver. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 lipid storage in liver [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 Lipid droplet accumulation was more evident in Pim-3 transgenic mice than in WT mice, until 6 months after DEN treatment (Figure 4a). lipid droplet accumulation precedes the onset of DEN-induced HCC development (Wang et al., 2009) PKC activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PKC ( protein kinase C) to be higher. PKC activation PKC activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the PKC ( protein kinase C) to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31649547 PKC activation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31649547 As a result, fatty acids especially diacylglycerol and ceramide may excessively accumulate in liver tissue. Previous report has shown that diacylglycerol can activate PKC to impair insulin signal pathway. Moreover, ceramide also activates PKC to suppress protein kinase AKT and further inhibits insulin signal pathway. PMAIP1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PMAIP1 (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1) to be lower. PMAIP1 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 PMID:23284992 PMID:25797246 NOXA PMAIP1 - inactive form (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5366 PMID:23284992 Further study revealed that the enhanced Noxa caused by Celastrol was the key factor for the synergy, since small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Noxa expression in HCC cells resulted in decreased apoptosis and attenuated anti-proliferative effects of the combination. Then HepG2 cells transfecting Noxa siRNA were treated with 10 µM ABT-737, 1.25 µM Celastrol or the combination for another 48 h. Fig. 4B showed that Noxa-specific siRNA significantly reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP by ABT-737 in combination with Celastrol. PMID:25797246 Importantly, the down-regulation of NOXA expression via siRNA silencing substantially attenuated apoptosis of liver cancer cells. Negative regulation of caspase-3 activation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase-3 activation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:23284992 PMID:29335519 negative regulation of caspase-3 activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:23284992 Then HepG2 cells transfecting Noxa siRNA were treated with 10 µM ABT-737, 1.25 µM Celastrol or the combination for another 48 h. Fig. 4B showed that Noxa-specific siRNA significantly reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP by ABT-737 in combination with Celastrol. PMID:29335519 Expression of catalytic inactive PCK1(C288S) mutant reduced, but not completely inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3.  This is consistent with a partial inhibition of cell apoptosis by the PCK1(C288S) mutant when compared with the wild type PCK1 (Fig. 3b, c). Increasing PPARA level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PPARA level to be higher. Increasing PPARA level NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 PMID:30008815 PPARA(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 PMID:30008815 However, liver cancer overexpressed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) known as highly upregulated in liver cancer. This lncRNA could dampen miR-9 and relieve its suppression of PPARα expression and consequently turn on ACSL1 transcription. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 PMID:25592151 PPARA(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 PMID:25592151 Overall, we concluded that HULC functions as an oncogene in hepatoma cells, acting mechanistically by deregulating lipid metabolism through a signaling pathway involving miR-9, PPARA, and ACSL1 that is reinforced by a feed-forward pathway involving cholesterol and RXRA to drive HULC signaling. Hypofunction of PPARGC1A gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient PPARGC1A gene expression. Hypofunction of PPARGC1A gene expression NCBI-Human-GeneID:10891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83516 PMID:23299992 PMID:31623280 PGC-1(alpha) PPARGC1A (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19017 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83516 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83516 PMID:23299992 Indeed, FoxO1 activation is able to reduce the content of different MRC polypeptides, possibly by decreasing heme synthesis and impairing PGC1α activity. Interestingly, oxidative stress and inflammation are able to reduce PGC1α expression. PMID:31623280 Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with a reduction of PGC-1α, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), or PPARs in fatty livers. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 PMID:18188449 PPARA - activation state (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 PMID:18188449 However, long-term treatment of these mice with clofibrate, a PPARalpha activator, induced HCC with mitochondrial abnormalities and hepatic steatosis. Thus, our results indicate that persistent activation of PPARalpha is essential for the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and HCC induced by HCV infection. Decreasing PROC level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROC level to be lower. Decreasing PROC level NCBI-Human-GeneID:5624 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19123 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25268 PROC (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5624 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5624 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19123 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19123 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25268 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25268 Decreasing PROC level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROC level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 Decreasing PROC level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Among them, 4 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia, were confirmed to be hypermethylated specific to CCl4 by methylation-specific PCR analysis on day 28. Furthermore, transcript downregulation of all of these genes was confirmed in many nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens by real-time RT-PCR analysis at all time points examined. Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25268 PMID:30690589 PROC (rat)＠肝発癌 [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25268 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25268 PMID:30690589 Therefore, our results may suggest that downregulation of Proc mRNA in liver cells by 28 days of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen treatment occurs through epigenetic gene modification that may inhibit the APC/EPCR pathway to downregulate p21 WAF1/CIP1 and upregulate AKT-signaling molecules and activated p38 MAPK for preneoplastic liver cell proliferation. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to PROC gene promoter. PROC gene promoter methylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to PROC gene promoter. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30690589 PROC gene promoter methylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30690589 Among 52 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia were confirmed to show promoter-region hypermethylation by methylation-specific quantitative PCR analysis on day 28. Among them, 4 genes, Ldlrad4, Proc, Cdh17, and Nfia, were confirmed to be hypermethylated specific to CCl4 by methylation-specific PCR analysis on day 28. Increasing PROM1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROM1 level to be higher. Increasing PROM1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60357 CD133 PROM1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60357 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60357 Increasing PROM1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROM1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 Increasing PROM1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Snail siRNA markedly attenuated the upregulation of CD133 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Snail siRNA significantly suppressed an increase in both SP fraction and the size of spheres formed. Consistent with these reports, the transient knockdown of Snail efficiently modulated not only the expression of CD133 but also the expansion of the population of cancer stem-like cells caused by UHRF1 deficiency. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 PMID:28584306 CD133 PROM1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8842 PMID:28584306 Snail siRNA markedly attenuated the upregulation of CD133 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Snail siRNA significantly suppressed an increase in both SP fraction and the size of spheres formed. Consistent with these reports, the transient knockdown of Snail efficiently modulated not only the expression of CD133 but also the expansion of the population of cancer stem-like cells caused by UHRF1 deficiency. Increasing PROX1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROX1 level to be higher. Increasing PROX1 level NCBI-Human-GeneID:5629 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19130 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305066 PROX1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5629 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5629 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19130 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19130 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305066 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305066 Increasing PROX1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PROX1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28646551 Increasing PROX1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28646551 A strong positive correlation was found between the levels of PROX1 and microvessel density in HCC tissues. Consequently, PROX1 activated nuclear factor κB signaling and selectively promoted expression of the proangiogenic interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) by epigenetically stimulating the IL‐8 promoter. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5629 PMID:28646551 PROX1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5629 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5629 PMID:28646551 A strong positive correlation was found between the levels of PROX1 and microvessel density in HCC tissues. Consequently, PROX1 activated nuclear factor κB signaling and selectively promoted expression of the proangiogenic interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) by epigenetically stimulating the IL‐8 promoter. PTPRD inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D) to be lower. PTPRD inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 PMID:25796501 PMID:25831062 PTPRD - inactive form (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5789 PMID:25796501 We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. PMID:25831062 PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently inactivated through deletions or epigenetic mechanisms in several cancers with importance for global health. We found promoter hypermethylation in 22.2% of the paired HCC samples and restored PTPRD expression by 5-AzaC and/or TSA treatments. STAT3 activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the STAT3 to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28159835 STAT3 activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28159835 We conclude that HCV promotes a STAT3 transcriptional programme in the liver of patients by suppressing its regulator PTPRD via upregulation of miR-135a-5p. Since STAT3 activity also plays a role in liver disease progression and HCC development, this may contribute to the protumourigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. We have previously demonstrated that STAT3 is an indispensable host factor for HCV infection and that the viral infection is promoted by STAT3 activation. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to PTPRD gene promoter. PTPRD gene promoter methylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to PTPRD gene promoter. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25831062 PTPRD gene promoter methylation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25831062 PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently inactivated through deletions or epigenetic mechanisms in several cancers with importance for global health. We found promoter hypermethylation in 22.2% of the paired HCC samples and restored PTPRD expression by 5-AzaC and/or TSA treatments. Increasing PVT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PVT1 level to be higher. Increasing PVT1 level Increasing PVT1 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of PVT1 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 Increasing PVT1 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. This gene represents a long non-coding RNA locus that has been identified as a candidate oncogene. Increased copy number and overexpression of this gene are associated with many types of cancers including breast and ovarian cancers, acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma. Allelic variants of this gene are also associated with end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes. Consistent with its association with various types of cancer, transcription of this gene is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 through a canonical p53-binding site, and it has been implicated in regulating levels of the proto-oncogene MYC to promote tumorigenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5820 PMID:25796501 Pvt1 oncogene Pvt1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5820 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5820 PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. Decreasing MIR150 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of miR-150 level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 Decreasing MIR150 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. Increaseing production quantity of ROS is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen, to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28932315 PMID:31623280 increasing production quantity of ROS [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28932315 2-AAF exhibits its carcinogenic effect through the formation of DNA adducts, over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. PMID:31623280 Among these, mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to cancer progression through increased ROS production, impaired mitochondrial respiration, ER stress, and alteration of nutrient metabolism. hypofunction of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process. hypofunction of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process hypofunction of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 hypofunction of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels could also be due to its reduced uptake by mitochondria as a result of enhanced levels of cholesterol within the inner mitochondrial membrane and the decrease in synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl donor in liver and precursor to GSH. Decreasing glutathione level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glutathione level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 decreasing glutathione level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Reduced ROS detoxification could also favor oxidative stress. Indeed, several studies showed lower GSH levels in NAFLD, including within the mitochondria. Decreased expression and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SODs could also occur, in particular at the mitochondrial level. Indeed, increased mitochondrial cholesterol during NAFLD could reduce mitochondrial transport of GSH, thus inducing lower mtGSH levels and oxidative stress (Fig. 4).18,50,261 PMID:25339807 Depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels could also be due to its reduced uptake by mitochondria as a result of enhanced levels of cholesterol within the inner mitochondrial membrane and the decrease in synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl donor in liver and precursor to GSH. SFRP1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the SFRP1 (secreted frizzled related protein 1) to be lower. SFRP1 inactivation NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84402 secreted frizzled related protein 1 SFRP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20377 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20377 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84402 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84402 SFRP1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the SFRP1 (secreted frizzled related protein 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:29507645 SFRP1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:29507645 These data suggest that the trimeric UHRF1 repression complex might play a crucial role in deep silencing of the TSGs HHIP, IGFBP3, and SFRP1 in HB via combined epigenetic mechanisms, comprising repressive histone modification and DNA methylation. In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 PMID:29507645 secreted frizzled related protein 1 SFRP1 - inactive form (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6422 PMID:29507645 In particular, the silencing of the TSGs hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) have been shown to deregulate pivotal pathways of embryonic development, thus promoting HB pathogenesis. Increasing SPTLC3 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of SPTLC3 level to be higher. Increasing SPTLC3 level Increasing SPTLC3 level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of SPTLC3 level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25607821 Increasing SPTLC3 level [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25607821 In addition, Sptlc3 mRNA expression in STAM-F mice was higher than that in db/db mice that received HFD and in B6N mice fed a choline‑deficient L-amino acid (CDAA)-defined diet. Hepatic expression of the Sptlc3 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228677 PMID:25607821 SPTLC3 (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228677 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/228677 PMID:25607821 In addition, Sptlc3 mRNA expression in STAM-F mice was higher than that in db/db mice that received HFD and in B6N mice fed a choline‑deficient L-amino acid (CDAA)-defined diet. Hepatic expression of the Sptlc3 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. A series of molecular signals mediated by SRC. SRC signal transduction pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). STAT3 signal transduction pathway STAT3 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) . STAT3 signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID: PMID:25181692 PMID:28584306 STAT3(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6774 PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. We have identified that STAT3 signaling in HCC cells following TAM interaction is critical to increased CSC expansion and increased tumor growth. PMID:28584306 In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cancer stem cell division. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25181692 positive regulation of cancer stem cell division [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25181692 Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. Snail1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the Snail1 (snail family transcriptional repressor 1) . Snail1 signaling (primitive) A series of molecular signals mediated by Snail1 (snail family transcriptional repressor 1). Snail1 signal transduction pathway NCBI-Human-GeneID:6615 PMID:28584306 PMID:29358721 Snail SNAI1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6615 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6615 PMID:28584306 In addition, IL-6 readily activated the JAK/STAT3/Snail signaling axis, which subsequently contributed to UHRF1 deficiency-induced EMT. PMID:29358721 Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Moreover, we also confirmed that the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 signaling by which DPYD regulates EMT and facilitates HCC progression. A series of molecular signals mediated by TAZ (tafazzin). TAZ signal transduction pathway TAZ signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TAZ. TAZ signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6901 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66826 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363521 TAZ (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6901 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6901 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66826 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66826 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363521 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363521 TAZ signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TAZ. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30700007 TAZ signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30700007 YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in multiple facets of carcinogenesis, including promotion of cellular proliferation, induction of tissue invasion of tumor cells, and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Increased cell survival mediated by repression of apoptosis is also a consequence of activated YAP/TAZ. The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6901 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66826 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363521 PMID:30700007 TAZ (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6901 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6901 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66826 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66826 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363521 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363521 PMID:30700007 YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in multiple facets of carcinogenesis, including promotion of cellular proliferation, induction of tissue invasion of tumor cells, and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Increased cell survival mediated by repression of apoptosis is also a consequence of activated YAP/TAZ. The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. Hepatic fibrosis is a subtype of fibrosis: A process that replaces liver tissues to fibrous connective tissues, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:26017875 PMID:30700007 Hepatic fibrosis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:26017875 Phosphorylation of β-catenin and abnormalities in function of the E-cadherin-catenin unit lead to loss of intercellular junctions, progression in liver fibrosis, and development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMID:30700007 The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. C16H8Cl4N2O2 C1=CC(=CC=C1OC2=C(C=C(C=N2)Cl)Cl)OC3=C(C=C(C=N3)Cl)Cl CAS:76150-91-9 PubChem CID:5382 TCPOBOP 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene Hypofunction of TFAM gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient TFAM gene expression. Hypofunction of TFAM gene expression Hypofunction of TFAM gene expression is a subtype of hypofunction of transcription, DNA-templated: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient TFAM gene expression. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Hypofunction of TFAM gene expression [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with a reduction of PGC-1α, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), or PPARs in fatty livers. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83474 PMID:31623280 TFAM (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7019 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83474 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83474 PMID:31623280 Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with a reduction of PGC-1α, transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), or PPARs in fatty livers. A series of molecular signals mediated by TGF-alpha (transforming growth factor alpha). TGF-alpha signal transduction pathway TGF-alpha signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TGF-alpha. TGF-alpha signaling (primitive) TGF-alpha signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TGF-alpha. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 TGF-alpha signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7039 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21802 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24827 PMID:28493839 TGFA (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7039 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7039 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21802 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21802 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24827 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24827 PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. NCBI-Human-GeneID: NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: NCBI-Rat-GeneID: PMID:11359698 TGFB1(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59086 PMID:11359698 A recent study employing Northern blot (mRNA) analysis showed increased hepatic expression of HGF, TGF-α, and especially TGF-β1 and c-myc during short-term feeding of FB1. Increased expression of c-myc oncogene and TGF-β1 may cooperate in the promotion of liver tumors during feeding FB1, possibly by providing an environment that selects for the growth of TGF-β1-resistant transformed liver cells. The orderly movement of a regulatory T cell from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31507621 regulatory T cell migration [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31507621 Persistent presence of HBV led to elevated TGF-β which suppressed miR-34a expression and enhanced CCL22 expression, thus recruiting Tregs in the liver tissue. The increased Tregs not only suppressed HBV antigen-specific immune responses, but also suppressed HCC tumor antigen-specific immune responses. TLR4 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of TLR signaling [biological]: Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4. TLR4 signaling (primitive) The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Wikipedia:Cytolysis cytolysis [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7099 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21898 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29260 PMID:31623280 TLR4 (mol)＠ミトコンドリア障害 Toll-like receptor 4 TLR4 (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7099 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7099 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21898 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21898 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29260 PMID:31623280 Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. TNF signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TNF. TNF signaling (primitive) TNF signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TNF. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 TNF signaling [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. TNF signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by TNF. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31623280 TNF signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31623280 Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 PMID:31623280 TNFΑ(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 PMID:28493839 https://omim.org/entry/601231 MTOR (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2475 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2475 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56717 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56717 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56718 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56718 PMID:28493839 Since HIF1α translation is dependent on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, targeted inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR activity (e.g. Bufalin) effectively suppressed HIF1α expression in HCC cells. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:31781608 response to hypoxia [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 HIF system is implemented in hypoxia-responsive pathway. As summarized above, hypoxia pathway and HIFs are involved extensively in HCC development. Since HIF1α translation is dependent on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, targeted inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR activity (e.g. Bufalin) effectively suppressed HIF1α expression in HCC cells. PMID:31781608 Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. On the other hand, hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α) proved to enhance the EMT of HCC cells; its expression correlates with IL-1β-related inflammation intensity. Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hypoxia-related EMT is also linked with the aberrant hedgehog pathway which plays an important role in maintaining the stem cell capacity of tumor cells. Hypoxia could also promote the EMT of HCC cells via Twist1 upregulation. A series of molecular signals mediated by TSLC (Tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1) proteins. TSLC signaling cascade TSLC signaling pathway TSLC signal transduction pathway TSLC signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the TSLC (Tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1) . TSLC signaling (primitive) Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TSLC signaling, a series of reactions mediated by TSLC. negative regulation of TSLC signalling cascade negative regulation of TSLC signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TSLC signaling, a series of reactions mediated by TSLC. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:17428255 negative regulation of TSLC signalling cascade negative regulation of TSLC signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 Expression and DNA methylation patterns of Tslc1 and Dal-1 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats. TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion. It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363058 PMID:17428255 TSLC1 CADM1 (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363058 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363058 PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion. It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116724 PMID:17428255 DAL-1 differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung 1 EPB41L3 (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116724 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116724 PMID:17428255 Expression and DNA methylation patterns of Tslc1 and Dal-1 genes in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats. TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Negative regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton organization. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:17428255 negative regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. It has been suggested that inactivation of one of these two genes, TSLC1 and DAL‐1, might disrupt cell adhesion and links between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, resulting in gain of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Negative regulation of adherens junction assembly is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction assembly. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion. It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. PMID:17428255 Negative regulation of adherens junction assembly [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:17428255 TSLC1 and DAL‐1 are components of the TSLC cascade, which participates in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and constructing stable cell‐to‐cell adhesion.(16) It is thought that disturbances in the cell adhesion system are critical factors in the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations to the TSLC cascade might have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis using DEN in rats. A series of molecular signals mediated by twist1. Twist1 signal transduction pathway Twist1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by Twist1. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 Twist1 signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 Hypoxia could also promote the EMT of HCC cells via Twist1 upregulation. Twist1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by the cytokine Twist1. Twist1 signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 PMID:31781608 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] TWIST1(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85489 PMID:31781608 Hypoxia could also promote the EMT of HCC cells via Twist1 upregulation. PMID:29507645 trimeric UHRF1 repression complex PMID:29507645 The complex comprises three subunits, namely DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), and E3 ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1). NCBI-Human-GeneID:1786 DNA methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1786 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1786 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7874 ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 USP7 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7874 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7874 UHRF1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the UHRF1 (ubiquitin like with PHD and ring finger domains 1) to be lower. UHRF1 inactivation UHRF1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the UHRF1 (ubiquitin like with PHD and ring finger domains 1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 UHRF1 inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this study, we observed that hypoxia-induced downregulation of UHRF1 contributes to the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Epigenetic changes caused by UHRF1 deficiency triggered the upregulation of CXCR4, thereby activating AKT and JNK to increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 PMID:28584306 UHRF1 - inactive form (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29128 PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Increasing VEGF level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of VEGF level to be higher. Increasing VEGF level NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22339 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83785 VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7422 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22339 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22339 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83785 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 PMID:29340079 VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7422 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7422 PMID:29340079 The high expression of AGGF1 expression in HCC tissue was well associated with the increased expression of VEGF and the high microvessel density (MVD). This phenomenon provided clues that the angiogenesis in HCC tissue was influenced by AGGF1 and it was a local process. A series of molecular signals mediated by WNT (wingless/int-1). WNT signal transduction pathway WNT signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by WNT. WNT signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8321 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58868 PMID:29361730 FZD1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8321 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8321 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58868 PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2535 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57265 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64512 PMID:29361730 FZD2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2535 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2535 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57265 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57265 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64512 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64512 PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. NCBI-Human-GeneID:7855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317674 PMID:29361730 FZD5 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317674 PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8323 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:282581 PMID:29361730 FZD6 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8323 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8323 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14368 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:282581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/282581 PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8324 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14369 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360552 PMID:29361730 FZD7 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8324 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8324 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14369 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14369 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360552 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360552 PMID:29361730 In particular, a study has revealed that upregulation of FZD7 is correlated with increased expression of β-catenin target genes in HCC with wild-type β-catenin, suggesting that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be a consequence of deregulation of the FZD receptors. For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8326 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266608 PMID:29361730 FZD9 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8326 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/266608 PMID:29361730 For HCV-related HCC, the HCV core protein induced Wnt pathway components, including the expression of FZD1/2/5/6/7/9, and further activated β-catenin/TCF transcription activity in an HCC cell line. A series of molecular signals mediated by YAP (Yes associated protein). YAP signal transduction pathway YAP signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by YAP. YAP signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10413 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22601 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363014 PMID:28493839 PMID:30700007 YAP YAP1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:10413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10413 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22601 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22601 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363014 PMID:28493839 Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. PMID:30700007 YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in multiple facets of carcinogenesis, including promotion of cellular proliferation, induction of tissue invasion of tumor cells, and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Increased cell survival mediated by repression of apoptosis is also a consequence of activated YAP/TAZ. The Hippo signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, YAP/TAZ have a strong correlation with hepatic fibrogenesis, and are critical regulators of hepatic tumorigenesis. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also exerts significant effects on tumor microenvironment by maintaining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and promoting neo-angiogenesis. A series of molecular signals mediated by beta-catenin. beta-catenin signal transduction pathway beta-catenin signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by beta-catenin. beta-catenin signal (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 PMID:26017875 PMID:29787164 E-cadherin CDH1 - inactive form (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83502 PMID:26017875 A decrease in E-cadherin level results in release of β-catenin from its associations and facilitates EMT, while the restored presence of E-cadherin re-establishes the altered cell phenotype. PMID:29787164 In summary, loss of E-cadherin in the liver leads to sclerosing cholangitis and promotes tumorigenesis. Its tumor-promoting function seemed to be caused by gain of stem cell properties as well as induction of EMT. In addition, invasion capacity was significantly increased by E-cadherin knockdown, suggesting that loss of E-cadherin can be a causal factor of EMT and invasive phenotype of HCC. catenin beta 1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1499 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12387 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84353 PMID:29786110 PMID:31439937 Ctnnb1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1499 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1499 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12387 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12387 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84353 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84353 PMID:29786110 By contrast, the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade is aberrantly activated in human HCC due to gain-of-function mutations in the CTNNB1 gene and loss-of-function mutations in the APC and AXIN1 genes. PMID:31439937 Mutations in the TERT promoter (occurring in 44–65% of patients with HCC and regulating transcription of the catalytic subunit of telomerase), CTNNB1 (27–40%, encoding β-catenin, a proto-oncogene in the WNT signalling pathway) and TP53 (21–31%, the master cell cycle regulator) are the most common. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31781608 actin cytoskeleton remodeling actin cytoskeleton reorganization [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31781608 Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. c-Src signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by c-Src. c-Src signaling (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 PMID:31781608 c-Src p60-Src Src (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83805 PMID:31781608 In addition to the Wnt pathway, activated c-Src, STAT3, Akt, and Notch1 were also identified as mediators of EMT induced by HBV. Negative regulation of caspase-3 activation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase-3 activation. negative regulation of caspase-3 activation Negative regulation of activation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activation. negative regulation of activation NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 PMID:23284992 CASPASE-3(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:836 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/836 PMID:23284992 Then HepG2 cells transfecting Noxa siRNA were treated with 10 µM ABT-737, 1.25 µM Celastrol or the combination for another 48 h. Fig. 4B showed that Noxa-specific siRNA significantly reduced the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP by ABT-737 in combination with Celastrol. The selective interaction of the cyclin A with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. cytoplasmic sequestering of cyclin A The selective interaction of the cyclin A with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 cytoplasmic sequestering of cyclin A [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. By sequestering cyclin A/Cdk2, SCAPER is capable of directing the activity of this kinase complex away from the nucleus and regulating cyclin A/Cdk2 equilibrium in distinct subcellular compartments. Recent evidence has also implicated a role for cytoplasmic cyclin A accumulation in oncogenesis and cellular transformation. Consistent with this notion, it has been shown that targeting of cyclin A to the ER in normal rat fibroblasts leads to several hallmarks of cancer, including polyploidy, abnormal centrosome duplication, and genomic instability. Malfunctioning of centrosome duplication is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform centrosome duplication appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 Malfunctioning of centrosome duplication [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. Consistent with this notion, it has been shown that targeting of cyclin A to the ER in normal rat fibroblasts leads to several hallmarks of cancer, including polyploidy, abnormal centrosome duplication, and genomic instability. Malfunctioning of cytokinesis is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform cytokinesis appropriately or cannot realize it at all. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:18245951 Malfunctioning of cytokinesis [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:18245951 not reported in the liver. Consistent with this notion, it has been shown that targeting of cyclin A to the ER in normal rat fibroblasts leads to several hallmarks of cancer, including polyploidy, abnormal centrosome duplication, and genomic instability. iNOS production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of iNOS ( inducible nitric oxide synthase) due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. inducible nitric oxide synthase production NCBI-Human-GeneID:4843 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24599 nitric oxide synthase 2 NOS2 (canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4843 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24599 Decreasing miR-150 level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of miR-150 level to be lower. Decreasing miR-150 level 9606 NCBI-Human-GeneID:406942 PMID:25796501 MIR150 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:406942 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406942 PMID:25796501 Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. mitochondria morphology changes is a subtype of changing shape: A process that changes the morphology of the mitochondria. mitochondria morphology change NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 PMID:22576474 TP53(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7157 PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. Proto-oncogene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Tumor suppressor gene randomly and permanently. proto-oncogene mutation A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke. C20H16 Cc1c2ccccc2c(C)c2c1ccc1ccccc21 CAS:57-97-6 PMID:1596892 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene DMBA 7,12-dimethyltetraphene [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:1596892 In addition, four DMBA-induced tumors had an A to T transversion in Ha-ras codon 61. C12H11N3 C1=CC=C(C=C1)N=NC2=CC=C(C=C2)N CAS:60-09-3 PMID:1596892 Wikipedia:Aniline_Yellow 4-Aminoazobenzene 4-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]aniline 4-phenyldiazenylaniline AAB 4-(phenylazo)aniline [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:1596892 4-Aminoazobenzene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene also caused the Ki-ras codon 13 mutation. In addition, we found that N-nitrosodiethylamine, 4-aminoazobenzene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene all caused G to T transversions in the N-ras gene (codons 12 or 13). IMR:0011341 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15461 PMID:1596892 H-Ras Ha-ras c-H-ras HRAS (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15461 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15461 PMID:1596892 In addition, four DMBA-induced tumors had an A to T transversion in Ha-ras codon 61. NCBI-Human-GeneID:3845 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24525 PMID:21160980 K-Ras Ki-ras KRAS (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3845 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3845 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16653 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24525 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24525 PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. AFB1-induced HCC in Fischer 344 rats showed activating mutations in codon 12 of K-ras, but in human HCC, the incidence of point mutation of K-ras and N-ras oncogenes was low. Afterwards, in HCC in workers exposed to VC, a high prevalence of K-ras-2 mutation was reported. NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 PMID:1596892 K-Ras Ki-ras KRAS (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16653 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16653 PMID:1596892 Our results demonstrate that the predominant mutation caused by DMBA in mouse liver tumors is a G to C transversion in Ki-ras codon 13 (DMBA is also known to form guanosine adducts), illustrating the influence of both chemical- and tissue-specific factors in determining the type of ras gene mutations in a tumor. 4-Aminoazobenzene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene also caused the Ki-ras codon 13 mutation. IMR:0011343 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18176 PMID:1596892 N-Ras Transforming protein N-Ras NRAS (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18176 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18176 PMID:1596892 In addition, we found that N-nitrosodiethylamine, 4-aminoazobenzene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene all caused G to T transversions in the N-ras gene (codons 12 or 13). This is the first demonstration of N-ras mutations in mouse liver tumors, establishing a role for the N-ras gene in mouse liver carcinogenesis. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cancer stem cell division. positive regulation of cancer stem cell division Cancer-stem like cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of cancer-stem like cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cancer-stem like cell population. cancer stem-like cell proliferation Cancer-stem like cell proliferation is a subtype of cell proliferation: A process of the multiplication or reproduction of cancer-stem like cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cancer-stem like cell population. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 PMID:31781608 Cancer-stem like cell proliferation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 By negatively modulating UHRF1 expression, we further showed that UHRF1 deficiency in itself is sufficient to increase the migratory and invasive properties of cells via inducing EMT, increasing the tumorigenic capacity of cells and leading to the expansion of cancer stem-like cells. PMID:31781608 The CSCs may activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and induce chemo/radiotherapy resistance, disease relapse, and metastasis and are also responsible for tumor heterogeneity. Tumor suppressor inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the tumor suppressor to be lower. tumor suppressor inactivation Tumor suppressor inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the tumor suppressor to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. Tumor suppressor inactivation [hepatocarcinogenesis] Tumor suppressor gene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Tumor suppressor gene randomly and permanently. Tumor suppressor gene mutation Negative regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton organization. negative regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process is a subtype of generating: A process that synthesizes acetyl-CoA resulting in having output (s). acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process Decreasing adiponectin level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of adiponectin level to be lower. decreasing adiponectin level Decreasing adiponectin level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of adiponectin level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 decreasing adiponectin level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Other mechanisms leading to impaired MRC activity could include higher levels of different lipid intermediates including free FAs, increased generation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4‐HNE, and reduced adiponectin action. An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11. C17H12O6 [H][C@]12OC=C[C@@]1([H])c1c(O2)cc(OC)c2c3CCC(=O)c3c(=O)oc12 CAS:1162-65-8 PMID:19590965 PMID:21160980 PMID:24078988 PMID:31439937 (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene-1,11-dione aflatoxin B1 [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. PMID:24078988 Aflatoxin-B1 is converted into aflatoxin B1-8,9 exo-epoxide, which is in turn converted into 8,9-dihydroxy-8-(N7) guanyl-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B1 adduct. This adduct is metabolized into aflatoxin B1 formaminopyrimidine adduct. These adducts are mutagenic and carcinogenic. PMID:31439937 The main form of aflatoxin involved in liver carcinogenesis is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by Aspergillus sp. The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:19590965 PMID:24078988 PMID:29301315 PMID:31439937 aflatoxin metabolism aflatoxin metabolic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. An arginine to serine (G to T) mutation at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (R249S; 249ser mutation) is specific for exposure to aflatoxin and is detected in as many as 64% of patients with HCC. PMID:24078988 Aflatoxin-B1 is converted into aflatoxin B1-8,9 exo-epoxide, which is in turn converted into 8,9-dihydroxy-8-(N7) guanyl-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B1 adduct. These adducts are mutagenic and carcinogenic. The predominant site of aflatoxin metabolism is the liver, and the major human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in its metabolism are CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 1A2. In the liver, p450 enzymes metabolize aflatoxin into an aflatoxin-8,9-exo-epoxide and, to a lesser extent, an aflatoxin- 8,9-endo-epoxide. The exo-epoxide is highly reactive and can form derivatives with DNA, RNA and proteins, and can react with the p53 tumor suppressor gene. PMID:29301315 Curcumin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP2A6 isoform; thereby reducing the formation of AFB1-8, 9-epoxide and other toxic metabolites causing aflatoxicosis. CYP2A13, a predominantly human respiratory tract enzyme, has been shown to be responsible for the bioconversion of AFB1 to its AFB1-8, 9-epoxide. According to a recent report, four major enzymes namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are selectively upregulated, leading to AFB1 toxicity causing the liver damage. PMID:31439937 Chronic HBV infection may induce the cytochrome P450s that metabolize inactive AFB1 to the mutagenic AFB1–8,9-epoxide. C17H12O7 [H][C@@]12Oc3cc(OC)c4c5CCC(=O)c5c(=O)oc4c3[C@]1([H])[C@@]1([H])O[C@@]1([H])O2 CAS:42583-46-0 PMID:19590965 PMID:24078988 PMID:29301315 PMID:31439937 6aS,7aS,8aR,8bR)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,7a,8a,8b-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]oxireno[4',5']furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene-1,10-dione aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. PMID:24078988 Aflatoxin-B1 is converted into aflatoxin B1-8,9 exo-epoxide, which is in turn converted into 8,9-dihydroxy-8-(N7) guanyl-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B1 adduct. This adduct is metabolized into aflatoxin B1 formaminopyrimidine adduct. These adducts are mutagenic and carcinogenic. PMID:29301315 Curcumin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP2A6 isoform; thereby reducing the formation of AFB1-8, 9-epoxide and other toxic metabolites causing aflatoxicosis. CYP2A13, a predominantly human respiratory tract enzyme, has been shown to be responsible for the bioconversion of AFB1 to its AFB1-8, 9-epoxide. PMID:31439937 Chronic HBV infection may induce the cytochrome P450s that metabolize inactive AFB1 to the mutagenic AFB1–8,9-epoxide. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 PMID:19590965 PMID:24078988 PMID:29301315 CYP1A2(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24297 PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. An arginine to serine (G to T) mutation at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (R249S; 249ser mutation) is specific for exposure to aflatoxin and is detected in as many as 64% of patients with HCC. PMID:24078988 The predominant site of aflatoxin metabolism is the liver, and the major human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in its metabolism are CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 1A2. PMID:29301315 According to a recent report, four major enzymes namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are selectively upregulated, leading to AFB1 toxicity causing the liver damage. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1553 PMID:29301315 CYP2A13 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1553 PMID:29301315 CYP2A13, a predominantly human respiratory tract enzyme, has been shown to be responsible for the bioconversion of AFB1 to its AFB1-8, 9-epoxide. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1548 PMID:29301315 CYP2A6 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1548 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1548 PMID:29301315 Curcumin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP2A6 isoform; thereby reducing the formation of AFB1-8, 9-epoxide and other toxic metabolites causing aflatoxicosis. According to a recent report, four major enzymes namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are selectively upregulated, leading to AFB1 toxicity causing the liver damage. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 PMID:19590965 PMID:24078988 PMID:29301315 CYP3A4(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 PMID:19590965 The critically reactive metabolite of AFB1 is the exo 8,9-epoxide formed by a two-electron oxidation mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP1A2 and other CYPs. PMID:24078988 The predominant site of aflatoxin metabolism is the liver, and the major human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in its metabolism are CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 1A2. PMID:29301315 According to a recent report, four major enzymes namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are selectively upregulated, leading to AFB1 toxicity causing the liver damage. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 PMID:24078988 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 [Hepatocarcinogenesis] CYP3A5(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1577 PMID:24078988 The predominant site of aflatoxin metabolism is the liver, and the major human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in its metabolism are CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 1A2. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1551 PMID:24078988 CYP3A7 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1551 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1551 PMID:24078988 The predominant site of aflatoxin metabolism is the liver, and the major human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in its metabolism are CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 1A2. NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 PMID:29301315 Cyp1A1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24296 PMID:29301315 According to a recent report, four major enzymes namely CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are selectively upregulated, leading to AFB1 toxicity causing the liver damage. NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12043 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24224 PMID:31781608 BCL2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/596 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12043 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12043 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24224 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24224 PMID:31781608 It exerts an antiapoptotic effect via the Notch-1/NF-κB pathway and interacts with the genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis). NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12443 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58919 PMID:31781608 CCND1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/595 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12443 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12443 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58919 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58919 PMID:31781608 It exerts an antiapoptotic effect via the Notch-1/NF-κB pathway and interacts with the genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis). Tumor cell survial is a subtype of cell survival: A process that keeps the viability of a tumor cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:22576474 PMID:29227529 PMID:31507621 tumor cell survial [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22576474 Variant 1 of KIAA0101, overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, prevents doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting p53 activation. KIAA0101 tv1 may function as a regulator, promoting cell survival in HCC through regulating the function of p53. PMID:29227529 Autophagy is one of the important regulators of the replication of hepatitis C virus and the survival of tumors. PMID:31507621 In the late stage, a series of oncogenic signaling pathways activated by HBV result in immune escape, and promotes the finally developing HCC. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arachidonic acid metabolic process. positive regulation of arachidonic acid metabolic process Decreasing arachidonic acid level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of arachidonic acid level to be lower. Decreasing arachidonic acid level A monocarboxylic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic. PMID:31439937 8-methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxylic acid aristolochic acid [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31439937 Aristolochic acid (AA) is a highly mutagenic compound found in plants known as Aristolichia or Asarum (Chinese wild ginger) which grow worldwide. A dose-response relationship has also been shown in Taiwan between AA exposure and risk of HCC. A moving process of alcohol from the outside to the inside of a body. This entity is a specific course dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28706416 PMID:31439937 alcohol intake [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28706416 Alcohol exposure induces the over-activation of HH signalling through the elevation of HH ligands and HH target genes in animal models and human tissues. PMID:31439937 Alcoholic cirrhosis is the second most common risk factor for HCC in the USA and Europe. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. PMID:28932315 alcohol [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28932315 Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is influenced by agents such as DEN, 2-AAF, phenobarbital, alcohol, aflatoxin B1 metabolite or hepatitis viruses (B and C). NLRP3 is a inflammasome component NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 PMID:31623280 NLRP3 (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder]] NCBI-Human-GeneID:114548 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114548 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216799 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216799 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287362 PMID:31623280 After binding to TLR9, mitochondrial DAMPs trigger numerous downstream pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interferon regulatory factor-dependent type 1 to promote inflammation. Hypofunction of oxysterol biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient oxysterol biosynthesis. hypofunction of oxysterol biosynthesis Hypofunction of oxysterol biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of lipid biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient oxysterol biosynthesis. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. hypofunction of oxysterol biosynthesis [mitochondrial disorder] The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorders. PMID:27151080 autophagy [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:27151080 not reported in the liver. We found evidence of autophagy/mitophagy in dynamic equilibrium with the biogenesis of novel mitochondria, particularly in mutant C9ORF72 fibroblasts where an increase of mitochondrial DNA content and mass, and of PGC1-α protein was observed. The autophagic process is also partially activated in mC9ORF72 as evidenced by electron microscopy data and p62 protein down-regulation. The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25649430 autophagy [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25649430 NS5ATP9 Promotes Beclin 1-Dependent Starvation-Induced Autophagy of Hepatoblastoma Cells. Furthermore, NS5ATP9-mediated autophagy is required for promotion of tumour cell growth, and this effect could be inhibited with 3-methyladenine, chloroquine or by Beclin 1-silencing. NCBI-Human-GeneID:8678 PMID:25649430 BECN1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8678 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8678 PMID:25649430 NS5ATP9 Promotes Beclin 1-Dependent Starvation-Induced Autophagy of Hepatoblastoma Cells. Furthermore, NS5ATP9-mediated autophagy is required for promotion of tumour cell growth, and this effect could be inhibited with 3-methyladenine, chloroquine or by Beclin 1-silencing. cardiolipin peroxidation is a subtype of phospholipid oxidation: The degradation of cardiolipin caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. cardiolipin peroxidation phospholipid peroxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of phospholipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. phospholipid peroxidation A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). negative regulation of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis (latent)] C9H4Cl6O4 OC(=O)C1C(C(O)=O)C2(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl CAS:115-28-6 PMID:22584684 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chlorendic Acid [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 Table 1 Increasing glucagon level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucagon level to be higher. Increasing glucagon level Increasing glucagon level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucagon level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 Increasing glucagon level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 A second mechanism is ROS generation due to CYP2E1 overexpression and reduced levels of mtGSH. Whereas CYP2E1 induction could be secondary to higher levels of glucagon, FAs and KBs, reduced mtGSH could result from higher mitochondrial levels of cholesterol. Glucose homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of chemical homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a glucose homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 glucose homeostasis imbalance [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Recent studies also show that MAMs are important for hepatic insulin signaling, nutrient sensing, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites could exacerbate hepatic lipid accumulation and miscommunication between organelles appears to be related to the pathology of hepatic metabolic diseases. PMID:31649547 lipotoxicity and inflammation can interfere with insulin signaling pathway to cause hepatic insulin resistance; Increasing glucose level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucose level to be higher. increasing glucose level Increasing glucose level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucose level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:31623280 increasing glucose level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Furthermore, high glucose levels promote ROS overproduction within hepatocytes, thus favoring oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID:31623280 Consistent with this, high glucose induces mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP depletion in several rodent and human cell models. Decreasing glucose level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucose level to be lower. glucose depletion decreasing glucose level Decreasing glucose level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucose level to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:29335519 glucose depletion Decreasing glucose level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:29335519 Collectively, these data suggest that enforced PCK1 expression triggers glucose-deprived liver cancer cell death by causing truncated gluconeogenesis, energy crisis, TCA cycle cataplerosis and high ROS levels. Hyperfunction of gluconeogenesis is a subtype of hyperfunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs an excessive gluconeogenesis. hyperfunction of gluconeogenesis Decreasing glutathione level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glutathione level to be lower. decreasing glutathione level Negative regulation of glutathione transport is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of glutathione into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Negative regulation of glutathione transport Increasing ketone body level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ketone body level to be higher. Increasing ketone body level Increasing ketone body level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of ketone body level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 Increasing ketone body level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 A second mechanism is ROS generation due to CYP2E1 overexpression and reduced levels of mtGSH. Whereas CYP2E1 induction could be secondary to higher levels of glucagon, FAs and KBs, reduced mtGSH could result from higher mitochondrial levels of cholesterol. Any process that results in induction of genomic instability. induction of genomic instability C15H22O3 Cc1ccc(C)c(OCCCC(C)(C)C(O)=O)c1 CAS:25812-30-0 DrugBank:DB01241 PMID:9884324 Wikipedia:Gemfibrozil 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid gemfibrozil [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:9884324 Gemfibrozil (GEM) is a clofibrate analog used to treat moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemias. In lab animals, GEM causes peroxisome proliferation, an effect that has been associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. In humans, hepatobiliary disorders, but not carcinogenesis, have been associated with GEM therapy. Connexin signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by connexin. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30947731 Connexin signaling (primitive) [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:30947731 Cx32 exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-tumor effects via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cx32 facilitated HCC progression by blocking chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo via interacting with Src and thus promoting the phosphorylation of EGFR, subsequently activating the EGFR signaling pathway. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2705 PMID:12717835 PMID:30947731 CX32 GJB1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2705 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2705 PMID:12717835 It suggested that decrease of expression and lacking of function of CX32, CX43 might keep close relationship with liver hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:30947731 Cx32 exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-tumor effects via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 PMID:30947731 c-Src p60-Src Src (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6714 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6714 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20779 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20779 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83805 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83805 PMID:30947731 Cx32 facilitated HCC progression by blocking chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo via interacting with Src and thus promoting the phosphorylation of EGFR, subsequently activating the EGFR signaling pathway. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of connexin signaling, a series of reactions mediated by connexin. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:12717835 negative regulation of connexin signaling [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:12717835 The results indicated that carcinogenesis and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma related with the abnormal expression of cx genes and disorder of its signal transduction pathway, such as decrease of (Ca(2+))i, post-translation phosphorylation on tyrosine of Cx proteins which led to a dramatic disruption of GJIC. It suggested that decrease of expression and lacking of function of CX32, CX43 might keep close relationship with liver hepatocarcinogenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:2697 PMID:12717835 CX43 GJA1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2697 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2697 PMID:12717835 It suggested that decrease of expression and lacking of function of CX32, CX43 might keep close relationship with liver hepatocarcinogenesis. Increasing cholesterol level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of cholesterol level to be higher. Increasing cholesterol level Increasing cholesterol level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of cholesterol level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing cholesterol level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Bellanti et al. showed through targeted lipidomic analysis that rats fed diets rich in cholesterol exhibited increased toxic hepatic triol, which induces apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. Increasing triol level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of triol level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing triol level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Bellanti et al. showed through targeted lipidomic analysis that rats fed diets rich in cholesterol exhibited increased toxic hepatic triol, which induces apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial respiration in vitro. cisplatin resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to cisplatin to be lower. cisplatin resistance drug resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to the drug to be lower. drug resistance diacylglycerol accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps diacylglycerol in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. diacylglycerol acumulation diacylglycerol accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps diacylglycerol in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 diacylglycerol accumulation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. PMID:31649547 As a result, fatty acids especially diacylglycerol and ceramide may excessively accumulate in liver tissue. Previous report has shown that diacylglycerol can activate PKC to impair insulin signal pathway. An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group. C8H8O C1OC1c1ccccc1 CAS:96-09-3 PMID:21724974 Wikipedia:Styrene_oxide 2-phenyloxirane styrene-7,8-oxide styrene oxide [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:21724974 Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays showed that styrene caused lung cancers in several strains of mice and mammary cancers in rats and styrene-7,8-oxide caused tumours of the forestomach in rats and mice and of the liver in mice. Negative regulation of sphingolipid metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sphingolipid metabolic process. Negative regulation of sphingolipid metabolic process Negative regulation of sphingolipid metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sphingolipid metabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:11359698 PMID:8106389 Negative regulation of sphingolipid metabolic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11359698 The disruption of the phospholipid and n-6 fatty acid metabolic pathway, producing changes in the level of C20:4ω6, appears to be critical with respect to cancer promotion, especially at low dietary levels of FB1, where cancer promotion is effected in the absence of apoptosis and the disruption of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. PMID:8106389 Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1. A molecular mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with Fusarium moniliforme. These results establish that fumonisin B1 is mitogenic via accumulation of sphingoid bases rather than inhibition of complex sphingolipid biosynthesis per se. ceramide accumulation is a subtype of accumulation of substances in a biological object: A process that keeps ceramide in an organism, tissue, organelle, or cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 PMID:31649547 ceramide accumulation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. PMID:31649547 As a result, fatty acids especially diacylglycerol and ceramide may excessively accumulate in liver tissue. Moreover, ceramide also activates PKC to suppress protein kinase AKT and further inhibits insulin signal pathway. sorafenib resistance (process) is a subtype of decreasing sensitivity: A process that changes the sensitivity to sorafenib to be lower. sorafenib resistance (process) Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene mutation is a subtype of changing an operand: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene randomly and permanently. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene mutation NCBI-Human-GeneID:7015 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:301965 PMID:31439937 TERT (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7015 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21752 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:301965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/301965 PMID:31439937 Mutations in the TERT promoter (occurring in 44–65% of patients with HCC and regulating transcription of the catalytic subunit of telomerase), CTNNB1 (27–40%, encoding β-catenin, a proto-oncogene in the WNT signalling pathway) and TP53 (21–31%, the master cell cycle regulator) are the most common. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. Increasing triol level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of triol level to be higher. Increasing triol level A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene. C14H19N3S.ClH C14H20ClN3S Cl.CN(C)CCN(Cc1cccs1)c1ccccn1 CAS:135-23-9 DrugBank:DB04819 PMID:22584684 N,N-dimethyl-N'-pyridin-2-yl-N'-[(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]ethane-1,2-diamine hydrochloride Methapyrilene hydrochloride [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 Table 1 Panadiplon (U-78875) is an anxiolytic drug with a novel chemical structure that is not closely related to other drugs of this type. (by Wikipedia) C18H17N5O2 CAS:124423-84-3 Wikipedia:Panadiplon U-78875 panadiplon The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers. CAS:8003-34-7 PMID:19463055 pyrethrins [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:19463055 The relevance of pyrethrins-induced rat liver tumors to human health was assessed by using the 2006 International Programme on Chemical Safety Human Relevance Framework. It is concluded that pyrethrins do not pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard for humans. Fialuridine, or 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU), is a nucleoside analogue that was investigated as a potential therapy for hepatitis B virus infection. (by Wikipedia) C9H10FIN2O5 OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@@H](F)[C@@H]1O)N1C=C(I)C(=O)NC1=O CAS:69123-98-4 DrugBank:DB15427 Wikipedia:Fialuridine 2'-fluoro-5-iodoarauracil FIAU fialuridine Increasing fructose level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of fructose level to be higher. Increasing fructose level Increasing fructose level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of fructose level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing fructose level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. Moreover, a diet rich in fructose is associated with increased oxidative mtDNA lesions in rat liver coupled with reduced mitochondrial repair capacity and rats consuming a diet high in fat and rich in fructose have increased hepatocyte damage, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation coupled with impaired mitochondrial respiration and activity. Hypofunction of mitochondrial repair is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient mitochondrial repair. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Hypofunction of mitochondrial repair [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Moreover, a diet rich in fructose is associated with increased oxidative mtDNA lesions in rat liver coupled with reduced mitochondrial repair capacity and rats consuming a diet high in fat and rich in fructose have increased hepatocyte damage, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation coupled with impaired mitochondrial respiration and activity. Increasing uric acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of uric acid level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing uric acid level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 In addition to its ability to promote de novo lipogenesis and block β-oxidation of fatty acids, fructose consumption seems to cause a drop in ATP and an elevation of uric acid, which can further induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. Any process that activates or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. nagative regulation of mitophagy The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31649547 macrophage migration [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31649547 Wu et al. (2019) have found that impaired mitophagy can accelerate macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue in high-fat diet–fed mice with FUNDC1 knockout. They have also demonstrated that impaired mitophagy can promote macrophage infiltration to activate MAPK signal pathway and inflammatory response to impair mitochondrial quality control, subsequently causing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. PMID:25339807 malondialdehyde [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 These compounds may undergo fragmentation to produce several reactive intermediates, among them, malondialdehyde and the most reactive 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. These two by-products of lipid peroxidation have been shown to interact with and inactivate ETC components, including cytochrome c oxidase, by forming adducts with this enzyme[, contributing to triggering mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH. Disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-mitochondria contact site. disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites Disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-mitochondria contact site. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Therefore, disruption of ER-mitochondria contact sites could exacerbate hepatic lipid accumulation and miscommunication between organelles appears to be related to the pathology of hepatic metabolic diseases. Increasing mtDNA level is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glycogen level to be higher. increasing mtDNA level glutathione transport from cytoplasm into mitochondria is a subtype of glutathione transport: A process that exports the glutathione from cytoplasm into mitochondria. PMID:23299992 glutathione transport from cytoplasm into mitochondria PMID:23299992 Indeed, increased mitochondrial cholesterol during NAFLD could reduce mitochondrial transport of GSH, thus inducing lower mtGSH levels and oxidative stress (Fig. 4). Negative regulation of glutathione transport into mitochondria is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of glutathione into mitochondria by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Negative regulation of glutathione transport into mitochondria Negative regulation of glutathione transport into mitochondria is a subtype of negative regulation of transport: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of glutathione into mitochondria by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 Negative regulation of glutathione transport into mitochondria [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Indeed, increased mitochondrial cholesterol during NAFLD could reduce mitochondrial transport of GSH, thus inducing lower mtGSH levels and oxidative stress (Fig. 4). PMID:25339807 Depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels could also be due to its reduced uptake by mitochondria as a result of enhanced levels of cholesterol within the inner mitochondrial membrane and the decrease in synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl donor in liver and precursor to GSH. The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a mitochondria. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. long-chain fatty acid import into mitochondria The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a mitochondria. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 long-chain fatty acid import into mitochondria [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Whereas SCFAs and MCFAs freely enter mitochondria, the entry of LCFAs within these organelles requires different enzymes such as long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetase (ACS), CPT1, and CPT2. For instance, LCFA‐mediated PPARα activation increases the expression of the mitochondrial enzymes CPT1 and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Hypofunction of mitochondrial repair is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient mitochondrial repair. Hypofunction of mitochondrial repair Increase in mitochondrial calcium level is a subtype of increase in calcium level: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration within a mitochondria to be higher. Increase in mitochondrial calcium level Increase in mitochondrial calcium level is a subtype of increase in calcium level: A process that changes the calcium ion concentration within a mitochondria to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 Increase in mitochondrial calcium level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 MPTP is defined as the sudden increase of mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to low molecular weight solutes (1.5 kDa) in response to many stimuli, including high levels of Ca2+ and oxidant stress. Mitochondrial cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the mitochondria. mitochondrial cholesterol storage Mitochondrial cholesterol storage is a subtype of cholesterol storage: A process that keeps cholesterol in the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 PMID:31623280 mitochondrial cholesterol storage [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Indeed, increased mitochondrial cholesterol during NAFLD could reduce mitochondrial transport of GSH, thus inducing lower mtGSH levels and oxidative stress (Fig. 4). PMID:25339807 Depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels could also be due to its reduced uptake by mitochondria as a result of enhanced levels of cholesterol within the inner mitochondrial membrane and the decrease in synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl donor in liver and precursor to GSH. PMID:31623280 Bellanti et al. showed through targeted lipidomic analysis that rats fed diets rich in cholesterol exhibited increased toxic hepatic triol, which induces apoptosis and impaired mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Gan et al. showed that mitochondrial-free cholesterol deposition causes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, associated with increased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and cytolytic effects on neighboring hepatocytes driven by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Hepatocyte free cholesterol lipotoxicity results from JNK1-mediated mitochondrial injury and is HMGB1 and TLR4-dependent. Moreover, mitochondrial-free cholesterol sensitizes liver cells to TNFα- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis and causes mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which is also reported in animal models and patients with NASH. Thus, accumulating evidences suggest that cholesterol overload in mitochondria induces redox imbalances leading to oxidative stress and cell death associated with steatohepatitis. Negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation. Negative regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation Negative regulation of phosphorylation is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation. negative regulation of phosphorylation mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit phosphorylation Mitochondrial dysfunction is a subtype of dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete mitochondrial function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31623280 mitochondrial dysfunction [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31623280 Just like in NASH, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidized mtDNA also contribute to the progression of HCC through influences on inflammation, cell death, and ER stress. Among these, mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to cancer progression through increased ROS production, impaired mitochondrial respiration, ER stress, and alteration of nutrient metabolism. Dysregulation of mitochondrion organization is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of mitochondrion organization appropriately or cannot realize it at all. dysregulation of mitochondrion organization mitochondrial membrane morphology changes is a subtype of mitochondria morphology changes: A process that changes the morphology of the mitochondrial membrane. mitochondrial membrane morphology changes Increasing mitochondrial membrane potential is a subtype of increasing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential of a mitochondrial membrane to be higher. Increasing mitochondrial membrane potential Increasing membrane potential is a subtype of changing membrane potential: A process that changes the electrical potential across a membrane to be higher. Increasing membrane potential Metalloprotease activation is a subtype of activating: A process that changes the activity of the metalloprotease to be higher. metalloprotease activation NCBI-Human-GeneID:4313 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17390 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81686 PMID:28706416 MMP2(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4313 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4313 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17390 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17390 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81686 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81686 PMID:28706416 Wang et al demonstrated that BRD4 is able to promote HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and that BRD4 activity is mediated by HH signalling through the metalloproteases MMP - 2 and MMP - 9. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4318 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17395 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81687 PMID:28706416 MMP9(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4318 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4318 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17395 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17395 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81687 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81687 PMID:28706416 Wang et al demonstrated that BRD4 is able to promote HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and that BRD4 activity is mediated by HH signalling through the metalloproteases MMP - 2 and MMP - 9. Negative regulation of methionine metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methionine metabolic process. Negative regulation of methionine metabolic process Negative regulation of methionine metabolic process is a subtype of negative regulation process: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methionine metabolic process. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:15511635 Negative regulation of methionine metabolic process [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:15511635 In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine and adenine salvage pathways. Interestingly, MTAP gene expression was also impaired in the liver of CCl4-cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic patients. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4507 PMID:15511635 MTAP (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4507 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4507 PMID:15511635 Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine and adenine salvage pathways. In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. Interestingly, MTAP gene expression was also impaired in the liver of CCl4-cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic patients. NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298227 PMID:15511635 MTAP (rat) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298227 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298227 PMID:15511635 Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine and adenine salvage pathways. In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. Interestingly, MTAP gene expression was also impaired in the liver of CCl4-cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic patients. A member of the class of phhenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. C9H11ClN2O CN(C)C(=O)Nc1ccc(Cl)cc1 CAS:150-68-5 PMID:22584684 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea Monuron [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 Table 1 phospholipid peroxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of phospholipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 phospholipid peroxidation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Phospholipid peroxidation is considered an important contributing factor in mitochondrial dysfunction in several physiopathological conditions as well as during the aging process. In fact, phospholipid peroxidation alters the structural organization of the mitochondrial bilayer, perturbing membrane fluidity and permeability. Lipoperoxidation is a subtype of lipid oxidation: The degradation of lipids caused by an oxidative attack from free radicals. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:11359698 PMID:28932315 lipoperoxidation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:11359698 The toxicity induced by FB1 in the liver appears to play an important role during the cancer initiation, and the induction of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation could be important initial events. PMID:28932315 They showed that DEN increased lipid peroxidation in studies performed. This may increase the tumour. Lipid peroxidation produces a wide variety of oxidation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), propanal, hexanal, and 4-hydroxy nonanal (4-HNE). MDA appears to be the most mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation, but 4-HNE is most toxic. Any process that results in a change in state of redox. redox change Increasing leptin level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of leptin level to be higher. increasing leptin level Increasing leptin level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of glucagon level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:23299992 increasing leptin level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). Tumor malignancy alteration is a subtype of changing quality of tumor: A process that changes the quality of the tumors to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28584306 tumor malignancy alteration [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28584306 Downregulation of UHRF1 increases tumor malignancy by activating the CXCR4/AKT-JNK/IL-6/Snail signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumor malignancy is characterized by invasiveness and metastasis, which occur through EMT. Malfunctioning of centrosome duplication is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform centrosome duplication appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of centrosome duplication NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 PMID:28493839 PMID:31781608 HIF1A(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29560 PMID:28493839 Since HIF1α translation is dependent on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, targeted inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR activity (e.g. Bufalin) effectively suppressed HIF1α expression in HCC cells. PMID:31781608 On the other hand, hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α) proved to enhance the EMT of HCC cells; its expression correlates with IL-1β-related inflammation intensity. reduced oxygenation of body tissues resulting in the decreased pressure of this component of body gases; commonly due to hypoxemia This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28493839 PMID:28584306 PMID:31781608 hypoxia [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28493839 In HCC cells, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be induced under hypoxia condition through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway or PI3K/AKT pathway. Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of PDGF-BB in hepatic satellite cells activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells and enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis. Hypoxia-activated YAP and TGF-α/EGFR pathways blunted the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. PMID:28584306 In this study, we observed that hypoxia-induced downregulation of UHRF1 contributes to the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PMID:31781608 Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. Although the hypoxia microenvironment may induce EMT, the hypoxia-related EMT cascade cannot be activated without the simultaneous activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hypoxia-related EMT is also linked with the aberrant hedgehog pathway which plays an important role in maintaining the stem cell capacity of tumor cells. Hypoxia could also promote the EMT of HCC cells via Twist1 upregulation. Dysregulation of immune balance is a subtype of malfunctioning of controlling: A process that cannot perform a regulation of immune balance appropriately or cannot realize it at all. immune imbalance dysregulation of immune balance Hypofunction of immune response to tumor cell is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient immune response to tumor cell. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31507621 hypofunction of immune response to tumor cell [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31507621 In the late stage, a series of oncogenic signaling pathways activated by HBV result in immune escape, and promotes the finally developing HCC. The increased Tregs not only suppressed HBV antigen-specific immune responses, but also suppressed HCC tumor antigen-specific immune responses. The orderly movement of a regulatory T cell from one site to another. regulatory T cell migration protooncogene activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the protooncogene to be higher. protooncogene activation Protooncogene activation is a subtype of molecular activation: A process that changes the activity of the protooncogene to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. protooncogene activation [hepatocarcinogenesis] Increasing production amount of reactive aldehyde is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the production amount of reactive aldehyde to be higher. increasing production amount of reactive aldehyde reactive aldehyde [mitochondrial disorder] A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. PMID:23299992 PMID:25339807 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal 4-hydroxynonenal [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:23299992 Several MRC complexes including COX are sensitive to ROS and RNS. In addition, COX can be inhibited by low levels of NO and inactivated by 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a reactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation. PMID:25339807 These compounds may undergo fragmentation to produce several reactive intermediates, among them, malondialdehyde and the most reactive 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. These two by-products of lipid peroxidation have been shown to interact with and inactivate ETC components, including cytochrome c oxidase, by forming adducts with this enzyme[, contributing to triggering mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:28240761 response to endoplasmic reticulum stress [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:28240761 It has been also shown that the overexpression of IP-10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway in HCC; IP-10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize HCC-cisplatin treatment. Increasing uric acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of uric acid level to be higher. Increasing uric acid level Hypofunction of immune response to tumor cell is a subtype of hypofunctioning: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient immune response to tumor cell. hypofunction of immune response to tumor cell Negative regulation of antioxidant enzyme activation is a subtype of Negative regulation of enzyme activation: A process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antioxidant enzyme activation. negative regulation of antioxidant enzyme activation Increasing damaged mitochondria is a subtype of decreasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of damaged mitochondria to be higher. increasing damaged mitochondria The process that results in the movement of inflammatory DAMPs from the mitochondria. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 release of inflammatory DAMPs [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Prevention of autophagy further leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria that can release inflammatory DAMPs and cytochrome C to promote cell death, and/or exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Reduced mitophagy results in the accumulation of severely damaged mitochondria, leading to cell necrosis releasing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can promote liver inflammation and NASH development. Mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs) activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ROS. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25797246 negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process negative regulation of ROS formation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25797246 The elimination of DNA damage or blockage of ROS production significantly reduced the expression of NOXA, and thereby attenuated apoptosis and reduced growth inhibition of liver cancer cells. Malfunctioning of cytokinesis is a subtype of malfunctioning process: A process that cannot perform cytokinesis appropriately or cannot realize it at all. malfunctioning of cytokinesis Increasing blood glucose level is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the blood glucose concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 hyperglycemia increasing blood glucose level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 On the whole, the data indicate that increased flux through anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways not only contributes to dysregulation of downstream nutrients (e.g., glycemia and lipidemia), but also triggers oxidative metabolism and altered antioxidant capacity that contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (Figure 8B and Supplemental Table 2). Cellular damage is a subtype of damaging: A process that injuries the structure of the cell as the direct or indirect result of an external force. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:31623280 cellular damage [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:31623280 Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 promote iron accumulation, which further fuels oxidative stress-driven cell toxicity and can activate fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in metabolic syndrome. The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:20101231 nodule formation [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:20101231 At 10 months after the injection, nodules consisting of highly dysplastic malignant cells were observed in liver of Pim-3 transgenic mice and to a lesser extent in WT mice (Figure 5a). The produced factors can drive compensatory and aberrant proliferation of surviving hepatocytes and development of pre-malignant dysplastic nodules that form the nucleus of neoplastic lesions. Hepatocyte regeneration is a subtype of changing material: The regrowth of lost or destroyed hepatocytes. hepatocyte regeneration Increasing lipid is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of lipid to be larger. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25607821 Increasing lipid [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25607821 In addition, Sptlc3 mRNA expression in STAM-F mice was higher than that in db/db mice that received HFD and in B6N mice fed a choline‑deficient L-amino acid (CDAA)-defined diet. Hepatic expression of the Sptlc3 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Increasing lipid concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the lipid concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:26571396 hyperlipidemia increasing lipid concentration [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:26571396 On the whole, the data indicate that increased flux through anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways not only contributes to dysregulation of downstream nutrients (e.g., glycemia and lipidemia), but also triggers oxidative metabolism and altered antioxidant capacity that contribute to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (Figure 8B and Supplemental Table 2). Tumor malignancy alteration is a subtype of changing quality of tumor: A process that changes the quality of the tumors to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. tumor malignancy alteration A mebrane potential which is relatively high. increased membrane potential Increasing cholesterol concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing lipid concentration in blood: A process that changes the cholesterol concentration in the blood to be higher. hypercholesterolemia Increasing cholesterol concentration in blood Increasing lipid concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing concentration: A process that changes the lipid concentration in the blood to be higher. hyperlipidemia increasing lipid concentration Increasing cholesterol concentration in blood is a subtype of increasing lipid concentration in blood: A process that changes the cholesterol concentration in the blood to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 hypercholesterolemia Increasing cholesterol concentration in blood [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 More precisely, dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia causes oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in ATP content, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and hepatic steatosis in mice. The movement of an endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) within or between different tissues and organs of the body. endothelial progenitor cell mobilization neovascularization is a subtype of biological structure formation: A process that constructs an alternate blood vessels. neovascularization NCBI-Human-GeneID:3791 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16542 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25589 PMID:31781608 VEGFR2 KDR (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3791 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16542 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16542 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25589 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25589 PMID:31781608 The HGF/MET axis promotes angiogenesis via interaction with proangiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and reverse correlation with thrombospondin-1. Hypoxia stimulates c-MET overexpression in HCC cells. Enzyme production is a subtype of protein production: A process that makes existent of enzyme due to biosynthesis, secretion, or membrane trafficking, resulting in an increase in its levels. enzyme production NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22059 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 PMID:10626230 PMID:19590965 PMID:21160980 PMID:24078988 PMID:31439937 TP53(canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:7157 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7157 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22059 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22059 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24842 PMID:10626230 The results are discussed in relation to published studies on the accumulation and persistence of etheno bases in the liver during and after exposure to vinyl chloride and on mutation spectra in the ras and p53 genes in liver tumours induced by vinyl chloride. PMID:19590965 An arginine to serine (G to T) mutation at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (R249S; 249ser mutation) is specific for exposure to aflatoxin and is detected in as many as 64% of patients with HCC. PMID:21160980 In HCC, the tumor suppressor gene p53 codon 249 mutation is associated with AFB(1) exposure and mutations in the K-ras oncogene are related to vinyl chloride exposure. The p53 mutation pattern in HCC in workers exposed to VC includes point mutations in codons 175, 245, 248, 273 and 282 but it is still unclear whether these genetic changes are directly associated with exposure to VC. However, another study concluded that in humans, A:T base pair mutations in p53 induced by VC represent a specific mutational “signature”. PMID:24078988 In the liver, p450 enzymes metabolize aflatoxin into an aflatoxin-8,9-exo-epoxide and, to a lesser extent, an aflatoxin- 8,9-endo-epoxide. The exo-epoxide is highly reactive and can form derivatives with DNA, RNA and proteins, and can react with the p53 tumor suppressor gene. PMID:31439937 AFB1 predominantly causes mutations at codon 249 in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene (AGG to AGT), resulting in substitution of arginine for serine (R249S), which is rarely observed in cancers other than HCC. For example, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic events in HBV-associated HCC, whereas CTNNB1 mutations are strongly associated with alcohol-related HCC. iron metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of Metabolic dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete energy metabolic function. iron metabolic dysfunction iron metabolic dysfunction is a subtype of Metabolic dysfunctioning: A process that performs an abnormal and incomplete energy metabolic function. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID:25796501 iron metabolic dysfunction [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:25796501 These in vivo results confirmed that PVT1 played a crucial role on regulating tumor growth and iron metabolism disorder in HCC, which may be associated with the modulation of miR-150/HIG2 signaling. Increasing iron uptake level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the iron uptake level to be larger. Increasing iron uptake level Hypofunction of heme biosynthesis is a subtype of hypofunction of biosynthesis: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient heme biosynthesis. hypofunction of heme biosynthesis Increasing long-chain free fatty acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of long-chain free fatty acid level to be higher. Increasing long-chain free fatty acid level Increasing long-chain free fatty acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of long-chain free fatty acid level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:25339807 Increasing long-chain free fatty acid level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:25339807 Long-chain free fatty acids which accumulate in nonalcoholic fatty liver are considered the initial source of this ROS damaging cycle. These compounds have been shown to promote ROS production in mitochondria, although the mechanism(s) underlying this effect is still unclear. Increasing saturated fatty acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of saturated fatty acid level to be higher. increasing saturated fatty acid level Increasing saturated fatty acid level is a subtype of increasing quantity: A process that changes the amount of saturated fatty acid level to be higher. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:31623280 Increasing saturated fatty acid level [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:31623280 Saturated fats promote fatty liver and accumulation of lipotoxic byproducts including ceramides and diacylglycerols is associated with hepatic inflammation and mitochondrial ROS production resulting in liver cell death. Moreover, in vitro treatment of liver cells with saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in NASH, including decreasing cellular ATP content and mtDNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit expression, coupled with increased oxidative stress. saturated fatty acid [mitochondrial disorder] Hypofunction of phospholipid degradation is a subtype of hypofunction of decomposing: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient phospholipid degradation. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis (latent). hypofunction of phospholipid degradation [Phospholipidosis(latent)] A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines. C3H6Cl2 CC(CCl)Cl PMID:12748687 1,2-dichloropropane [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:12748687 There was some evidence of carcinogenicity for male and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane, as indicated by increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms, primarily adenomas. Hypofunction of 17β-Estradiol metabolic process is a subtype of hypofunction of metabolism: A process that performs a decreased or insufficient 17β-Estradiol metabolic process. Hypofunction of 17β-Estradiol metabolic process C14H8O3 Oc1cccc2C(=O)c3ccccc3C(=O)c12 CAS:129-43-1 PMID:2335008 1-hydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione 1-hydroxyanthraquinone PMID:2335008 Carcinogenicity of naturally occurring 1-hydroxyanthraquinone in rats: induction of large bowel, liver and stomach neoplasms. Liver cancer dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Liver cancer as a gene product. Gene profile:canonical/in vitro/Hepatocyte/ liver cancer dependent molecule (canonical) A series of molecular signals mediated by AGGF1 (angiogenic factor with G-patch and FHA domains 1). AGGF1 signal transduction pathway AGGF1 signaling (primitive) is a subtype of signaling [biological]: A process that in which a signal is transmitted by AGGF1. AGGF1 signal (primitive) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 AMPK(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5562 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:105787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105787 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65248 NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 ATF4(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/468 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56208 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114558 BECN1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8678 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8678 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56208 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56208 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114558 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23705 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54725 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363058 TSLC1 CADM1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23705 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23705 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54725 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54725 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363058 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363058 Liver cancer dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Liver cancer as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse liver cancer dependent molecule (rat) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 Constitutive Androstane Receptor NR1I3 CAR (mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12355 Liver cancer dependent molecule is a subtype of toxic course dependent chemical entity. This gene can participate in the course of Liver cancer as a gene product. Gene profile:Mouse liver cancer dependent molecule (mouse in vitro) NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 E-cadherin CDH1 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83502 NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 CDH1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:999 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/999 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12550 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12550 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83502 NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 CDT1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:81620 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81620 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1553 CYP2A13 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1553 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1548 CYP2A6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1548 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1548 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1551 CYP3A7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1551 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1551 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23136 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116724 DAL-1 differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung 1 EPB41L3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23136 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23136 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13823 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116724 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116724 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 FOXO1 (canonical)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2308 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2308 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56458 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84482 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84482 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8321 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58868 FZD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8321 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8321 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58868 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2535 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57265 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64512 FZD2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2535 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2535 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57265 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57265 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64512 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64512 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317674 FZD5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14367 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317674 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8323 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:282581 FZD6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8323 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8323 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14368 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:282581 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/282581 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8324 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14369 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360552 FZD7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8324 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8324 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14369 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14369 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360552 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360552 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8326 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266608 FZD9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8326 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/266608 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2697 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24392 CX43 GJA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2697 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2697 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24392 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24392 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2705 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14618 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29584 CX32 GJB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2705 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2705 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14618 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14618 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29584 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29584 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 hedgehog interacting protein HHIP (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:64399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64399 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 HIF1A(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3091 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15251 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29560 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 HNF4A (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3172 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3172 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15378 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15378 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25735 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25735 NCBI-Human-GeneID:100124700 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100503872 HOTAIR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:100124700 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100124700 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100503872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100503872 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15235 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24566 MST1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4485 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15235 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24566 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24566 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56274 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65189 MST2 STK3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6788 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56274 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56274 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65189 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 IGFBP3 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:3486 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3486 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3791 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16542 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25589 VEGFR2 KDR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3791 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16542 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16542 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25589 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25589 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 KIAA0101 transcript variant 2 KIAA0101 tv2 (predicted)(human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9768 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4233 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24553 HGFR MET (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4233 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4233 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17295 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24553 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 MSH2 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81709 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 MSH2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4436 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17685 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81709 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81709 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 MSH6 (canonical) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360342 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 MSH6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17688 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360342 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4507 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66902 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298227 MTAP (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4507 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4507 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66902 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66902 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298227 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298227 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 NDUFA12 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55967 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 PMID:24746669 NDUFA12 - inactive form (human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:55967 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55967 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NDUFA12 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFA12 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit A12) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 NDUFA12 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 NDUFB6 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4712 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 PMID:24746669 NDUFB6 - inactive form (human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4712 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4712 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NDUFB6 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFB6 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit B6) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 NDUFB6 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 NDUFS2 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4720 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 PMID:24746669 NDUFS2 - inactive form (human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4720 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NDUFS2 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFS2 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 NDUFS2 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 NDUFV1 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4723 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 PMID:24746669 NDUFV1 - inactive form (human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4723 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4723 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NDUFV1 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFV1 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 NDUFV1 inactivation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 NDUFV3 (human) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4731 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 PMID:24746669 NDUFV3 - inactive form (human)[mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4731 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4731 PMID:24746669 not reported in the liver. These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). NDUFV3 inactivation is a subtype of molecular inactivation: A process that changes the activity of the NDUFV3 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V3) to be lower. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of mitochondrial disorder. PMID:24746669 NDUFV3 inactovation [mitochondrial disorder] PMID:24746669 These results were repeated and confirmed by generating phosphorylation defective forms of these 5 CI subunits through substitutions of Serine/Threonine (S/T) residues with Alanine (A) on either Cdk1 optimal or minimal consensus motifs (T383 on NDUFV1, S105 on NDUFV3, S364 on NDUFS2, S55/S29/T5 on NDUFB6 and T142/T120 on NDUFA12). The mutation of Cdk1 consensus motifs severely diminished their phosphorylation (Figure 3F). not reported in the liver. NCBI-Human-GeneID:4843 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24599 nitric oxide synthase 2 NOS2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4843 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18126 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24599 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 NRF2(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83619 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 ORC1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:4998 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4998 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 PCK1 (human) [Hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5105 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 PMID:29335519 PCK1 - inactive form (predicted)(human) [mitochondrial damage] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5105 PMID:29335519 Next, we knocked down of PCK1 in HepG2 cells and found that depletion of PCK1 significantly increased cell proliferation (Supplementary Fig. S2b, c). NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 PMID:30523154 PHB (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5245 PMID:30523154 Silencing PHB1 increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity, induced nuclear accumulation of c-JUN and p65, and enhanced their binding to the IL-8 promoter containing AP-1 and NF-κB elements. Conditioned medium from PHB1-silenced HepG2 cells increased migration and invasion of parental HepG2 and SK-hep-1 cells, and this was blocked by co-treatment with neutralizing IL-8 antibody. In summary, our findings show that reduced PHB1 expression induces IL-8 transcription by activating NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in enhanced IL-8 expression and release to promote tumorigenesis. NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 PMID:23299992 PPARA(canonical) [mitochondrial disorder] NCBI-Human-GeneID:5465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25747 PMID:23299992 Numerous studies showed increased expression of PPARα in fatty liver. Different cues such as FAs, leptin, and IL6 could activate PPARα and its target genes involved in mtFAO (CPT1, MCAD), peroxisomal FAO (acyl‐CoA oxidase), and VLDL production (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). mtFAO in liver could be favored by increased levels of hormones and other circulating factors such as leptin, FGF21, and interleukin 6 (IL6). For instance, LCFA‐mediated PPARα activation increases the expression of the mitochondrial enzymes CPT1 and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 PPARA(mouse) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19013 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19013 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83516 PPARGC1A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19017 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19017 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83516 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83516 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19124 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362248 PROCR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19124 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362248 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362248 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 CD133 PROM1 - activation state (human)[hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:8842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8842 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25614 FAK PTK2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14083 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14083 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25614 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25614 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 secreted frizzled related protein 1 SFRP1 (human) [hepatocarcinogenesis] NCBI-Human-GeneID:6422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6422 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6615 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20613 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116490 Snail SNAI1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6615 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6615 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20613 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20613 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116490 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116490 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7015 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:301965 TERT (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7015 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21752 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:301965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/301965 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83474 TFAM (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7019 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7019 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83474 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83474 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7039 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21802 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24827 TGFA (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7039 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7039 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21802 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21802 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24827 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24827 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7874 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:252870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360471 ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 USP7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7874 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7874 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:252870 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/252870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360471 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360471 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10413 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22601 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363014 YAP YAP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10413 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22601 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22601 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363014 A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. C24H38O4 CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)c1ccccc1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC CAS:117-81-7 PMID:22584684 DEHP Diethylhexylphthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [hepatocarcinogenesis] PMID:22584684 Table 1 The process that results in the movement of inflammatory DAMPs from the mitochondria. release of inflammatory DAMPs From Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset. DILIrank consists of 1,036 FDA-approved drugs that are divided into four classes according to their potential for causing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Less-DILI-Concern Tumor malignancy alteration is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the tumor malignancy. Changing quality of tumor is a subtype of changing quality: A process that changes the quailty of tumor cells. changing quality of tumor From Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset. DILIrank consists of 1,036 FDA-approved drugs that are divided into four classes according to their potential for causing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). No-DILI-Concern Sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance is a subtype of lipid homeostasis imbalance: A process that becomes lacking a phospholipid homeostastasis balance. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Niemann Pick Disease Type A. central nervous system sphingomyelin homeostasis imbalance [Niemann Pick Disease Type A] indomethacin rifampin dactinomycin methyldopa propylthiouracil isoniazid niacin cyclosporine aminosalicylic acid entecavir nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate ticrynafen raltegravir potassium dronedarone hydrochloride divalproex sodium aplaviroc pralnacasan triacetyldiphenolisatin fiduxosin pafuramidine phenoxypropazine azacitidine cinchophen exifone fipexide isocarboxazid moxisylyte nialamide pentostatin suloctidil fenclozic acid tetrabamate xenazoic acid falnidamol mepazine alaproclate DrugBank:DB00056 gemtuzumab ozogamicin DrugBank:DB00023 asparaginase DrugBank:DB00105 interferon alfa-2b DrugBank:DB00060 interferon beta-1a DrugBank:DB00069 interferon alfacon-1 DrugBank:DB00065 infliximab DrugBank:DB00022 peginterferon alfa-2b DrugBank:DB00108 natalizumab DrugBank:DB06268 sitaxsentan The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. This entity is a specific course-dependent process. This process can constitute the course of Phospholipidosis(latent). phospholipid biosynthetic process [Phospholipidosis(latent)] NCBI-Human-GeneID:64241 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67470 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:155192 ABCG8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64241 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64241 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67470 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67470 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:155192 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/155192 NCBI-Human-GeneID:60312 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70292 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140935 AFAP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:60312 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60312 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70292 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/70292 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140935 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140935 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57875 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362850 ANGPTL4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51129 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51129 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57875 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57875 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362850 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362850 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:367038 AP1M2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10053 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10053 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11768 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:367038 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/367038 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1174 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11769 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360785 AP1S1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1174 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1174 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11769 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11769 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360785 NCBI-Human-GeneID:317 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11783 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78963 APAF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11783 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11783 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:78963 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/78963 NCBI-Human-GeneID:348 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11816 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25728 APOE (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:348 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11816 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11816 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25728 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25728 NCBI-Human-GeneID:81575 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:444983 APOLD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:81575 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81575 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381823 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/381823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:444983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/444983 Acute Phase Response gene APR molecule NCBI-Human-GeneID:427 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84431 ASAH1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:427 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/427 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11886 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84431 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84431 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312046 DBF4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27214 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:312046 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/312046 NCBI-Human-GeneID:467 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11910 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25389 activating transcription factor 3 ATF3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:467 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/467 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11910 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11910 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25389 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25389 NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79255 activating transcription factor 4 ATF4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/468 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11911 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:79255 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79255 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 ATF6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:22926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226641 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226641 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304962 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304962 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily Abc1b1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84696 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313917 Abhd1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84696 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84696 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57742 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313917 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313917 NCBI-Human-GeneID:30 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 Acaa1a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:30 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:113868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113868 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24157 NCBI-Human-GeneID:84320 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72482 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289125 Acbd6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84320 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84320 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72482 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/72482 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289125 NCBI-Human-GeneID:340485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230379 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313339 Acer2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:340485 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/340485 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230379 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/230379 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313339 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55331 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66190 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499210 Acer3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55331 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55331 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66190 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66190 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499210 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/499210 NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 Acot12 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:134526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/134526 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170570 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170570 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171210 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192272 Acot2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171210 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171210 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192272 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192272 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171281 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314304 Acot3 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171281 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171281 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314304 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314304 NCBI-Human-GeneID:122970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:681337 Acot4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:122970 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/122970 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:171282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:681337 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/681337 NCBI-Human-GeneID:11332 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70025 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26759 Acot7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:11332 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11332 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70025 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/70025 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26759 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26759 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10005 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170789 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170588 Acot8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10005 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170789 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170789 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170588 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170588 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50681 Acox1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11430 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11430 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50681 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50681 NCBI-Human-GeneID:101 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11501 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499285 Adam8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:101 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/101 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11501 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11501 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:499285 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/499285 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68048 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361594 Aen (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64782 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68048 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68048 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361594 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361594 NCBI-Human-GeneID:196 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11622 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25690 Ahr (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/196 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11622 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11622 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25690 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51390 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66253 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292486 Aig1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51390 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51390 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66253 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66253 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292486 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/292486 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288480 Aimp2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231872 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/231872 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288480 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/288480 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22977 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26760 Akr7a3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:22977 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22977 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:26760 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26760 NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11655 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65155 Alas1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/211 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11655 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11655 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65155 NCBI-Human-GeneID:216 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11668 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 ALDH1A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:216 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11668 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11668 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24188 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24188 NCBI-Human-GeneID:353322 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:654824 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361149 Ankrd37 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:353322 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/353322 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:654824 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/654824 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361149 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361149 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26286 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:503165 Arfgap3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:26286 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26286 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66251 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66251 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:503165 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/503165 Ataxn10 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:545 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:245000 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:685055 Atr (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:545 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/545 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:245000 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/245000 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:685055 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/685055 NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 BAK1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:578 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/578 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12018 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12018 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116502 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116502 NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12043 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24224 BCL2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:596 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/596 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12043 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12043 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24224 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24224 NCBI-Human-GeneID:27241 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:319845 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:315484 Bbs9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:27241 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27241 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:319845 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/319845 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:315484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/315484 NCBI-Human-GeneID:602 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12051 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680611 Bcl3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:602 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/602 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12051 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12051 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680611 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680611 NCBI-Human-GeneID:168620 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25334 Bhlha15 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:168620 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/168620 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17341 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17341 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25334 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25334 NCBI-Human-GeneID:635 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12116 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81508 Bhmt (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:635 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/635 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12116 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12116 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81508 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81508 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 Bip- stress sensor complex (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3309 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3309 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14828 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14828 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25617 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25617 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6046 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14312 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294276 Brd2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6046 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6046 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14312 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14312 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294276 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294276 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7832 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12227 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29619 Btg2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7832 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7832 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12227 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12227 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29619 C18ORF (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:128346 C1orf162 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:128346 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/128346 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51250 C6orf203 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51250 NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73205 C9orf72 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:203228 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/203228 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/73205 NCBI-Human-GeneID:771 CA12 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:771 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/771 NCBI-Human-GeneID:782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50688 CACNB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:782 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12295 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12295 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50688 LRRC16B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:841 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12370 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64044 CASP8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/841 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12370 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12370 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64044 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9994 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26885 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313128 CASP8AP2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9994 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9994 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26885 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26885 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313128 NCBI-Human-GeneID:90693 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57895 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500117 CCDC126 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:90693 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/90693 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57895 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57895 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500117 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500117 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9133 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12442 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363088 CCNB2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9133 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9133 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12442 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12442 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363088 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4345 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17470 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24560 CD200 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4345 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4345 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17470 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17470 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24560 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12569 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116671 CDK5R1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8851 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8851 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12569 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116671 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116671 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229841 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362044 CENPE (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1062 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229841 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362044 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8837 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12633 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117279 CFLAR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8837 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8837 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12633 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12633 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117279 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117279 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79094 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69065 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362196 CHAC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79094 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79094 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69065 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69065 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362196 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29467 DDIT3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13198 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29467 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29467 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66917 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:315447 CHORDC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:26973 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66917 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66917 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:315447 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/315447 CITCO 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime NCBI-Human-GeneID:1191 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12759 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24854 CLU (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1191 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1191 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12759 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12759 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24854 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24854 NCBI-Human-GeneID:246175 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231464 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360917 CNOT6L (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:246175 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246175 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231464 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/231464 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360917 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360917 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1284 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12827 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:306628 COL4A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1284 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1284 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12827 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12827 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:306628 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/306628 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1340 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110323 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:688869 COX6B1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1340 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1340 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110323 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/110323 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:688869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/688869 CRBPH (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79174 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76737 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362978 CRELD2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79174 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79174 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76737 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76737 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362978 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362978 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12944 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25419 CRP (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1401 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12944 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25419 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 CXCR3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84475 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 Orthologs of the human CYP2B6 genes can be found in other species including rats, mice, and dogs, which are termed Cyp2b1, Cyp2b10, and CYP2B11, respectively CYP2B6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1555 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1555 Orthologs of the human CYP2B6 genes can be found in other species including rats, mice, and dogs, which are termed Cyp2b1, Cyp2b10, and CYP2B11, respectively PMID:15128046 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1557 CYP2C19 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1557 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1557 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1565 CYP2D6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1565 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1565 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 CYP2E1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1571 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13106 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25086 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25086 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 CYP3A4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 CYP3A5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1577 NCBI-Human-GeneID:260293 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:81906 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246767 CYP4X1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:260293 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/260293 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:81906 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81906 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246767 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246767 NCBI-Human-GeneID:760 Car2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:760 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/760 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 CCL2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6347 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24770 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24770 NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12443 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58919 CCND1 (mol) Cyclin D1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:595 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/595 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12443 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12443 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58919 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58919 NCBI-Human-GeneID:900 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12450 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25405 Ccng1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:900 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/900 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12450 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12450 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25405 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25405 NCBI-Human-GeneID:997 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216150 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299602 Cdc34 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:997 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/997 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216150 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216150 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299602 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299602 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1026 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12575 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114851 Cdkn1a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1026 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1026 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12575 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12575 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114851 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114851 NCBI-Human-GeneID:387103 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66311 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689399 Cenpw (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:387103 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/387103 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66311 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66311 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/689399 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52846 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363221 Cnot11 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55571 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55571 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52846 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/52846 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363221 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363221 catenin beta 1 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1499 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12387 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84353 Ctnnb1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1499 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1499 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12387 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12387 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84353 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84353 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54951 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27784 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289603 Commd8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:54951 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54951 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27784 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27784 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289603 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289603 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10404 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54381 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58952 Cpq (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10404 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10404 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54381 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54381 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58952 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12894 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25757 Cpt1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1374 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12894 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12894 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25757 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25757 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1376 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12896 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25413 Cpt2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1376 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1376 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12896 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12896 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25413 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25413 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 Cyp1A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24296 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 Cyp2b1 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24300 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24300 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13088 Cyp2b10 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13088 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13088 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293989 Cyp2c6v1 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293989 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293989 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24303 Cyp2d3 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24303 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24303 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171522 Cyp2d4 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171522 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171522 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 Cyp3a11 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13112 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50549 Cyp4a1 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:50549 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50549 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298423 Cyp4a3 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298423 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298423 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286904 Cyp4f4 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286904 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286904 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54541 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74747 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140942 DDIT4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:54541 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54541 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74747 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140942 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140942 NCBI-Human-GeneID:65992 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:77006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296162 DDRGK1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:65992 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65992 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:77006 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/77006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296162 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29118 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:30959 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58856 DDX25 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29118 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29118 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:30959 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30959 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58856 NCBI-Human-GeneID:84649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67800 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:252900 DGAT2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84649 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84649 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67800 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67800 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:252900 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/252900 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24908 DNAJB9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4189 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4189 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24908 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24908 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5611 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100037258 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63880 DNAJC3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5611 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5611 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100037258 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100037258 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63880 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/63880 NCBI-Human-GeneID:89978 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66632 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362191 DPH6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:89978 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/89978 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66632 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66632 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362191 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362191 NCBI-Human-GeneID:115265 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73284 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100363484 Ddit4l (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:115265 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/115265 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73284 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/73284 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100363484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100363484 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9188 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56200 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317399 Ddx21 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9188 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9188 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56200 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317399 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317399 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1656 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13209 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500988 Ddx6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1656 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1656 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13209 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13209 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500988 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500988 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7266 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56354 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303536 Dnajc7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7266 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7266 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56354 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56354 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303536 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/303536 NCBI-Human-GeneID:319118 EIF4BP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:319118 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/319118 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1996 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15572 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:432358 ELAVL4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1996 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1996 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15572 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15572 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:432358 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/432358 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79071 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170439 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 ELOVL6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79071 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170439 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170439 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171402 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67475 ERO1LB (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67475 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67475 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54431 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66861 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295690 DNAJC10 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:54431 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54431 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66861 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66861 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/295690 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1906 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13614 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24323 ET-1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1906 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1906 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13614 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13614 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24323 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24323 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:51798 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64526 Ech1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1891 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:51798 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51798 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64526 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1962 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171142 Ehhadh (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1962 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1962 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74147 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171142 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171142 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13665 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54318 Eif2s1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1965 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13665 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13665 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54318 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54318 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13681 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287436 Eif4a1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1973 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1973 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13681 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13681 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287436 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64787 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:98845 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361674 Eps8l2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64787 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64787 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:98845 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/98845 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361674 Ero1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55224 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214253 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360843 Etnk2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55224 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55224 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:214253 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/214253 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360843 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2168 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14080 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24360 FABP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2168 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2168 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14080 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14080 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24360 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24360 NCBI-Human-GeneID:11124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14084 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140657 FAF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:11124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14084 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14084 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140657 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140657 NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 FAS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/355 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14102 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14102 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246097 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246097 NCBI-Human-GeneID:356 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25385 FASLG (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:356 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/356 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25385 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25385 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2259 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14169 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63851 FGF14 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2259 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14169 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14169 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:63851 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/63851 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14172 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29369 FGF18 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14172 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14172 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29369 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29369 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9965 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170582 FGF19 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9965 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170582 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170582 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 FGF2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2247 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14173 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14173 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54250 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54250 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170580 FGF21 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:26291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56636 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56636 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170580 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170580 NCBI-Human-GeneID:114827 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329977 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500577 FHAD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:114827 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114827 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:329977 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/329977 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500577 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500577 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2272 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60398 FHIT (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2272 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2272 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14198 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14198 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60398 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60398 NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 FLCN (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:201163 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/201163 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:216805 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/216805 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/303185 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2335 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14268 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25661 FN1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2335 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2335 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14268 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14268 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25661 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25661 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64838 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64339 FNDC4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64838 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64838 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64339 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2166 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14073 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29347 Faah (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2166 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2166 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14073 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14073 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29347 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29347 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2171 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16592 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140868 Fabp5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2171 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16592 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16592 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:140868 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140868 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2195 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14107 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83720 Fat1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2195 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2195 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14107 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14107 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83720 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2339 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14272 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25318 Fnta (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2339 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14272 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14272 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25318 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25318 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55632 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217558 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299002 G2e3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55632 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55632 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:217558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/217558 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299002 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299002 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24377 G6PD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2539 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2539 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24377 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23766 GABARAPL3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23766 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4616 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299626 GADD45B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4616 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4616 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:17873 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/17873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299626 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299626 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2619 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14451 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:683470 GAS1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2619 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14451 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:683470 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/683470 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9648 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309798 GCC2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9648 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9648 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/70297 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309798 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/309798 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14629 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25283 Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit GCLC [canonical] (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2729 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14629 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14629 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25283 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 GDF15 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9518 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23886 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23886 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29455 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29455 NCBI-Human-GeneID:284161 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66569 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303407 GDPD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:284161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/284161 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66569 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:303407 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/303407 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2673 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14583 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297417 GFPT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2673 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14583 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14583 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297417 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297417 NCBI-Human-GeneID:11010 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73690 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299783 GLIPR1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:11010 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11010 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:73690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/73690 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299783 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299783 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10020 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50798 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114711 GNE (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10020 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10020 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50798 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50798 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:114711 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/114711 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2863 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71111 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288995 GPR39 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2863 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2863 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71111 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/71111 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288995 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/288995 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2918 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60590 GRM8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2918 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2918 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14823 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14823 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60590 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60590 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22027 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362862 GRP94 HSP90B1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7184 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7184 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22027 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22027 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362862 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362862 C24H20F3N5O CAS:1337531-36-8 PubChem:53469448 Wikipedia:GSK2606414 GSK2606414 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51512 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:29870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300126 GTSE1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51512 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51512 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:29870 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29870 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:300126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/300126 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1647 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13197 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 Gadd45a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1647 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1647 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13197 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13197 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25112 Glutathione peroxidase (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2877 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14776 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29326 Gpx2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2877 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2877 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14776 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14776 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29326 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2940 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14859 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 GSTA3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2940 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2940 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14859 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14859 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:494500 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/494500 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2947 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 GSTM3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2947 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2947 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14864 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14864 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:108348148 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/108348148 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3021 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117056 H3f3b (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3021 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3021 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15081 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117056 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3055 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15162 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25734 HCK (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3055 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3055 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15162 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25734 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25734 HDGFRP3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9709 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64209 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85430 HERPUD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9709 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9709 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64209 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64209 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85430 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85430 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64344 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:53417 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64345 HIF3A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64344 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64344 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:53417 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/53417 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64345 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64345 HLADPB2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117062 HMGA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3159 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3159 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15361 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117062 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3157 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:208715 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29637 HMGCS1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3157 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:208715 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/208715 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29637 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29637 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15360 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24450 PMID:11479731 PMID:19710929 PMID:27816970 HMGCS2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3158 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3158 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15360 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15360 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24450 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24450 PMID:19710929 One known target involved in FA metabolism is HMG-CoA synthetase 2 (HMGCS2), the rate-limiting step in ketogenesis. Upon activation, SIRT3 deacetylates and activates HMGCS2 to increase ketone body synthesis The importance of this regulation in hepatic and whole-body lipid metabolism has not been characterized; however, absence of HMGCS2 causes hypoketotic hypoglycemia and fatty liver in humans fed low-carbohydrate diets, suggesting that this enzyme plays a major role in FA disposal and linking FA catabolism to gluconeogenesis. PMID:27816970 HMGCS2 enhances invasion and metastasis via direct interaction with PPARα to activate Src signaling in colorectal cancer and oral cancer. NCBI-Human-GeneID:6782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29734 HSPA13 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6782 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6782 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110920 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/110920 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29734 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29734 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 GRP170 HSP12A HYOU1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10525 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10525 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26061 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56794 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85255 Hacl1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:26061 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26061 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56794 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56794 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85255 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85255 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3032 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231086 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171155 Hadhb (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3032 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3032 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231086 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/231086 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171155 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680403 Hist1h2bcl1 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680403 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680403 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8337 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365877 Hist2h2aa3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8337 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8337 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365877 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/365877 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 Hmox1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3162 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15368 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15368 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24451 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24451 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15384 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83498 Hnrnpab (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3182 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3182 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15384 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15384 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83498 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83498 NCBI-Human-GeneID:84263 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72479 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313200 Hsdl2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84263 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84263 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72479 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/72479 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313200 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:53415 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292935 Htatip2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:53415 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/53415 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:292935 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/292935 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 IL-1b (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16176 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16176 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24494 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3558 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16183 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116562 IL2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3558 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3558 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16183 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16183 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116562 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116562 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3560 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25746 IL2RB (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3560 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3560 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25746 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25746 NCBI-Human-GeneID:83729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16326 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83711 INHBE (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:83729 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83729 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16326 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83711 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83711 NCBI-Human-GeneID:387755 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:233752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293166 INSC (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:387755 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/387755 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:233752 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/233752 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:293166 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/293166 NCBI-Human-GeneID:26512 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18130 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361057 INTS6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:26512 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26512 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18130 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18130 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361057 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361057 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16412 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24511 ITGB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3688 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3688 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16412 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16412 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24511 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24511 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8870 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15937 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294235 Ier3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8870 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8870 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15937 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15937 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294235 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3484 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25685 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IMR_0002689 IGFBP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3484 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16006 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16006 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25685 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51147 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:28019 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297597 Ing4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51147 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:28019 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/28019 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297597 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297597 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3638 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231070 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64194 Insig1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3638 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3638 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231070 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/231070 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64194 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64194 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51141 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72999 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288985 Insig2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51141 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51141 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72999 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/72999 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288985 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/288985 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24508 Irf1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3659 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3659 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24508 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24508 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51477 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:290651 Isyna1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51477 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51477 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71780 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/71780 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:290651 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/290651 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23210 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360665 JMJD6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23210 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23210 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:107817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/107817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360665 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360665 NCBI-Human-GeneID:133746 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57748 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:683593 JMY (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:133746 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/133746 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57748 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57748 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:683593 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/683593 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 MAPK8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5599 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5599 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26419 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116554 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100502766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294286 KIFC1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3833 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3833 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100502766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100502766 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294286 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294286 NCBI-Human-GeneID:11014 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66913 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304290 Kdelr2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:11014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11014 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66913 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66913 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304290 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304290 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1316 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23849 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58954 Klf6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1316 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1316 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23849 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23849 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58954 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58954 NCBI-Human-GeneID:112849 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67217 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314214 L3hypdh (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:112849 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/112849 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67217 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67217 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314214 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314214 NCBI-Human-GeneID:116842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:259301 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497901 LEAP2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:116842 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116842 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:259301 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/259301 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497901 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/497901 NCBI-Human-GeneID:93273 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:213409 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360142 LEMD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:93273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/93273 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:213409 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/213409 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100360142 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100360142 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16852 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56646 LGALS1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3956 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3956 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16852 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:56646 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56646 NCBI-Human-GeneID:150759 LINC00342 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:150759 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/150759 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64327 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362295 LMBR1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64327 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64327 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56873 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56873 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362295 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362295 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60349 NR5A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60349 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60349 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4047 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16987 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81681 LSS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4047 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4047 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16987 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16987 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81681 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81681 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10542 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68576 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295357 Lamtor5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10542 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10542 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68576 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295357 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/295357 NCBI-Human-GeneID:4001 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16906 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116685 Lmnb1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:4001 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4001 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:16906 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16906 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116685 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116685 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226856 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679692 Lpgat1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9926 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:226856 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226856 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:679692 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/679692 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10586 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:23937 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680102 MAB21L2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10586 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NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29459 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29459 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9400 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170472 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287834 RECQL5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9400 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9400 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:170472 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170472 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287834 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287834 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5991 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19726 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361746 RFX3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5991 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5991 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19726 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19726 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:361746 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/361746 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55819 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:59044 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:652955 RNF130 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55819 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55819 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:59044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59044 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:652955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/652955 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6045 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19821 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304850 RNF2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6045 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6045 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19821 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19821 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304850 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304850 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309607 RT1-CE5 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:309607 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/309607 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5890 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500679 Rad51b (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5890 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5890 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19363 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19363 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500679 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500679 NCBI-Human-GeneID:153020 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:320292 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361238 Rasgef1b (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:153020 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/153020 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:320292 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/320292 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361238 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100361238 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:60365 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295284 Rbm8a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9939 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:60365 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60365 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:295284 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/295284 NCBI-Human-GeneID:161253 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140743 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64626 Rem2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:161253 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/161253 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140743 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140743 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64626 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64626 An L-valine derivative that is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. C37H48N6O5S2 CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)N(C)Cc1csc(n1)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C[C@H](O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)OCc1cncs1)Cc1ccccc1 LINCS:LSM-5623 PMID:11363086 N-[(2S,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl]-N(2)-(methyl{[2-(propan-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]methyl}carbamoyl)-L-valinamide ritonavir NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305844 Rnase1l2 (mol) NCBI-Rat-GeneID:305844 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/305844 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6093 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19877 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81762 Rock1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6093 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6093 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19877 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19877 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81762 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81762 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10670 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68441 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117044 Rraga (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10670 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10670 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68441 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68441 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117044 NCBI-Human-GeneID:325 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20219 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29339 APCS (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:325 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/325 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20219 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20219 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29339 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29339 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6341 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52892 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497930 SCO1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6341 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6341 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:52892 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/52892 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:497930 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/497930 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23753 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64136 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680945 SDF2L1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23753 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23753 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:64136 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64136 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680945 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680945 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9871 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69608 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310843 SEC24D (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9871 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9871 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69608 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/310843 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10952 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66212 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298068 SEC61B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10952 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66212 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66212 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298068 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298068 NCBI-Human-GeneID:12 SERPINA3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12 NCBI-Human-GeneID:27244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294518 SESN1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:27244 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27244 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:140742 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140742 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294518 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294518 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6554 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24777 SLC10A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6554 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6554 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24777 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24777 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6506 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20511 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29482 SLC1A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6506 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6506 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20511 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20511 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29482 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29482 NCBI-Human-GeneID:291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11739 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85333 SLC25A4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:11739 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11739 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85333 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85333 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3177 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13340 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65194 SLC29A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3177 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3177 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13340 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13340 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:65194 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65194 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6515 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20527 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25551 SLC2A3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6515 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6515 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20527 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20527 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25551 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25551 NCBI-Human-GeneID:80255 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74150 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288993 SLC35F5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:80255 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/80255 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:74150 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/74150 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:288993 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/288993 NCBI-Human-GeneID:57153 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68682 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363024 SLC44A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:57153 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57153 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68682 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68682 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:363024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/363024 SMARCD3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6608 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:319757 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25273 SMO (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6608 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:319757 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/319757 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25273 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20597 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308909 SMPD1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6609 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20597 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20597 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308909 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/308909 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10924 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57319 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294422 SMPDL3A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10924 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10924 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57319 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:294422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/294422 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10580 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20411 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:686098 SORBS1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10580 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10580 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20411 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20411 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:686098 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/686098 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9517 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20773 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:366697 SPTLC2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9517 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9517 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20773 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20773 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:366697 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/366697 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6733 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296753 SRPK2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6733 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6733 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20817 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296753 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296753 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6426 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110809 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689890 SRSF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6426 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6426 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:110809 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/110809 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689890 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/689890 NCBI-Human-GeneID:56910 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99138 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296128 STARD7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:56910 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56910 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99138 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/99138 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296128 STF-083010 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6794 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314621 STK11 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6794 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6794 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20869 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20869 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314621 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314621 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10273 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287155 STUB1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10273 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56424 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287155 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9144 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20973 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:89815 SYNGR2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9144 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9144 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20973 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20973 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:89815 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/89815 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5777 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15170 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116689 SHP1 PTPN6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5777 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5777 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15170 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15170 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116689 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8935 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54353 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:155183 Skap2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8935 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8935 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:54353 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54353 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:155183 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/155183 NCBI-Human-GeneID:788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57279 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117035 Slc25a20 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:788 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/788 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:57279 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57279 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117035 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8884 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:330064 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170551 Slc5a6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8884 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8884 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:330064 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/330064 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170551 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170551 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6606 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20595 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64301 Smn1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6606 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6606 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20595 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20595 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64301 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64301 Srnx1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:140809 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76650 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296271 Srxn1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:140809 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/140809 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:76650 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/76650 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296271 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296271 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6742 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381760 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54304 Ssbp1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6742 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6742 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381760 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/381760 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54304 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54304 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67437 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81784 Ssr3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6747 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6747 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67437 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67437 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81784 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81784 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192269 Sub1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20024 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20024 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192269 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192269 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6876 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21345 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25123 TAGLN (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6876 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6876 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21345 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21345 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25123 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25123 TGF (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID: NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: NCBI-Rat-GeneID: TGFbeta1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7040 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21803 NCBI-Rat-GeneID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59086 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7057 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21825 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:445442 THBS1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7057 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7057 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21825 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21825 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:445442 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/445442 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7076 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21857 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116510 TIMP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7076 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7076 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21857 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21857 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:116510 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/116510 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 TNF-a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7124 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21926 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21926 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24835 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24835 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3604 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21942 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500590 TNFRSF9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3604 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3604 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21942 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21942 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500590 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500590 NCBI-Human-GeneID:94241 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297822 TP53INP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:94241 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/94241 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297822 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297822 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29896 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:101214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500116 TRA2A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29896 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29896 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:101214 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/101214 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:500116 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/500116 NCBI-Human-GeneID:57761 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228775 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 TRIB3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:57761 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57761 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228775 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/228775 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246273 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246273 NCBI-Human-GeneID:128553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100911757 TSHZ2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:128553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/128553 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228911 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/228911 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100911757 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100911757 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 TWIST1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7291 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7291 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22160 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22160 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:85489 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/85489 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6880 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:108143 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:373541 Taf9 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6880 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6880 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:108143 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/108143 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:373541 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/373541 NCBI-Human-GeneID:51330 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27279 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:302965 Tnfrsf12a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:51330 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51330 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:27279 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27279 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:302965 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/302965 NCBI-Human-GeneID:27242 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:94185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316256 Tnfrsf21 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:27242 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27242 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:94185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/94185 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316256 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/316256 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9804 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67952 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266601 Tomm20 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9804 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9804 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67952 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67952 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:266601 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/266601 NCBI-Human-GeneID:163590 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:240832 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304881 Tor1aip2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:163590 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/163590 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:240832 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/240832 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:304881 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/304881 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1831 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14605 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83514 Tsc22d3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1831 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1831 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14605 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14605 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83514 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83514 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10382 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22153 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29213 TUBB4A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10382 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10382 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22153 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22153 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29213 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29213 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7296 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 Txnrd1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7296 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:50493 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/50493 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:58819 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58819 Txrnd1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7298 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29261 Tyms (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7298 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7298 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22171 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22171 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29261 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29261 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7329 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22196 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25573 UBE2I (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7329 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7329 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22196 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25573 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25573 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7352 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22229 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25708 UCP3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7352 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7352 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22229 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22229 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25708 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7357 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83626 UGCG (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7357 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7357 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22234 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22234 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:83626 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83626 NCBI-Human-GeneID:54658 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:394436 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24861 UGT1a1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:54658 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54658 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:394436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/394436 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24861 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24861 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7392 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81817 USF2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7392 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7392 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22282 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81817 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81817 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71773 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286954 Ugt2b1 (mol) NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:71773 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/71773 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286954 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286954 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7364 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286989 Ugt2b7 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7364 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7364 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:286989 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286989 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55350 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26464 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498992 VNN3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55350 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55350 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:26464 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26464 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:498992 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/498992 NCBI-Human-GeneID:57216 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:93840 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289229 Vangl2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:57216 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57216 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:93840 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/93840 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289229 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289229 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7410 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22325 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296603 Vav2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7410 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7410 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22325 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22325 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296603 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296603 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8876 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29142 Vnn1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8876 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8876 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22361 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29142 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29142 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289754 XBP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7494 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22433 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22433 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289754 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289754 NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 ZNF385B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:151126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151126 NCBI-Human-GeneID:63934 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308326 ZNF667 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:63934 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/63934 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308326 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/308326 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79882 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:75553 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192359 Zc3h14 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79882 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79882 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:75553 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/75553 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:192359 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/192359 NCBI-Human-GeneID:90637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100494 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360772 Zfand2a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:90637 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/90637 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:100494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100494 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360772 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360772 caspase (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1052 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25695 cebpd (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1052 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1052 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12609 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12609 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25695 An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. C18H26ClN3 Wikipedia:Chloroquine CCN(CC)CCCC(C)Nc1ccnc2cc(Cl)ccc12 CAS:54-05-7 DrugBank:DB00608 LINCS:LSM-1901 MeSH:D002738 Patent:US2233970 N(4)-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N(1),N(1)-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine chloroquine http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D019743 cxc family (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:83939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229317 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:502531 eIF2a (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:83939 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83939 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:229317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/229317 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:502531 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/502531 gentamicin (mol) TIMP family NCBI-Human-GeneID:811 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:716910 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64202 http://omim.org/entry/109091 calreticulin (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:811 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/811 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:716910 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/716910 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64202 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64202 fibrate NCBI-Human-GeneID:123876 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246263 ACSM2A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:123876 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/123876 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246263 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246263 NCBI-Human-GeneID:348158 ACSM2B (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:348158 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348158 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55109 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66549 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310005 AGGF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55109 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55109 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66549 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66549 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:310005 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/310005 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29028 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70472 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314993 ATAD2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29028 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29028 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:70472 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/70472 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314993 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314993 NCBI-Human-GeneID:597 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12044 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170929 BCL2A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:597 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/597 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12044 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170929 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170929 NCBI-Human-GeneID:113130 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67849 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:684771 CDCA5 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:113130 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/113130 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67849 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67849 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:684771 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/684771 NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54237 CDK1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/983 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:12534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:54237 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54237 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79789 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:94040 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299285 CLMN (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79789 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79789 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:94040 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/94040 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:299285 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/299285 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6372 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60665 CXCL6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6372 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:60665 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60665 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3576 CXCL8 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3576 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3576 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 CYP1A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1543 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13076 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13076 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24296 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 CYP1A2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1544 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1544 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13077 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24297 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1719 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24312 DHFR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1719 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1719 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:13361 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/13361 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:24312 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24312 NCBI-Human-GeneID:1806 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99586 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81656 DPYD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:1806 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1806 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:99586 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/99586 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:81656 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/81656 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84490 FEN1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2237 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2237 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14156 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:84490 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84490 NCBI-Human-GeneID:2674 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14585 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25454 GFRA1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:2674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2674 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:14585 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14585 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25454 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25454 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10243 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:268566 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64845 GPHN (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10243 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10243 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:268566 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/268566 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64845 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64845 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69573 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361568 HILPDA (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29923 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69573 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69573 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:100361568 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100361568 NCBI-Human-GeneID:3161 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15366 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25460 HMMR (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:3161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3161 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:15366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/15366 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25460 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25460 NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 KIAA0101 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:9768 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9768 NCBI-Human-GeneID:283131 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66961 NEAT1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:283131 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/283131 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66961 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66961 NCBI-Human-GeneID:23594 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56452 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291927 ORC6 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:23594 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23594 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:56452 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56452 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:291927 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/291927 NCBI-Human-GeneID:64081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171564 PBLD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:64081 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64081 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68371 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:171564 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/171564 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362282 PCK1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5105 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18534 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:362282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/362282 NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:223775 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64534 PIM3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:415116 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/415116 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:223775 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/223775 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:64534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64534 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58801 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:492821 PMAIP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5366 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:58801 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58801 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:492821 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/492821 NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19266 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313278 PTPRD (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:5789 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5789 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19266 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19266 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:313278 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/313278 NCBI-Human-GeneID:10635 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689055 RAD51AP1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:10635 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10635 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:19362 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/19362 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:689055 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/689055 NCBI-Human-GeneID:83695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72440 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297627 RHNO1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:83695 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83695 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72440 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/72440 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:297627 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/297627 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6235 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20090 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25348 RPS29 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6235 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20090 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20090 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25348 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25348 NCBI-Human-GeneID:49855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:244891 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117521 SCAPER (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:49855 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/49855 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:244891 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/244891 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:117521 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/117521 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6400 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20338 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314352 SEL1L (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6400 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6400 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20338 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20338 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:314352 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/314352 NCBI-Human-GeneID:348235 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66140 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287598 SKA2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:348235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348235 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:66140 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/66140 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:287598 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/287598 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55089 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69354 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170573 SLC38A4 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55089 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55089 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:69354 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/69354 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:170573 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/170573 NCBI-Human-GeneID:6519 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20532 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29484 SLC3A1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:6519 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6519 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:20532 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20532 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:29484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29484 NCBI-Human-GeneID:55304 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228677 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296188 SPTLC3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:55304 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55304 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:228677 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/228677 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:296188 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/296188 NCBI-Human-GeneID:27286 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68792 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317181 SRPX2 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:27286 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/27286 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:68792 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/68792 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:317181 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/317181 NCBI-Human-GeneID:135932 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:109218 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680244 TMEM139 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:135932 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/135932 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:109218 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/109218 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:680244 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/680244 NCBI-Human-GeneID:441027 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231503 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360916 TMEM150C (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:441027 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/441027 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:231503 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/231503 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360916 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360916 NCBI-Human-GeneID:7112 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21917 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25359 TMPO (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:7112 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7112 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:21917 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/21917 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:25359 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25359 NCBI-Human-GeneID:8743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22035 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246775 TNFSF10 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:8743 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8743 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:22035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22035 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:246775 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246775 NCBI-Human-GeneID:84675 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381485 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365751 TRIM55 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:84675 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84675 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:381485 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/381485 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:365751 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/365751 NCBI-Human-GeneID:25987 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:244152 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308843 TSKU (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:25987 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25987 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:244152 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/244152 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:308843 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/308843 NCBI-Human-GeneID:22996 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230603 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298366 TTC39A (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:22996 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/22996 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:230603 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/230603 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:298366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/298366 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29089 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67196 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360847 UBE2T (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29089 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29089 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:67196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67196 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:360847 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/360847 NCBI-Human-GeneID:79799 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72094 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289533 UGT2A3 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:79799 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79799 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:72094 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/72094 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:289533 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/289533 NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18140 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316129 UHRF1 (mol) NCBI-Human-GeneID:29128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29128 NCBI-Mouse-GeneID:18140 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/18140 NCBI-Rat-GeneID:316129 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/316129 The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047]. a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose]. the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system BTO:0000840 CALOHA:TS-2037 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:D009666 MIAA:0000139 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000047 UMLS:C0028429 ZFA:0000047 galen:Nose nasal sac nose peripheral olfactory organ nasus olfactory apparatus proboscis the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359] nose An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. AEO:0000094 BSA:0000121 BTO:0000202 CALOHA:TS-2043 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:16192 EMAPA:35955 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:D012679 UMLS:C0935626 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ sensillum Sinnesorgan sensor sense organ Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. anatomical tube not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts) tube (anatomical) Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010254 BTO:0001409 CALOHA:TS-1084 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:D014513 MIAA:0000120 OpenCyc:Mx4rvhmm6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0041951 VHOG:0000605 XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter metanephric duct in humans, consists of adventitial, muscular and mucoa layers ureter A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. anatomical duct duct A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. FMA:7201 NCIT:C12379 UMLS:C0021851 large intestine A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. ISBN10:0073040584 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 EMAPA:0 FBbt:00007001 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:D000825 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 VHOG:0001759 WBbt:0000100 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 biological structure connected biological structure anatomical structure Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. CARO:0020004 EFO:0000634 EMAPA:35949 ENVO:01000162 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0178784 WBbt:0003760 anatomical unit body organ element organ A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future AAO:0011124 EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 cardinal organ part regional part of organ organ part Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine intestine The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs pair of lungs Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. EMAPA:17607 SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ gas exchange organ respiration organ A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid. A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 CALOHA:TS-0079 EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 MA:0000059 MESH:D001769 MIAA:0000315 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000007 UMLS:C0005767 VHOG:0000224 XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood portion of blood vertebrate blood whole blood blood Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. CARO:0000081 blood or blood analog circulating fluid haemolymphatic fluid Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. body substance organism substance Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. lumen space anatomical space Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 BILA:0000011 BSA:0000049 CALOHA:TS-2088 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UMLS:C0460002 VHOG:0001725 WBbt:0005746 WBbt:0005763 XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 galen:AnatomicalSystem body system connected anatomical system organ system anatomical systems anatomical system Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 BILA:0000043 CALOHA:TS-2090 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 EMAPA:35868 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:D014024 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 UMLS:C0040300 VHOG:0001757 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue portion of tissue tissue portion simple tissue tissue epithelium Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CALOHA:TS-0288 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 EMAPA:32738 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MA:0003060 MESH:D004848 TAO:0001486 UMLS:C0014609 VHOG:0000387 XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial tissue portion of epithelium epithelium An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 BTO:0001307 CALOHA:TS-0980 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A03.492.766 MIAA:0000051 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002121 UMLS:C0038351 VHOG:0000408 XAO:0000128 galen:Stomach stomach chamber Ventricular anterior intestine gaster mesenteron ventriculus UBERON ontology restricts this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa stomach A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. [database_cross_reference: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165][database_cross_reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart] BTO:0000562 C0018787 EFO:0000815 EHDAA:420 FMA:7088 MESH:D006321 NCIT:C12727 UMLS:C0018787 Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1485706 heart Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010279 CALOHA:TS-1301 EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EMAPA:35306 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:D004703 TAO:0001158 UMLS:C0014136 VHOG:0000098 XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum endocrine system brain The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BAMS:Br BAMS:Brain BILA:0000135 BTO:0000142 CALOHA:TS-0095 DHBA:10155 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 HBA:4005 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MESH:D001921 MIAA:0000098 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PBA:3999 TAO:0000008 UMLS:C0006104 UMLS:C1269537 VHOG:0000157 XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 galen:Brain http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=21 encephalon suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain brain The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. FMA:58301 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina inner layer of eyeball retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png An organ that detects light. This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each) BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 CALOHA:TS-0309 EFO:0000827 EV:0100336 FBbt:00005162 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:D005123 MIAA:0000140 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA light-detecting organ visual apparatus Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva, eye Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010258 BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 CALOHA:TS-1318 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000632 UMLS:C1261210 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 Geschlechtsorgan animal reproductive system genital system genital tract genitalia organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia reproductive system Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000541 BTO:0000203 CALOHA:TS-1319 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:D012137 MIAA:0000030 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000272 UMLS:C0035237 VHOG:0000202 XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius respiratory system Atmungssystem apparatus respiratorius systema respiratorium respiratory system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] AAO:0000129 BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-1293 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:D004064 MIAA:0000018 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 WBbt:0005748 XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 galen:DigestiveSystem ncithesaurus:Digestive_System alimentary system alimentary tract gastrointestinal system gut digestive system The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] FMA:7159 MESH:D014551 galen:UrinaryTract excretory system renal system systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary tract renal or urinary system renal/urinary system In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels renal system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-2103 FBbt:00005057 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA VHOG:0001248 systema cardiovasculare circulatory system adipose tissue Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue adipose tissue The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000324 BILA:0000079 BTO:0001484 CALOHA:TS-1313 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:D009420 MIAA:0000026 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000396 UMLS:C0027763 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 neurological system nerve net systema nervosum nervous system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000090 BAMS:CNS BILA:0000080 BTO:0000227 CALOHA:TS-0150 EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:D002490 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000012 UMLS:C0927232 VHOG:0000293 XAO:0000215 ZFA:0000012 CNS systema nervosum centrale cerebrospinal axis neuraxis central nervous system Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000555 BAMS:SEN BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005827 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MIAA:0000031 TAO:0000282 VHOG:0001674 XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory subsystem sensory systems organa sensuum sensory organ system set of sense organs sensory system Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 BTO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-0700 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EV:0100069 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A03.365 MIAA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000204 UMLS:C0014876 VHOG:0000450 XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 galen:Esophagus gullet oesophagus esophagus the terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus FMA:14544 NCIT:C12390 UMLS:C0034896 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectum http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181261002 rectum Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. anatomical entity Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. FMA:62955 urine Excretion that is the output of a kidney BTO:0001419 CALOHA:TS-1092 EFO:0001939 EMAPA:36554 ENVO:00002047 FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:D014556 MIAA:0000058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0042036 galen:Urine kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid urine Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. FMA:13361 UMLS:C0447541 hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis lobe of liver The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. FMA:13363 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_lobe_of_liver http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362183003 left liver lobe liver left lobe lobus hepaticus sinister left lobe of liver skeletal muscle tissue Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. skeletal muscle tissue Vein that carries blood away from the liver. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_vein hepatic vein Last portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. EFO:0000361 NCIT:C12382 UMLS:C0009368 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] colon A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] AAO:0011020 EMAPA:35172 FMA:14665 UMLS:C0005423 XAO:0000455 biliary tract The path in many species is as follows: Bile canaliculi -> Canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) -> interlobular bile ducts -> intrahepatic bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts merge to form -> common hepatic duct *exits liver* and joins -> cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct -> forming ampulla of Vater -> enters duodenum [WP] biliary tree An artery that supplies the liver. currently defined in a generic fashion. Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:D006499 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzKtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005161 UMLS:C0019145 ZFA:0005161 galen:HepaticArtery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper arteria hepatica propria arteria hepatica hepatic artery An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52) The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1-2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans AAO:0010112 BTO:0000988 CALOHA:TS-0736 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:D010179 MIAA:0000075 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000140 UMLS:C0030274 VHOG:0000050 XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas pancreas Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. liver hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoid of liver vas capillare sinusoideum hepatic sinusoid An intercellular channel that takes up bile from hepatocytes, transporting it to the bile ducts. bile canaliculus bile canaliculus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_canaliculus Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] AAO:0000566 BTO:0001486 CALOHA:TS-1320 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EMAPA:35773 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000434 UMLS:C0037253 VHOG:0001254 VSAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system skeleton system set of all bones and joints Skelettsystem skeletal system An artery that supplies the myocardium. BTO:0000290 CALOHA:TS-0176 EFO:0002551 EMAPA:19160 EMAPA:25968 EV:0100383 FMA:49893 MA:0002453 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoL56ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0205042 VHOG:0001557 ZFA:0005812 galen:CoronaryArtery coronary arterial tree coronary vessel coronary artery Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] muscle AAO:0011066 EMAPA:32715 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 MA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005145 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle muscle organ An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme. Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 BTO:0000573 CALOHA:TS-0054 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EMAPA:35147 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:D001158 MIAA:0000034 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000005 UMLS:C0003842 VHOG:0001251 XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 galen:Artery arterial subtree arterial tree organ part arteries arterial system arterial vessel artery Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] venous subtree venous vessel AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 BTO:0000234 CALOHA:TS-1108 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EMAPA:35906 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:D014680 MIAA:0000037 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000082 UMLS:C0042449 VHOG:0001743 XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein venous tree organ part vascular element vena venae vein Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011014 BTO:0000368 CALOHA:TS-1165 EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:D004423 MIAA:0000138 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViXS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0013443 UMLS:C0521421 VHOG:0000330 XAO:0000189 galen:Ear auditory apparatus auris ear A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence. A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO][GO:0043586]. Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods The tongue has contributions from all pharyngeal arches which changes with time. The tongue initially begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, the median tongue bud.. tongue muscles derive from the somites - http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development#Pharyngeal_Arch_Contributions AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 CALOHA:TS-1050 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:D014059 MIAA:0000040 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA_53KXLq9EdqAAAACs6hnmQ TAO:0005333 UMLS:C0040408 VHOG:0000419 XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 glossus tongue The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. plasma portion of plasma BTO:0000131 CALOHA:TS-0800 EFO:0001905 EMAPA:35690 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:D010949 MIAA:0000052 OpenCyc:Mx4rEg4ZYrIbEduAAAAOpmP6tw UMLS:C0032105 blood plasm portion of blood plasma blood plasma bile vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine bile salts function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate their intestinal absorption elimination of cholesterol major excretory route for potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances many hormones and pheromones are excreted in bile, and contribute to growth and development of the intestine in some species and provide attractants for the weaning of non-human vertebrates protects the organism from enteric infections by excreting immune globulin A (IgA), inflammatory cytokines, and stimulating the innate immune system in the intestine BTO:0000121 CALOHA:TS-1172 ENVO:02000023 FMA:62971 GAID:1157 MA:0002513 MESH:D001646 UMLS:C0005388 galen:Bile fel gall In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. bile A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus should not be confused with the anatomic lobes of the liver (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, left lobe, and right lobe), or any of the functional lobe classification systems.[WP] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. vascular element AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 BTO:0001102 CALOHA:TS-0080 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 EMAPA:32743 EMAPA:35993 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:D001808 NCIT:C12679 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002137 UMLS:C0005847 VHOG:0001250 XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 MESH:D001808 region of vascular tree organ vascular tree organ region vas sanguineum FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX blood vessel Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus. Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 CALOHA:TS-0568 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 FMA:7195 GAID:345 MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:D008168 MIAA:0000135 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0024109 VHOG:0000310 XAO:0000119 galen:Lung pulmo Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] lung The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates BTO:0001253 CALOHA:TS-0934 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MESH:D012867 MFMO:0000099 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C1123023 XAO:0000023 galen:Skin entire skin skin organ entire integument integument integumental organ pelt skin skin of body the organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets UMLS:C0037993 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg spleen http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/181279003 An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003). The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates. secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. AAO:0010111 BTO:0000759 CALOHA:TS-0564 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:D008099 MIAA:0000097 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000123 UMLS:C0023884 VHOG:0000257 XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver iecur jecur liver An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. BTO:0000759 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010397 BTO:0000651 CALOHA:TS-0942 EFO:0000841 EMAPA:32834 EV:0100072 FMA:7200 GAID:313 MA:0000337 MAT:0000047 MESH:A03.492.411.620 MIAA:0000047 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001323 UMLS:C0021852 VHOG:0000055 XAO:0000130 ZFA:0001323 galen:SmallIntestine small bowel small intestine anterior intestine intestinum tenue mid intestine small intestine An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010114 BTO:0000493 CALOHA:TS-0394 EFO:0000853 EHDAA2:0000699 EHDAA:8062 EMAPA:17202 EV:0100090 FMA:7202 MA:0000356 MAT:0000072 MESH:D005704 MIAA:0000072 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkGr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000208 UMLS:C0016976 VHOG:0000221 XAO:0000135 ZFA:0000208 galen:Gallbladder gall bladder gallbladder vesica biliaris vesica fellea Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988) gall bladder A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] AAO:0000250 BTO:0000671 CALOHA:TS-0510 EFO:0000929 EMAPA:17373 EV:0100096 FMA:7203 GAID:423 MA:0000368 MAT:0000119 MESH:D007668 MIAA:0000119 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0022646 XAO:0003267 galen:Kidney reniculate kidney kidney Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 MA:0000426 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0225706 VHOG:0000301 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern right lung Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 MA:0000425 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0225730 VHOG:0000618 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern left lung Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. CALOHA:TS-2018 EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex haemolymphoid system hemolymphoid system Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010546 CALOHA:TS-1311 EMAPA:32714 EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:D009141 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVNgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g UMLS:C0026860 VHOG:0001275 VSAO:0000031 XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system musculoskeletal system Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO) TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC? Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010151 BAMS:SP BAMS:Spinal BM:SpC BTO:0001279 CALOHA:TS-0953 DHBA:12890 DMBA:17651 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EV:0100316 FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:D013116 MIAA:0000183 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000075 UMLS:C0037925 VHOG:0000601 XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=22 SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla spinal cord An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint AAO:0010180 BTO:0001772 FBbt:00005158 FMA:77659 VHOG:0000287 XAO:0000273 olfactory organ olfactory sense organ olfactory sensory organ main olfactory organ primary olfactory organ olfactory neuroepithelium organ olfactus organum olfactorium olfactory organ Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). FMA:79646 GAID:279 MA:0001273 MESH:D001659 biliary apparatus biliary tract biliary system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. CALOHA:TS-2057 EHDAA2:0002225 EMAPA:35329 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 UMLS:C1516995 WikipediaCategory:Exocrine_system exocrine glandular system exocrine system A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas FMA:9596 MESH:D005088 NCIT:C12712 UMLS:C0015282 exocrine gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct. FMA:9602 MESH:D004702 NCIT:C1270 UMLS:C0014133 endocrine gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_endocrine_system.png bone marrow the soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones bone marrow Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] AAO:0000098 BTO:0000421 CALOHA:TS-2009 EFO:0000952 EMAPA:35251 FMA:9640 GAID:100 MA:0000011 MAT:0000301 MESH:D003238 MIAA:0000301 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-aBgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001641 UMLS:C0009780 VSAO:0000017 XAO:0001017 ZFA:0001632 galen:ConnectiveTissue portion of connective tissue textus connectivus Bindegewebe connective tissue Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] AAO:0000306 AEO:0000122 CALOHA:TS-0642 EHDAA2:0003122 EMAPA:32715 FMA:9641 MA:0002437 MESH:D009132 UMLS:C2328219 galen:MuscleTissue muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach. muscle tissue Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011002 BTO:0000570 CALOHA:TS-0449 EFO:0000798 EMAPA:35402 EV:0100045 FMA:9667 GAID:1008 MA:0002434 MAT:0000022 MESH:D006413 MIAA:0000022 TAO:0005023 UMLS:C0018957 VHOG:0001624 XAO:0000122 ZFA:0005023 haematological system haemopoietic system organa haemopoietica Blutbildungssystem haematopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes hematopoietic system Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine. bile tube biliary duct gall duct hepatic duct bile duct Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011003 BILA:0000104 FMA:9825 GAID:328 MA:0002711 MESH:D007107 NCIT:C12735 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001159 UMLS:C0020962 VHOG:0001247 XAO:0003152 ZFA:0001159 http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/362590003 immune system Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007029 AEO:0000154 BILA:0000118 CALOHA:TS-1299 CARO:0002001 EFO:0000807 EHDAA2:0000836 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003154 EHDAA:6520 EMAPA:17524 EV:0100151 FBbt:00004969 FMA:72979 HAO:0000421 MA:0000014 MAT:0000033 MESH:D034582 MIAA:0000033 TADS:0000108 UMLS:C0037267 VHOG:0000403 XAO:0000176 galen:Surface integumentary system body surface dermal system external covering of organism integumentum commune organism surface surface integumental system The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator]. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct [GO:0061008] AAO:0011056 CALOHA:TS-1308 EFO:0000800 EHDAA2:0000998 EHDAA:2189 EMAPA:16840 EV:0100088 MA:0000324 MAT:0000024 MIAA:0000024 TAO:0000036 UMLS:C1711359 VHOG:0000294 XAO:0000132 ZFA:0000036 hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system liver/biliary system hepatobiliary system Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/27 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] CALOHA:TS-2011 EMAPA:35179 FMA:224804 MA:0002780 MESH:D001842 UMLS:C0391978 VSAO:0000047 XAO:0004040 ZFA:0005621 galen:BoneTissue calcium tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue mineralized bone tissue bone portion of bone tissue bone tissue An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ FMA:7146 NCIT:C13319 UMLS:C1285092 glandular organ gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray1026.png An organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17381 MA:0001752 MESH:D005835 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO39aJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000591 UMLS:C0017420 WBbt:0008422 genital organ reproductive system organ sex organ genitalia reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:28540 MA:0000544 female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism female reproductive organ A blood vessel that is part of a retina. MESH:D012171 http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/280692003 retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. EMAPA:35144 MA:0000061 only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta. arterial blood vessel small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON sinusoid A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart EMAPA:35932 FMA:86188 MA:0000066 segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment Compare to: vein venous blood vessel A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct digestive system duct Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. ostia ostium anatomical conduit Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000624 BILA:0000122 BTO:0003091 EFO:0003864 EHDAA:1013 EMAPA:16367 EV:0100094 FMA:280610 GAID:362 MESH:D014566 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVMgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g UMLS:C0042066 VHOG:0000286 XAO:0000140 galen:GenitoUrinarySystem urogenital system GU tract UG tract Urogenitalsystem genito-urinary system genitourinary tract urogenital tract genitourinary system Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] AEO:0000168 EHDAA2:0001843 EHDAA:5047 EMAPA:17213 FMA:23875 GAID:177 MA:0003006 MAT:0000032 MESH:D012863 MIAA:0000032 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA VSAO:0000026 XAO:0004053 galen:Skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system set of all bones set of bones of body skeleton Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph. The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011001 BILA:0000016 BTO:0000088 CALOHA:TS-1297 EFO:0000791 EHDAA2:0000216 EHDAA:394 EMAPA:16104 EMAPA:16370 EV:0100017 FMA:7161 GAID:467 MA:0000010 MAT:0000016 MESH:D002319 MIAA:0000016 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000010 UMLS:C0007226 VHOG:0000302 WikipediaCategory:Cardiovascular_system XAO:0000100 XAO:0001010 ZFA:0000010 CV system Herz und Gefaesssystem cardiovascular system The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. FMA:45623 systemic arterial circulatory system systemic arterial system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004690 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA:396 EMAPA:16201 EMAPA:16371 MA:0002719 VHOG:0000273 arterial system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 EMAPA:16240 MA:0002720 UMLS:C1267406 VHOG:0000277 vein system venous system A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] MA:0003047 VSAO:0000015 XAO:0004038 ZFA:0005619 Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates. Editors notes: TODO - develops_from skeletal tissue Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. EMAPA:35150 FMA:23878 MA:0003007 VSAO:0000181 joint system set of all joints of body set of all joints set of joints of body articular system Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. fluid FMA:280556 GAID:266 MESH:D001826 galen:BodyFluid body fluid bodily fluid Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. central vein terminal branch of hepatic vein terminal hepatic venule vena centralis (hepar) central vein of liver Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. consider merging with vasculature The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System]. BTO:0001085 CALOHA:TS-2053 EHDAA2:0004520 EMAPA:35905 MA:0002718 UMLS:C0489903 Gefaesssystem@ge vascular system An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 FBbt:00100313 multicellular structure multicellular anatomical structure A subdivision of an anatomical system. FBbt:00007330 FMA:67509 http://www.snomedbrowser.com/Codes/Details/91690000 organ system subdivision An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together [FMA,modified]. anatomical conduit space A blood that is part of a vein. FMA:83067 blood in vein portion of venous blood venous blood venous blood Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. digestive organ digestive system organ digestive system element A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). skeletal muscle AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 CALOHA:TS-0933 EFO:0000888 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EMAPA:35988 EV:0100377 GAID:141 MA:0003148 MAT:0000302 MESH:D018482 MIAA:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005277 VHOG:0000319 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 skeletal muscle organ The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_proper hepatic artery proper A hepatic artery that is part of a left lobe of liver. FMA:14779 left branch of hepatic artery left part of hepatic artery proper ramus sinister (arteria hepatica propria) left hepatic artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png A hepatic artery that is part of a right lobe of liver. right hepatic artery A blood vessel that is part of a liver. liver blood vessel A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected anatomical collection Typically small, circular, intronless, and maternally inherited, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the multicopy deoxyribonucleic acid genome of mitochondria, intracellular organelles responsible for vital respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation reactions in higher eukaryotes. Replicated and transcribed by a separate enzymatic machinery from that of nuclear DNA, mtDNA encodes only a subset of mitochondrial functions. (by EFO) http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0008480 mtDNA mitochondrial DNA Person:Alan Ruttenberg To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003]) To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003]) To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003]) To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003])